Academic literature on the topic 'Incentive measure'
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Journal articles on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Autrey, Romana L., Shane S. Dikolli, and D. Paul Newman. "Performance Measure Aggregation, Career Incentives, and Explicit Incentives." Journal of Management Accounting Research 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2010.22.1.115.
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ABSTRACT: We examine a setting in which managers have differential career concerns and firm performance is publicly observed using disaggregated measures that are incrementally informative but costly to contract upon. In such a setting, when do firms contract on aggregated rather than disaggregated performance measures? We show that at intermediate levels of managerial career concerns contracting on an aggregate measure can be welfare-enhancing. In this case, the net cost of both contracting directly on an aggregate measure and exploiting career incentives based on disaggregated measures is smaller than the cost of contracting directly on disaggregate measures. Our findings also imply that detailed performance disclosures will be accompanied by lower incentive weights based on aggregate performance when career incentives mitigate distortions caused by aggregation. Further, if performance measures become noisier due to transient shocks, we find that contractual incentive weights on aggregate performance can be either increasing or decreasing, depending on the magnitude of a manager’s career incentives.
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Ahn, Tae Sik, Iny Hwang, and Myung-In Kim. "The Impact of Performance Measure Discriminability on Ratee Incentives." Accounting Review 85, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 389–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.2.389.
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ABSTRACT: The literature addresses optimal contract design issues that the principal must address to provide proper incentives to the agent. However, there has been limited empirical assessment of how agents actually respond to the performance-evaluation schemes in the contracts offered them. Moreover, the literature overlooks factors, other than those from the pay-for-performance context, that may impact the effectiveness of incentive provisions. This study considers the effect of discriminability on agent performance. We find that (1) agent performance improvement is positively associated with the degree of discriminability, (2) subjective measures are inferior to objective measures in providing incentives to the agent because of the lack of discriminability, and (3) the inferiority of subjective measures for incentive purposes is exacerbated in circumstances in which the discriminability gap between objective and subjective measures is significant. Our findings suggest that, in order to have subjective measures effectively complement objective measures, the accounting profession must develop sound performance measurement systems that define and measure subjective performance with sufficient discriminability.
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Yang, Jingsong, Jing Zhang, Chunxiang Guo, Ruwen Tan, and Minjiu Yu. "Incentive or Punitive Measure? Analysis of Environmental Regulations in Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (September 4, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6619980.
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In order to investigate the formulation of appropriate environmental regulations in construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling, this paper establishes a CDW recycling decision-making system consisting of a contractor, a developer, and the government and analyses the decision-making results and influencing factors of the various stakeholders. Three different types of environmental regulations have been considered in the model: (i) no regulation, (ii) incentive regulation, and (iii) punitive regulation. The research shows that the incentive regulation offers the constructor greater incentives to recycle CDW and yields higher profits for members of the system, and however, when recycling is very costly and CDW is highly damaging, punitive regulation should be implemented, as the incentive regulation leads to lower social welfare. In addition, governments should be more cautious when adopting incentive regulation, because social welfare may be negative under this condition whereas there is no such possibility under the punitive regulation.
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Dikolli, Shane S., Christian Hofmann, and Susan L. Kulp. "Interrelated Performance Measures, Interactive Effort, and Incentive Weights." Journal of Management Accounting Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2009.21.1.125.
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ABSTRACT: This study uses principal-agent analysis to investigate how the principal's use of performance measures in the agent's compensation contract are affected by (1) links between performance measures and (2) substitute and complementary characteristics of an agent's efforts. We show that the directional effect of changes in performance measure interrelations on linear incentive weights depends on how the agent's tasks interact with each other (i.e., substitute or complementary interactions). For example, increases in performance measure interrelations do not necessarily imply higher incentive weights on more sensitive and precise performance measures. If efforts are substitutes for each other, the costs of effort are relatively high and the principal induces lower levels of total effort by offering lower incentives. We also show that differences in the combination of performance measure interrelations and effort interactions affect profits in distinctly different ways. When efforts are substitutes for each other, increases in the sensitivities of profit to the other performance metrics (i.e., increased interrelations), and thus to effort, may actually lead to lower profits.
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Moers, Frank. "Performance Measure Properties and Delegation." Accounting Review 81, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 897–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.4.897.
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In this paper, I extend the organizational design literature by examining how the delegation choice is affected by the ability to resolve the incentive problem caused by this delegation. Based on the seminal papers by Grossman and Hart (1986) and Holmstrom and Milgrom (1994), I argue that the ability to resolve the incentive problem depends on the contractibility of financial performance measures versus nonfinancial performance measures, where the contractibility depends on the performance measure properties sensitivity, precision, and verifiability. The empirical results show that, if financial performance measures are “good” (“poor”) incentive measures, i.e., high (low) on sensitivity, precision, and verifiability, then using these measures for incentive purposes increases (decreases) delegation. Overall, the results are consistent with the argument that firms design their decision-making process around the quality of contractible performance measures.
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Wang, Dong, and Desheng Wu. "Equity incentive and risk taking: evidence from China." Nankai Business Review International 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-10-2016-0034.
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Purpose China has formally implemented equity incentive for more than 10 years; thus, a considerable number of equity incentive programs has entered the exercise period. This means that it is time to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the incentive effects of equity incentive throughout the whole implementation phase. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between equity incentive, enterprise’s risk taking and risk decisions in China. Design/methodology/approach Using sensitivity of executives’ wealth and stock price (Delta) to measure the alignment effect and using sensitivity of executives’ wealth and stock return volatility (Vega) to measure the risk-taking effect, this paper aims to empirically test the relation of equity incentive and enterprise’s risk taking and risk decisions. Findings The authors find that Vega is positively related to risk taking; however, this improvement was mainly reflected in the private enterprises rather than state-owned enterprises. In terms of corporate policy choice, the authors find that Vega is positively related to firm focus and leverage. But, they have not found that Vega can promote R&D investment. Originality/value Existing studies have mostly concerned about the executives’ opportunistic behavior; however, analyses of the positive effect of equity incentive are limited. The authors use a combination of risk-taking incentives and alignment incentives to test the relationship between equity incentive and risk taking.
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Mulia, Rahmi Putri, Herlina Helmy, and Mia Angelina Setiawan. "Equity Risk Incentives dan Corporate Tax Aggresiveness." Wahana Riset Akuntansi 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/wra.v7i1.104567.
