Journal articles: 'Inbreeding depression'

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Wright, Lucy I., Tom Tregenza, and David J. Hosken. "Inbreeding, inbreeding depression and extinction." Conservation Genetics 9, no. 4 (September 21, 2007): 833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-007-9405-0.

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Sumreddee, Pattarapol, Sajjad Toghiani, Elhamidi Hay, Samuel E. Aggrey, and Romdhane Rekaya. "PSXII-29 Partitioning of Inbreeding Depression using Pedigree and Genomic Approaches." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.448.

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Abstract Understanding the accumulation of autozygosity over time in a genome could enhance the assessment of the effect of inbreeding and the mitigation of its harmful impact. To date, runs of homozygosity (ROH) have been commonly used to study inbreeding’s impact in livestock species, as an alternative to the pedigree-based approach. Although inbreeding caused by the mating of animals related through a recent common ancestor is reasonably expected to have more pronounced effects on traits, estimating these effects requires a clear definition of recent (new) and ancient (old) inbreeding. Several methods have been proposed to classify inbreeding using pedigree and genomic information. Unfortunately, these methods are largely based on heuristic criteria (e.g., number of generations from common ancestor and length of ROH segments). To mitigate these deficiencies, we developed a method to classify inbreeding into recent and ancient classes based on a grid search driven by the hypothesis that new inbreeding tends to have a more pronounced effect than old inbreeding. The proposed method was tested using data from Line-1 Hereford cattle population characterized by a deep complete pedigree. Genomic data consisted of 50K SNP genotypes. Effect of recent and ancient inbreeding was assessed on four growth traits (birth, weaning and yearling weights and average daily gain). Thresholds to classify inbreeding into recent and ancient classes varied across traits and sources of information. Using pedigree information, increased inbreeding in the last 10 to 11 generations was considered as recent. When genomic information was using, thresholds ranged between 4 to 7 indicating the ability of ROH segments to better characterize the harmful impact of inbreeding in shorter periods of time. Using several model comparison criteria (adjusted R-squared, AIC, and BIC), the proposed method was better than existing approaches. Furthermore, the method provided a more objective quantitative approach for the classification of inbreeding.

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de Boer, Raïssa A., Marcel Eens, and Wendt Müller. "Sex-specific effects of inbreeding on reproductive senescence." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1879 (May 23, 2018): 20180231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0231.

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Inbreeding depression plays a significant role in evolutionary biology and ecology. However, we lack a clear understanding of the fitness consequences of inbreeding depression. Studies often focus on short-term effects of inbreeding in juvenile offspring, whereas inbreeding depression in adult traits and the interplay between inbreeding depression and age are rarely addressed. Inbreeding depression may increase with age and accelerate the decline in reproductive output in ageing individuals (reproductive senescence), which could be subject to sex-specific dynamics. We test this hypothesis with a longitudinal experimental study in a short-lived songbird. Adult inbred and outbred male and female canaries were paired in a 2 × 2 factorial design, and survival and annual reproductive performance were studied for 3 years. We found inbreeding depression in female egg-laying ability, male fertilization success and survival of both sexes. Annual reproductive success of both males and females declined when paired with an inbred partner independent of their own inbreeding status. This shows that inbreeding can have fitness costs in outbred individuals when they mate with an inbred individual. Further, inbred females showed faster reproductive senescence than outbred females, confirming that inbreeding depression and age can interact to affect fitness. By contrast, there was no evidence for an interaction between inbreeding depression and reproductive senescence in male fertilization success. Our findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific effects and age to determine the full range of fitness consequences of inbreeding and demonstrate that inbreeding depression can accelerate reproductive senescence.

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Huisman, Jisca, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Philip A. Ellis, Tim Clutton-Brock, and Josephine M. Pemberton. "Inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 13 (March 15, 2016): 3585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518046113.

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Inbreeding depression is of major concern for the conservation of threatened species, and inbreeding avoidance is thought to be a key driver in the evolution of mating systems. However, the estimation of individual inbreeding coefficients in natural populations has been challenging, and, consequently, the full effect of inbreeding on fitness remains unclear. Genomic inbreeding coefficients may resolve the long-standing paucity of data on inbreeding depression in adult traits and total fitness. Here we investigate inbreeding depression in a range of life history traits and fitness in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Scotland using individual inbreeding coefficients derived from dense Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data (Fgrm). We find associations between Fgrm and annual breeding success in both sexes, and between maternal inbreeding coefficient and offspring survival. We also confirm previous findings of inbreeding depression in birth weight and juvenile survival. In contrast, inbreeding coefficients calculated from a deep and comparatively complete pedigree detected inbreeding depression in juvenile survival, but not in any adult fitness component. The total effect of inbreeding on lifetime breeding success (LBS) was substantial in both sexes: for Fgrm=0.125, a value resulting from a half-sib mating, LBS declined by 72% for females and 95% for males. Our results demonstrate that SNP-based estimates of inbreeding provide a powerful tool for evaluating inbreeding depression in natural populations, and suggest that, to date, the prevalence of inbreeding depression in adult traits may have been underestimated.

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Swindell, William R., and Juan L. Bouzat. "SELECTION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: EFFECTS OF INBREEDING RATE AND INBREEDING ENVIRONMENT." Evolution 60, no. 5 (May 2006): 1014–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01179.x.

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Swindell, William R., and Juan L. Bouzat. "SELECTION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: EFFECTS OF INBREEDING RATE AND INBREEDING ENVIRONMENT." Evolution 60, no. 5 (2006): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/05-493.1.

