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Maldonado, Alameda Alex. "Alkali-activated binders based on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672107.
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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed
arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK).El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).
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Morales, Hernandez Maria B. "Leaching behaviour, mechanical and durability properties of mortar containing municipal incineration bottom ash." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2003. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20080/.
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The review of municipal solid waste (MSW) management scheme has indicated that the amount of MSW sent to incineration plants will increase in the UK in coming years. Therefore, the amount of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues generated will increase significantly. MSWI residues are divided into MSWI fly ash (MSWI-FA) and MSWI bottom ash (MSWI-BA). MSWI-FA is classified as hazardous residue thereby requires special treatment before disposal. MSWI-BA is mostly disposed in landfill sites. MSWI-BA fraction with particle size diameter below approximately 2mm has low engineering properties and may have an adverse effect on the environment due to its high porosity, solubility and leachability of possible toxic compounds. This research programme has investigated new potential uses and leaching behaviour of mortar containing MSWI-BA with particle size diameters below 2.36mm. Fraction of MSWI-BA with particle size diameters (&phis;) below 2.36 mm (&phis; <2.36) was divided into different sub-fractions to evaluate their influence on compressive strength of concrete when used as partial replacement of cement or sand. MSWI-BA fraction with &phis; <212mum (fine fraction) and 212mum < &phis;2.36mm (coarse fraction) used as partial replacement of cement and sand respectively, showed higher compressive strength compared with the other fractions examined. In addition, replacing sand with the coarse fraction of MSWI-BA exhibited similar or higher strength than the reference mix. Examination of physical and chemical properties of the fine and coarse fractions of MSWI-BA unbound indicated that both fractions had potential to be used as replacement of cement or sand. However, the evaluation of their leaching behaviour suggested that they should be bound in cement-based systems to avoid leaching of potential toxic elements. Evaluation of physical, mechanical and sulfate resistance properties of mortars containing 15% of the fine fraction of MSWI-BA as a partial replacement of cement and 50% of the coarse fraction as partial replacement of sand indicated potential uses in concrete production. In addition, the leachability of mortar specimens containing 15% and 50% of MSWI-BA as partial replacement of cement and sand respectively was significantly reduced when compared to unbound MSWI-BA fractions.
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Eggimann, Manuel. "Geochemical aspects of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and implications for disposal /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/08eggimann_m.pdf.
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Burrows, Stephen John. "Material recycling with particular reference to municipal incinerator residues." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245945.
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Eriksson, Jenny. "Utredning av potentiella hälsorisker i samband med slagg- och slaggvattenhantering vid Hedenverket, Karlstad." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88863.
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In this study potential health risks for employees in connection with handling of bottom ash and bottom ash water at a Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plant have been investigated. Air surrounding the bottom ash and the bottom ash water has been examined. MWI is one of the primary ways to manage solid household waste, and bottom ash is the main solid residue produced by the incineration process. Bottom ash constitutes about 15-20% of the original waste. The bottom ash is extinguished in a water bath (bottom ash water).
The study was carried out in a MWI plant in Karlstad, Sweden. The plant is equipped with a grate furnace with a capacity of 7 tonnes per hour. Annually about 50 000 tonnes are incinerated at the plant.
Levels of airborne particles, metals present in the airborne particles, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and phosphine were measured in the air. Analysis of the bottom ash water including: pH, total phosphorus, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and bacteria were also carried out. Further, a questionnaire was distributed to investigate how the workers at the MWI plant re°ected on health when working.
The results showed that the levels of airborne particles, metals and VOC did not pose any major health risks. The bacterial analysis demonstrated very low concentrations of bacteria in the water and thus that the bacteria posed no risk for the workers. The phosphine measurements did not result in levels exceeding the Swedish threshold limit value. However, the method used in this study was not well-tested in these sorts of environments and the results implied that higher levels of phosphine might be present. The conclusion from the questionnaire was that there is a concern about health risks in connection with certain tasks at the plant.
På Hedenverket, Karlstads Energi AB, förbränner man årligen cirka 50 000 ton hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. En av restprodukterna av förbränningen kallas slagg (bottenaska) och utgör ca 15-20% av det inmatade avfallet. Slaggen släcks i ett vattenbad under själva pannan (slaggsläckningsbad) och matas sedan ut, via ett skakbord för reduktion av vatten, till containrar innan det slutligen körs på deponi.
Syftet med det här projekt var att utreda om det föreligger några hälsorisker vid arbete kring slaggen och slaggsläckningsvattnet. För att skapa en bild av möjliga hälsorisker gjordes en inledande studie av tidigare utredningar, mätningar gjorda på avfallsförbränningsanläggningar runt om i Svergie och vad kemiska och biologiska hälsorisker innebär. Även lagstiftning på området har berörts.
Med tidigare utredningar och mätningar samt diskussioner som grund utfördes mätningar av damm, metallhalter i damm, VOC och fosfin i luften samt en analys av slaggvattnet och bakterier i slaggvattnet. För att skapa en uppfattning av hur personalen, som arbetar med driften, upplever sin arbetssituation ur hälsorisksynpunkt genomfördes även en enkätundersökning.
Resultaten av undersökningarna på Karlstads Energi AB visade att varken damm, metaller eller VOC utgör någon hälsorisk. Bakterieprovtagningen av slaggsläckningsvattnet visade på mycket låga halter av bakterier och bakterier kan därför inte sägas utgöra någon hälsorisk.
Undersökningar av slaggvatten på andra anläggningar i Sverige visar däremot på höga metallhalter i slaggvattnet och det vore således inte särskilt hälsosamt att få i sig större mängder av detta. Resultaten av fosfinmätningen visar inte heller på några alarmerande nivåer, men metoden som användes är inte väl beprövad i den här typen av miljö. Resultaten kan tyda på att högre halter av fosfin förekommer, men hur höga de är inte möjligt att svara på. Fosfin är ett ämne som i små mängder kan ge upphov till bland annat illamående. I enkätundersökningen påtalades att obehag och illamående uppstºar vid längre arbeten över skakbordet och det är möjligt att fosfin kan vara en orsak till detta. Enkätundersökningen visade även att det finns en oro för hälsan vid vissa typer av arbeten på anläggningen och oro för att hälsan ska påverkas negativt på längre sikt.
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Saqib, Naeem. "Distribution and chemical association of trace elements in incinerator residues and mining waste from a leaching perspective." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48933.
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Incineration is a mainstream strategy for solid waste management in Sweden and all over the world. Improved knowledge and understanding about the distribution of trace elements (in ashes) during incineration, and how trace element partitioning respond to the changes in waste composition, are important in terms of combustion process optimization and plant efficiency. Moreover, determination of chemical association of trace elements in ashes are vital for avoiding environmental concerns and to promote possible reuse. In this study, partitioning of trace elements in ashes during incineration as function of input waste fuel and incineration technology was investigated. Further, chemical association of trace elements in resulting ashes was studied. An evaluation was also performed about feasibility of metal extraction from sulfidic mining waste and flotation tailings. Moreover, green liquor dreg (GLD) was tested with respect to stabilization of metals within the sulfidic mining waste. Findings showed that the total input of trace elements and chlorine affects the partitioning and increasing chlorine in the input waste caused increase in transfer of trace elements to fly ash especially for lead and zinc. Vaporization, condensation on fly ash particles and adsorption mechanisms play an important role for metal distribution. Firing mixed waste, especially biofuel mix, in grate or fluidized (CFB) boilers caused increased transfer into fly ash for almost all trace elements particularly lead and zinc. Possible reasons might be either an increased input concentration of respective element in the waste fuel, or a change in volatilization behavior due to the addition of certain waste fractions. Chemical association study for fly ashes indicated that overall, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Sb are presenting major risk in most of the fly ashes, while in bottom ashes, most of elements are associated with stable fraction. Further, fuel type affects the association of elements in ashes. Chemical leaching of mining waste materials showed that sulfuric acid (under different conditions) is the best reagent to recover zinc and copper from sulfidic mining waste and also copper from flotation tailings. GLD indicates potential for metal stabilization in mining waste by reducing the metal mobility. Extraction methods could be applied to treat mining waste in order to meet the regulatory level at a specific mining site.Similarly stabilization/solidification methods might be applied after leaching for recovery of metals.
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Ahmed, Abdalla Abdelkader Tawfeek. "Treatment and re-utilization of incinerator bottom ash waste." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540069.
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Pollution and waste are continually generated. The production of waste. however. has increased rapidly in recent years. An efficient and safe means of either neutralizing or disposing of this waste has been increasingly researched. In recent times, the potential of recycling and reusing the waste in construction works has been investigated. The studies have highlighted the benefits of such applications. In line with these studies, the current study investigated the suitability of using Incinerator Bottom Ash Waste (lBA W) as an alternative to conventional aggregates in the construction of road foundations. IBA W is a residual material produced by incinerating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The potential advantage of this approach is that the reuse of IBA W helps to conserve the supplies of conventional aggregates and reduces the landfills needed to store the waste. However, such applications may cause serious environmental impacts as IBA W may be exposed to intermittent infiltration as a consequence of precipitation events or altering of the water table, resulting in a potential release of pollutants to soil and groundwater. This work is divided into three main parts. The first part investigates the potential environmental impacts by using leaching tests for treated and untreated IBA W. The treatment including stabilization and chemical processes was applied in this study for IBA W by using different types of novel and traditional additives. This treatment aimed at immobilizing the pollutants by integrating them in a strong matrix. The Iysimeter as a leaching tool was adopted to assess the potential impact of changing conditions such as liquid to solid ratio (LIS), pH value, IBA W content and different treatment agents on long-term release of heavy metals and salts to estimate the environmental risks of IBA W. Appropriate and reliable leaching models based on initial measurement of intrinsic material properties and simplified testing were used to predict the release of constituents of concern from IBA W and its migration and fate into soil. The second part of the thesis aims at analyzing the microstructure of IBA W material by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) techniques. These tests are adopted to manifest the physical and chemical features of IBA Wand identify the nature of the materials and any secondary reaction elements, especially after mixing with water, with and without additives. This helps understanding the behaviour of the materials because there is a good correlation between the microstructural and chemical composition of the materials and their mechanical behaviour. The third part studies the mechanical properties of IBA W as an aggregate. An experimental programme has been undertaken to investigate the influence of treatment on the behaviour of IBA W blends for use as foundation layers. The research has focused on determining the blends' resilient modulus and permanent deformation. Cyclic and static triaxial compression tests were adopted to determine the materials' mechanical characteristics. Light Weight Falling Deflectometer (L WFD) test was also adopted as an in-situ evaluation for the elastic modulus of IBA W. Emphasis has been on examining the effect of various parameters, such as IBA W content, type and content of additives, moisture content, curing time and maximum nominal particle size on the behaviour of the investigated blends. The shakedown concept was adopted to evaluate the behaviour of the IBAW material under cyclic loading as a granular material. A new calculation model was proposed to estimate the plastic deformation of IBA W and granular materials under monotonic loading. Finite element modelling was adopted to simulate the IBA W material behaviour under static, cyclic and impact loading in macro and micro scales. The main findings of this study are that IBA W can be reused safely and successfully as an aggregate in construction applications. It also illustrated that IBA W may show similar or even better behaviour than conventional aggregate as observed under some conditions. IBA W also showed typical behaviour of conventional aggregates using the theoretical and modelling approaches. Some novel and traditional treatment agents resulted in a good improvement in IBA W behaviour in terms of environmental and mechanical properties.
