Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inbreeding depression'
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Ferreira, Álvaro Gil Araújo. "Inbreeding avoidance and the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in Drosophila." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599002.
Full textPooley, Emma L. "Maternal inbreeding depression in the Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4590/.
Full textHaikola, Sari. "Inbreeding depression in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/haikola/.
Full textBoakes, E. H. "An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596740.
Full textLloyd, Hywel ap Dafydd. "The dynamics of inbreeding depression in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Butler)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426101.
Full textZajitschek, Susanne Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "The interplay between sexual selection, inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41218.
Full textBellamy, L. A. R. "Sexual selection in stalk-eyed flies : inbreeding depression, sperm competition and larval development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1347916/.
Full textKurian, Valsa. "Investigation on the genetic control of the Primula L. heteromorphy supergene." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294893.
Full textDaniels, Susan J. "Female Dispersal and Inbreeding in the Red-cockaded Woodpecker." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36971.
Full textMaster of Science
Paiva, Renato Diógenes Macedo. "Endogamia em rebanhos de caprinos da raça Saanen." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/583.
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The Saanen goat breed is present in all countries that have a fairly developed dairy goat and the predominant race in farms and with higher milk production average. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population structure and the effect of inbreeding on the production of milk up to 305 days of lactation and duration of lactation in Saanen goats belonging to participating flocks of Breeding Program of Dairy Goats (Capragene®). The evaluated population parameters were the effective number of founders (fe) and ancestors (fa), effective size (Ne), inbreeding coefficient (F), individual increase in inbreeding (ΔFi), average coefficient of relatedness (AR), the integrity of pedigrees and Wright's F statistics. The effect of inbreeding was verified by t test evaluating contrast through a subroutine MTDFREML application. We used pedigree data from 7,640 animals and 3,548 lactation information pertaining to 2,154 goats. The mean AR and F coefficients of the population were 1.48% and 0.78%, respectively. But the effective size was 39,69, from complete equivalent generation. The effective number of founder animals (fe) and ancestors (fa) was 123 and 101 respectively, and fiam all ancestors only 39 were responsible for explaining 50% of the genetic variability within the population, which indicates loss of source genes. As for the integrity of pedigrees were identified 80.13% animals as sires (breeders) and 79.02% as mothers. For subdivision of the population of the values obtained for FIS, FST and FIT were -0.017, 0.028 and 0.011 respectively, indicating the absence of the population structuring. There was no significant effect of inbreeding on the duration of lactation (P>0.05). The production of milk up to 305 days of lactation was significantly affected by inbreeding, with a reduction of 2.31 kg with the increase of 1% in the individual inbreeding
A raça de caprinos Saanen está presente em todos os países que têm uma caprinocultura leiteira razoavelmente desenvolvida, sendo a raça predominante nos criatórios e de maior média de produção de leite. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a estrutura populacional e o efeito da endogamia sobre a produção de leite até os 305 dias de lactação e a duração da lactação em cabras da raça Saanen pertencentes a rebanhos participantes do Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Caprinos Leiteiros (Capragene®). Os parâmetros populacionais avaliados foram o número efetivo de fundadores (fe) e ancestrais (fa), tamanho efetivo (Ne), coeficiente de endogamia (F), incremento individual de endogamia (ΔFi), coeficiente médio de parentesco (AR), a integridade dos pedigrees e as estatísticas F de Wright. O efeito da endogamia foi verificado pelo teste t, avaliando-se contraste por meio de uma sub-rotina do aplicativo MTDFREML. Foram utilizados dados de pedigree de 7.640 animais e informações de 3.548 lactações pertencentes a 2.154 cabras. Os coeficientes de F e AR médios da população foram de 1,48% e 0,78%, respectivamente. Já o tamanho efetivo foi de 39,69, considerando a geração equivalente completa. O número efetivo de animais fundadores (fe) e de ancestrais (fa) foi de 123 e 101 respectivamente, o que indica perda de genes de origem. De todos os ancestrais, apenas 39 foram responsáveis por explicar 50% da variabilidade genética da população. Quanto à integridade dos pedigrees foram identificados 80,13% de animais como pais (reprodutores) e 79,02% como mães. As estatísticas F de Wright, FIS, FST e FIT, foram -0,017, 0,028 e 0,011 respectivamente, indicando a ausência de subestruturação da população. Não houve efeito significativo da endogamia sobre a duração da lactação (P>0,05). A produção de leite até os 305 dias de lactação foi afetada significativamente pela endogamia, havendo uma redução de 2,31 kg na produção de leite com o incremento de 1% na endogamia individual
2017-01-11
Rausch, Joseph Howard. "The evolution of selfing, inbreeding depression, and polyploidy in the Claytonia perfoliata complex (Portulacaceae)." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2008/j_rausch_042508.pdf.
Full textBucklin, Katherine Adelaide. "Analysis of the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas /." Connect to Digital dissertations. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textPrata, Inês Azevedo. "Avaliação de um sistema de cruzamento de raças leiteiras : comparação de saúde, reprodução e produção entre vacas cruzadas e vacas de raça Holstein-frísia." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14531.
