Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Incertitude – Psychologie'
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Mauchand, Pierre. "Motivation sous incertitude : étude de l'influence de l'heuristique d'ancrage et d'ajustement sur les cognitions, le comportement et la performance." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2001/mauchand_p.
Full textMauchand, Pierre Martin Robert. "Motivation sous incertitude étude de l'influence de l'heuristique d'ancrage et d'ajustement sur les cognitions, le comportement et la performance /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/mauchand_p.
Full textBes, Bénédicte. "Appoches extensionnelles et intensionnelles du jugement sous incertitude : effets de pertinence et modèles causaux." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20086.
Full textThis thesis aims to contribute to the on-going debate between intensional and extensional theories of judgment under uncertainty. A first study sheds light on the implication of pragmatic effects in support judgment and thus supports the existence of external factors in judgment processes. A second part deals with the importance of causal models in probability judgment and underlines that people care about internal properties of the events to be estimated. Finally, a third part explores the effects of competition between variables and emphasizes that intensional and extensional approaches are worth being combined
Fares, Nizar. "Effet de la formulation des expressions d'incertitude (internes versus externes) sur le choix et la prise de décision." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10009.
Full textCanivet, Delphine. "Contribution à l'étude de la prise de décision partagée dans les contextes de haute incertitude en oncologie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/231669.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Khademi, Koosha. "Les processus cognitifs dans les activités d'ordonnancement en environnement incertain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20048.
Full textPlanning processes, especially, scheduling play a major role in work systems stability and efficiency. Scheduling is regarded as a complex problem; among complexity factors, uncertainty represent a central dimension. Although numerous automated tools or decision support systems have already been designed to help operators schedule their activities. The part played by said operators remains primordial. Paradoxically, few researches were concerned by the cognitive activity of the scheduler. This PhD thesis in human factors aims at studying those cognitive processes, with a specific interest in uncertainty management strategies.After exposing a scheduling situations typology and a method for activity analysis, we presented two scheduling situations with high uncertainty factors to study: organization of rounds in Road Freight Transports (RFT) and scheduling in Visiting Nurse Agencies (VNAs). This ecological approach allowed for a better understanding of the human aspects of scheduling and the detection of uncertainty management strategies. This work contributes to widen the debate around the optimisation of Man-Machine collaboration
Pommeret, Aude. "Décisions irréversibles en incertitude et préférences des agents : le cas de l'incertitude sur le prix de l'énergie." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010012.
Full textAudusseau, Jean. "Prise de décision sous incertitude et raisonnement probabiliste chez l’enfant : aspects développementaux et différentiels." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20015/document.
Full textThe study of decision making under uncertainty in psychology attempts to identify the various processes by which individuals select a course of action among several alternative possibilities in order to reach a particular goal, when the outcomes of this course of action are uncertain. We hypothesize that executive function and logical-mathematical reasoning may play a role in decision making under uncertainty in children aged 5 to 11. We adopt an individual differences approach (between- end within-individual variability) combined with a developmental approach (micro- ans macrogenetic change). Four studies have been conducted. The first two studies underline working memory role in a gambling task in children aged 8 to 11, and cast some doubts on executive function implication in this gambling task in children aged 5 to 7 (test/retest approach). The third study aims to identify the strategies children aged 5 to 6 use in a probability quantification task. By considering both individual and situational variations, we identify various strategies that relates to distinct developmental levels. We show that older children display a greater strategic flexibility in response to situational variations. Finally, the fourth study seeks to investigate decision making in a gambling task with the Expected Valence model in children aged 6 to 11. Our idiographic approach first focuses on an individual model, and then compares the only children whose decisions were appropriately captured by the individual model
Soria, Pascale. "Trouble d'anxiété généralisée chez les adolescents : recherches épidémiologique et clinique." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20103.