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Olsson, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in road constructions." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : KTH Land and Water Resource Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-435.
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Antoun, Marc. "Vers une meilleure compatibilité ciment/mâchefer (MIDND) dans la formulation de matériaux cimentaires intégrant un ciment sulfo-alumineux." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MTLD0002.
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Dans un contexte accru d’économie circulaire et de valorisation des matières premières recyclées, les mâchefers d’incinération de déchets non dangereux (MIDND) constituent des déchets granulaires minéraux identifiés comme ressources renouvelables potentiellement valorisables dans la filière construction, notamment dans le domaine des matériaux cimentaires (type mortier/béton). Compte tenu de l'origine et de la nature des granulats de mâchefers, dans une finalité de concourir à une meilleure compatibilité mâchefer/ciment, il apparait essentiel en premier lieu de considérer des fractions minérales de mâchefers au mieux épurées par l’optimisation de l’enlèvement des métaux ferreux, non-ferreux et indésirables. En second temps, tenant compte des spécificités physico-chimiques résultantes des mâchefers, le choix de la base cimentaire constitue le second facteur prépondérant en sus de la nécessité de meilleure qualité de la fraction minérale de mâchefer. Le présent travail doctoral traite spécifiquement de l’apport de l’utilisation d’un ciment sulfo-alumineux dans le contexte de valorisation des mâchefers en matrice cimentaire. Des sables de mâchefers améliorés de fraction 0/2 mm ont été élaborés et utilisés pour l’étude. Dans une première partie, les résultats de formulation de mortiers cimentaires (ciment Portland, noté OPC / ciment sulfo-alumineux, noté CSA) à base de mâchefers en substitution volumique partielle du sable naturel (25, 50 et 75 %) et totale (100 %), mettent en évidence l’apport bénéfique du ciment CSA sur les résistances en compression par comparaison aux mortiers OPC. Une analyse expérimentale du réseau poreux des mortiers à 90 jours révèle que la frange de porosité supérieure à 50 nm est nettement plus faible pour les mortiers CSA. La thèse met en évidence un résultat majeur et pionnier : en interaction mâchefer, le niveau de basicité du milieu réactionnel joue un rôle prépondérant sur le potentiel de dégagement gazeux (hydrogène) après la mise en œuvre et avant la prise. Ce gaz impacte le niveau de porosité de la frange la plus grossière des mortiers durcis. La seconde partie concerne l’étude physique et microstructurale des mortiers soumis à l’attaque à l’eau pure ou à attaque sulfatique pour des substitutions volumiques de 50 et 100 %, avec les témoins pour référentiels. Les observations MEB sur les différentes matrices mettent en évidence une nette moindre sensibilité des mortiers mâchefer/CSA que des mortiers mâchefer/OPC, traduit par des porosités, fissurations et épaisseurs dégradées moindresIn a world where circular economy and the valorization of raw materials is taking a greater importance, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is identified as potentially renewable resource in the construction field and more specifically in cementitious materials like mortar and concrete. Given the origin of the bottom ash and in order to have a better cement/MSWI bottom ash compatibility, the fraction used was as refined as possible by removing ferrous, non-ferrous and unwanted materials. The choice of the cement used is a critical factor as well because it affects the quality of the end product since MSWI bottom ash has particular physicochemical properties. The work in this PhD studies the advantages of using a sulfo-aluminate cement to valorize an improved 0/2 mm fraction of bottom ash that has been developed to be used in cementitious matrices. The first part presents the results of the mortar sample mixes containing bottom ash in a substitution by volume of the standard sand. To better highlight the effect of using a sulfo-aluminate (CSA), CSA mortars containing bottom ash were compared to a Portland cement (OPC) mortars, with substitution rates of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % were used. A study of the porosity was then conducted at 90 days ; it shows that the pores larger to 50 nm are remarkably less present for CSA mortars. This thesis brings forward a major and innovative result : the level of alkalinity of the mortar plays an important role in the release of hydrogen gas after mixing and before setting. The presence of these gases creates large porosity in the hardened mortar samples. The second part studies the physical and microstructural aspects of the mortars after being immersed in aggressive environments : pure water and sulfate solution. The substitution rates used in this experiment were 50 % and 100 % by volume as well as the reference mortars with no bottom ash. These samples were then studied in the SEM which showed that CSA/bottom ash mortars were clearly less affected than the OPC/bottom ash mortars. This was highlighted by the porosity, the cracking and the depth of degraded zone
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Toller, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of incinerator residue utilisation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9155.
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Hassan, Mohamed Mostafa. "Incinerator bottom ash aggregate in asphalt for roads : an investigation into environmental and mechanical characteristics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507169.
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Muntasir, Sardar Yafee. "Physical and chemical characteristics analysis of bottom ash and boiler tappings coming from the Burnaby Incinerator." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55871.
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The primary objective of this research was to update information collected some twenty years ago with a view to revisiting opportunities to enhance the utilization of the bottom ash, emanating from Metro Vancouver’s Burnaby Incinerator, from both as an aggregate and a source of recoverable metals. Bottom ash is made up of three stream; the material coming off the grates, grate siftings and boiler tappings. As review of the literature showed absence of information on boiler tappings characteristics, the opportunity was taken in this study to rectify that information gap to see if there was an opportunity for metal recovery. The work included the determination of grade size distribution, material composition and total metal concentration. In total 56 samples were analyzed; 32 bottom ash and 24 boiler tappings. Results from the grain size distribution samples showed that bottom ash is finer with about 5% fines retained on #200 sieve compared to about 2% some 20 years ago. Almost 50% of the bottom ash samples passed through No. 4 sieve compared to around 30% previously, making the bottom ash more amenable as an aggregate. Almost all (98%) of the boiler tappings passed through No. 4 sieve. Physical sorting of the coarser fractions showed ferrous and non-ferrous metals constitute about 22% of the bottom ash, glass and glass composites about 21% and ceramics about 25%, whereas 22 years ago it was 27%, 50% and 3% respectively.
The secondary objective was to find out the dust characteristics. While processing dry bottom ash fractions, dust could come off it, which might contain heavy metals or silica, which may be hazardous when inhaled. To determine whether bottom ash fine fractions, if elevated to airborne concentrations, have substances in them of potential concern, total metals analysis was done on the size fractions less than 100 microns, which were considered to be in the inhalable sizes. Total metals analysis showed that bottom ash fines contain, as expected, a full suite of metals and about 1% silica. Comparing the total metal concentrations of the fines with bottom ash total metal results collected by Metro showed no apparent enrichment.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Eichhorst, Jessica. "Effect of Municipal Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash on Nutrient Removal Efficiency in a Bioretention Column Study." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1600947.
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Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in hydrologic ecosystems is a costly environmental problem. Low Impact Development measures, such as bioretention, can help prevent nutrient pollution. Bioretention is a type of green stormwater infrastructure and landscaping feature that collects, stores and treats stormwater runoff. Bioretention media is composed of sand, soil and an organic material such as compost or wood fines. While bioretention in itself is a sustainable practice, there is an ever growing demand for more sustainable solutions to the world's environmental problems. The St. Louis Metropolitan Sewer District's Lemay Waste Water Treatment (WWTP) incinerates biosolids, which creates a non-hazardous byproduct referred to as bottom ash. Incinerator bottom ash from the Lemay WWTP is mostly composed of silica and is very similar to sand. So, if incinerator bottom ash from the Lemay WWTP can be used in bioretention media as a substitute for sand, it will make a sustainable stormwater management technique even more sustainable. However, bioretention media with incinerator bottom ash will have to behave as a typical media to be an acceptable substitution. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the effluent from bioretention cells are of particular interest due to the drastic environmental issues associated with nutrient pollution. Therefore, a bioretention column study was performed to observe nutrient pollutant removal efficiency and plant compatibility of bioretention media containing municipal waste incinerator bottom ash. The results of the column study indicate that municipal waste incinerator bottom ash from the Lemay WWTP could be an acceptable substitution for sand in bioretention media.
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Bourtsalas, Athanasios. "Processing the problematic fine fraction of incinerator bottom ash into a raw material for manufacturing ceramics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29480.
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The aim of this research was to develop a novel thermal treatment technology able to transform the problematic fine fraction of incinerator bottom ash (IBA) into an inert material suitable for the production of ceramics. In this project two different problematic fractions of fine IBA have been used. The less than 1mm fraction of processed fine IBA dust was obtained from the dry discharge system for IBA used in the Energy from Waste (EfW) plant at Monthey, Zurich. The dry discharged fine IBA dust from the Monthey plant is currently disposed of to landfill at high cost. The second fine IBA fraction was supplied by Day Group who process wet discharge IBA from the Lakeside and the Newhaven EfW facilities in the South of England. There are currently no beneficial uses for the fine fraction which is either blended back into coarser fractions or disposed of to landfill. The conclusion from the research is that the fine fractions of IBA generated from both discharge techniques can be transformed into an inert material suitable for the production of hard, dense ceramics. Processing involves the addition of glass, wet ball milling and calcining, pressing and sintering. The addition of glass aids liquid phase sintering and improves the appearance of the ceramic body formed, milling increases sintering reactivity and calcining limits the loss of volatiles and shrinkage during firing. This transforms the major crystalline phases present in the fine IBA fraction from quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and hematite (Fe2O3), to the pyroxene group minerals diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and clinoenstatite (MgSi2O6), together with some andradite (Ca3Fe2Si3O12). Processed calcined powders can be pressed and sintered to form dense (>2.5 g/cm3), hard ceramics that exhibit low firing shrinkage (<7%), zero water absorption and minimal leaching. Calcining the IBA: glass powders before processing was able to minimize the linear shrinkage observed compared to samples produced using uncalcined powders. Calcining also had the effect of reducing the leaching of metals of environmental concern present in the fine IBA fraction by over 95%. These are encapsulated within the glassy phases present in the calcined and sintered materials.