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This study aims to examine the equity risk incentives relationship with corporate tax aggressiveness. This study uses four proxies to measure corporate tax aggressiveness variables, namely Cash Effectives Tax Rate (CETR), Tax Shelter, Unrecognized Tax Benefits (UTB), and Discretionary Book Tax Differences (DTAX). The equity risk incentives variable is measured using the annual natural total log of compensation of the key management. The study population was manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2017. The study samples were determined by purposive sampling method so that samples for each CETR, Shelter, UTB and DTAX were obtained were 235, 180, 210 and 205 companies. Based on panel data regression analysis, the results show that 1) Equity Risk Incentive is negatively related to Cash Effectives Tax Rate but not significant, 2) Equity Risk Incentive is positively related to Tax Shelter but not significant, 3) Equity Risk Incentive is negatively related to Unrecognized Tax Benefits not significant, and 4) Equity Risk Incentive is positively related to the Discretionary Book Tax Differences but not significant. The conclusion of this study is that equity risk incentives are not positively related significantly with corporate tax aggressiveness so the hypothesis is rejected.Keywords: Equity Risk Incentives; Tax Aggressiveness
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Misyak, Sarah A., Molly K. Parker, Meredith Ledlie Johnson, Sam Hedges, Elizabeth Borst, Maureen McNamara Best, and Valisa E. Hedrick. "A Preliminary Evaluation of Virginia Fresh Match: Impacts and Demographic Considerations for Future Fruit and Vegetable Incentive Programs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074367.
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The purpose of this communication is to describe the preliminary evaluation of the Virginia Fresh Match (VFM) financial incentive program for fresh fruits and vegetables for Virginia Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program shoppers and to determine if there were differences in incentive outcomes by race. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was administered to shoppers using Virginia Fresh Match incentives at participating farmers markets and community-based food retail outlets. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to detect differences in fruit and vegetable consumption between demographic groups over time. Chi-square tests were used to determine if there were associations between race and perceived impact of VFM incentives on making food last and the attribution of VFM incentives to changes in fruit and vegetable consumption frequency. Frequency of fruit and vegetable intake was significantly higher during VFM incentive use, with a difference of 1.17 ± 0.07 and 1.07 ± 0.07 on a Likert scale measure, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). There were racial differences in assertions that VFM incentives helped food to last. VFM incentives were effective at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, but racial differences should be considered in the administration of VFM to avoid reinforcing systems or approaches that may contribute to disparities in food access and food security.
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Yan, Yaqian. "Study on the Effectiveness of Equity Incentive Models Affecting Internal Control." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 1 (November 28, 2022): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v1i.2673.
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The article studies how the equity incentive affects the effectiveness of internal control of listed companies by taking Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2016 as a sample and using the Shenzhen Dibo internal control index of listed companies from 2011 to 2016 to measure the effectiveness of internal control of listed companies. The following three questions are discussed: (1) Whether the impact of equity incentive model on the effectiveness of internal control is positive? (2) Whether the impact of equity incentive intensity on the effectiveness of internal control is nonlinear? In other words, whether there is excess incentive? (3) Is there any difference in the impact of equity incentives between state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises? The study found: The use of equity incentives has a positive effect on the effectiveness of the internal control of the company. When the incentive is excessive, it will result in over-incentives, that is, the greater the incentive, the less effective the internal control of the company. The relationship between incentives and the effectiveness of corporate internal control is inverted U-shaped. Different from the viewpoint of the existing literature, the study found that equity incentives in state-owned enterprises can further enhance the effectiveness of internal control. The results of the study show that although most people think equity incentives are conducive to reducing agency problems and increasing the effectiveness of internal control, it is still necessary to control the strength of equity incentive and prevent it from backfiring, which helps firms to reduce the conflict of interests between principles and agents.
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GIBBS, MICHAEL J., KENNETH A. MERCHANT, WIM A. VAN DER STEDE, and MARK E. VARGUS. "Performance Measure Properties and Incentive System Design." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 48, no. 2 (April 2009): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2009.00556.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Guymon, Ronald Nathan. "The effect of explanations and monetary incentives on effort allocation decisions." Diss., University of Iowa, 2008. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/35.
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Monkam, Nara Françoise Kamo. "The Money-Moving Syndrome and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/52.
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This dissertation examines in depth one of the potential causes of the low performance of foreign aid; in particular, the role incentive structures within international donor agencies could play in leading to “a push” to disburse money. This pressure to disburse money is termed as the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. In this dissertation, the “Money Moving Syndrome” exists when the quantity of foreign aid committed or disbursed becomes, in itself, an important objective side by side or above the effectiveness of aid. The theoretical analysis relies on the principal-agent theory to explore how donor agencies’ institutional incentive systems may affect the characteristics of an optimal and efficient incentive contract and thus give rise to the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. We adapted the basic framework developed in Baker (1992) to fit the organizational settings of international development agencies. The model concludes that the extent to which a performance measure based the amount of aid allocated within a specific period of time would lead to the “Money-Moving Syndrome” and affect aid effectiveness depends on the level of institutional imperatives for survival and growth, the degree of aid agency’s accountability for effectiveness, the level of corruption in recipient countries and the degree of difficulty to evaluate development activities. Due to data unavailability regarding other bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, the empirical framework tests several predictions of the theoretical model by examining whether money moving incentives affect World Bank’s decisions regarding project loan size in developing countries. Overall, the empirical results suggest that there seems to be some degree of “Money-Moving Syndrome” in effect within the World Bank.
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Poole, Richard. "The use of tax incentive measure in conjunction with carbon taxes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve economic growth: a comparative study with lessons for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001607.
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In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development
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Parchert, Dawn M. "Effects of difficulty and incentive strength on measures of behavioral intensity." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864911.
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This experiment was performed to assess the interactive effect of incentive strength and task difficulty using measures of behavioral intensity. Subjects faced an easy or difficult task in order to avoid having to listen to aversive radio static. Half of the subjects were to hear a loud noise and half were to hear a soft noise. Prior to task commencement, five measures of behavioral intensity were taken—two timing measures, two counting measures, and one measure involving the amount of error in filling in scantron bubbles. Results showed that one timing measure and three mood adjectives followed the predicted pattern, but not in a statistically significant fashion. The patterns indicated the energization remained low and uniform when subjects heard soft noise, but increased as a function of task difficulty when subjects were exposed to a loud noise. Results are discussed in terms of Brehn’s energization theory of motivation.Department of Psychological Science
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Pardupa, Martin. "Economic analysis of managerial measures in the organization." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2005. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77085.