Full textGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common psychological disorders of adolescence. Epidemiological studies show rates of 6% in the general adult population. GAD along with the tendency for excessive worrying appears early on in development. According to Gosselin (1998), 18%-25% of adolescents report excessive and uncontrolled worrying. The consequences can be serious for these adolescents who suffer from significant psychological distress (Silverman et al, 1995; Albane and Hack, 2004). This includes social functioning, interpersonal relationships, along with greater vulnerability for substance abuse. The work undertaken for this thesis is comprised of two studies within adolescent samples. The first study, an epidemiological study on 751 adolescents, employed questionnaires to fully understand the manifestation of anxiety in this group. Four questionnaires were presented and completed by this sample: The Penn State Questionnaire (PSQ – measuring the manifestation and extent of GAD); Intolerance for Uncertainty (IU); Unconditional self acceptance (USA); and rational and irrational beliefs about failure. Data regarding life events, substance abuse, family composition, etc. , was also collected using an experimenter-designed questionnaire. The variables from each questionnaire along with data regarding the adolescents' lives were analyzed and compared through the use of non-parametric comparisons as well as correlations. Results showed in this first quantitative study that there was an overall GAD manifestation of 22. 6%, with a majority of the group being female. Correlations between the different questionnaires and their subscales showed significant and notable results. Regression analyses showed significant results for gender, past difficult life events, worries, intolerance for uncertainty, USA, and tobacco and cannabis consumption. Moreover, students suffering from anxiety showed indicated less overall satisfaction in several life domains, along with the experience of more recent negative life events as well as current concerns in their lives. Although a relationship between GAD and substance abuse was not noted, the endorsement of irrational beliefs regarding failure appeared to be highly related to the use of psychoactive substances. The second study presented the organization and implementation of a clinical pilot study with 12 adolescents who manifested criteria for GAD using both the PSQ and semi-directed clinical interviews. Nine of the 12 adolescents evaluated were able to complete an experimental therapeutic protocol employing a series of cognitive behavioral therapeutic (CBT) strategies inspired from the ‘third wave' of CBT (e. G. , positive psychology, mindfulness, DBT, etc). The therapy relied heavily on use of metaphors and mindfulness exercises. Discourse from semi-directed interviews both before and after therapy was analyzed using ALCESTE along with a comparison of PSQ scores before and after therapy. Pre-therapy interviews showed three major and pertinent classes of discourse related to GAD; post-therapy interviews showed some effects of therapy on discourse through the ability to take action. The results of the these two studies show that not only are adolescents particularly vulnerable to suffering from anxiety and the related psychiatric disorders, but that several pertinent psychological variables are related to the manifestation of these disorders. Treatment for this population is promising using a CBT model employing modern techniques and focused interventions
Monraisin, Flora. "Une analyse phénoménologique et psychodynamique du vécu d’incertitude d’adolescents atteints de cancer et leur mère : étude exploratoire et longitudinale de six dyades mère-adolescent." Thesis, Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080049.
Full textThe scientific research, following the various plans regarding cancer focused mainly on teenagers (ang young adults) and specifically on the specific treatments and needs (as well spiritual as psycholocigal as social) which the teenagers meet at thisage. We have been working in an onco-hematological-pediatrical service for six years and we have used the experience we have thusgained. It became obvious that we could not understand the teenager and his needs without taking his environment into acount and expecially the relationship he has with his role model in thi sadversity : his mother. Objectives : The main target is to carefully study the way he experiences uncertainty in the pair. We will especially focus on the way the mother and the teenager go through this experience of uncertainty when they are told about the cancerous pathology. How does their relationship bear this experience of uncertainty, especially if they are in the middle of puberty ? Méthods : Six pairs, mother/teenager took part to the experiment for semi-open interviews were carried out every other month starting from the diagnosis (T0), then 2 month after the diagnosis (T1), then 4 month (T2) and then, 6 month (T3) ; these interviews are carried out individually. There are 2 ways of assessing the results. The first one offers a phenomenological analysis using the Interpretative Phenomological Analysis (IPA, Smith, Flowers and Larkin, 2009), for the teenagers and their mothers. The second qualitative one offers a psychoanalytical reading of the individual interwiews, supported by pictures offerd to the teenagers at the end of interviews T1, T2 and T3 and by the R de Stern interview carried out with the mothers only.Résults : The phenomenological analysis of the interviews produced by the teenagers shows a lower level of the major and minor uncertainty orientated themes between T0 and T3. On the contrary, the phenomenological analysis of the interviews of the mother shows and increase of the focus on how to live through the uncertainty between T0 and T3. The analysis of the pictures shown to the teenagers shows they need a strict restricting structure so as the reduce the uncertainty they feel, both physicaly and psychologicaly and the physical activity boost (T1 and T2). During T3, the analysis of the picture focuses more about the future and needs to look for security in the family