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Huang-Guohua and 黃國華. "The application of waste incineration bottom ash to the CLSM." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41412692248453973458.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東南科技大學
防災科技研究所
97
ABSTRACT This research main discussion refuse incineration bottom ash applies of feasibility study in the CLSM, this may promote the reject to use and to improve the path backfill and the trench backfill quality again. In the research coordinates quality of demand the present CLSM baseline group, including the revision to collapse the fluidity to be bigger than 20 cm, the unit weight must be smaller than 2000 kg/m3, the prehardening time in 5.5 hours as well as compressive strength stadium 1 day of 0.68 MPa (7 kgf/cm2) above and 28 day of intensity in 8.83 MPa (90 kgf/cm2) within. First tests conforms to request of the above quality baseline group (including reject) is not the foundation, carries on respectively becomes three broad headings by the wast incineration bottom ash: (1) waste incineration bottom ash fhin aggregate substitution natural fhin aggregate (2) waste incineration bottom ash coarse aggregate applies in the natural coarse aggregate (3) waste incineration bottom ash mix aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate; Respectively by 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% substitution quantity proportion condition, tests CLSM to mix newly with hardens the stage each performance. Findings demonstration; waste incineration bottom ash fine aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to increase by the recruitment promotes, because the density the substitution quantity does not increase enhances the unit weight, presents the steady density condition, but all in 2000 kg/m3 values, the prehardening time 30% below all can achieve in the waste incineration bottom ash smalls recruitment in 5.5 hours, the compressive strength waste incineration bottom ash fine aggregate recruitment in 20% only then achieves stadium 1 day of 0.68 MPa, and 28 day of intensity in 8.83 MPa within request. The waste incineration bottom ash thick aggregate application is natural; Thick aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to increase for the recruitment drops, because the density also the recruitment increase drop. The waste incineration bottom ash thick aggregate prehardening time all achieves 5.5 hour in the request, the compressive strength refuse incineration bottom ash thick aggregate recruitment 30% (including) in meet the various stadiums early strong late weak in code requirement. Waste incineration bottom ash mix aggregate substitution natural fine aggregate collapsing and collapses the fluidity to assume the steady condition, conforms to the high flowing performance, the density increases by the recruitment has the promotion, the prehardening time all achieves 5.5 hour in the request, the compressive strength may also achieve the various stadiums early strong late weak code requirement. Demonstrated that the refuse incineration bottom ash may apply fully in the CLSM material, has the resources again use potency. Key word: waste incineration bottom ash, CLSM, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, mix aggregate
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Chang, Hsi-Hua, and 張錫華. "Zero fly ash incineration technology:Recycling of incineration fly ash through washing and mixing with wastes for bottom ashing in site." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zn6p7g.
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Lu, Yo-Yu, and 盧宥宇. "The Environmental Monitoring of a Road Application with Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21953966167844803915.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
96
In Taiwan, approximately 900 thousand tons of bottom ash produced form municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) each year. The application of bottom ash as the road pavement is widely used around the world. The environmental impact on these applications were unclear. In our study, laboratory experiments and on site monitoring were conducted in Wanli Township, Taipei Country. Heavy metals and organic halides (TOX) were monitored form the experimental site. The results showed that heavy metals leaching form the road site which was constructed 2.5 years ago, especially for copper and barium. Form August 2007 to the end of February 2008, about 0.133 mg-Ba/kg-ash and 0.047 mg-Cu/kg-ash was from the site. Compare the results form previous years, the concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cd and As were decreasing gradually. In column tests, bottom ash leached about 70 mg-Ba/L, 21 mg-Pb/L and 20 mg-Cu/L after washing with 30 liters of buffer. The pH value of washed buffer affects the leaching of total organic chloride, it approximately 35 mg/kg of TOX by using pH 3 and pH 7 washing buffer. The 30 liters of washing buffer volume in column test was equilibrant to three years of rainfall in Wanli Township. Some species of organic chloride were produced by the incubation of washing buffer and on-site soil. It is possible that chloride leached form incineration bottom ash could react with organic matter in the soil.
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Yu, MU-CHIN, and 余沐錦. "Pollutant Degradation of Subsurface flow Constructed Wetland with Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cxms8g.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
環境資源管理系
106
To develop a new reuse way of incineration bottom ash (IBA) of municipal solid waste, IBA was assessed to use as an alternative substrate of a subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetland (CW) in this study. There were two system established for the experiments which included an experimental system (SSF-A) and a control system (SSF-C). The former filled with IBA and the substrate of the letter was gravel, treating the wastewater from a mixture of the campus wastewater and the effluent from an industrial area nearby. The feasibility of using IBA as an alternative substrate of SSF CW could be concluded by comparing those experimental results of these SSF CWs. According to the experimental results, a SSF CW filling with IBA, the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus contained contaminants were better than those of a traditional SSF CW filled with gravel. Due to a higher surface area of IBA, the IBA SSF CW also performed in a better situation of the removal of organic pollution. The averagedammonia-nitrogen removal rate of SSF-A was 54.2 % which was higher than that of the SSF-C, 40.5 %. A higher removal ratio of total phosphorous (TP) was also observed in the SSF-A system which was resulted from the adsorption of the sediments and the metabolism of more microorganisms. An another mechanisms responsible for the additional removal of TP came for the precipitation of calcium ion and phosphate. These mechanisms offered the additional removal of TP. It also concluded that IBA not only induced additional removal mechanisms but offered no depression on the original removal mechanisms. It was obvious that the matured IBA was a suitable alternative substrate for the SSF CW, showing a better performance in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorous. From the results of this study, it suggested a new way of IBA reuse.
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巫宗威. "Study on Engineering Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/764e5c.
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碩士中國科技大學
建築系
105
Study on Engineering Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash ConcreteThe MSWI bottom ash after optimum incineration left about 20% of the original weight, This type of ash was buried in the past。Landfills are becoming saturated these days, in order to avoid the secondary pollution, The promotion of new ash treatment methods is a priority. However, the natural resources in Taiwan are deficient,most of the raw materials in the construction industry rely on imports, Due to the long-term over exploitation of domestic sand material, we are faced with the shortage of resources crisis.Diversified use of MSWI bottom ash recycled materials, not only can make up for lack of natural materials in Taiwan, but also can reduce the construction of landfills effectively.This study based on the engineering application of MSWI bottom ash concrete, in order to increase the use of MSWI bottom ash. Following the Taguchi method, our MSWI bottom ash concrete manufacturing experiment include water binder ratios as 0.4, 0.44 and 0.48, MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, 60% and 90%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 0%, 20% and 40%, Addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.3%. Those parameters were used as input factors, compressive strength, slump, resistivity, ultrasonic and chloride ion as output factors. The experimental results showed that the optimal factor combination for compressive strength, ultrasonic, chloride ion were water binder ratio as 0.4, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 0%. The optimal factor combination for slump were water binder ratio as 0.48, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 90%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 20%. The optimal factor combination for resistivity were water binder ratio as 0.44, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.3% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 20%.
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Lin, Yen-Ching, and 林彥妗. "Characteristics of Residue Organic Compounds in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93153551878744368126.
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博士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
99
Although heavy metals in bottom ash have been a primary issue in resource recovery of municipal solid waste incinerator residues in past decades, less studied are potentially toxic and odorous organic fractions that exist as they have not been completely oxidized during the mass burn process. The organic carbon residues contained in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) can be categorized into elemental carbon, extractable organic carbon and non-extractable organic carbon. The data showed the fraction of extractable organic carbon by water and dichloromethane are 110–1,670 mg kg-1 and 0–842 mg kg-1, respectively. The non-extractable organic carbon is in the range of several grams per kg of bottom ash, indicating most of the organic carbon residues are not easily water extractable. Therefore, there is a need to reveal the spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA and to evaluate the effectiveness of using water washing as a pre-treatment process for reducing the environmental risk of the organic residues when recycling MSWIBA. In this work, two extraction techniques, soxtec extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were employed for the full spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA before and after pre-treatment with water washing. Although organic compounds in raw bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed obvious variability, organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed noticeable stability. The major organic compounds such as phenols, chloro-organics and carboxylic acids in the weathered and water-washed bottom ash were quantitatively determined by GC-MS and those in washing water were determined with GC-MS after liquid-liquid extraction. For all the bottom ash samples, a total of 149 compounds were foun from weathered bottom ash and a total of 40 compounds were found from water-washed bottom ash. Organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash such as aliphatics, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines and aromatic compounds extracted by SFE and SE from different incinerators distributed over similar frequency and it was much lower than organic compounds in weathered bottom ash. The results of quantification demonstrated that fewer organic compounds were detected in water-washed bottom ash extraction with SFE and only one chloro-organic was identified from water-washed bottom ash by SE. It indicates the effectiveness of water washing as pretreatment for organics such as several phthalates (e.g., phthalic acid isobutyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester, dibutyl phthalate and 2-butoxyethyl butyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate), organic phosphates (e.g., octicizer and phosphoric acid isodecyl diphenyl ester), aromatic amines (e.g. 1-nitro-9,10- dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 3-bromo-N- (4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-propanamide) and aromatic compounds (other than amines) (e.g. 7-chloro-4-methoxy-3-methyl- quinoline and 2,3-dihydro-N- hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl indole-2-one). The results here suggest that washing with water can be an effective pre- treatment step for removing odour-causing and environmental concerned organics.
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Wei-Hsi, Chen, and 陳為溪. "Wind Tunnel Simulation of Using Incineration Bottom Ash Solidification on Coastal Sand Fixation." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57148999618433488962.