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This dissertation is thus aiming to create a (1) view on current and historical theoretical and practical approaches of organization economics, (2) to assess their assumptions and implications and explain their contradictions in relation to individual base of the knowledge and motivation. (4) It suggests a framework that might give an economic and theoretical rationale to various managerial measures related to the true ("effective") effort of an individual in a firm that is (5) finally tested in empirical research. For the reasons mentioned above, the overview of often divergent methodological approaches is of a key importance, therefore much attention is dedicated to their description and analysis in the first part of the thesis. It is followed by the introduction of a new framework used in the analysis of various managerial measures applied in the firm, and finally, the hypotheses which test certain assumptions of the framework on empirical data. The "effective effort, cooperation and rivalry framework" is the main output of this thesis, as it explains the roots and influence of direct and indirect managerial measures through the behavior of workers (rivalry, cooperation, rent-seeking) on company's performance. The framework combines three existing independent approaches analyzing the link between managerial measures and company's performance without denying any of the predecessors, and it also brings a new interpretation of the functions of managerial decisions in the firm and the link on material resources. The framework attempts to answer the following research question: Which factors and in a what way influence the effective effort of an individual in the firm? Can this approach be formalized and tested on empirical data? Answering this question would be beneficial for both managers and academia as it would facilitate them to undertake that managerial measures, that would lead to an improvement of firm's long term performance and avoid those actions, which would work contradictory. The empirical analysis focuses on efficiency of several types of incentives and trainings in the medium-sized company on the lowest level of hierarchy (furthermore there is the lack of similar analyses dedicated to an enterprise in Central and Eastern Europe or in such chronological extent in a single firm anywhere in Europe). The extensive data is provided by a leading Czech (mostly retail) betting company operating in a legislatively stable environment not exposed to the currency fluctuations and economic cycle with oligopolistic characteristics. Other industries (besides retail) would hardly provide such high quality data for such a long period suitable for the chosen analysis of the revenues' influence of various managerial measures (training of sale staff, introduction of an upside component of wage, nonmonetary rewards) applied to workers. The results of the empirical analysis show the possible positive effect of increased wage variability on the employee's performance, although the effect of training and nonmonetary rewards was proven as insignificant. These results (positive/negative effect or significance/insignificance) for a low skilled workforce being able to effectively affect the quality of the output (as is the Fortuna case) are in line with the Effective effort, cooperation and rivalry framework.
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Garofalo, Carmela. "La promozione dell'occupazione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423546.
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The research aims to verify if an Italian model of occupation promotion exists, in order to consider its compatibility level with the European social policy.
First of all, it is necessary to consider the steps of the EC social policy (from the SEO, to the Lisbona Strategy until the passing of the Europe 2020 Strategy), through the analysis of the suitably provided tools, that is to say the occupation trends issued over the years, and of the opened coordination method (MAC). These supporting documents are useful to give to the member States the directives whom they have to draw inspiration drafting occupation and labour market regulations.
From this analysis it comes out that one of the most important occupation goals has been the harmonization of all member States labour policy, in order to create more and better workplaces.
The remarkable labour policy part is the active one [Active Labour Market Policy (Almp)], including all services and measures useful to gear job offer features to the job demand ones in order to promote occupation and improve workers and unemployed employability.
With reference to our country, in the first instance a particular attention has been paid on employability, then on adaptability (aiming at the increase of the labour market admission tools), finally on the last labour market reform (brought about the law 92/2012), that tried to recover and promote the role of the employment services, considered the main actors who are able to promote employability of all the ones that have to be led in or reinstated in the labour market, definitely changing the relationship between the employment services and their end users, above all if they are receiving unemployment benefits.
In the law provisions it is possible to identify three macro areas of intervention: the first one is linked to the employment services and the active labour policy; the second area includes vocational training (rectius permanent learning) vocational and orientation courses; the third and last one concerns employment incentives.
Examining the basics of Fornero Reform, it has been made a second reading of the regional rules of the labour market, mostly preceding the 2012, in order to verify their elegibility to discipline the active policy.
The object of the analysis has been the active policy tools as the “conditionality”, the concept of “fair” job offer, suspension from unemployment, the different services the employment services have to offer to the unemployed.
Fornero reform put attention to the instrumental profile, returning to the deputy legislator the reform of the employment services system, who has to fix a short term (six months) already overdue.
Then the observation has been focused on the vocational training, with an in depth-analysis of the institution of vocational and orientation courses, considered pre-eminently the best active policy tool.
Alternatively, the Italian system of occupation promotion is the occupation policy that affects the job offer market. Analyzing the administrative and normative material of the matter, it has been tried to find out a process model for the incentive measures conforming to the European one due to the disjointed intervention of our legislator.
In the light of this research, we can confirm with great optimism that our country is halfway, waiting to implement the reforms of employment services, vocational training system and employment incentives, already forecasted but never realized.
The reasons of the delay are most of all financial onesLa ricerca mira a verificare se esiste un modello italiano di promozione dell’occupazione e a valutarne il livello di compatibilità con le politiche sociali europee. A tal fine viene prioritariamente esaminata l’evoluzione della politica sociale dell’Unione europea (dalla SEO, alla Strategia di Lisbona fino a giungere al varo della Strategia Europa 2020) attraverso l’analisi degli strumenti appositamente previsti, ovvero degli orientamenti integrati in materia di occupazione emanati nel corso del tempo, e del metodo di coordinamento aperto (MAC). Attraverso tali documenti vengono impartite agli Stati membri le direttive alle quali gli stessi devono ispirarsi nell’elaborazione delle normative in materia di occupazione e di mercato del lavoro. Dall’analisi è emerso che uno dei principali obiettivi degli orientamenti in materia di occupazione è stato l’armonizzazione delle politiche del lavoro dei vari Paesi membri, onde creare migliori e maggiori posti di lavoro. Parte rilevante delle politiche del lavoro sono le politiche attive [Active Labour Market Policy (Almp)] ovvero tutti quei servizi o misure utili ad adattare le caratteristiche dell’offerta di lavoro alla domanda di lavoro con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attraverso il miglioramento dell’occupabilità dei lavoratori e dei disoccupati. Proprio con riferimento al nostro Paese può sostenersi che ad un iniziale periodo di particolare attenzione verso l’occupabilità, ne è seguito un secondo nel quale l’attenzione si è spostata sull’adattabilità (puntando sulla moltiplicazione degli strumenti di ingresso nel mercato del lavoro), fino ad arrivare all’ultima riforma del mercato del lavoro (attuata con la l. 92/2012) che ha voluto recuperare ed incrementare il ruolo dei servizi per l’impiego ritenuti i principali attori in grado di favorire l’occupabilità dei soggetti che devono essere inseriti o reinseriti nel mercato del lavoro, modificando decisamente l’impostazione del rapporto che si crea tra questi ultimi e gli utenti, specie se percettori di trattamenti di disoccupazione. Nell’articolato legislativo sono individuabili tre macro aree di intervento: la prima riguarda i servizi per l’impiego e la politica attiva del lavoro; la seconda ricomprende la formazione professionale (rectius apprendimento permanente) e i tirocini di formazione e di orientamento; la terza ed ultima afferisce agli incentivi alle assunzioni Muovendosi lungo le coordinate fissate dalla Riforma Fornero, si è proceduto ad una rilettura della normativa regionale in tema di mercato del lavoro, per la gran parte antecedente al 2012, onde verificarne la perdurante idoneità a disciplinare la politica attiva. Oggetto di analisi sono stati gli strumenti di politica attiva quali la ‘condizionalità’, la nozione di offerta di lavoro ‘congrua’, la sospensione dello stato di disoccupazione, le tipologie di prestazioni che i Servizi per l’impiego devono offrire ai disoccupati. Come si vede la Riforma Fornero si è occupata del profilo strumentale, rinviando ad un intervento del legislatore delegato la riforma del sistema dei servizi per l’impiego fissando un termine breve (di sei mesi) già scaduto. La riflessione si è poi spostata sulla formazione professionale, con uno specifico approfondimento dell’istituto dei tirocini formativi e di orientamento, ormai divenuto lo strumento di politica attiva per eccellenza. La seconda gamba sulla quale cammina il sistema italiano di promozione dell’occupazione è la politica per l’occupazione che incide sul versante della offerta di lavoro. Attraverso l’analisi del materiale normativo ed amministrativo in materia si è cercato di individuare un modello di sviluppo delle misure di incentivo adeguato ai modelli europei a fronte della frammentarietà dell’intervento del nostro legislatore. Alla luce dell’indagine svolta può affermarsi con buona dose di ottimismo che il nostro Paese è a metà strada del percorso, mancando all’appello le preannunciate, ma non ancora realizzate, riforme dei servizi per l’impiego, del sistema di formazione professionale e di quello degli incentivi all’occupazione. Le ragioni del ritardo sono anche, ma non solo, finanziarie
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Kouadio, Konan jean claude. "Philanthropie et développement en Afrique : étude de cas en Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022REN20023.