environment. Regarding the mothers, the analysis of the R interviews shows a reliving of the mother-baby bond increased by the happening of the disease (linked as well with the fact the child becomes a teenager) with the same vision of the baby teenager and the diseased teenager. Through this experiment, the identity of the mother changes al together. Conclusion : Experiencing a cancer generates among the teenagers a narcissistic and identity crisis. Phenomenally speaking, this experience can be compared with testing an ordeal which chases out uncertainty. It is totally different for mothers because they keep in themseleves this destroying and traumatic experience. The psychanalitical analysis balances the teenagers phenomenological interpretation, the subconscious thoughts shows a fraitly both on the identity and narcissical point of view related to the notion of time T3, and important psychological suffering which must stay hidden. The psychodynamical interpretation adds a light regarding the link among the pairs. Experiencing illness offers us a rereading of the mother-baby link which enables us to work again on the frailties of the link. We can thus say that the discrepancy beetween what we live through generates the changes, this discrepancy generating space for a game of possibilities
Lapthorn, Barbara. "Analyse conceptuelle et méthodologique de l'incertitude perçue dans le travail et sa gestion." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209621.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Didry, Alexandra Salhani Pascale. "De l' influence du sentiment d'injustice procédurale et interactionnelle à la prédiction de la colère-état et de la violence au travail." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1091/01/DIDRY_Alexandra_2008.pdf.
Full textBlier, Mylène. "Estimation temporelle avec interruption : les effets de localisation et de durée d'interruption sont-ils sensibles à l'incertitude ?" Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21201.
Full textLalande-Markon, Marie-Pierre. "Perceptions et réponses du public aux incertitudes associées aux risques de santé publique: Une investigation par méthodes mixtes." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20258.
Full textBoquet, Caroline. "Du cosmos au sujet : étude socio-anthropologique de l’astrologie occidentale contemporaine." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN1018.
Full textAs it definitely seems extinguished, astrology reappeared in France in the early 1930s in the horoscope form, those shorts written predictions firstly spread in newspapers. By the twentieth century, astral divination adapted to new broadcast media to increase its speech audience, with the result that zodiacal messages are today on all our screens. Media have in this way favored the rise of a mass astrology, typically modern and completely new. Apart from horoscopes, astrological speech goes on to be stated more secretely, in the divination consultation during which a surprising face to face happens between astrologer and its customer. Based upon thorough interviews and consultations observations, this thesis offers to discover the specificities of contemporary astrology (contemporary astrological facts). In a comprehensive perspective, it focuses on intentions and representations of those involved in the practice of astral divination. From these elements, the issue is to understand the different reasons requiring the use of astrology in a society ruled by scientific rationality. The results of this research shows that contemporary astrology is not a social product (residue) of an archaic practice. Resolutely modern, it is focused on the subject and its problems, and tries to bring concrete solutions. With astrological individualism, cosmos became human's psyche mirror, subjectivity's symbolical representation. Far from being given theoretically, astrological terms's meanings closely depends of its interpreter point of view. Conceived like the terrestrial world's reflection and its inhabitants, the celestial cartography is used to overcome doubts, anxiety, sufferings that torments the subject and impede his action
Loussouarn, Anna. "De la métaperception à l'agir perceptif." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0060.
Full textOur senses present us with more or less adequate representations of the environment. How do we monitor perceptual adequacy? According to one hypothesis, perceptual uncertainty derives from monitoring the plausibility of the content presented in perceptual experience, on the basis of a reasoning about the external environment. A second hypothesis is that it derives from monitoring the reliability of perceptual systems, on the basis of a reasoning about the auxiliary conditions of perception and the perceiving mind. These two dominant conceptions of metaperception meet a same difficulty: they fail to account for the metaperceptual resources involved in epistemic agency. Perceivers actively adjust their perceptual adequacy given their epistemic needs (by controlling the distance to a target or attentional resources, by looking for external structures, etc). This agentive dimension in perceptual activities involves constraints on the theorization of metaperception. Reciprocally, taking this dimension into account allows identifying alternative informational sources for metaperception. Two alternative sources have been explored, in particular: the experiential cues accompanying the processing of a perceptual task (e. G. The cue of fluency or effort), and the feedback delivered from the environment on performance. It is argued that these cues are used in a procedural reasoning that is neither reducible to a first-order reasoning about the external environment, nor reducible to a reflective reasoning involving mental concepts. This conception of metaperception have consequences in the epistemology of perception, in the literature on margins for error and perceptual justification
Deliaune, Hervé. "Pour une approche proxémique de l’ingénierie de la résilience : conditions managériales de la réduction de l’incertitude. Le cas d’une PME confrontée au désarroi organisationnel." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU2002/document.