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碩士國立中興大學
水土保持學系
93
Abstract The bottom ash of incinerator can be mixed with cement to reproduce aggregates with larger granular size. This study is focus on the effect of using the reproduced aggregates as pavement on seashore or alluvion to prevent the erosion caused by wind. Experiment done in this study includes determining the physical properties of incinerator bottom ash, various methods of incinerator bottom ash solidification and aggregate reproduction, curing and sieve analysis of the reproduced aggregates, determining the material properties of the aggregates. Certain amont(1200 g) of the reproduced aggregate with same granular size (3/8〞-9.5mm，1/4〞-6.7mm，#4-4.75mm，#8-2.36mm) is put on top of 1200g sea sand separately to generate experiment models. Samples are then put in wind tunnel to examine the effect of granular size on erosion caused by wind. The wind tunnel experiment is done with different wind speed (16m/s，18m/s，20m/s，22m/s and 24m/s). The results show that the sand blow will occur when the wind speed reach 14 m/sec if the sea sand without any pavement or vegetation. Furthermore the sea sand in the wind tunnel will be totally blow out when the wind speed reach 18 m/s. On the other hand, no sand blow will occur if the sea sand is covered by the reproduced aggregates under the wind speed of 18 m/s. When the wind speed reach 20 m/sec and up, the erosion will still occur even there are pavements. It is obtained that the rate of erosion will decrease as the granular size increase. However, when the wind speed reachs 24 m/s, the erosion rate for the sea sand with 3/8〞 aggregate pavement has the trend to increase. It is conclude that using 1/4〞 or #4 reproduced aggregates as pavement for Coastal Sand Fixation should be a better choice.
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Yi-Ta, Chen, and 陳奕達. "Assessment of Long-term Behavior about Cement-based Products Containing Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45398792200856991307.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
環境工程學系碩士班
96
In Taiwan, the quantity and variety of waste has recently increased with the rapid economic growth. Incineration has been considered as a predominate technology of the waste treatment. In this study, incinerator bottom ash was mixed with cement to cast construction materials such as bottom ash brick. In order to assess the strength about replacement,we replace sands and gravels by different percentage. On other way,we put our sample on sodium sulfate, hydrochloric acid and water to compare their strength.At last,Simple Leaching Model, which was derived from the diffusion theory, was used to analyze data from the standard dynamic leach test, which was similar to ANS-16.1 leach method. The results indicate that Simple Leaching Model could be used as a governing equation of long-term tracing metal leachability. The results show that replacemene rate affect the strength of our sample. Hydrochloric acid abate strength more than other solution. According to result of ANS-16.1, heavy metal plumbum and copper can be used to calculate their affection on our environment.
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Chang, Hsiao-Chuan, and 張孝全. "Research on the feasibility of waste incineration bottom ash resources as CLSM aggregates." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52071310500932941023.
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碩士中原大學
土木工程研究所
104
The research discussed that waste incineration bottom slag replaed overall feasibility of natural aggregates producing CLSM. To explore the difference of CLSM property between the bottom slag aggregates and nature, and compare the construction specifications. The key factors incuded workability, unit weight, chloride ion content of fresh concrete, ball drop, and compressive strength. If the construction didn’t achieve request, it could increase superplasizer and calcium chloride to explore ways of improving properties. The result showed that when the bottom slag replaced natural aggregates, workability improved, compressive strength decreased. Others, chloride ion content, setting time and the ball drop test diameter would increase with the increasing proportion of bottom slag replacement. When the cement amount of bottom slag CLSM increased, workability improved, water-soluble chloride ion content reduced, setting time shortened, falling Ball constant diameter unchanged in 24 hr and compressive strength increased in 28 days. When the coarse aggregate amount of bottom slag CLSM increased, workability improved, setting time shortened, ball drop test diameter reduced in 24 hr, and compressive strength increased significantly in 28 days. When bottom slag CLSM added strong plasticizer, workability, water-soluble chloride ion content, setting time, and the falling ball diameter increased with the increasing of strong plastic dosage. However, compressive strength was reduced in 28 days. When the bottom slag CLSM added calcium chloride, workability was reduced, the water-soluble chloride ion content increased, setting time and the falling ball diameter reduced, and the compressive strength increased. When the bottom slag CLSM added strong plastic agent and calcium chloride, workability improved and setting time shortened. It was feasible to apply bottom slag for the whole resource used in CLSM, and meet the requirements within the construction specifications. However, it needed to make the best use of strong plasticizer for improving the work and calcium chloride for shortening setting time and improving compressive strength. However, lower demand for quality engineering could achieve by adjust the amount of cement, coarse aggregate dosage, water-cement ratio, and change the nature of CLSM.
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Li, Chen Wei, and 李甄偉. "Delphi method to incineration fly ash and bottom ash recyclingand reuse product model to investigate the expert selection." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27208780477713218825.
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碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
102
The application of incinerator fly ash and bottom ash in recycling and reuse is very much. The references by using the Delphi method is also very rare in Taiwan,this study is using this research method for future reference as the motivation. In this study, Delphi method of incineration ash and bottom ash resource recycling applications are considered relative importance for selected assessment questionnaire,to selected iexperts to explore the application of resource reuse factor considerations sort in order choose the best applications. Conclusions are summarized as the assessment dimensions and indicators as below. （1）"Cement raw material substitutes" dimensions include: "environmental impact","engineering efficiency," "safety and health impact", " project performance ","technical reliability" in order for the most important is "project performance.." （2）"Natural aggregates substitutes" dimensions include: "environmental impact","engineering efficiency," "safety and health impact", " project performance ","technical reliability" in order for the most important is impact" and "safety and health impact". （3）" Concrete slabs " dimensions include: "environmental impact", "engineering efficiency," "safety and health impact", " project performance ", "technical reliability" in order for the most important is " engineering efficiency.." （4） Ceramics materials" dimensions include: "environmental impact", "engineering" efficiency," "safety and health impact", " project performance ", "technical reliability" in order for the most important is " safety and health impact." Recommendations for companies are willing to incineration ash and bottom ash recycling resources to assess, it is recommended in the planning process that can follow the above content for self-view to understand where they need to improve in order to enhance the overall quality.
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Wen-Kai, Li, and 李文愷. "Synthesis of mesoporous molecular sieve from incineration bottom ash for the removal of toluene." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52170922682209357239.
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碩士明志科技大學
環境與資源工程研究所
101
The incineration bottom ash contains major element of silicon that could be as a silicon source for the synthesis of mesoporous materials. An efficient approach of alkaline fusion used to extract silicon from coal fly ash has been investigated in previous studies. However, the extraction of silicon from incineration bottom ash is obscure. Therefore, the effects of operating conditions of alkaline fusion (including three alkaline agents, alkaline fusion temperature, different ash/agent ratio and solid/liquid ratio) on the concentration of silicon extracted from incineration bottom ash were determined in this study. Moreover, the synthesis of mesoporous materials from the supernatant solution of bottom ash for the removal of toluene was also investigated in this study. The results indicated that the highest concentration of Si extracted from the bottom ash could be obtained when the ratio of bottom ash to Na2CO3 was 1:4 and the ratio of alkaline fused mass to deionized water was 1:100. The Si concentration was about 185.3 mg/g ash (0.4 g SiO2/g ash). The BET surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution of the mesoporous materials synthesized from bottom ash were 992 m2/g, 0.854 cm3/g and 2-3.8 nm, respectively, which were similar to that obtained from pure silica. Interestingly, the mesoporous materials synthesized from bottom ash possessed the best adsorption capacity of toluene (ca. 124 mg g-1) at the toluene concentration of 1100 ppm and at the reaction temperature of 25℃. The above results demonstrated that the mesoporous material was successfully synthesized from bottom ash in this study. Keywords: bottom ash, alkaline fusion reaction, hydrolysis reaction, mesoporous materials, toluene adsorption
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Chang, Hui-Lan, and 張蕙蘭. "The Feasibility Study of Utilizing MSW Incineration Bottom Ash as Sub-base Course Material." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04914881228441955922.
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碩士國立交通大學
工學院碩士在職專班產業安全與防災學程
95
1.1 million tons of Municipal Solid Wast (MSW) incineration bottom ash was produced by 22 incinerators across the island by 2002. At present, the major application of bottom ash is to be utilized as the layering at the sanitary landfill sites. Other possibilities of employing excessive incineration ash need to be established. This study investigated the incinerated bottom ash with an aim to assess the reuse feasibility in subbase course. Both heavy metal contents and chlorinated salts in the raw bottom ashes were tested with Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) technique. An analysis for the comprehensive engineering properties was also conducted. Experiment results have shown that the amount of heavy metal contents is lower than the EPA limits. In addition, the results have also indicated that the raw material of incineration bottom ash, being well screen-separated, is suitable for subbase course material and engineering fillers. The compressive strength and weather-resistance value have suggested the incineration bottom ash is qualified for the sub base course. During the process, some gel-like substance was observed. The substance was tested with X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and the result has shown that the composition of the gel-like substance contains chemical elements such as Ca, Cl, Al, K, S, and Na. When the substance dries, the salts tend to crystallize and this may damage the sub-base course due to the expansion of volume. Therefore it is suggested that a tested sample in a greater quantity should be conducted before further establishing a reclamation management program for the bottom ash use. To sum up the results of this study, incineration bottom ash, with proper treatment, may be used as sub-base course material. Otherwise, it may lead to permanent damage to the roads due to varied organic compounds, inorganic salts, and other contents. A scheme of potential assessment procedure is suggested in section 6.2 to assist further equivalent studies. The procedure may help researchers investigate the proper use of incineration bottom ash in order to achieve the ultimate goal of ‘WTE’ (waste to energy).
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Chang, Zih Xiang, and 張祉祥. "Study on the Sintering of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for Construction Materials." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59752375967974482887.