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Lara-Fioreze, Ana Carolina da Costa, Laerte Gustavo Pivetta, and Maurício Dutra Zanotto. "Inbreeding depression in crambe1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 4 (December 2016): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4641811.

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ABSTRACT Inbreeding depression in plants, caused by selfing or crossing among plants with a high degree of relatedness, is a genetic phenomenon that affects quantitative traits. This study aimed at verifying the occurrence of inbreeding depression in crambe progenies originated from selfing, in comparison with open pollination progenies. A randomized blocks design, with three replications, in a 32 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 32 crambe progenies and two reproduction systems (artificial selfing and open pollination), was used. Grain yield, 1,000-grain weight, plant height and final stand were evaluated. A significant interaction was observed between progenies and reproduction systems in all traits evaluated. A reduction in grain yield, 1,000-grain weight and plant height occurred in the majority of the selfing progenies, when compared to open pollination progenies. Inbreeding depression was observed in all traits, especially for grain yield. The heritability coefficients of selfed progenies were higher than the open pollinated ones, except for 1,000-grain weight.

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Vergeer, Philippine, Niels (C A. M. ). Wagemaker, and N. Joop Ouborg. "Evidence for an epigenetic role in inbreeding depression." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (July 11, 2012): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0494.

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Inbreeding depression (i.e. negative fitness effects of inbreeding) is central in evolutionary biology, affecting numerous aspects of population dynamics and demography, such as the evolution of mating systems, dispersal behaviour and the genetics of quantitative traits. Inbreeding depression is commonly observed in animals and plants. Here, we demonstrate that, in addition to genetic processes, epigenetic processes may play an important role in causing inbreeding effects. We compared epigenetic markers of outbred and inbred offspring of the perennial plant Scabiosa columbaria and found that inbreeding increases DNA methylation. Moreover, we found that inbreeding depression disappears when epigenetic variation is modified by treatment with a demethylation agent, linking inbreeding depression firmly to epigenetic variation. Our results suggest an as yet unknown mechanism for inbreeding effects and demonstrate the importance of evaluating the role of epigenetic processes in inbreeding depression.

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Schultz, S. T., and J. H. Willis. "Individual variation in inbreeding depression: the roles of inbreeding history and mutation." Genetics 141, no. 3 (November 1, 1995): 1209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.3.1209.

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Abstract We use mutation-selection recursion models to evaluate the relative contributions of mutation and inbreeding history to variation among individuals in inbreeding depression and the ability of experiments to detect associations between individual inbreeding depression and mating system genotypes within populations. Poisson mutation to deleterious additive or recessive alleles generally produces far more variation among individuals in inbreeding depression than variation in history of inbreeding, regardless of selfing rate. Moreover, variation in inbreeding depression can be higher in a completely outcrossing or selfing population than in a mixed-mating population. In an initially random mating population, the spread of a dominant selfing modifier with no pleiotropic effects on male outcross success causes a measurable increase in inbreeding depression variation if its selfing rate is large and inbreeding depression is caused by recessive lethals. This increase is observable during a short period as the modifier spreads rapidly to fixation. If the modifier alters selfing rate only slightly, it fails to spread or causes no measurable increase in inbreeding depression variance. These results suggest that genetic associations between mating loci and inbreeding depression loci could be difficult to demonstrate within populations and observable only transiently during rapid evolution to a substantially new selfing rate.

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Sallah Issa, B., and G. Seeland. "Einfluss von Inzucht und Selektion auf die Fruchtbarkeit und das Wachstum der Maus." Archives Animal Breeding 44, no. 6 (October 10, 2001): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-671-2001.

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Abstract. Title of the paper: Effect of inbreeding and selection on fertility and growth in mice The experiment comprised 3 lines of outbred mice: An inbred line without selection (1), an inbred line with selection (2) and a non inbred control line with random mating (3). In line 1 and 2 half sister mating was used. In line 2, 20 % of the females are selected for litter size and stillbirths of their dam. The males are selected at two stages: 50 % for body weight at the age of 10 days and 50 % for body weight at the age of 21 days. Inbreeding depressions seems to depend non linear on the degree of inbreeding. Selection within the line 2 could compensate inbreeding depression for fertility and growth. Epistatic effects and natural selection are discussed as a cause of the non linear inbreeding depression.

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Schueller, Amy M., and Daniel B. Hayes. "Minimum viable population size for lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) using an individual-based model of demographics and genetics." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 1 (January 2011): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f10-129.

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Population viability analysis is a useful tool to explore the relationship between extinction risk and population size, but often does not include genetic factors. Our objectives were to determine minimum viable population size (MVP) for lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) and examine how inbreeding depression may affect MVP. Our individual-based model incorporated inbreeding depression in two ways: individuals with inbreeding coefficients above a threshold experienced inbreeding depression (threshold), and individuals experienced inbreeding depression at a rate related to their inbreeding coefficient (gradual). Three mechanisms relating inbreeding to fitness were explored (young-of-the-year (YOY) viability, post-YOY viability, number of progeny). The criterion we used to determine MVP was a 5% chance of extinction over 250 years. The estimated MVP without inbreeding effects was 80 individuals. For some scenarios incorporating inbreeding, MVP did not change, but for others, MVP was substantially higher, reaching values up to 1800. Results demonstrate that extinction risk and MVP can be influenced by both demographic stochasticity and inbreeding depression. This research should inform management by determining MVP and how inbreeding, which is expected to accrue in remnant populations because of generations of low abundance, may affect MVP.