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En état actuel, la philanthropie se présente comme une source de financement alternative pour le développement des sociétés. L’ampleur du phénomène suscite de nombreux travaux de recherche autour de la philanthropie dans les pays du Nord. C’est dans cette mouvance que cette thèse propose de s’intéresser à la philanthropie africaine à partir du cas de la Côte d’Ivoire. Les principaux résultats de l’étude mettent en exergue les potentialités de la philanthropie ivoirienne. Mais, il se trouve que cette potentialité est heurtée à des réalités qui ne permettent pas à celle-ci de contribuer de manière espérée aux causes de l’intérêt général. C’est face à ce problème que la question centrale qui constitue le fil conducteur de la recherche a été formulée comme suit : De quelle manière la philanthropie peut-elle contribuer efficacement au développement de la Côte d’Ivoire ?In its current state, philanthropy presents itself as an alternative source of financing for the development of societies. The scope of this phenomenon has led to numerous research studies on philanthropy in Northern countries. It is in this context that this thesis proposes to focus on African philanthropy based on the case of the Ivory Coast. The main results of the study highlight the potential of Ivorian philanthropy. But, it turns out that this potentiality is faced with realities that do not allow it to contribute in the way hoped for to the causes of the general interest. It is in the face of this problem that the central question that constitutes the thread of the research was formulated as follows : How can philanthropy effectively contribute to the development of Côte d'Ivoire ?
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Jeha, L. J. "Equity, sustainability and incentive-based conservation measures : community reflections from Mt. Elgon, Uganda." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15501/.
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Incentive-based measures are increasingly being employed as a strong motive to encourage conservation yet the evidence that they are generating sustainable resource-use, improving rural livelihoods or aiding biodiversity protection remains inconclusive. To provide empirical evidence to this discourse, in this study the McDermott et al (2013) equity framework is used to explore how different benefit-sharing arrangements have shaped twenty-five years of Integrated Conservation and Development projects (ICDP) neighbouring the Mt. Elgon National Park, Uganda. Applying a self-reported, post-hoc, quasi-experimental design, a time-series of participatory mapping activities revealed that despite the willingness of targeted groups to adopt ‘green’ technologies (distributional equity), maintaining and up-scaling these activities remained limited at the landscape level. Social network analysis uncovered that limited knowledge, restricted access (contextual equity) and the lack of inclusion in decision-making (procedural equity) impeded this development. Tracking the Mt. Elgon Regional Eco-System Conservation Programme (MERECP) as a specific case study, the analyses then showed that wealthier members of society and the political elite were the principle beneficiaries of conservation inputs. In the cases where these institutionalised hierarchies were purposely sidestepped (a measure to ensure marginalised stakeholders gained funds), cases of conflict and resentment arose. Overall, communities that had loose, expansive conservation networks adopted the greatest number of simple technologies. Nevertheless, those that have built a high level of trust both amongst one another and with supporting organisations resulted in the most socially equitable and biologically efficient outcomes. Portraying a future rich in sustainable land-use practises, communities do aspire to protecting their natural resources. Whilst this may be a time-consuming, expensive process, building sound adaptive ‘co-management’ relationships that respect cultural norms, provide suitable alternatives and maximises local knowledge is the key to implementing incentive-based conservation measures across Mt. Elgon.
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Högberg, Lovisa. "Incentives for energy efficiency measures in post-war multi-family dwellings." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35259.
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Energy efficiency is an important question to society as well as to individuals and firms. Improving energy efficiency in the building sector is considered an important means to climate mitigation. For real estate owners energy is also a central expenditure item and reducing energy consumption may directly reduce operation costs while at the same time serve as insurance against future energy price increases. Since new buildings only add a few percent annually to the building stock, the potential to reduce total energy consumption primarily lies within the existing building stock. The building stock is ageing and the post-war part of the stock that is in need of renovation is growing. This has been suggested as a window of opportunity to improve energy efficiency, but so far the results have been few. Several factors have been put forward to explain the so called energy efficiency gap – the difference between actual and optimal energy efficiency – one of which is split incentives. What adds to complexity in this case is that distinct differences have been observed in the level of ambition between the real estate companies that have renovated so far. Some companies have undertaken extensive renovation and energy efficiency measures, whereas other companies have done little more than urgent maintenance measures. It seems that real estate owners in general don´t have strong economic incentives to improve energy efficiency in connection to renovation – but what can then explain the differences between strategies? This licentiate thesis examines the incentives among real estate owners to improve energy efficiency, particularly in post-war, multi-family buildings in need of renovation. The purpose is to add knowledge about decisions concerning measures that improve energy efficiency - in terms of incentives, barriers and different motives for real estate owners’ strategies and actions. Results show that real estate owners lack strong economic incentives to invest in energy efficiency in multi-family buildings and the level of investment is dependent on the different motivations, grouped in three levels of ambition, that real estate companies have. One important conclusion is that the heterogeneity between companies that was exposed in the interviews and survey implies that they will not respond similarly to policy stimuli. The heterogeneity should thus be considered when designing policy measures so that public and company resources can be allocated as efficiently as possible, as there are many challenges facing owners of post-war residential buildings. Another conclusion is that from an economic point of view it is important to take the interaction between different measures into account, e.g. between physical measures and measures focusing on changing household behavior.QC 20110630
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Calmic, Irina. "A utilização de incentivos financeiros nas PMEs portuguesas." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10779.