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碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
87
The decreasing availability of landfill sites, the growing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), and the increasing disposal costs have hastened efforts to adopt incineration technologies and energy recovery strategies. By the year 2004, the completion of 36 MSW incinerators will generate more than 4000 tons incineration ashes each day, which has to be properly treated, disposed of, or recovered. Recognizing the trend toward more usage of bottom ash as constructional materials, the author investigated the feasibility of recovering bottom ash as aggregates, by sintering size-fractioned MSW incinerator bottom ashes (particle size less than 1.41 mm and between 4.76-1.41 mm) at 400-1000 degree C for 60-240 min, to determine their sintered characteristics such as compressive strength, heavy metal leachability, and principal material properties. The results indicate that the pH of the TCLP leachate for the fine and the coarse ashes, ranging from 10.04-11.49, and from 7.49-11.26, respectively, showed a decreasing trend with increasing sintering temperature. Correspondingly, the acid-neutralization capacity for both ashes decreased with increasing sintering temperature. In addition, for both ashes, the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths, ranging from 500-550 kgf/cm2, slightly decreased when the sintering temperature was increased from 400 degree C to 600 degree C. Problems such as deformation may result from the melting of glassy substance in the ash when the bottom ash was sintered at higher than 1000 degree C. Moreover, when sintering between 800 to 1000 degree C, the sintered bottom ash may be destroyed due to the formation of calcium salts and/or aluminum. The decomposition of calcium carbonate at 650degree C, releasing significant amount of carbon dioxide, may also cause the destruction of the monolith. Based on considerations of the loss on ignition, volume change, water adsorption, soundness, bulk density, and the compressive strength of the sintered ash, the general results from the experiments suggest that acceptable aggregates meeting Chinese National Standards(CNS) for permeable block can be developed by sintering the bottom ash between 400 to 600 degree C after removing its coarse impurities.
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Hsu, Chun-Chen, and 許峻誠. "The characteristics and treatment performance of water washing wastewater from an incineration bottom ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84636418087129901448.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
99
This study evaluated the influent characteristics and performance of a wastewater treatment plant in a bottom ash recycling factory in southern Taiwan. This plant received bottom ashes from incinerators in Chiayi, Pingtung and Kaohsiung counties. The wastewater samples from influents, physical and chemical treatment units were sampled to explore the variation of wastewater characteristics and the removal efficiency of each units. The results show that the pH values of wastewaters influent are all above 12. The characteristics of wastewater generated among batches of bottom ash washing vary significantly. The average concentration of COD, chloride and SS is 5760 mg/L, 3029 mg/L, and 41666 mg/L, respectively The average removal efficiency of COD, chloride, SS and heavy metals by sedimentation is 82.0％、39.9％、99.7％及96.5％, respectively. Although parts of heavy metals in bottom ashes are washed out along with particles, the concentrations of heavy metals in the effluent are below the discharge limits. All the sludge of sedimentation units pass the heavy metal regulation of TCLP test. The coagulation process after the sedimentation further increases the removal efficiencies (98.2% for COD, 55.2% for chloride, and 99.9% for SS). These results indicate that COD and heavy metals in the wastewater from bottom ash washing are in the form of suspended solids. If the resident time is long enough; sedimentation can achieve good removal efficiencies of COD and SS. Satisfactory removal efficiency can be obtained using sedimentation followed by coagulation. In addition, the odor problem is significantly reduced. Water washing of the bottom ash could wash out chloride ion, however, at the wash water/bottom ash (L/S) ratio of 0.6, about of 37.6% of chloride in the bottom ash is removed, which still could not meet the requirement of less than 0.024% chloride as a type I construction materials. It is recommend that the chemical dosage should be adjusted based on the influent characteristics. Enough hydraulic retention time, routine sludge excavation from sedimentation units and improved mixing during coagulation will help to improve the wastewater treatment efficiency.
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Cid, Eva Berenice Rivera Del, and 蕾薇拉. "Ecotoxicity Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom-Ash Wastewater Using Plant Bioassays." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40631036027158619072.
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博士國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系所
99
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is one of the most widely accepted technologies for waste disposal. However, in spite of its advantages, this process generates many kind of ash wastes, which if managed improperly can increase environmental pollution. Through the years it has become generally accepted that, chemical data alone do not allow evaluation of toxic effects. Reason for which, plant bioassays are gaining more importance, since they are inexpensive and in many cases more sensitive than other available systems. Two concentrations (50 and 100%) of MSWI bottom-ash wastewater (treated and untreated) were used for germination and root elongation tests of Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) and two Oriza sativa (rice) varieties, Variety 9 and Variety 139. In addition, water spinach was hydroponically grown in order to asses the MSWI bottom-ash wastewater. Results for hydroponically grown water spinach show that 50% of untreated wastewater resulted in acute toxicity (plants died within less than 24 hours). Uses of lower doses (3 and 6%) of both types of wastewater presented no significant difference when compared to the control. Seed germination inhibition ranged from 21 to 30% in water spinach and from 7 to 35% in rice. Root length in water spinach and in rice Variety 139 was only inhibited by the use of 100% untreated wastewater, the rest of the treatments promoted root length. Root length in rice Variety 9 was inhibited by both treated and untreated wastewater (16% reduction). Overall, for seed germination and root elongation tests the use of 100% treated and untreated wastewater (trt100 and unt100) were the most toxic for both species. Results from both bioassays sustain that; biological assays can be effectively used to complement physical and chemical analysis in order to asses wastewater effluent toxicity. Further treat the wastewater by physical (filtration) or chemical means in order to reduce not only the dissolve solute content but also to lower the pH and the salt content of the wastewater. Special attention must be place to the accumulation of heavy metals (e.g., Sr, Cu, Sn) in living organism that grow near MSWI facilities or plants that are irrigated with MSWI wastewater effluents.
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Tian-Yu, Chang, and 張添毓. "The Binder Manufacture Technique and Application of Aggregate Made from Boiler Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76394504987410237970.
Full textAbstract:
碩士正修科技大學
營建工程研究所
103
This study is to investigate the binder manufacture technique and application of aggregate made from boiler incineration bottom ash, first part aggregate made from boiler incineration bottom ash, second part made multi-functional regeneration concrete(MRC), third part manufactured controlled low-strength material(CLSM) and performed a series of experiments obtained the following conclusions: 1. The compressive strength increase of boiler incineration bottom ash aggregates increases with curing time, when they cured 7days and 28days,rising slope of the compressive strength have most obvious, C20-S50-IBS30 ratio has highest compressive strength, in terms of cost considerations,C20-F30-IBS50 has best ratio. 2.In term of MRC-0.4、MRC-0.4G 、MRC-0.6、MRC-0.6G、 MRC-0.8、MRC-0.8G、 MRC-1.0 、MRC-1.0G 、MRC-1.2、MRC-1.2G etc. 10 ratios considerations, when they have cured 7days、28days、56days, all ratios of the multi-functional regeneration concrete(MRC) used as a road base layer and compressive strength met requirements. 3. When they added sodium silicate, they will the high early compressive strength, among them MRC -0.4G ratio had significant effect. 4. Under the same ratio, the same water-cement ratio, the same curing time situation, add sodium silicate ratios have increased early compressive strength increased by 26%. 5. When added sodium silicate ratios, they have high early strength, among them CLSM-1.0G ratio had significant effect. Key Worlds: Boiler Incineration Bottom Ash Aggregates, Multi-Functional Regeneration Concrete(MRC),Controlled Low-Strength Material(CLSM), Compressive Strength.
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Tseng, Feng-Yi, and 曾豐益. "STUDY ON THE CONCENTRATIONS AND PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METAL AMONG FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE INCINERATION." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64262060919032977511.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
環境工程研究所
82
Due to its dense population, limited land for waste disposal, and increases in per capita waste generation, Taiwan is entering a phase of applying incineration technology as an alternative to landfills for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. However, the potential emission of toxic heavy metals from MSW incinerators into the environment may pose serious threats on human health and ecology. This issue has not been properly addressed and has caused more public concerns in Taiwan recently since the concept of separation and recycling of refuse is not generally adopted and the incinerators for hazardous wastes are not commonly available here. In this study, the concentrations of some heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, and Zn) which exist in fly ash and bottom ash coming out of a typical MSW incinerator located in northern Taiwan were determined. Furthermore, the physical properties, such as particle size, surface area, and porosity of fly ash were also characterized for better understanding of their potential effects on the concentration of these heavy metals. Preliminary results indicate that the concentrations of mercury, cadmium, and zinc are generally higher in fly ash than that found in bottom ash. In fact, the property of municipal solid wastes, varying operating conditions within incinerators, combustion efficiency, and chloride content in the flue gas streams all affect the partitioning of heavy metals among flue gas, fly ash and bottom ash. As a result, the concentration of heavy metals contained in fly ash may vary with different particle size. In this study, collected fly ash was segregated into seven different fractions based on particle size (Mesh 50-Mesh 325). Analysis of particles with each fraction indicates that particles around Mesh 50/80 with a specific area of about 6 m2/ g tend to adsorb more heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, and Zn) than the particles with other sizes.
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Pham, Long, and Long Pham. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Using Taiwan's Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Concrete Tetrapods." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rt46y3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
106
This study looks into a theoretical scenario where tetrapods were produced with various percentages of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash used as aggregate replacement. The incineration of municipal wastes is not a permanent solution for waste management. Therefore, the use of bottom ash in tetrapod productions offers another method for disposal or recycling of bottom ash, while also adding other benefits such as the reduction of natural resource usage (gravel). Some considerations were necessary to completely run and analyze the scenarios at an overestimation or a worst case scenario for the risk assessment. There were four bottom ash replacement scenarios tested with bottom ash data from four different cities in Taiwan and a scenario where the regulated toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limit would be used as the bottom ash data: 30%, 50%, 60%, and 70% replacement with Yilan, Keelung, Taipei, New Taipei, and TCLP limit bottom ash data. The different cities were chosen to represent big and small cities in Taiwan while also being close to the northeast coast, which could benefit from tetrapod usage. The heavy metals of interest for this study are lead, cadmium, chromium, and copper because they were the most commonly tested metals for TCLP. The results of the scenarios were assessed with Taiwan’s sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and Hakanson’s methods. Both methods showed chromium to be the lowest in all cities and replacement percentages while cadmium was shown to have the highest impacts of all the metals in this study. Overall, the heavy metal’s ecological impacts in the study would be in the order of cadmium > copper > lead > chromium. Based on the results, future studies could consider focusing on reducing cadmium concentrations in bottom ash by way of additional steps in the pretreatment of bottom ash.