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Doekes, Harmen P., Piter Bijma, and Jack J. Windig. "How Depressing Is Inbreeding? A Meta-Analysis of 30 Years of Research on the Effects of Inbreeding in Livestock." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060926.

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Inbreeding depression has been widely documented for livestock and other animal and plant populations. Inbreeding is generally expected to have a stronger unfavorable effect on fitness traits than on other traits. Traditionally, the degree of inbreeding depression in livestock has been estimated as the slope of the linear regression of phenotypic values on pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients. With the increasing availability of SNP-data, pedigree inbreeding can now be replaced by SNP-based measures. We performed a meta-analysis of 154 studies, published from 1990 to 2020 on seven livestock species, and compared the degree of inbreeding depression (1) across different trait groups, and (2) across different pedigree-based and SNP-based measures of inbreeding. Across all studies and traits, a 1% increase in pedigree inbreeding was associated with a median decrease in phenotypic value of 0.13% of a trait’s mean, or 0.59% of a trait’s standard deviation. Inbreeding had an unfavorable effect on all sorts of traits and there was no evidence for a stronger effect on primary fitness traits (e.g., reproduction/survival traits) than on other traits (e.g., production traits or morphological traits). p-values of inbreeding depression estimates were smaller for SNP-based inbreeding measures than for pedigree inbreeding, suggesting more power for SNP-based measures. There were no consistent differences in p-values for percentage of homozygous SNPs, inbreeding based on runs of homozygosity (ROH) or inbreeding based on a genomic relationship matrix. The number of studies that directly compares these different measures, however, is limited and comparisons are furthermore complicated by differences in scale and arbitrary definitions of particularly ROH-based inbreeding. To facilitate comparisons across studies in future, we provide the dataset with inbreeding depression estimates of 154 studies and stress the importance of always reporting detailed information (on traits, inbreeding coefficients, and models used) along with inbreeding depression estimates.

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Kimbeng, C. A., and E. T. Bingham. "Population improvement in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): components of inbreeding depression are different in original and improved populations." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 8 (1998): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98112.

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Summary. Inbreeding depression, the lowered fitness of inbred individuals compared with their non-inbred counterparts, is an important concept in lucerne improvement; but is poorly understood. Two-allele autotetraploid populations are suitable for studying inbreeding depression, especially when the population improvement strategy involves inbreeding, because they are derived from chromosome-doubling of hybrid diploid plants. They have a maximum of 2 alleles and a single allelic interaction per locus. Inbreeding depression was compared in original 2-allele autotetraploid populations and populations that had undergone inbreeding and selection. The original and improved (selected) populations were produced by intercrossing 2 single-cross lines from the original and improved 2-allele autotetraploid populations respectively. Herbage yield of the S1 and intercrossed generations derived from these populations was evaluated in field trials at Arlington, Wisconsin, USA, and used to estimate inbreeding depression. Herbage yield of the S1 and intercrossed generations derived from the improved population were significantly (P<0.01) higher, by 13.3 and 24%, respectively, than those derived from the original population. Selection during inbreeding probably decreased the frequency of deleterious alleles and accumulated favourable alleles. Inbreeding depression values were higher in the improved compared with the original population. Genetic load of deleterious alleles may account for much of the inbreeding depression observed in the original population, whereas, in the improved population, loss of heterozygosity or non-additive gene interactions between favourable alleles on linked chromosome segments may account for the substantial inbreeding depression. Therefore, in a population improvement program, the causes of inbreeding depression seem to be more important than their estimated value.

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Glémin, Sylvain, Thomas Bataillon, Joëlle Ronfort, Agnès Mignot, and Isabelle Olivieri. "Inbreeding Depression in Small Populations of Self-Incompatible Plants." Genetics 159, no. 3 (November 1, 2001): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.3.1217.

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Abstract Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread mechanism that prevents inbreeding in flowering plants. In many species, SI is controlled by a single locus (the S locus) where numerous alleles are maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection. Inbreeding depression, the decline in fitness of selfed individuals compared to outcrossed ones, is an essential factor in the evolution of SI systems. Conversely, breeding systems influence levels of inbreeding depression. Little is known about the joint effect of SI and drift on inbreeding depression. Here we studied, using a two-locus model, the effect of SI (frequency-dependent selection) on a locus subject to recurrent deleterious mutations causing inbreeding depression. Simulations were performed to assess the effect of population size and linkage between the two loci on the level of inbreeding depression and genetic load. We show that the sheltering of deleterious alleles linked to the S locus strengthens inbreeding depression in small populations. We discuss the implications of our results for the evolution of SI systems.

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Tao, Lin, Xiaoyun He, Xiangyu Wang, Ran Di, and Mingxing Chu. "Litter Size of Sheep (Ovis aries): Inbreeding Depression and Homozygous Regions." Genes 12, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010109.