Full textIn the current environment where the physical and mental hardship are the consequences of the recent corporate developments, safeguarding these organizations is a pregnant concern for managers. To this end, our research is in the field of management of resilience in a firm facing uncertainty following its acquisition by a private equity. This research addresses organization resiliency, aims to promote and develop a new approach to organize resilience engineering. The thesis assumes that the resilience of a system, that is to say its ability to function under varying conditions expected or not, lies in the operators’ ability to articulate the management of risk with the management of their own resources. Through this research, our aim is to understand the phenomenon of organizational resilience by identifying its major psycho-emotional or social characteristics and factors that allow the acquisition of internal resources impregnated in the personal temperament of local managers as tutors’ resilience. Building as a doctoral project the study of the concept of resilience applied to outstanding organization fell to just start a real challenge theory and methodology. Even if the concept of resilience in recent years knows, publications attest a boom from disciplines such as clinical psychology and psychiatry, the attempt to bring rationality of a manager and our approach to understanding phytosociological phenomena such as cooperation, solidarity, cohesion and confidence in relationships was a first important issue
Didry, Alexandra. "De l' influence du sentiment d'injustice procédurale et interactionnelle à la prédiction de la colère-état et de la violence au travail." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/DIDRY_Alexandra_2008.pdf.
Full textStoll, Frederic M. "Exploration et vérification : études comportementales et neurophysiologiques du cortex préfrontal." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10344.
Full textBehavioural adaptation is an essential element of our quest to survive and flourish in a volatile environment, in particular by the use of exploration and verification behaviours. The prefrontal cortex has long been considered a critical source of these behaviours given it role in executive control. Two regions appear to be particularly critical – the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), and the midcingulate cortex (MCC). Although numerous theories associate these regions with the functions of performance evaluation and cognitive control, the role of these regions in the search for information remains lacking, despite the importance of these behaviours and their apparent role in pathologies such as obsessive compulsive disorders. This thesis seeks to understand the specific roles of these regions in exploratory behaviours, employing a range of behavioural and electrophysiological techniques in both human and non human primates. The work here helps to refine our understanding of the role of frontal cortical regions in cognitive control and attentional effort. Moreover, we have developed a number of behavioural tasks that induce verification behavior based on subjects’ evaluation of their own performance or on an evaluation of the environment. Our work reveals the specificity of verification behaviour as well as specific roles for the MCC and LPFC in this search for information. Our intra cerebral recordings in monkeys working on such tasks underline the importance of the MCC for signalling the need to explore the environment on the basis of performance evaluation, whilst we have also shown the role of LPFC in the implementation of the necessary behavioural adaptations
Jahn, Caroline Isabelle. "Flexibility in value-based decision-making Noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons in value-guided actions Dual contribution of noradrenaline to behavioural flexibility and motivation Exploration for information in monkeys." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB024.