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Chi-HouLo and 羅智豪. "Utilization of wet screening incineration fine bottom ash as raw materials in autoclaved aerated concrete production." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s8b3gc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境工程學系
102
Bottom ash-fine aggregate (BA-FA) and bottom ash-fine (BA-F) are products during Wet screening incineration bottom ash fine (BA-Fs), require more methods to reuse and improve the dealing problem. It has much more CaCO3 in BA-F and to be considered as the influence of concrete hydration and the rate of hydration and reveal by chemical analysis observing. BA-Fs is rich in calcium and silica elements, so that have the potential to be used in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) as an alternative raw material. Use CaCO3 and BA-F replace the AAC ratio of calcium and silica to be the aggregate, and the reactivity as CaO. The concentration of CaCO3 of aggregate from 0% increase to 16wt. %, the compression strength changes from 11.5MPa to 6.70MPa, when CaCO3 replaced CaO, the compression strength became 7.50MPa. Increase the ratio of the replacement as BA-F to 50wt. %, BA-FA to 30wt. %, it can be in accordance with AAC standard, and in the dissolution tests are all in accordance with the hazardous industrial waste Criteria. It has the negative effects to the AAC productions which contain CaCO3, and to replace CaO can increase the ratio and the characteristic of the products.
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Wang, Sheng-Fu, and 王聲富. "The Heavy Metal Leaching Behavior of Reused Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash from Existing Road Base." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50246242441039654943.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
101
Several studies indicated that incinerated bottom ash is a proper material for road paving. Therefore, countries, such as USA, France, Germany, etc., established guidelines for recycling incinerated bottom ash. In Taiwan, several experimental roads using incinerated bottom ash as road base were tested. To understand the effect of incinerated bottom ash to the environment, the leakage from experimental roads by leaching test were well analyzed,. We chose two roads as experimental subjects, both using incinerated bottom ash as aggregate material, one was from Wanli Township, Taipei(constructed six years ago), and the other is from Longtan Township, Taoyuan(constructed one year ago). Both of them are compared with a bottom ash. The longer the bury time, the more the particle size varies. In total amount of heavy metal, the materials of bottom ash, Experimental results showed the incinerated bottom ash from Longtan and Wanli highly contained Zn(3200~3600 mg/kg; 1950~2660 mg/kg; 700~2150 mg/kg) and Cu(1800~2150 mg/kg; 1000~1310 mg/kg; 550~1210 mg/kg), then is Pb (530~605 mg/kg; 405~605 mg/kg; 350~1200 mg/kg). The leaching test of bottom ash shows pH range between 11~12, on the other hand, Longtan and Wanli samples show pH range between 7~9. According to leaching experiments, Cl-, TOC and conductivity were decrease with time. Comparing HNO3(pH=6.82) with DI water(pH=5±0.5) as leaching solution, using HNO3 as leaching solution shows higher results in part of the experiments. In three leaching tests and different particle size distribution, there is no significant regularity of heavy metal leaching.
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LAN, HAI-MING, and 藍海銘. "Simultaneous Adsorption of Low Concentrations of Toluene and Formaldehyde Using MCM-41 Synthesized by Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aqh365.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明志科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系環境工程碩士班
107
In this study, we reuse the incinerator bottom ashes to make the hexagonal synthesis, MCM-41. And we use three nitrates (silver nitrate, copper nitrate and manganous nitrate) to transform the original-MCM-41 into 5% Ag- MCM-41, 5% Cu-MCM-41 and 5% Mn-MCM-41 and three different amines (tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol) to transform the Original-MCM-41 into 5% TEPA- MCM-41, 5% PEHA-MCM-41 and 5% AMP-MCM-41. We are going to see the performance of above-mentioned absorbents for absorbing two commonly observable indoor contaminants: 25ppm of toluene and 1ppm of formaldehyde in room temperature. In addition, the BET, SEM, TEM, XRD, ESCA, FTIR, EA and TGA are used to analyze physicochemical properties of each material and to study the influence of modifiers on physicochemical properties as well as how it affects the absorbing performance. In the absorption experiment, three different air flows, including 500, 750 and 1000 sccm, are accompanied with Original-MCM-41 and three 0.5, 1 and 1.5g of absorbent, to see the absorbing performance of toluene 25ppm. Through the usage of the best absorbing conditions, we will discuss the removal efficiency of toluene and formaldehyde on each modified material and also analyze the competitive adsorption effect of these two contaminants: toluene and formaldehyde. From the result of each physicochemical analysis, we know that the details of synthesis of incinerator bottom ashes, Original-MCM-41: surface area 908 m2/g, pore volume 0.84 cm3/g and pore size 3.7 nm. The physicochemical results also show that this experiment has successfully carried the metals and amino modifiers on materials. According to the result of Original-MCM-41 toluene absorption experiment, when the air flow is 750 sccm with 1.5g of absorbent, the highest adsorption capacity is: 8.13 mg/g. In addition, from the graph of adsorption capacity, we notice that mass transfer resistance is pretty low in this condition. However, each absorbent of metals and amino modifiers doesn’t elevate obviously the performance of absorbing toluene. The Original-MCM-41 transformed by amines does elevate the performance of absorbing formaldehyde: with the highest adsorption capacity 0.34 mg/g for 5%PEHA-MCM-41. After the competitive adsorption experiment, we know that the adsorption capacity of toluene and formaldehyde is 11.65 mg/g and 1.21 mg/g, respectively. The absorption reaction of formaldehyde is still working at 1,500 min. This result shows that the synthetic resource of incinerator bottom ashes, MCM-41, has the potential to absorb both common indoor contaminants, toluene and formaldehyde, in room temperature.
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Ma, Chuan-Tsung, and 馬傳宗. "Sustainable Planning of the Bottom Ash been Produced by Li-Ze Incineration Plant in I-Lan County - Study for Substituting Part of Raw Materials by Bottom Ash in Portland Cement." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70555803740953113252.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立宜蘭大學
建築與永續規劃研究所碩士班
96
There are twenty-two incineration plants in Taiwan which are operating now, so garbage (Non-hazardous solid waste) treatment has been changed to incinerator from landfill. Li-Ze Incineration Plant in I-Lan County is one of them. It was operated by I-Lan County government since April 2006. Although Li-Ze Incineration Plant has release the pressure of waste treatment, but there is a problem that is ash residue treatment (include bottom ash and fly ash) must be solved immediately. Almost all of the bottom ash present still takes burying by the time been in I-Lan County. But the burial site volume is limited, and precious land resources. Ash residue is due to the use of sustainable treatment planning. The bottom ash accounted for 70% of ash residue. In this study, Li-Ze incinerator bottom ash at the end of the subject for the planning, will be transported to the cement plant in I-Lan County, as Portland cement alternative raw materials. Through the literature of factory certification is provided at the end of the I-Lan County slag handling specific recommendations can be developed for the national competent authority at the end of slag reuse policy for reference. The addition of Li-Ze incineration plant into the plant composition, composition and slag at the end of the end of the dissolution of Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) analysis, and send 1912.56 tons(20.79 tons/day) bottom ash to the cement plant, which resulted, Li-Ze incineration Plant at the end of slag cement major components of the composition. Li-Ze incineration plant in normal operation under the conditions of the plant in full at the end of slag (78 tons/day) as a cement substitute raw materials, the cement plant's quality of cement should be very minor, the other residue at the end of the pre-treatment, as appropriate later, the amount of bottom ash treatment in cement plant can be further increased.
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Wei, Mei-hua, and 魏美華. "Occupational exposure and health risk assessment of PCDD/F/dl-PCBs for workers in incineration bottom ash treatment plant." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23053252861087518587.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
95
The objective of this study was to investigate the health outcomes of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCDD/F/dl-PCBs) exposure and to assess association between serum PCDD/Fs of workers and working environmental exposure in bottom ash treatment plant. A bottom ash treatment plant workers were selected as subjects, and the serum PCDD/F/dl-PCBs levels (including seventeen PCDD/Fs and twelve dl-PCBs), thirteen blood biochemistry and five hormones examination indices of workers were determined. At the same time, the personal exposure data and time activity pattern were collected with questionnaires. Seventeen airborne PCDD/Fs levels in bottom ash storage area and treatment area were also determined. All the results were integrated to conduct the PCDD/F/dl-PCBs exposure assessment of workers in bottom ash treatment plant. The results show that airborne 17 PCDD/Fs levels in bottom ash storage area and treatment area are 0.252 and 0.350 pg I-TEQ/Nm3, respectively. Particle bound PCDD/Fs levels are higher than gaseous PCDD/Fs in the ambient air of bottom ash storage and treatment area. OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and OCDF are the main congeners. The average serum PCDD/Fs levels of 36 workers is 9.72 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid, which is lower than the residents living near Shulin incineration plant. The average percentage of 12 dl-PCBs in total TEQ of PCDD/F/dl-PCBs of 32 workers is 29.2 %. 36 workers were grouped to high and low level groups by median serum PCDD/Fs. The serum PCDD/Fs levels are 12.3 and 7.20 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid in high and low level groups, respectively. OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF are the major congeners in high level group, and the congener pattern is the same as airborne PCDD/Fs. There are no significantly statistical differences in abnormal rate of blood biochemistry and hormone examinations between two groups. The food consumption of poultry products, smoked meat, octopus, eggs and viscera of pig, poultry and fish in low level group are significantly higher than high level group (P<0.05). Moreover, most dietary pattern were not changed during the previous 10 years, only the consumption of whole-fat milk in low level group is increased. The regression data showed that serum PCDD/Fs were highly correlated with total seniority and the age. The average serum PCDD/Fs levels in local worker (10.5 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid) are significantly higher than foreign workers (8.21 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid). And the age, seniority, total seniority, BMI, and lipid content between local and foreign workers shows no differences. So the more foreign workers who worked in treatment area are the main factor of low PCDD/Fs level in those subjects. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of workers were met the range of WHO daily tolerance dose (1-4 pg/kg/day). The senior workers were potentially exposed to higher level of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF emitted from bottom ash treatment process. The usage of personal protective measures was suggested to effectively reduce the exposure of PCDD/Fs.