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Ovine litter size (LS) is an important trait showing variability within breeds. It remains largely unknown whether inbreeding depression on LS exists based on genomic homozygous regions, and whether the homozygous regions resulted from inbreeding are significantly associated with LS in sheep. We here reanalyze a set of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip of six breeds to characterize the patterns of runs of homozygosity (ROH), to evaluate inbreeding levels and inbreeding depressions on LS, and to identify candidate homozygous regions responsible for LS. Consequently, unique ROH patterns were observed among six sheep populations. Inbreeding depression on LS was only found in Hu sheep, where a significant reduction of 0.016, 0.02, and 0.02 per 1% elevated inbreeding FROH4–8, FROH>8 and the total inbreeding measure was observed, respectively. Nine significantly homozygous regions were found for LS in Hu sheep, where some promising genes for LS possibly via regulation of the development of oocytes (NGF, AKT1, and SYCP1), fertilization (SPAG17, MORC1, TDRD9, ZFYVE21, ADGRB3, and CKB), embryo implantation (PPP1R13B, INF2, and VANGL1) and development (DPPA2, DPPA4, CDCA4, CSDE1, and ADSSL1), and reproductive health (NRG3, BAG5, CKB, and XRCC3) were identified. These results from the present study would provide insights into the genetic management and complementary understandings of LS in sheep.

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Schierup, Mikkel Heide, and Freddy Bugge Christiansen. "Inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression in plants." Heredity 77, no. 5 (November 1996): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1996.172.

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Barczak, E., A. Wolc, J. Wójtowski, P. Ślósarz, and T. Szwaczkowski. "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression on body weight in sheep." Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 23, 2009): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66366/2009.

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Mc Parland, S., J. F. Kearney, M. Rath, and D. P. Berry. "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019669.

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Inbreeding occurs when related individuals are mated to each other. Inbreeding reduces milk production, and impairs health, fertility and survival; a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. Smith et al. (1998) reported losses in milk yield of 27 kg per 1% increase in inbreeding in US Holsteins. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of inbreeding in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle and to quantify its effect on milk, fat and protein production and somatic cell count.

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CHARLESWORTH, BRIAN, and DEBORAH CHARLESWORTH. "The genetic basis of inbreeding depression." Genetical Research 74, no. 3 (December 1999): 329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399004152.

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Data on the effects of inbreeding on fitness components are reviewed in the light of population genetic models of the possible genetic causes of inbreeding depression. Deleterious mutations probably play a major role in causing inbreeding depression. Putting together the different kinds of quantitative genetic data, it is difficult to account for the very large effects of inbreeding on fitness in Drosophila and outcrossing plants without a significant contribution from variability maintained by selection. Overdominant effects of alleles on fitness components seem not to be important in most cases. Recessive or partially recessive deleterious effects of alleles, some maintained by mutation pressure and some by balancing selection, thus seem to be the most important source of inbreeding depression. Possible experimental approaches to resolving outstanding questions are discussed.

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Ansaldi, Beth H., Jennifer J. Weber, Carol Goodwillie, and Steven J. Franks. "Low levels of inbreeding depression and enhanced fitness in cleistogamous progeny in the annual plant Triodanis perfoliata." Botany 97, no. 7 (July 2019): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0022.

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The maintenance of outcrossing in cleistogamous plants that produce both open, facultatively outcrossing chasmogamous (CH), and closed, obligate selfing cleistogamous (CL) flowers is puzzling because CL reproduction is thought to be more reliable and less costly. A possible explanation for the maintenance of CH flowers is the avoidance of inbreeding depression. However, inbreeding depression for cleistogamous species has rarely been quantified. In this study, we estimate levels of inbreeding depression in plants from three populations of Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., a dimorphic cleistogamous annual, under greenhouse conditions. Estimates of inbreeding depression at multiple life stages in all three populations were low and often not different from zero. Inbreeding depression at specific life stages varied, with two populations showing later-acting inbreeding depression, which is also found in other selfing species. In two of the study populations, selfed CL progeny outperformed selfed CH progeny, indicating a flower-type effect. The low levels of inbreeding depression and the superior fitness of CL compared with selfed CH flowers that we observed make the maintenance of CH flowers in this system surprising, and suggest that other advantages of outcrossing CH flowers are likely responsible for maintaining mixed mating in this species.

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Brandt, H., and B. Möllers. "Inzuchtdepression bei Merkmalen der Fruchtbarkeit und der Gewichtsentwicklung beim Göttinger Miniaturschwein." Archives Animal Breeding 42, no. 6 (October 10, 1999): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-42-601-1999.

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Abstract. Title of the paper: Inbreeding depression for litter traits and the development of growth in the Göttinger Minipig A data set of 1191 litters from 282 sows and 6777 piglets weights from the Göttinger Minipig was analysed to estimate inbreeding depression for litter traits and the early growth rates up to an age of 12 month. The population ofthe Göttinger Minipig shows an average inbreeding of sows and piglets of about 10% with a Standard deviation of 1.7% with a nearly normal distribution of the inbreeding coefficients in contrast to most other studies about inbreeding depression. There is no inbreeding depression observed for number of piglets bom alive or bom dead within a litter, neither for inbreeding of sows nor for inbreeding of litters. For average and individual birth weights the inbreeding of sows show a significant influence while the inbreeding of the litter is not significant. With a 10 percent increase of the inbreeding of sows a reduction on individual birth weight of 70 gram is observed (70% of the phenotypic Standard deviation). For the weight of piglets in the first 6 month both the inbreeding of sows and the inbreeding of litters show a significant effect. A 10 percent increase of inbreeding of sows or litters both leads to a reduction on weight within the first 6 month of 250 gram (20 % ofthe phenotypic Standard deviation.

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Souza Jr., C. L., and J. S. C. Fernandes. "Predicting the range of inbreeding depression of inbred lines in cross-pollinated populations." Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20, no. 1 (March 1997): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-84551997000100007.