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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças EmpresariaisApesar da importância das PMEs na economia portuguesa, tanto em termos de emprego como e do valor criado, a investigação deste tipo de empresas por parte da contabilidade de gestão tem sido escassa (Mitchell & Reid, 2000). Outros autores têm estudado a adopção de SCG (Barron et al 1996, 1999; Hellman & Puri 2002; Davila 2005; Davila & Foster 2007), mas nenhuma evidência foi recolhida acerca da utilização de incentivos financeiros nos contratos de remuneração dos gestores de PMEs. Este estudo contribui para a literatura, analisando i) os determinantes da utilização de incentivos financeiros, definidos como uma percentagem da remuneração total; ii) a relação entre a utilização das variáveis não financeiras e a performance; iii) a relação entre a utilização de incentivos e o desejo de os receber e iv) a relação entre a utilização de incentivos e a importância destes para os seus destinatários. Usando dados de questionários respondidos por 714 CEOs e CFOs de PMEs portuguesas, verificou-se que a percentagem de incentivos recebidos pelos gestores está positivamente associada ao desempenho dos mesmos e das próprias empresas, bem como ao número de SCG utilizados por estas. Foi também encontrada evidência de que existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre o nível de incentivos recebidos e tanto o peso desejado de incentivos como a importância atribuída a estes.
Despite the importance of SMEs in the Portuguese economy, both in terms of employment and value created, the investigation of such firms by the management accounting literature has been scarce (Mitchell & Reid, 2000). Other authors have studied the adoption of MCS (Barron et al 1996, 1999; Hellman & Puri 2002; Davila 2005; Davila & Foster 2007), but no evidence was found on the use of financial incentives in the compensation contracts of SMEs' managers. This study contributes to the literature by examining i) the determinants of the use of financial incentives, defined as a percentage of total compensation, ii) the relationship between the use of nonfinancial variables and performance, iii) the relationship between the use of incentives and the desire to receive them and iv) the relationship between the use of incentives and their importance to their recipients. Using data from questionnaires completed by 714 CEOs and CFOs of Portuguese SMEs, it was found that the percentage of incentives received by managers is positively associated with their performance and the performance of the firms, as well as the number of MCS used by them. It was also found that there is a positive and significant relationship between the level of incentives received and both the desired weight of incentives and the importance attributed to them.
Books on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Glenn, Rifkin, ed. Reward systems: Does yours measure up? Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press, 2009.
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Glenn, Rifkin, ed. Reward systems: Does yours measure up? Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press, 2009.
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Pritchard, Joseph. An analysis of tourism incentive measure in Turkey. Swansea: Swansea Institute of Higher Education, 1996.
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Gursoy, Errol Joseph. An analysis of tourism incentive measure in Turkey. Swansea: Swansea Institute of Higher Education, 1996.
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P, Baker George. Subjective performance measures in optimal incentive contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.
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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Economic Aspects of Biodiversity., ed. Handbook of incentive measures for biodiversity: Design and implementation. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999.
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Board, Conference, ed. Aligning performance measures and incentives in European companies. New York, NY: Conference Board, 1999.
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E, Heimlich Ralph, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Directorate., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Policy Committee., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Party on Economic and Environmental Policy Integration, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Economic Aspects of Biodiversity., eds. US experiences with incentive measures to promote the conservation of wetlands. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999.
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Schnedler, Wendelin. Task difficulty, performance measure characteristics, and the trade-off between insurance and well-allocated effort. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.
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Ferreira, Monica. Incentives and disincentives: An overview of measures to achieve demographic objectives. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Köster, Christian, and Heike Schenk-Mathes. "Incentive Compatible Procedure to Measure Risk Preferences: Adequacy of the Midpoint Chaining Method." In Multikriterielle Optimierung und Entscheidungsunterstützung, 107–19. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27041-4_8.
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Kvande, Elin. "Individual Parental Leave for Fathers: Promoting Gender Equality in Norway." In Engaged Fatherhood for Men, Families and Gender Equality, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1_8.
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AbstractThis chapter takes as its point of departure the design elements of the Norwegian parental leave system for fathers and examines how it works as a regulatory measure to promote equality in care work. The findings show that the design of the father’s quota as a statutory, earmarked, and non-transferrable right for fathers promotes the fathers’ use of leave and hence equality. The earmarking, and the fact that it cannot be transferred to the mother, renders it unnecessary for fathers to negotiate with the mother about this leave. The father’s quota is also an important bargaining chip in relation to working life for having time off for doing care-work. These findings support other research on fathers’ use of leave which have shown that these design characteristics of father’s quota represents a strong incentive for greater involvement in caregiving on the part of fathers.
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Bogetoft, Peter. "Incentives and Productivity Measures." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 247–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48636-4_11.
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Rovira, J. "Incentives for Healthy Consumer Behaviour and Intersectorial Measures for Health Targets." In Incentives in Health Systems, 58–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76580-3_6.
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Digilina, Olga B., and Daria V. Lebedeva. "Resource Provision for Innovation: State and Incentive Measures." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1254–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69415-9_137.
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Moal, Sophie. "Provisions for Incentives and Safeguards." In The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 253–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_23.
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Pfeiffer, Thomas. "Incentive Contracts and Performance Measures Based on Accrual Accounting Numbers." In Financial Modelling, 329–37. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57652-2_22.
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Mosquera Valderrama, Irma, and Mirka Balharová. "Tax Incentives in Developing Countries: A Case Study—Singapore and Philippines." In Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 119–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_7.
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AbstractThe aim of this chapter is twofold. The first aim is to analyse the main features of the tax incentives in developing countries with a case study of two countries, Singapore and the Philippines. Singapore has been regarded in literature as one of the countries that has successfully attracted foreign direct investment; however, it is not yet clear whether this is the result of tax incentives or any other measure. The Philippines is at the time of writing in the process of introducing a comprehensive tax reform program (CTRP) that aims to redesign the tax incentives to become more competitive in the region and to achieve social and economic growth. These countries also belong to the same region (i.e. South East Asia), and therefore, the comparison of the incentives in these countries can also contribute to best practices in the region. Following this comparison, the second aim of this chapter is to evaluate the tax incentives granted in Singapore and the Philippines taking into account a new proposed evaluative framework for tax incentives in light of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Rice, Jennifer King, and Betty Malen. "When Theoretical Models Meet School Realities: Educator Responses to Student Growth Measures in an Incentive Pay Program." In Student Growth Measures in Policy and Practice, 29–47. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53901-4_2.