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TU, CHIEN-TSANG, and 杜建蒼. "The Study of Technology Research and Treatment Plant Operation and Management of the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Handling." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63180501554894369404.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系在職專班
102
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash has become one of the greenest constructing materials and stable sources. It is also been proven by studies and practical methodology verified by experiment that the chemical properties of Incineration Bottom Ash (IBA) and the cement are similar. They both contain silicon dioxide, calcium oxide composition, and with the property of cementation. If IBA is treated appropriately or be reproduced properly, it can be used on construction projects. Therefore, by using the IBA will be a win-win public policy because it will only to achieve carbon reduction, to make the environment sustainable, but also to cycle the resources and generate waste heat. Besides, it provides a new material and an option for an Eco friendly construction and reduces the environmental impact of mining. In this thesis statement conveys that besides the current Incinerator Bottom Ash (IBA) handling technology, the further proper procedures which is including screening, crushing, magnetic separation; and other processing techniques such as pre-treatment process, buried, curing, washing, stabilizing after sintering, melting, can make sub-ballast harmless for reuse. The following two technologies for the treatment of Incineration Bottom Ash (IBA) are used worldwide. Firstly, the IBA pre-dry process, adding stabilizing agents before it is proceeded. In this way it can effectively reduce lots of lead, copper, cadmium and other heavy metals and with excellent physical properties of shear strength, which is suitable for road basal layer, filling materials, low strength concrete mixing and other purposes. Secondly, the IBA pre-wet process will not only cut the heavy metals, chloride ions, but also the organic substances. It is appropriate for mixing with asp halt concrete, permeable concrete and low density concrete mix for other usage. The only drawback is that after the IBA pre-wet process will produce amount of wastewater and it requires being deal with.
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Wu, Yi-Chi, and 吳翊齊. "The Evaluation of Organic Carbon Leaching from Acidic Wash and the Environmental Monitoring of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Used in Road Application." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89375698834631361583.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
98
According to the statistics from Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration, the percentage of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) was increased from 55% to 96% since 2001. Although incineration could reduce the volume of the solid waste significantly, it produces large amount of fly ash and bottom ash. In 2009, overall bottom ash production from all incinerations in Taiwan was 850,000 tons. The utilization of MSWI bottom ash as road pavement has been widespread in Japan, Europe and North America. Some long term monitoring studies were completed, such as ten-year evaluation in France. The aim of this study was to monitor a test road located in Wanli, Taipei County, which was constructed with local MSWI bottom ash. . The environmental impact assessment of bottom ash utilization would be base on analyzing pH, conductivity, Cl- and DOC (dissolved organic carbon). The analysis results of surface water and ground water have been stable since the beginning. The leachate pH, conductivity and concentrations of Cl- and DOC concentration drop down quickly during the first 1.5 years and gradually reach the minimum values over 4 years, as well as heavy metals. In the later monitoring, the leachate concentration of Zn has been gradually increased due to the same status in surface water probably. Moreover, the portion of eluted heavy metals from bottom ash was estimated. The results show that As and Cd had the highest elution potential as 2.87% and 1.52% , respectively. Another objective for this study was to test the organic carbon leaching properties from MSWI bottom ash. The bottom ashes were collected from Xindian, Bali and Zhuyin incineration plants. In order to reduce the heterogeneity of the bottom ash, different batches of sample were collected. The basic analysis results shows the moisture content of stabilized bottom ash was approximately 17%, ignition loss was 3.8% and no toxic chemical was found to over the regulation limits from TCLP tests. In acid extraction test, the elution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and heavy metals were corrrelated to the liquid to solid ratio (L/S). The best DOC extraction efficiency was found under the condiction as L/S=20, and Zn was the major heavy metal eluted. However, when L/S=5 and 10 the major eluted heavy metals were Ba and Cu intead of Zn.
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Hsueh, Yung-Ching, and 薛永慶. "Pollutant Attenuation Characteristics of Bottom Ash Landfill Leachate in Lysimeter Filled with Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67406151716007615989.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
88
Municipal solid waste (MSW) increases with world industrialization and population development. Incineration can reduce the mass and volume of MSW. The MSW incineration residuals, however, need to be treated further. The MSW incineration residuals are divided into fly ash and bottom ash. Bottom ash is normally categorized to be non-hazardous waste because the leaching concentrations of heavy metals are lower than the leaching standards. Only a fraction of the bottom ash is reused, and the majority of the bottom ash is landfilled. In the study, the lysimeter of Chuan (1999) was changed from low temperature to room temperature to observe the pollutant attenuation characteristics of bottom ash landfill leachate. Biological reactions previous developed inside the lysimeter are able to reduce the COD, BOD and ammonia of the leachate. The organic compounds are reduced to the organic acids resulting in decreased pH. The concentrations of heavy metals increase due to metal desorption previously sorbed onto the bottom ash.
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Zhang, Xiang-Rui, and 張庠睿. "The effect of incinerator bottom ash and bottom ash powder when sued in cement mortar." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76712897824277643206.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
103
In this study, fine aggregate from the garbage incinerator bottom slag is used as a major ingredient in cement mortar. The bottom slag powder, which passes #200 sieve, will replace parts of the bottom slag fine aggregate and cement in mortar proportion to investigate the change of compressive, flexural strength, porosity, and permeability of the mortars. The tests contain three groups of mortar specimens with cement content of 250 kg/m3, 320 kg/m3, and 390 kg/m3. In each specimen group, different proportions of bottom ash powder will substitute the bottom slag fine aggregate and cement, by weight percentage 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of each material. The water-cement ratio keeps constant as 0.6 in the 12 subgroups of mortar specimens. Based on the results above, considering the workability, two proportions of the mortar are then adopted to manufacture the formed-block bricks, in which the cement dose is 321 kg / m3, and the replacing weight percentages of slag powder to slag fine aggregate are 0% and 20%. The results show that the slag powder replacing the bottom slag fine aggregate effectively improve compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortar, however the 10% replacement, will lower the strength up to 80%. When replacing percentage is higher than 10%, the higher replacing ratio will make the compressive strength and flexural strength increase, 28-day compressive strength can reach 215 kgf / cm2 and flexural strength 19 kgf / cm2 at 30% replacement. Nonetheless, the 40% replacement will make the strength drop dramatically once again. The research also finds that all the specimen groups have low porosity, falling between 2.55% and 0.19%, which induces the very low permeability for each mortar specimen. The bending test on the five-brick-stack set find that the formed-block bricks with different sets tenon-and-mortise are damaged at main body of the bricks rather than at the tenons. It suggests that in the formed-block brick, with the given proportion, the tenon can effectively provides shear resistance from been ripped off when the stacked bricks failed. Keywords: Incineration bottom slag, bottom ash powder, formed brick, tonen
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Chuang, Lai-Yung, and 雷揚中. "Reuse of Incinerator Bottom Ash for Pavement engineering." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73648035879507670893.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
92
As a result of the construction of resources going to exhausted and the purpose which requested by government, we hope to reach the objective of sustainable reuse by deal with discard materials in relive course. This thesis is to establish the control analysis which is aimed at the incinerate bottom trash deal with by factory of handle with resources. In order to provide the motion of bottom trash reuse in the future, this incinerate bottom trash was proceed physics analysis over a long period of time, including bottom trash specific weight, rate of absorptive, unit weight, rate of abrasion, content of cl-, content of mud, and TCLP. According to the result of research, they find it was a feasible reuse way to replace the bottom trash to fine granule material. In addition to find that the bottom trash was not harder than natural granule material by SGC test. As a result of the test, it can discover the best rate of replace is almost below or under 30％. If it replaces too many rates, it will make asphalt concrete to occur the grade degrades, and to cause the structure strength become weak. This study also aimed at precede concrete match mixed test by using bottom trash after washed. The bottom trash after washed not only can solve the problem which bottom trash can’t congeal, but also can reduce the concentration of cl-. In addition, the permeable concrete make by bottom trash not only reach the index of discard reduce in landscape engineering nine index, but also fill the bill of base of operations keep water index. The result of this study prove the bottom trash can workable used in pavement engineering by proceed the test build and many laboratory test. Eventually, it can provide user to refer to the cost analysis and draw up standard.
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Wu, Pei-Hsuan, and 吳佩萱. "Interfacial Shear Strength Characterstics of Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06840422145395881460.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
土木工程系所
96
In Taiwan, Municipal solid wastes (MSW) were primarily disposed in landfills in the past. Due to the limitation of population density and availability of land, the incineration of MSW has become widely used since 1993. After incineration, 20-25 % by weight of incinerator ashes are produced. Even if some researchers have conducted investigations with the possibility of incinerator ashes as a potential material for construction applications, landfilling is still the primary method of disposal of these materials. On the other hand, geosynthetics have become essential components of the bottom lining system of MSW landfills because of their capabilities of drainage, barrier, reinforcement, separation and filtration, etc. As a result, the incinerator ashes/geosynthetics interface friction is an important parameter in the design of landfills. In this study, an experimental program was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator bottom ashes and the interfacial shear strength between ashes and geosynthetics. Direct shear test was performed for the incinerator bottom ashes and five geosynthetics (woven and two types of nonwoven geotextiles, textured and smooth geomembranes) interfaces. Furthermore, the shear tests on the interface between bottom ashes and geosynthetics were conducted to investigate the difference of shear strength parameters under water-saturated and unsaturated conditions. The results show that the incinerator bottom ash of MSW has advantages such as high permeability and low compressibility. The shape of the bottom ash is generally irregular, angular and rough. In addition, the specific gravity of the bottom ash is 2.31. According to Unified Soil Classification System（USCS）, the bottom ash can be classified similar to well-graded sand（SW）.The internal friction angle of bottom ash was approximately 52.5�a. The shear strength decreased as the water content increased. The interfacial shear strength decreased as the interface was conducted under water-saturated. This effect might be attributed to the loss of the suction and the decrease of effective stress at the ashes / geosynthetics interface, especially for woven geotextiles. The interfacial friction angle between the bottom ash and geosynthetics ranges from 26-82 % of the internal friction angle. Although the textured geomembranes have higher friction angle efficiency（E�痋^, the smooth geomembranes are still the main materials in the liner system design.