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The objectives of this paper were to derive the genetic variance of inbreeding depression (<img SRC="Image482.gif" WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="33"> ) and to predict the range of inbreeding depression (RID) in cross-pollinated populations. The variance of inbreeding depression is a function of the genetic variances related to dominance effects (<img SRC="Image483.gif" WIDTH="31" HEIGHT="33">, D2, and <img SRC="Image484.gif" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="25">), and of the inbreeding coefficients of the two generations in which inbreeding depression is measured (Ft and Fg). The results showed that the higher the level of dominance of a trait, the higher the variance of inbreeding depression. The magnitudes of <img SRC="Image485.gif" WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="33">were expected to be lower in improved (mean gene frequencies = <img SRC="Image486.gif" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="25">> 0.6) and in unimproved (<img SRC="Image487.gif" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="25"> < 0.4) populations, than in composite populations (<img SRC="Image487.gif" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="25"> <FONT FACE="Symbol">»</font> 0.5). Data from a maize population used to illustrate the study showed that the range of inbreeding depression in the S<FONT FACE="Symbol">¥</font> generation of selfing was from 48.7% to 85.3% for grain yield, and from 13.9% to 24.5% for plant height. A mating design outlined to estimate the genetic variance of inbreeding depression, the range of inbreeding depression, and of the range of inbred lines is presented.

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Pilakouta, Natalie, and Per T. Smiseth. "Maternal effects alter the severity of inbreeding depression in the offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1838 (September 14, 2016): 20161023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1023.

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A maternal effect is a causal influence of the maternal phenotype on the offspring phenotype over and above any direct effects of genes. There is abundant evidence that maternal effects can have a major impact on offspring fitness. Yet, no previous study has investigated the potential role of maternal effects in influencing the severity of inbreeding depression in the offspring. Inbreeding depression is a reduction in the fitness of inbred offspring relative to outbred offspring. Here, we tested whether maternal effects due to body size alter the magnitude of inbreeding depression in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides . We found that inbreeding depression in larval survival was more severe for offspring of large females than offspring of small females. This might be due to differences in how small and large females invest in an inbred brood because of their different prospects for future breeding opportunities. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for a causal effect of the maternal phenotype on the severity of inbreeding depression in the offspring. In natural populations that are subject to inbreeding, maternal effects may drive variation in inbreeding depression and therefore contribute to variation in the strength and direction of selection for inbreeding avoidance.

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Mullin, Tim J., Torgny Persson, Sara Abrahamsson, and Bengt Andersson Gull. "Effects of inbreeding depression on seed production in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 7 (July 2019): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0049.

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Like other outcrossing species, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is thought to carry a “genetic load” of deleterious recessive alleles. When these alleles occur as homozygotes in inbred progeny, their expression can give rise to “inbreeding depression”. Although this phenomenon has been studied in several conifer species through selfing, few studies have quantified inbreeding depression in crosses with lower levels of relatedness between parents. We report here on the generation of a set of F3 study materials in Scots pine in which 142 families arose from a mating design among 49 F2 parents, representing nine levels of expected inbreeding coefficients between 0.0 and 0.5, and repeated over two consecutive seasons. Whereas the numbers of extractable seeds were unaffected by inbreeding, the proportion with fully developed embryos was strongly affected. This was expressed as inbreeding depression in the yield of full seeds per cone but not in their mean mass. Levels of germination of these full seeds were affected by inbreeding, but the depression was rather small and only weakly significant. The roles of pollen competition and polyembryony in mitigating the impact of inbreeding depression are discussed. The materials have been outplanted for future assessment of inbreeding depression on growth and survival.

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Brekke, Patricia, Peter M. Bennett, Jinliang Wang, Nathalie Pettorelli, and John G. Ewen. "Sensitive males: inbreeding depression in an endangered bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1700 (June 30, 2010): 3677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1144.

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Attempts to conserve threatened species by establishing new populations via reintroduction are controversial. Theory predicts that genetic bottlenecks result in increased mating between relatives and inbreeding depression. However, few studies of wild sourced reintroductions have carefully examined these genetic consequences. Our study assesses inbreeding and inbreeding depression in a free-living reintroduced population of an endangered New Zealand bird, the hihi ( Notiomystis cincta ). Using molecular sexing and marker-based inbreeding coefficients estimated from 19 autosomal microsatellite loci, we show that (i) inbreeding depresses offspring survival, (ii) male embryos are more inbred on average than female embryos, (iii) the effect of inbreeding depression is male-biased and (iv) this population has a substantial genetic load. Male susceptibility to inbreeding during embryo and nestling development may be due to size dimorphism, resulting in faster growth rates and more stressful development for male embryos and nestlings compared with females. This work highlights the effects of inbreeding at early life-history stages and the repercussions for the long-term population viability of threatened species.

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Ihle, Kate E., Pascale Hutter, and Barbara Tschirren. "Increased prenatal maternal investment reduces inbreeding depression in offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1860 (August 9, 2017): 20171347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1347.