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Van Sloten, Rene. "An Industry Organization Perspective on Incentives and Safeguards." In The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 257–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_24.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Yu, Kun, and Yunyang Yan. "Reputation Measure for Incentive-Compatible Packet Forwarding in Ad Hoc Networks." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cis.2009.268.
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Sulumov, Islam Olkhuzurovich. "Conflict Management As An Incentive Measure For Creative Processes Of Innovation Teams." In International Scientific Congress «KNOWLEDGE, MAN AND CIVILIZATION». European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.05.338.
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Liu, Ruiyu, and Wei Meng. "Model of Allocating the Emission Rights: Based on the Incentive, Fair and Efficient Measure." In 2008 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2008.1929.
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Moti, Moin Hussain, Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Pan Hui, and Sujit Gujar. "FaRM: Fair Reward Mechanism for Information Aggregation in Spontaneous Localized Settings." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/72.
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Although peer prediction markets are widely used in crowdsourcing to aggregate information from agents, they often fail to reward the participating agents equitably. Honest agents can be wrongly penalized if randomly paired with dishonest ones. In this work, we introduce selective and cumulative fairness. We characterize a mechanism as fair if it satisfies both notions and present FaRM, a representative mechanism we designed. FaRM is a Nash incentive mechanism that focuses on information aggregation for spontaneous local activities which are accessible to a limited number of agents without assuming any prior knowledge of the event. All the agents in the vicinity observe the same information. FaRM uses (i) a report strength score to remove the risk of random pairing with dishonest reporters, (ii) a consistency score to measure an agent's history of accurate reports and distinguish valuable reports, (iii) a reliability score to estimate the probability of an agent to collude with nearby agents and prevents agents from getting swayed, and (iv) a location robustness score to filter agents who try to participate without being present in the considered setting. Together, report strength, consistency, and reliability represent a fair reward given to agents based on their reports.
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Lawson, S. A., and K. A. Thole. "The Effects of Simulated Particle Deposition on Film Cooling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59109.
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Diminishing natural gas resources has increased incentive to develop cleaner, more efficient combined cycle power plants capable of burning alternative fuels such as coal-derived synthesis gas (syngas). Although syngas is typically filtered, particulate matter still exists in the hot gas path that has proven to be detrimental to the life of turbine components. Solid and molten particles deposit on film cooled surfaces that can alter cooling dynamics and block cooling holes. To gain an understanding of the effects that particle deposits have on film cooling, a methodology was developed to simulate deposition in a low speed wind tunnel using a low melt wax, which can simulate solid and molten phases. A facility was constructed to simulate particle deposition on a flat plate with a row of film cooling holes. Infrared thermography was used to measure wall temperatures for quantifying spatially resolved adiabatic effectiveness values in the vicinity of the film cooling holes as deposition occurred. Results showed that deposition reduced cooling effectiveness by approximately 20% at momentum flux ratios of 0.23 and 0.5 and only 6% at a momentum flux ratio of 0.95.
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Lara, J. Javier Serrano, and Félix Fajardo Magraner. "The ICT and gamification: tools for improving motivation and learning at universities." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5286.
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The teacher-student technology gap and the lack of attention in the design of attractive and motivating learning methodologies often result in student´s demotivation and poor academic performance. To this end, from the research field, a series of methodologies and tools have been developed, such as gamification, as well as the introduction of ICT in lessons. By implementingSocrative, a classroom app to engage students, we tried to measure the evolution of students’ knowledge after the use of ICT and more interactive lessons. In addition, we tried to relate the level of motivation to students’ seating plan in the classroom (in rows). We also tried to analyse students' preferences and their feedback of the new techniques and methodologies used during the classes. The main result of the research is that the use of ICT and gamification in the classroom improved students’ motivation and learning, especially those who were less motivated. The direct relation between the students' seats in the classroom and their motivation was verified. At the same time, the learning differences between all the students in the classroom were reduced, achieving a balance between the learning and the motivation of the students. Keywords: Smartphone; incentive; learning; university students; Socrative.
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Karagöz, Kadir. "Volatility in Tourist Inflows: Evidence from Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00601.
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Tourism sector, like most of the other countries of the world, has also gained importance in Turkey in last few decades. Global tourist flows and tourism income have a steady increase. Hence, as an effective tool for sustainable economic development and welfare, importance of tourism sector is rising. Tourism is a considerable source of an additional income, exchange, employment and tax revenue for most countries. Turkey is one of the prominent tourism destinations for the world tourist flows. Turkish tourism industry began to grow in 1980s with the incentive macroeconomic policies. The industry has been growing in terms of international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts despite some discouraging events, such as economics crisis in the source countries, changing concerns, political incidents etc. For a sustainably growing and productive tourism sector it is essential to reduce the volatility in tourist arrivals. A less volatile tourist inflow may help to policy and decision makers. So, understanding the volatility of demand can reduce the uncertainty and help to develop appropriate policies. This paper aims to conduct such an analysis for Turkey’s inbound tourist flow, using the monthly data for 1996-2011 period. Exploiting alternative modeling techniques to measure and investigate the volatility in international tourist arrivals, the study concluded that the volatility of tourist arrivals to Turkey is asymmetric: positive shocks have a differential impact on future volatility than negative shocks.
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Gorgol, Andrzej. "Agricultural tax incentives to stimulate economic investment in Poland." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.22.
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To induce a taxpayer to act in a manner consistent with the objectives of the tax policy of the state, it is necessary to apply appropriate tax instruments, which are measures for the implementation of the incentive function of agricultural tax. Th ese primarily include tax exemptions and reliefs. The subject of this study includes issues related to the use of tax instruments to stimulate the economic investments of agricultural taxpayers. The author’s research intention is to demonstrate the truthfulness of the thesis that the effectiveness of these incentives is not optimal and can be increased by eliminating legal measures not adapted to the needs of fiscal stimulation. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to determine in the first place what is characteristic of each preference aimed at increasing economic investment in the farm. On this basis, in the second place, further groups of stimuli may be distinguished following the analysis of their features, both common and separate. Thanks to this, the disadvantages of the legal provisions applicable to stimulation preferences in the strict and largo sense are presented in separate chapters of this study
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Fedotova, O. A., S. V. Spakhov, V. E. Yushkova, and O. Yu Ageeva. "Alternative Employment of the Rural Population: Areas of Incentives and Ways of Improvement." In International Conference on Policicies and Economics Measures for Agricultural Development (AgroDevEco 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200729.017.