Full textThe ability to evaluate one's environment and make adaptive decisions is crucial for survival. Indeed, most environments that we are faced with are uncertain and dynamic, and therefore require constantly adapting one's behaviours. How organisms manage to do so both at the behavioural and neurobiological levels is still largely unknown. The goal of this thesis was to refine our understanding of these mechanisms in the value-based domain using a combination of quantitative description of the behaviour, electrophysiological recordings and pharmacological manipulation in monkeys. We focused our work on the contribution of the catecholaminergic neuromodulatory systems: dopamine and noradrenaline. Both systems are known to be involved in encoding aspects of incentive motivation and adaptive behaviour but their precise roles remain elusive. First, we evaluated the distinct contribution of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in an effort-reward trade-off task. We showed that the activity of both populations support differential roles for dopamine and noradrenaline in promoting and adapting the behaviour. Their complementary responses to different features and events suggest that dopamine and noradrenaline play complimentary roles in driving the behaviour towards or away from exploiting a current opportunity for reward. Second, we used a pharmacological approach to investigate the causal role of noradrenaline in both motivation and behavioural flexibility. We revealed its critical implication in modulating the force produced and the sensitivity to value in choices, a form of behavioural flexibility. Together, these results support a role for noradrenaline in facing challenging situations in two complementary ways: by modulating behavioural volatility, which would facilitate adaptation depending on the lability of the environment, and by modulating the mobilization of resources to face immediate challenges. Finally we showed that monkeys could adaptively use this specific form of flexibility, that we called reward-based exploration, when they explored their environment to gain information. We isolated an additional form of exploration based on the choice of the most uncertain option, that we called uncertainty-based exploration. We showed that both types of exploratory strategies were conjunctively deployed when information was available and useful. We proposed that they could be supported by specific neurobiological system including the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems respectively. Overall, this thesis provides insights into the ability of monkeys to flexibly adapt their behaviour when making value-based decisions and proposes distinct roles for the catecholaminergic systems - within specific circuits - in supporting this ability
Thillay, Alix. "Etude du traitement cérébral d'un contexte visuel prédictif dans l'autisme." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3314/document.
Full textIndividuals with autism react in an unusual and disproportionate way if unpredictable changes occur in their environment. The aim of the present work is to investigate brain mechanisms involved in visual predictive context processing in adolescents and adults with autism using analysis of event-related potentials and brain oscillations. The developmental study shows that mechanisms of prediction are mature by the age of 12 in typically developing adolescents. Individuals with autism are able to extract relevant information from the stimulus train in a simple, certain and explicit context, to use it in order to anticipate the occurrence of an event and to have an appropriate response, suggesting preserved extraction and use of predictive information during a certain context. However, individuals with autism over-anticipate stimuli during an uncertain context, consistent with the sense of being overwhelmed by incoming information, and also cannot flexibly modulate cortical activity according to changing levels of uncertainty, in agreement with atypical adaptation in an ever-changing world. This work suggests that a dysfunction of predictive processing in an uncertain context might provide a theoretical framework to better understand the symptoms encountered in autism
Kpoviessi, Josias Mahouna. "Facteurs incitant les agents économiques à changer ou lisser leur consommation énergétique." Thesis, Lille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUA002.
Full textUnderstanding energy behaviour is necessary for the success of the energy transition. This is the object of this thesis.The first chapter describes the characteristics, challenges and the effects and effectiveness of different instruments to manage the demand side.The second chapter focuses on financial incentives to encourage the reduction of energy consumption. Based on a laboratory experiment, our results show that financial incentives (presented as a bonus in this thesis) serve as benchmarks to guide energy consumption. They encourage the least sober individuals to tend towards energy sobriety but, on the contrary, they partially crowd out the intrinsic motivations of the most sober.The final chapter investigates how to communicate. Indeed, attention can be drawn to the negative externalities and also to the positive externalities generated by consumption. We study the effect of this framing with a single shot linear public good experiment with simultaneous decisions, with and without risk. The participants cooperate more in a stochastic environment than in a deterministic one, and even more so when the emphasis is on losses.This can be explained by the fact that uncertainty favourably shifts extreme behaviours. Women in particular are the ones for whom the changes in behaviour are most marked
Merlhiot, Gaëtan. "Perception des risques, incertitude et prise de décision en situation de catastrophe naturelle liée au volcanisme." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20019.