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Inbreeding depression refers to the reduction of fitness that results from matings between relatives. Evidence for reduced fitness in inbred individuals is widespread, but the strength of inbreeding depression varies widely both within and among taxa. Environmental conditions can mediate this variation in the strength of inbreeding depression, with environmental stress exacerbating the negative consequences of inbreeding. Parents can modify the environment experienced by offspring, and have thus the potential to mitigate the negative consequences of inbreeding. While such parental effects have recently been demonstrated during the postnatal period, the role of prenatal parental effects in influencing the expression of inbreeding depression remains unexplored. To address this gap, we performed matings between full-sibs or unrelated individuals in replicated lines of Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) experimentally selected for high and low maternal egg provisioning. We show that in the low maternal investment lines hatching success was strongly reduced when parents were related. In the high maternal investment lines, however, this negative effect of inbreeding on hatching success was absent, demonstrating that prenatal maternal provisioning can alleviate the negative fitness consequences of inbreeding.

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Auld, Josh R., and Rick A. Relyea. "Inbreeding depression in adaptive plasticity under predation risk in a freshwater snail." Biology Letters 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2009): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0726.

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While much attention has been paid to the effects of inbreeding on fitness, this has mostly come from a genetic perspective. Consequently, the interaction between inbreeding and the environment is less well understood. To understand the effects of inbreeding in natural populations where environmental conditions are variable, we need to examine not only how the effects of inbreeding change among environments but also how inbreeding may affect the ability to respond to environmental conditions (i.e. phenotypic plasticity). We reared selfed and outcrossed hermaphroditic snails ( Physa acuta ) in the presence and absence of chemical cues from predatory crayfish and quantified expression of an inducible defence, an adaptively plastic response to predation risk. Overall, inbred snails exhibited reduced defences, but more importantly, inbreeding reduced the expression of predator-induced adaptive plasticity. Inbreeding depression in defensive morphology was 26 per cent and inbreeding depression in the plasticity of this trait was 48 per cent. Inbreeding depression in adaptive plasticity may be important to understanding the effects of inbreeding in nature.

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Enders, Laramy S., and Leonard Nunney. "Seasonal stress drives predictable changes in inbreeding depression in field-tested captive populations of Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1743 (June 20, 2012): 3756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1018.

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Recent meta-analyses conducted across a broad range of taxa have demonstrated a strong linear relationship between the change in magnitude of inbreeding depression under stress and stress level, measured as fitness loss in outbred individuals. This suggests that a general underlying response may link stress and inbreeding depression. However, this relationship is based primarily on laboratory data, and it is unknown whether natural environments with multiple stressors and fluctuating stress levels alter how stress affects inbreeding depression. To test whether the same pattern persists in the field, we investigated the effect of seasonal variation on stress level and inbreeding depression in a 3-year field study measuring the productivity of captive populations of inbred and outbred Drosophila melanogaster . We found cold winter temperatures were most stressful and induced the greatest inbreeding depression. Furthermore, these data, collected under natural field conditions, conformed to the same predictive linear relationship seen in Drosophila laboratory studies, with inbreeding depression increasing by 0.17 lethal equivalents for every 10 per cent increase in stress level. Our results suggest that under natural conditions stress level is a primary determinant of the magnitude of inbreeding depression and should be considered when assessing extinction vulnerability in small populations.

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BOAKES, ELIZABETH, and JINLIANG WANG. "A simulation study on detecting purging of inbreeding depression in captive populations." Genetical Research 86, no. 2 (September 15, 2005): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230500772x.

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Inbreeding depression threatens the survival of small populations of both captive and wild outbreeding species. In order to fully understand this threat, it is necessary to investigate what role purging plays in reducing inbreeding depression. Ballou (1997) undertook such an investigation on 25 mammalian populations, using an ancestral inbreeding regression model to detect purging. He concluded that there was a small but highly significant trend of purging on neonatal survival across the populations. We tested the performance of the regression model that Ballou used to detect purging on independently simulated data. We found that the model has low statistical power when inbreeding depression is caused by the build-up of mildly deleterious alleles. It is therefore possible that Ballou's study may have underestimated the effects of ancestral inbreeding on the purging of inbreeding depression in captive populations if their inbreeding depression was caused mainly by mildly deleterious mutations. We also developed an alternative regression model to Ballou's, which showed an improvement in the detection of purging of mildly deleterious alleles but performed less well if deleterious alleles were of a large effect.

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Wu, H. X., J. V. Owen, A. Abarquez, and A. C. Matheson. "Inbreeding in Pinus Radiata – V. The Effects of Inbreeding on Fecundity." Silvae Genetica 53, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2004): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2004-0015.

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Abstract A successful inbreeding and hybrid breeding strategy in tree improvement requires that 1) inbreeding (selfing) can produce superior inbred lines (effective purging of deleterious alleles), 2) there is heterosis among crosses of inbred lines, 3) early selection between lines is effective, and 4) inbreeding will not substantially reduce reproductive ability. We have previously reported that inbreeding depression on growth was lower in radiata pine relative to other conifers and segregation in the first two-generations of selfs generated superior inbred trees. In addition, we have observed that early selection among inbred trees (lines) was more effective than in out-crossed populations and there was an apparent heterosis in radiata pine. In this study, the effect of inbreeding on the reproductive ability in young and adult trees of radiata pine has been quantified from five populations of varied inbreeding levels (F =0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). It was observed that the effects of inbreeding depression on fecundity was higher at a young age than at older age and inbreeding depression at a young age is due to two factors: 1) a delay of reproductive age (about 8.3, and 8.5% of trees delayed for F =0.5 and F =0.75 populations, respectively) and 2) a true reduction of flowering trees (6.7 and 13.1% more trees having no flowers for F =0.5 and F =0.75 populations than F =0 population, respectively). Despite significant inbreeding depression on the percentage of female reproductive trees and the number of cones on adult trees, overall inbreeding depression on fecundity was low in radiata pine. One founder clone contributed most of the significant inbreeding depression observed for the population of eight founder clones. It was observed that fecundity varied more widely among the eight clones than among the inbreeding level (self and outcross).