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Lilly, Patrick, and George Simons. "California’s Self-Generation Incentive Program Nonresidential PV Systems: Measured System Performance and Actual Costs." In ASME 2006 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2006-88228.
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More than two hundred sixty grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems sized 30 kW to 1.1 MW installed in California during 2002 through 2004 received partial funding through the Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP). The SGIP is administered statewide by PG&E, SCE, SoCalGas, and the San Diego Regional Energy Office. The incentive is structured as a one-time capacity based payment made at the time of system completion. The first PV system incentive was paid in Summer 2002. Through the end of 2004, a total of 269 PV systems had received financial support through the program. The cumulative generation capacity of these systems exceeded 30 MW and corresponded to $101 million of incentives paid. While originally slated to run through 2004, recently the program was modified and extended through the end of 2007. PV systems participating in the program are being monitored to support evaluation of the program. These data have been used to assess impacts of the Program on peak demand and energy consumption. These data have also been incorporated into the Program’s cost-effectiveness assessment. Well over one-half of the PV systems have already been subject to metering yielding 15-minute interval generator output data. The cumulative size of the directly monitored PV systems currently exceeds 33 MW as of late 2005. In 2004, the statewide California Independent System Operator (ISO) electrical system peak occurred on September 8 during the 16th hour (from 3 to 4 PM PDT). During this hour the electrical demand for the California ISO reached 45,562 MW. On this day, there were 235 PV systems funded under the SGIP installed and operating; interval-metered data are available for 107 of these projects. The resulting estimate of peak demand impact coincident with the ISO peak load totals 9,938 kW. The estimated peak demand impact corresponds to 0.39 kW per 1.0 kWRebated of PV system size and is based on rebated capacity. Those unfamiliar with PV system size ratings and PV system operating characteristics may be surprised that the overall weighted-average peak demand impact was not substantially higher at this hour and time of year. To help put this result in perspective, it can be compared to a simple engineering estimate of peak power output based on published information regarding PV system performance. First, we begin with 1 kW [basis: rebated size] of horizontal PV system capacity. For purposes of determining rebates, PV system sizes are calculated as the product of cumulative estimated module DC power output under PTC conditions and inverter maximum DC to AC conversion efficiency. Factors such as manufacturing tolerance, soiling, module mismatch, temperature effects, and wiring losses may result in actual full-sun power output levels of about 0.76 kW/kWRebated. When the 3 to 4 PM angle of incidence effects for the month of September are included the expected output value drops significantly further. The peak-day operating characteristics of the 107 PV projects for which peak-day interval-metered data were available are summarized in the box plot of Figure 4. System sizes were used to normalize power output values prior to plotting summary statistics of PV output profiles for individual projects. The normalized values represent PV power output per unit of system size. Treatment in this manner enables direct comparison of the power output characteristics of PV systems of varying sizes. The vertically oriented boxes represent ranges within which 75% of project-specific values lie. The vertical lines represent the total range (i.e., maximum and minimum) of project-specific values. The energy production of the group of metered PV systems varied according to season. In Figure 7, normalized energy production by month is illustrated (on the right axis). These values represent the monthly average capacity factor for the on-line PV system capacity. As expected, normalized energy production levels reach their maximum values in the summer season and decrease towards the winter season as the intensity and duration of incident solar radiation falls off, coupled with increased incidence of storms and other weather disturbances off the Pacific Ocean, which affect the availability of solar radiation upon the PV modules.
Reports on the topic "Incentive measure"
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Baker, George, Robert Gibbons, and Kevin Murphy. Subjective Performance Measures in Optimal Incentive Contracts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4480.
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Wolf, Eva. Chemikalienmanagement in der textilen Lieferkette. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627987.
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The World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 set the goal of minimising the adverse impacts of chemicals and waste by 2020. This goal has not been achieved yet. Therefore, other approaches are needed to prevent, minimise, or replace harmful substances. One possible approach is this master thesis which deals with the challenges that the textile importer DELTEX is facing with regard to a transparent communication of chemicals used and contained in the product in its supply chain. DELTEX is bound by legal regulations and requirements of its customer and must ensure that there are no harmful substances in the garments. For each order, the customer requires a chemical inventory from DELTEX which contains the chemical substances and formulations used (so-called "order-wise chemical inventory"). Currently, the suppliers are not willing to pass this on to DELTEX. As a result, DELTEX is faced with the problem of having no knowledge of the materials used in the garments and is thus taking a high risk. The structure of this study is based on the transdisciplinary "delta analysis" of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt. This compares the target state with the actual state and derives a delta from the difference. Based on this, suitable design options are to be developed to close the delta. The study defines the target state on the basis of normative requirements and derives three criteria from this, which can be used to measure design options. By means of guideline-based interviews with experts, an online survey and literature research, it examines the current state. The analysis shows that the relevant actors are in an unfavourable incentive and barrier situation. The textile supply chain can be seen as a complex construct in which a whole series of production sites (often in developing and emerging countries where corruption and low environmental standards exist) carry out many processing steps. Chemicals are used at almost all stages of processing, some of which have harmful effects on people and the environment. At the same time, factory workers in the production countries are under enormous price and time pressure and often have insufficient know-how about chemical processes. DELTEX is dependent on its main customer and therefore has little room for price negotiations. To close this delta, the study formulates design options on macro, meso and micro levels and measures them against the developed criteria. None of the measures completely meets all the criteria, which is why a residual delta remains. The study concludes that not one, but rather a combination of several design options at all levels can achieve the target state. For DELTEX, an alliance with other textile importers, membership in the Fair Wear Foundation, strengthening the relationship with its suppliers and cooperation with another customer are recommended. Furthermore, the use of material data tools that support proactive reporting approaches such as a Full Material Declaration is recommended. The study is carried out from the perspective of the textile importer DELTEX. The results can therefore only be applied to the entire textile supply chain to a limited extent.
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Abdulla, Sara. China’s Robotics Patent Landscape. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210002.
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Since 2011, China has dramatically grown its robotics sector as part of its mission to achieve technological leadership. The Chinese government has encouraged this growth through incentives and, in some cases, subsidies. Patents in robotics have surged, particularly at Chinese universities; by contrast, private companies comprise the bulk of robotics patent filers around the world. China has also seen a corresponding growth in robotics purchasing and active robotics stock. This data brief explores the trends in robotics patent families published from China as a measure of robotics advancement and finds that China is on track to emerge as a world leader in robotics.
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Beverinotti, Javier, Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza, María Cecilia Deza, and Lyliana Gayoso de Ervin. The Effects of Management Practices on Effective Tax Rates: Evidence from Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003505.