Full textThe overall aim of this thesis is to examine the decision-making of individuals at risk of natural disaster, specifically related to volcanism, and to achieve potential applications, notably to improve the decision-making of individuals at risk. We focused on the uncertainty, an essential aspect of natural disaster events, which greatly impacts individuals’ emotions and decision-making. On the one hand, the situational uncertainty is an essential component for prospective emotions such as fear, and on the other hand, the uncertainty of consequences determines the use of affect heuristics (emotions used as relevant aspects of the decision) in decision-making (system 1). This doctoral thesis followed three complementary axes. In the first axis, namely Situational Uncertainty, Framing Effect and Decision-Making, we exhibited that the mere exposure to situational uncertainty could negate the framing effect, which could be explained, based on previous works, by an increase of systematic processing (system 2), stemming from the processes of the fronto-amygdala regulation. In the second axis, Uncertainty of Consequences, Information to Population and Decision-Making, we have evidenced that a reduction of the uncertainty of consequences applied to the information to population could improve, under certain circumstances, the individuals’ decisions. This effect was only identified in situations of highly charged anticipatory emotions (home environment, moral dilemmas), which are frequently encountered situations during natural disasters. Lastly, in the third axis, Creation of a Stimuli Dataset for the Study of the Human Behavior Facing Natural Hazard, we detailed the conception and validation of an image dataset dedicated to natural disasters and volcanism, named “Natural Disasters Picture System” (NDPS)
Bertrand, Julie. "Manipulation expérimentale de l'intolérance à l'incertitude et inquiétudes : vérification de la présence d'un facteur de risque causal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60615.pdf.
Full textJobidon, Marie-Ève. "Performance in dynamic decision-making : the impact of different types of temporal uncertainty." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/42958.
Full textMessaoudi, Djamel. "Le fonctionnement du marché de l'aide à domicile en situation d'incertitude sur la qualité : Approche théorique et empirique : Le cas de l'aide aux personnes agées." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12005/document.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the functioning of domiciliary eldercare, a market mainly characterised by uncertainty on quality. Drawing on the economics of information, quality and conventions, the analysis is based on a questionnaire-based inquiry among 530 older people and a surve of 14 suppliers and 4 coordinating structures. The first part presents the difficulties concerning the coordination on the market, the sources of development of the market and the main issues about quality. The second part offers an economic analysis of uncertainty, through a discussion of the interest and limits of economic theories of choice under uncertainty. Definitions of quality and qualitative uncertainty are proposed. The main results of the survey among elder people are presented in the third part. The goal of this empirical research was to understand how people make choice in a market with no differentiation of suppliers’ qualities. Resulting from several factor analyses, typologies of behavior and choice under uncertainty are proposed. The fourth part illustrates the role of trust and networks in the coordination of this market. Some organisational models associated to quality conventions are analysed further. The analysis of the stability of these models emphasises the existence of a multi-conventional quality model at the core of domiciliary eldercare services
Barrette, Anne-Marie. "Lien entre l'intolérance à l'incertitude et les inquiétudes du TAG : manipulation expérimentale auprès d'une population non clinique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43116.
Full textKhademi, Koosha. "Les processus cognitifs dans les activités d'ordonnancement en environnement incertain." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20048/document.
Full textPlanning processes, especially, scheduling play a major role in work systems stability and efficiency. Scheduling is regarded as a complex problem; among complexity factors, uncertainty represent a central dimension. Although numerous automated tools or decision support systems have already been designed to help operators schedule their activities. The part played by said operators remains primordial. Paradoxically, few researches were concerned by the cognitive activity of the scheduler. This PhD thesis in human factors aims at studying those cognitive processes, with a specific interest in uncertainty management strategies.After exposing a scheduling situations typology and a method for activity analysis, we presented two scheduling situations with high uncertainty factors to study: organization of rounds in Road Freight Transports (RFT) and scheduling in Visiting Nurse Agencies (VNAs). This ecological approach allowed for a better understanding of the human aspects of scheduling and the detection of uncertainty management strategies. This work contributes to widen the debate around the optimisation of Man-Machine collaboration
Zheng, Jiakun. "Essais sur l'économie comportementale et la prise de décision en situation d'incertitude." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10008.