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Bison, O., A. M. Aguiar, G. D. S. P. Rezende, and M. A. P. Ramalho. "Inbreeding depression in Eucalyptus clones." Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a13.

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Crnokrak, Peter, and Derek A. Roff. "Inbreeding depression in the wild." Heredity 83, no. 3 (September 1999): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6885530.

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Hedrick, Philip W., and Steven T. Kalinowski. "Inbreeding Depression in Conservation Biology." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31, no. 1 (November 2000): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.139.

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Selvaggi, M., C. Dario, V. Peretti, F. Ciotola, D. Carnicella, and M. Dario. "Inbreeding depression in Leccese sheep." Small Ruminant Research 89, no. 1 (March 2010): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.005.

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Mongue, Andrew J., Michelle V. Tsai, Marta L. Wayne, and Jacobus C. de Roode. "Inbreeding depression in monarch butterflies." Journal of Insect Conservation 20, no. 3 (June 2016): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-016-9880-z.

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Charlesworth, Deborah, and John H. Willis. "The genetics of inbreeding depression." Nature Reviews Genetics 10, no. 11 (November 2009): 783–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg2664.

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Pennisi, E. "Epigenetics Linked to Inbreeding Depression." Science 333, no. 6049 (September 15, 2011): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.333.6049.1563.

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Wilmer, JMW, A. Melzer, F. Carrick, and C. Moritz. "Low genetic diversity and inbreeding depression in Queensland Koalas." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930177.

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The amount of genetic variation in two natural populations of Queensland koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus adustus) was assessed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Levels and any adverse effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) were estimated from the pedigree of a well-characterised captive colony. Genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA was found to be exceedingly low both within and between the two populations, but the variation detected was found to be strongly structured geographically. Inbreeding levels in the captive colony were moderate to high yet the only apparent evidence of inbreeding depression was a male-biased sex ratio. There was no evidence for decreased juvenile survivorship or growth rate with inbreeding. Because of the limited data it would be premature to conclude that koalas are relatively resistant to the effects of inbreeding. However, we suggest the hypothesis that koalas have a history of small population size, resulting in reduced susceptibility to inbreeding depression.

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Pike, Victoria L., Charlie K. Cornwallis, and Ashleigh S. Griffin. "Why don't all animals avoid inbreeding?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (August 4, 2021): 20211045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1045.

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Individuals are expected to avoid mating with relatives as inbreeding can reduce offspring fitness, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. This has led to the widespread assumption that selection will favour individuals that avoid mating with relatives. However, the strength of inbreeding avoidance is variable across species and there are numerous cases where related mates are not avoided. Here we test if the frequency that related males and females encounter each other explains variation in inbreeding avoidance using phylogenetic meta-analysis of 41 different species from six classes across the animal kingdom. In species reported to mate randomly with respect to relatedness, individuals were either unlikely to encounter relatives, or inbreeding had negligible effects on offspring fitness. Mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding, including active mate choice, post-copulatory processes and sex-biased dispersal, were only found in species with inbreeding depression. These results help explain why some species seem to care more about inbreeding than others: inbreeding avoidance through mate choice only evolves when there is both a risk of inbreeding depression and related sexual partners frequently encounter each other.

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Mahmoudi, P., A. Rashidi, and M. Razmkabir. "Inbreeding effects on some reproductive traits in Markhoz goats." Animal Production Science 58, no. 12 (2018): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17043.

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The objective of this study was to estimate the inbreeding coefficient and its effects on reproductive traits in Markhoz goats. The pedigree file included 5351 kids produced by 234 bucks and 1470 does. Average inbreeding coefficient for the whole population was 2.68%, and the minimum and maximum inbreeding coefficients were 0.05% and 31.25%, respectively. Average coefficient of inbreeding for inbred population was 5.17% and the number of inbred animals in the population was 2777. For investigating effects of inbreeding coefficient on reproductive traits, 3443 records were available for litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB) and mean of litter weight at birth (MLWB). Furthermore, available records for total litter weight at weaning (TLWW) and mean of litter weight at weaning (MLWW) were 2918. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the linear regression of performance on the individual inbreeding coefficient of kids and dams using the most appropriate animal model based on Akaike’s information criterion. Furthermore, inbreeding depressions for LSB and LSW were estimated using threshold and Poisson models. Regression coefficients of LSB, LSW, TLWB, TLWW, MLWB and MLWW on inbreeding coefficient of kids were –0.035, –0.019, –0.077 kg, –0.782 kg, –0.009 kg and –0.332 kg, respectively. Furthermore, regression coefficients of LSB, LSW, TLWB, TLWW, MLWB and MLWW on inbreeding coefficient of dams were 0.064, –0.013, 0.241 kg, 0.638 kg, 0.028 kg and –1.783 kg, respectively. The obtained results from this study showed that inbreeding depression is controlled by an appropriate mating system policy.

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Ferdy, Jean-Baptiste, Sandrine Loriot, Michel Sandmeier, Madeleine Lefranc, and Christian Raquin. "Inbreeding depression in a rare deceptive orchid." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-096.