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This paper examines the effects of management practices on effective tax rates (ETR) in a sample of medium and large manufacturing firms in Ecuador. We use a novel data set on management practice scores matched with administrative tax data from the Superintendence of Companies and the Internal Revenue Services of Ecuador based on firms' tax filings. We find that better management practices are positively associated with effective tax rates, defined as the share of tax obligations to profits. This result is robust under various specifications controlling for different covariates, and to different measures of effective tax rates. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the use of fiscal incentives is positively associated with higher effective tax rates. However, firms that use fiscal incentives are able to fatten or reduce their effective tax rates as management practices improved. Overall, our findings suggest that government-sponsored policies that seek to promote better management practices may be self-sustained, if the additional tax revenue expected from better management practices through higher profits is able to cover the cost of the programs.
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Keefer, Philip, and Razvan Vlaicu. Voting Age, Information Experiments, and Political Engagement: Evidence from a General Election. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004648.
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We exploit new experimental and quasi-experimental data to investigate voters' intrinsic motivation to engage politically. Does having the right to vote increase engagement or, given significant incentives to free ride, do eligible voters remain rationally unengaged? Does knowledge that ones group is pivotal reduce free riding? And are the politically engaged influenced by election-relevant policy information in the run-up to a major election? To address these questions, we fielded an original survey of 5,400 Mexican high school seniors just prior to the historic 2018 general election. Age-based regression discontinuity results show that the just-eligible score higher on measures of low-cost political engagement compared to the just-ineligible. A first survey experiment reveals that information that the youth vote will be pivotal increases the eligible respondents' interest in the presidential debate and in the election result. In the second experiment, information about current policy outcomes affects future policy priorities in ways consistent with the incentives of eligible respondents to collect relevant information on salient policy issues.
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Dunbar, William, Suneetha M. Subramanian, and Makiko Yanagiya. Recognising and Supporting the Role of Culture in Effective Area-based Conservation. United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53326/nrlk9587.
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Other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) can achieve positive biodiversity outcomes in a larger area than is covered by protected areas. But this requires OECMs to be better integrated into sustainable production systems in conjunction with protected areas. Good examples of productive social-ecological systems exist. Recognising potential OECMs requires recognising the cultures that make them possible. Recommendations: (i) fully recognise and support the role of culture in fostering interlinked human–nature relationships and nurturing biodiversity in production landscapes and seascapes; (ii) develop sustainable market mechanisms using landscape approaches that promote respect for local cultures and the rights of all stakeholders; (iii) apply good practices for empowering cultures to enhance long-term biodiversity outcomes; (iv) provide innovative incentives including capacity development to encourage local communities to manage their landscapes and seascapes for biodiversity conservation.
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Aryal, Jeetendra Prakash. Contribution of Agriculture to Climate Change and Low-Emission Agricultural Development in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/vaoy9373.
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The agriculture sector in Asia and the Pacific region contributes massively to climate change, as the region has the largest share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. The region is the largest producer of rice, a major source of methane emissions. Further, to achieve food security for the increasing population, there has been a massive increase in the use of synthetic fertilizer and energy in agricultural production in the region over the last few decades. This has led to an enormous rise in nitrous oxide (N2O; mostly from fertilizer-N use) and carbon dioxide (mostly from energy use for irrigation) emissions from agriculture. Besides this, a substantial increase in livestock production for meat and dairy products has increased methane emissions, along with other environmental problems. In this context, this study conducts a systematic review of strategies that can reduce emissions from the agriculture sector using a multidimensional approach, looking at supply-side, demand-side, and cross-cutting measures. The review found that though there are huge potentials to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture, significant challenges exist in monitoring and verification of GHG emissions from supply-side measures, shifting to sustainable consumption behavior with regard to food consumption and use, and the design and implementation of regulatory and incentive mechanisms. On the supply side, policies should focus on the upscaling of climate-smart agriculture primarily through expanding knowledge and improving input use efficiency in agriculture, while on the demand side, there is a need to launch a drive to reduce food loss and waste and also to move towards sustainable consumption. Therefore, appropriate integration of policies at multiple levels, as well as application of multiple measures simultaneously, can increase mitigation potential as desired by the Paris Agreement and also help to achieve several of the United Nations’ SDGs.
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Aryal, Jeetendra P. Contribution of Agriculture to Climate Change and Low-Emission Agricultural Development in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/wdbc4659.
Full textAbstract:
The agriculture sector in the Asia and Pacific region contributes massively to climate change, as the region has the largest share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. The region is the largest producer of rice, a major source of methane emissions. Further, to achieve food security for the increasing population, there has been a massive increase in the use of synthetic fertilizer and energy in agricultural production in the region over the last few decades. This has led to an enormous rise in nitrous oxide (N2O) (mostly from fertilizer-N use) and carbon dioxide (mostly from energy use for irrigation) emissions from agriculture. Besides this, a substantial increase in livestock production for meat and dairy products has increased methane emissions, along with other environmental problems. In this context, we conduct a systematic review of strategies that can reduce emissions from the agriculture sector using a multidimensional approach, looking at supply-side, demand-side, and cross-cutting measures. The review found that though there is a huge potential to reduce GHG emissions from agriculture, significant challenges exist in monitoring and verification of GHG emissions from supply-side measures, shifting to sustainable consumption behavior with regard to food consumption and use, and the design and implementation of regulatory and incentive mechanisms. On the supply side, policies should focus on the upscaling of climate-smart agriculture primarily through expanding knowledge and improving input use efficiency in agriculture, while on the demand side, there is a need to launch a drive to reduce food loss and waste and also to move toward sustainable consumption. Therefore, appropriate integration of policies at multiple levels, as well as application of multiple measures simultaneously, can increase mitigation potential as desired by the Paris Agreement and also help to achieve several of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.
Full textAbstract:
This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.
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Keane, Claire, Karina Doorley, and Dora Tuda. COVID-19 and the Irish welfare system. ESRI, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202201.
Full textAbstract:
COVID-19 had, and continues to have, a strong negative effect on incomes in Ireland due to widespread job losses as the measures put in place to slow the spread of the disease resulted in severe economic restrictions. Despite the existence of unemployment supports, additional income supports were introduced to protect incomes. As public health restrictions lift and the economy recovers, we face the withdrawal of such supports. We examine these supports and the role they played in supporting incomes. By profiling those who benefitted most from the new schemes, we highlight the groups most at risk of significant income losses as they wind down. We consider what gaps in the social welfare system necessitated the introduction of such schemes in the first place, along with potential future policy changes to ensure that the social welfare system can provide adequate income protection and financial incentives to work as we emerge from the COVID-19 crisis.