Full textHere, we study insurance decisions when the policyholder evaluates insurance with narrow framing. We show that due to aversion to risk on the net insurance payoff, narrow framing reduces insurance demand in the form of both coinsurance and deductible insurance. We also show that the optimal insurance contract involves a deductible and the coinsurance of losses above the deductible when transaction costs depend on the actuarial value of the policy. In an incentivized lab experiment, we document substantial effects of narrow framing on hedging. By estimating a structural model, we find that people give a weight of 43% to the utility from evaluating insurance in isolation and 57% to the hedging value of the contract. We also find that individuals with lower cognitive abilities and lower demand from insurance place a significantly higher weight on the evaluation of insurance in isolation. Risk is rarely an individual phenomenon and often shared in groups and households. In the case of informal insurance situations, individual risk preferences have to face the risk preferences of the group. We study for the case of spouses, how individual versus household risk preferences interact in an experimental paradigm. 202 cohabiting spouses (101 couples) participated in a controlled experimental risk-taking task. We focus on a household risk task, in which spouses face the choice between an option in which risk is correlated (high household risk, low inequality among spouses) and an option allowing for hedging (low household risk, high inequality among spouses). We show that spouses are mainly influenced by household risk and do not react to inequality as long as payoffs are symmetric. However when payoffs become asymmetric, because one of the spouses risk is reduced, we observe a change in preferences. Specifically our results suggest that households put a higher weight on men’s individual risks. We further observe that married couples put a higher weight on expected utilities from joint household payoffs. Prevention decisions that reduce individuals’ health risks are important, generally irreversible, and particularly difficult since they imply a trade-off between two important attributes: the safety and its cost. All those features make regret more likely to be anticipated. In this paper, we study the willingness to pay for reductions in health risks within a framework of anticipated regret. We show that with other things being equal, an individual who is disproportionately averse to large regrets has a higher willingness to pay than a standard expected utility individual. This notion of regret aversion has been shown to be able to explain many decision patterns which violate standard expected utility theory. Moreover, the effect of regret aversion on willingness to pay can be interpreted as if the regret averse individual overweighs risk reductions due to prevention, i.e., probability overweighting effect. We further discuss how the resolution of uncertainty may affect the regret averse individual’s willingness to pay
Bousquet, Léa. "Three essays on intertemporal choices." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0099.
Full textThis thesis uses methods from behavioral economics to contribute to the analyses of intertemporal choices. First, the influences of consumers' present bias and their naivete about this bias on the market power of firms competing imperfectly are studied. In this framework, present-biased but sophisticated consumers allow firms to increase their profit by giving them more market power. Under certain conditions the present bias can also increase social welfare. Individuals' naivete either does not change firms' profit or reduces it. Yet, it always causes inefficiencies so that social welfare is reduced. Second, this thesis, through a lab experiment, aims at measuring the ability of individuals to anticipate their present or future bias. These biases and the accuracy of their anticipation are elicited from the choices of monetary allocations between two dates and the anticipation of those choices. The main result from this study is that individuals who are present- or future-biased tend to underestimate their bias. Finally, this thesis provides a theoretical explanation for the link between risk aversion and screening decision. The value of information can be instrumental but also emotional. Individuals may be risk averse on health status but also derive relatively less utility from a positive emotional reaction than disutility from a negative one, that is to say, be averse to information. If the information is only instrumental, risk aversion increases the likelihood to get tested. However, considering also the emotional value of the information, if the individual is strongly averse to information, the more risk averse she is and the less likely she chooses to get tested
FREISSINET, CATHERINE. "Estimation des imprécisions dans la modélisation du devenir des produits phytosanitaires dans les sols : une méthode fondée sur la logique floue." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10068.
Full textFaure, Charles. "Analyse en réalité virtuelle de la coopération lors d'une interception de balle : interaction et interférence." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20038.
Full textIn our daily life activities, we interact with the surrounding world, and we often coordinate our actions with those of others inorder to be more effective. However, in some cases, interference between participants occurs, resulting in inefficient or evendeleterious cooperation. However, very few studies have looked at this phenomenon, although it is a common situation, frequently encountered for example in the collective sports. This work aims at analyzing this interference,through the construction and use of collaborative situations in virtual reality, during a ball interception task. In the absence of any verbal communication, two participants had to tacitly decide who would perform the interceptive action, and who would not.Through the design of two complementary studies, we studied the impact of the conditions on the cooperation and the interference between the participants, during interceptions performed face-to-face or side-by-side. Our results suggest that team coordination emerges from direct interaction between participants during the trial. Moreover, we observed that although the division of the interception space is globally well defined, there is however an "area of uncertainty" where many trials are missed, showing participants’ difficulty in identifiying efficient patterns of interception in this area. Then, the interference that appeared between them depends on the task complexity (uncertainty on the action of the partner, visual informationavailable, mode of interception)
Sarrazin, Louis-Pierre. "From cognition to action : a psychological investigation of action regulation in complex and uncertain social systems." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11121.