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We quantified inbreeding depression for seed maturation and germination in a deceptively pollinated orchid (Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Druce) Soó). Deceptive species do not provide any reward to their pollinators, which thus visit few flowers per plant. Therefore, deceptive species are predicted to experience high outcrossing. In agreement with the prediction that species with high outcrossing rate should possess a heavy genetic load, we demonstrated inbreeding depression in one of the populations we studied. More surprisingly, we found some evidence of inbreeding depression at a small geographic scale. This was not expected, as deceptive orchids generally disperse their pollen and their seeds over long distances. We also demonstrated that the position of a flower within an inflorescence interacts with the type of cross. This indicates that resource availability might modify how severely deleterious mutations affect reproductive success. This could also explain why the intensity of inbreeding depression seems, in the populations we studied, to be determined more by environmental factors than by inbreeding level, as estimated from molecular markers. Inferences in terms of conservation biology are drawn from these results.Key words: inbreeding depression, deceptive pollination, orchid, Dactylorhiza praetermissa.

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Vanderlei Lopes, Uilson, and José Raimundo Bonadie Marques. "DIVERSITY, INBREEDING AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN RUBBER TREE (Hevea spp.)." Agrotrópica (Itabuna) 27, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21757/0103-3816.2015v27n1p33-44.

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Hajduk, Gabriela K., Andrew Cockburn, Nicolas Margraf, Helen L. Osmond, Craig A. Walling, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. "Inbreeding, inbreeding depression, and infidelity in a cooperatively breeding bird*." Evolution 72, no. 7 (July 2018): 1500–1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13496.

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Kalske, Aino, Pia Mutikainen, Anne Muola, J. F. Scheepens, Liisa Laukkanen, Juha-Pekka Salminen, and Roosa Leimu. "Simultaneous inbreeding modifies inbreeding depression in a plant-herbivore interaction." Ecology Letters 17, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12223.

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Ballou, J. D. "Ancestral Inbreeding Only Minimally Affects Inbreeding Depression in Mammalian Populations." Journal of Heredity 88, no. 3 (May 1, 1997): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023085.

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Baskin, Jerry M., and Carol C. Baskin. "Inbreeding depression and the cost of inbreeding on seed germination." Seed Science Research 25, no. 4 (December 2015): 355–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025851500032x.

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AbstractWe review the literature on effects of inbreeding depression (ID) on seed germination for 743 case studies of 233 species in 64 families. For 216 case studies, we also review the relationship between mass and germination in inbred vs. outbred seeds. Inbred seeds germinated equally well as outbred seeds in 51.1% of 743 case studies, but better than outbred seeds in only 8.1%. In c. 50.5% of 216 cases, mass of inbred seeds was equal to (38.0%) or larger than (12.5%) that of outbred seeds. The magnitude of ID spans most of the − 1 to +1 range for relative performance for germination of inbred vs. outbred seeds; in contrast to what might be expected, seed germinability often is not negatively correlated with the coefficient of inbreeding (F) or positively corrected with population genetic diversity; neither heterosis nor outbreeding depression for germination is common in crosses between populations; and ID in most endemics is low and does not differ from that of widespread congeners. Our results on the effects of ID on seed mass and germination do not agree with the limited number of comparisons Darwin (1876) made on the effects of selfing vs. outcrossing on these two life-history traits. Recommendations are made on how to improve dormancy breaking and germination procedures in order to make the results of studies on ID more relevant to the natural world.

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Ross-Gillespie, Adin, M. Justin O'Riain, and Lukas F. Keller. "VIRAL EPIZOOTIC REVEALS INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN A HABITUALLY INBREEDING MAMMAL." Evolution 61, no. 9 (September 2007): 2268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00177.x.

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Brzeski, Kristin E., David R. Rabon, Michael J. Chamberlain, Lisette P. Waits, and Sabrina S. Taylor. "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in endangered red wolves (Canis rufus)." Molecular Ecology 23, no. 17 (August 21, 2014): 4241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12871.

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Townsend, Andrea K., Conor C. Taff, Melissa L. Jones, Katherine H. Getman, Sarah S. Wheeler, Mitch G. Hinton, and Ryane M. Logsdon. "Apparent inbreeding preference despite inbreeding depression in the American crow." Molecular Ecology 28, no. 5 (February 4, 2019): 1116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14866.

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Fox, C. W., K. L. Scheibly, B. P. Smith, and W. G. Wallin. "Inbreeding depression in two seed-feeding beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus and Stator limbatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, no. 1 (February 2007): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307004737.

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AbstractInbreeding depression is well documented in insects but the degree to which inbreeding depression varies among populations within species, and among traits within populations, is poorly studied in insects other than Drosophila. Inbreeding depression was examined in two long-term laboratory colonies of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), which are used frequently as models for experiments in ecology, evolution and behaviour. Inbreeding depression in these laboratory colonies are compared with one recently field-collected population of a different seed beetle, Stator limbatus Horn. Inbreeding reduced embryogenesis, egg hatch and larval survival in both species, such that eggs produced by sib matings were >17% less likely to produce an adult offspring. Inbred larvae also took 4–6% longer to develop to emergence in both species. Inbreeding depression varied among the measured traits but did not differ between the two populations of C. maculatus for any trait, despite the large geographic distance between source populations (western Africa vs. southern India). Inbreeding depression was similar in magnitude between C. maculatus and S. limbatus. This study demonstrates that these laboratory populations of C. maculatus harbour substantial genetic loads, similar to the genetic load of populations of S. limbatus recently collected from the field.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Inbreeding depression'

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