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Wen, Feng-Jeng, and 溫鳳珍. "Study on control the odors of incinerator bottom ash." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49434551347533435610.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
91
About 5000 tons of ashes are produced every day from the nineteen public crematoriums around Taiwan, and the common ways of ash treatment were solidification or burial. Given the increasing difficulty in land obtainment and use, recycle of incinerated ash has become inevitable. The objectives of this study were to eliminate the foul smell produced by incinerated bottom ash by means of oxidizing the source of foul smell-organic substances and inorganic substances, with strong oxidant and discuss the feasibility of use of bottom in resource recovery. This research study tested the odor elimination effect of strong oxidant to reduce the instability and increase the instability of the bottom ash, and improved the recycling rate of the bottom ash. This research study was expected to relieve the pollutions from bottom ash, extend the usage life of burying ground, and realize the sustainable resource recovery. In the experiment, bottom ash specimens were collected everyday on a regular schedule from a span of seven days, and the level of odor of the specimens were recorded. The experiments included background test, odor elimination test-strong oxidant (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, phosphoric acid) addition, and use of sensory test to determine the effect of odor elimination on the bottom ash. In comparison of the test value of phosphoric acid and strong oxidant (hydrogen peroxide, Potassium Permanganate), the results showed efficacy of 90% for phosphoric acid, 80% for hydrogen peroxide, and 80% for potassium permanganate. As shown, use of phosphoric acid in the strong oxidant produces the best odor elimination effect because the phosphoric acid contains heavy metal that stabilizes the bottom ash. The composition of emission gas contains toxic chemical substance listed by EPA; hence, odor elimination of the bottom before the recycle process is necessary.
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Kou, Meng-Jhen, and 郭孟臻. "Feasibility of Using Incinerator Bottom Ash as Construction Material." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69871511844992963313.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
96
The amount of incinerator bottom ash generation is huge due to the high incinerating rate in Taiwan. We still need a large landfill area for its final treatment. If the waste can be recycled as concrete sandstone, it not only reduces the need of landfill site but also save the natural resource. The objective of study is to investigate the feasibility of recycling incinerator bottom ash as material of sandstone replacement. The experiments contain basic physical characteristic of bottom ash, heavy metal leaching, water-washing pretreatment and axis compressive strength. The results showed the bottom ash have high water absorption ratio than natural sandstone. They have high variety of chloride content between coarse aggregate (>19mm), fine aggregate (<4.75mm) and raw material after water sieving. Coarse aggregate parts are expected to meet the national regulation after multi-water washing process. Results of leaching test indicated the concentration of zinc, copper and lead are high in sieved or unsieved part of bottom ash. However, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedures and multi-toxicity characteristic leaching procedures’ data showed they are general industrial waste and stable in the environment. Axis compressive strength indicated when water/cement is 0.38, the set of 30% replacement (70% of sand and 30% of mixed coarse and fine aggregate) has the highest compressive strength, and following is the 10% fine aggregate replacement set. When water/cement is 0.53, the set of 10% replacement (90% of sand and 10% of mixed coarse and fine aggregate) had high compressive strength. We conclude that using the incinerator bottom ash as construction material is possible in limited condition and that might improve the insufficient of sandstone resource and landfill need.
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Lin, Jeng-Da, and 林正大. "Study on Incinerator Bottom Ash Used for Pervious Concrete." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89908440249098337772.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
103
This study used the incinerator bottom ash provided by Yin-Chen Corporation as aggregate and added the curing agent by Johnson Corporation in the making of pervious concrete. The pervious concrete specimens were built according to respective water-cement ratios W/C ranged from 0.41 to 0.47, whilst aggregate particle size was between 4.8~19.1 mm. Tamping tools were two steel rods, one with 5 cm diameter round bottom, 2 cm thickness and the other with 5#westeur024#5 cm square bottom, 2 cm thickness, were used to impact cylindrical and beam specimens respectively. The specimens were made by the same degree of impacting, and were performed the compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability coefficient, and porosity tests. Hopefully, the W/C of maximum strength concrete was found, and the requirements of permeability and water retention were satisfied as well. Test results showed that, both the 28 day maximum compressive strength fc and maximum modulus of rupture R occurred at W/C=0.42. The values were fc=64.3 kgf/cm2 and R=22.9 kgf/cm2. The mix for this specific W/C was 350 kg cement, 140 kg water, 3.5 kg curing agent and 1126 kg aggregate. Both the 7 day to 28 day compressive strength ratio fc7/fc28 and modulus of rupture ratio R7/R28 were 0.93. Therefore, the curing agent had accelerating effect in strength. The ratio of the 28 day compressive strength to modulus of rupture R/fc were between 0.22~0.47, averaged at 0.37, higher than that of normal concrete about 0.15. The permeability coefficient k values ranged between 1.3~3.4 cm/sec, larger than the criteria value 0.01 cm/sec proposed by Taiwan Architecture and Building Center. The n values ranged between 25%~35%, also larger than the criteria value 15%.
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WEI, HUANG YU, and 黃幼偉. "Utilization of washed incinerator bottom ash as fine aggregate within concrete productsUtilization of washed incinerator bottom ash as fine aggregate within concrete products." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40422427992661789786.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
98
Abstract The government is striving toward green building materials system, for the requirements of healthy, ecology, recycling and high performance, it is expected to reduce carrying capacity of environment and make efforts on a comfortable environment with the green building index. In advanced countries, they endeavored to develop esourcilization technologies to deal with wastes. Incineration bottom ash can be reused to achieve the goal of sustainable development and reduce the waste amount. In this study, washed esourcilization incineration bottom ash is used as fine aggregate. The physical property includes specific density, absorption, unit weight, abrasion, robust, chloride content and TCLP test will be analysis, and replacing natural fine aggregates with washed bottom ash for 30%, 50% and 100% to produce unreinforced concrete products. The results showed that, washed bottom ash used as fine aggregate in unreinforced concrete products is available, it solved the problem that incinerator could not dealt. During the washing process, chloride concentration of incineration bottom ash reduced, it can be applied in appurtenant structures. Used washed bottom ash in compressed paving bricks, pre-cased kerbs and compressed concrete wall bricks, the result of compressed concrete bricks which used washed bottom ash to replace natural fine aggregate with 30% and 50%, indicated the compressive strength and absorption at age 14 days meets the requirement for B class brick of CNS 13295. The flexural strength reaches 20.1kgf/cm2, and it gets a nice result of abrasion capability. Pre-cased kerbs meet the design specification 280 kgf/cm2. Results meet “Waste Reduction Index” of nine green buildings indexes, the economy benefit of washed bottom ash is expected, and applications of washed bottom ash the promote more expansion of reusing.
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Wang, Shih-Hsien, and 王世賢. "Reuse of Incinerator Bottom Ash and Waste Concrete for CLSM." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47971964651213001735.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
93
Each year, there are about one million tons of bottom ash and four million tons of waste concrete being produced in Taiwan. However, with efficient recycling process, the waste would be a great help in alleviating the burden of our surroundings and at the same time diminishing the consummation of construction resource. This research analyzes several basic property tests on bottom ash and waste concrete which have been dealt with in the recycling plant in the first place. The result shows that both have low specific gravity, high absorptivity and abrasion, which reinforces our motif of comparing these two experiment subjects. In addition, when applying bottom ash and waste concrete as CLSM, we discover that the high quantity of organic matter in bottom ash makes it qualify the requirements of CLSM: fine fluidity, strong intensity in early stage while low intensity in terminal period. The amount of bottom ash used must be controlled around 20% while, on the other hand, waste concrete can be added up to 70%, or even 100%. Since local development of CLSM is not fully fledged, this research then can serve as advice to production management, quality management and locale construction. After the laboratory experiment, this research proceed with the Cost Analysis between these two recycling materials and the nature aggregates. With the help of Life Cycle Assessment which is frequently adopted by electronics industry, we try to figure out whether the advantage brought by using the recycling materials is greater than the burden posed to the surroundings brought by the initial process of handling the wastes. The outcome reveals that the two recycling materials and nature aggregates have approximate cost, while waste concrete is far better than nature aggregates in reducing CO2, economizing energy, and decreasing waste. Bottom ash, however, consumes too much resource during the initial process, therefore does not perform so well in each category as waste concrete.
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Lu, Jiun Liang, and 盧俊良. "Durability of concrete blended with hazardous waste incinerator bottom ash." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59872185188938074532.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
100
In Taiwan the recovery of incineration bottom ash has usually been used as the construction material. However, the issue of durability is continually worth of research to study on the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash regarding engineering construction products. Thus, this study investigated for observing the failure behavior of high and low strength concrete cement under sulfate attack by using the sodium sulfate immersion test. The result of sodium sulfate immersion test showed that high strength concrete has the ability of corrosion resistance. However, the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash has below 30%. Moreover, the addition of hazardous waste incineration bottom ash used as an aggreagate in low strength concrete should be restriction against the risk of corrosion attack.
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LIEN, CHIEN-MING, and 連建銘. "Relevance Study of Incinerator Bottom Ash Recycling and Circular Economy." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zwwr4n.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班
107
With urban development and economic growth, everyday life and manufacturing industries have generated large amounts of waste. Taiwan has limited resources and is reliant on imports for raw materials. Therefore, recycling is an indispensable approach for reducing raw material imports. Accordingly, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) produced from incineration facilities can be processed to produce recycled aggregates as replacement materials for the construction industry. This study reviewed concepts and Taiwan’s development of the circular economy, identified major themes, and discerned the implications and methods of related qualitative research by compiling and reviewing relevant literature. The purpose is to discuss the relation between the reuse of IBA and circular economies. Accordingly, this study set forth by introducing the concepts on the circular economy, techniques to identifying major themes, and qualitative research and then discussed the sources and procedures of IBA, management of recycled aggregates, and the applications of IBA in Taiwan and abroad in the research design chapter. Through concepts developed from stakeholder negotiations in corporate social responsibility reports, stakeholders related to IBA reuse and the major IBA themes they are concerned about are identified. The major themes are assessed using matrix-based pattern matching. Subsequently, qualitative in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders were conducted to obtain further information, which were then discussed together with reports composed by nongovernmental organizations and the media on recycled aggregates to identify the relation between use and disposal of IBA and the circular economy. Accordingly, relevant response measures to key themes were discussed. Although recycled aggregates are processed products and certified to be safe, their quality is often questioned by the public and nongovernmental organizations. Instead of causing public and environmental problems and having to expend substantial effort to track, contain, and manage IBA due to a lack of suitable disposal approaches, applying a proper method for handling IBA at designated processing sites can facilitate ensuring the appropriate use of recycled aggregates. By directing recycled aggregates to public constructions, their environmental implications can be realized in addition to solving the issue on how they should be used. Accordingly, a stable and comprehensive direction of development can be formulated through the joint efforts of central and local environmental agencies.