Full textThis thesis review recent and more traditional thinking of the system theory, creativity in the workplace, job design and motivation theories to propose a psychological perspective to the regulation of individual action in complex and uncertain work environments. Components from the Action Regulation Theory (Frese & Zapf, 1994) and the Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are put in relation in order to test a model of key cognitive schemas related to the accomplishment of collective and individual tasks in the workplace. We propose that these hierarchically organized cognitive schemas are central to efficient action regulation in adaptive social systems. Our measures of these cognitive schemas are based on scales proposed in literature on role ambiguity (eg. Sawyer, 1992; Breaugh & Colihan, 1994) and are put in relation with measures of satisfaction of psychological needs (Van den Broeck, Vansteenkiste, De Witte, Soenens & Lens, 2009) and psychological well-being (Goldberg, 1972). Data from 153 full-time employees from a video game company were collected across 2 time periods. Results indicate that different types of cognitive schemas associated with the individual and collective goals are related to different types of psychological need satisfaction and that psychological need satisfaction is related to psychological well-being. Our results also support the hypothesis of a hierarchical organization of these cognitive schemas based on their level of abstractness or proximity with concrete action. These results begin to explain the process through which different types of cognitive schemas developed in, and influenced by, the working environment relate to employee attitudes and well-being. Theoretical and practical implications for motivation, learning, empowerment, psychological well-being and job design in complex and uncertain work environment are discussed.
Chénard-Poirier, Léandre Alexis. "Gestionnaire parfois destructif, parfois constructif, mythe ou réalité? : étude des amalgames de leadership destructif et constructif et de leurs relations avec l’épanouissement au travail et l’habilitation comportementale." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23483.
Full textThe scientific literature generally focuses on forms of destructive and constructive leadership and their consequences in isolation. Little attention has been paid to the positioning of destructive behaviors in relation to constructive behaviors. However, the examination of their combinations is an important matter considering that a leader who is perceived as a source of stress and support could be more deleterious for his employees than a leader who is more clearly perceived as a source of stress. This phenomenon, called within-domain exacerbation, suggests that a leadership profile characterized by both destructive and constructive behaviors would be more deleterious for employees’ well-being and performance than one more clearly characterized by destructive behaviors. This phenomenon is theoretically explained by perception of the leader’s behaviors uncertainty. This thesis proposes through two articles to examine how leaders combine destructive and constructive behaviors and how these combinations are related with thriving at work and behavioral empowerment, respectively indicators of well-being and performance. It also proposes to verify if these combinations are related to perceptions of the leader’s behaviors uncertainty. The first article examines combinations of petty tyranny and transformational leadership perceived by 2104 employees of a police organization. Results show that leaders of this organization do combine these behaviors and that a profile characterized by slightly below average levels of petty tyranny and transformational leadership appears to be more deleterious for employees thriving and behavioral empowerment, compared to a more clearly destructive profile and a more constructive profile. The second article considers a broader set of behaviors representative of the destructive-constructive leadership spectrum. Combinations of leadership behaviors and their vii relations with thriving, behavioral empowerment, and the leader’s behaviors uncertainty were investigated through the perception of 305 employees of an organization working in the natural resource industry. Results also show leaders of this organization do combine destructive and constructive behaviors. Some leaders present a generally constructive profile, but characterized by higher levels of destructive behaviors, compared to others who present a more clearly constructive profile. A destructive leadership profile was also observed and is related to the lowest levels of thriving and behaviors empowerment, and the highest level of uncertainty, not supporting the presence of within-domain exacerbation. However, within-domain exacerbation is observed in the presence of specific dyadic combination of leadership behaviors. This thesis contributes to improve our understanding of the leadership profiles typically presented by leaders. It also contributes to the identification of the precise conditions under which within-domain exacerbation is elicited when leadership behaviors are considered. This phenomenon is only observed on thriving at work and behavioral empowerment when leaders present a specific dyadic combination of destructive and constructive behaviors which rely on the same influence mechanism. Moreover, only one of these specific combinations is related to perception of uncertainty, suggesting more than one mechanism could underpin within-domain exacerbation.