Full textAo longo das últimas décadas, a necessidade de produzir cada vez maiores quantidades de leite conduziu ao melhoramento da raça Holstein-Frísia, e à seleção dos animais no sentido de produzir mais leite por vaca. Esta seleção levou ao acasalamento cada vez mais frequente de animais aparentados; o elevado coeficiente de consanguinidade entre os animais desta raça resultou numa elevada depressão consanguínea que se manifesta sobretudo por um forte declínio nas características de adaptabilidade (ou fitness) dos animais, principalmente as de eficiência reprodutiva. O cruzamento rotativo de três raças tem-se tornado cada vez mais popular como estratégia para tentar diminuir os efeitos indesejáveis da consanguinidade. No presente trabalho, foram analisados dados de fêmeas Holstein-Frísia (H), Holstein x Montbéliarde (HM), e Holstein x Vermelha Sueca (HS), provenientes de 6 explorações portuguesas. Os dados analisados foram: intervalo entre partos (IEP), dias abertos (DA), número de inseminações artificiais necessárias para a conceção (Nº IA), dias em leite à primeira inseminação artificial (DEL 1ª IA), produção total ao longo da vida (PLV), produção média de leite por dia (PLD), percentagem de gordura e proteína no leite, contagem de células somáticas no leite (CCS), proporção de animais eliminados antes dos 305 dias da primeira lactação, e sobrevivência até ao parto seguinte. As cruzadas HM e as HS apresentaram IEP (p<0,01), DA (p<0,01) e DEL 1ª IA (p<0,05) inferiores às fêmeas Holstein. Não foram encontradas diferenças no Nº IA entre Holstein e HM (p=0,07) ou entre Holstein e HS (p=0,58). As fêmeas Holstein mostraram ser superiores às cruzadas na produção de leite, tanto na PLD (p<0,05) como na PLV (p<0,01). As vacas HS produziram leite com maior percentagem de gordura e de proteína que as vacas Holstein (p<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças na média de CCS entre vacas Holstein, HM e HS, em cada paridade. Nem as cruzadas HM (p=0,39) nem as cruzadas HS (p=0,30) diferem significativamente das Holstein puras na proporção de vacas eliminadas antes dos 305 dias da primeira lactação; Porém, uma maior proporção de vacas HM e HS parem pela terceira, quarta e quinta vez, em relação às vacas Holstein (p<0,05). Da comparação entre duas explorações, C e G (uma com animais descendentes deste cruzamento rotativo e outra cujo efetivo é de raça Holstein pura, respetivamente) destacam-se algumas diferenças, sendo as médias de IEP, DA e DEL 1ª IA ligeiramente inferiores na exploração C. Considerando os resultados do presente estudo, conclui-se que o cruzamento rotativo entre as raças Holstein-Frísia, Montbéliarde e Vermelha Sueca pode ser útil para diminuir o declínio reprodutivo das explorações leiteiras e melhorar a longevidade dos animais, pressupondo sempre um bom maneio reprodutivo e pesando sempre os benefícios obtidos contra o custo de uma possível descida na produção.
ABSTRACT - Evaluation of a Crossbreeding system for dairy cattle – Comparison of health, reproduction and production traits between pure Holstein cows and Holstein crosses - Over the last few decades, the need to produce progressively larger volumes of milk led to the genetic improvement of the Holstein-Frisian breed by selecting animals with the goal of producing more milk per cow. These efforts led to the frequent mating of related individuals. The increased inbreeding levels amongst the animals of this breed resulted in inbreeding depression, which translates mainly into the decline of certain fitness traits, especially the ones related to reproductive efficiency. The three-breed rotational crossbreeding system has become increasingly popular as a strategy to try to lessen the undesirable effects of inbreeding. In the present study data from Holstein-Frisian cows (H) and their crossings with the Montbéliarde (HM) and the Swedish Red (HS) breeds were analyzed. The animals were from 6 Portuguese dairy herds. The traits analyzed were: calving interval (CI), days open (DO), number of services per conception (NSC), days to first breeding (DFB), total lifetime production (LP), average daily milk yield (DMY), milk protein and fat percentage, somatic cell score (SCS), proportion of animals eliminated before 305 days of first lactation, and survival to subsequent calving. The HM and HS crossings had lower CI (p<0,01), DO (p<0,01) and DFB (p<0,05) when compared to pure Holsteins. No significant differences in NAI were found between Holsteins and HM cows (p=0,07) or between Holsteins and HS cows (p=0,58). Holstein females were superior to both crossings regarding not only DMY (p<0,005) but also LP (p<0,01). HS crossbreds produced milk with higher fat content and also protein content than pure Holstein cows (p<0,05). No differences were noted in the average SCS between pure Holsteins, HM and HS cows with similar parities. Neither HM crossbreds (p=0,39) or HS crossbreds (p=0,30) had significant differences regarding the number of cows that left the herd before 305 days of the first lactation. However, a higher percentage of HM and HS cows survived to calve a third, fourth and fifth time when compared to pure Holstein cows (p<0,05). From the comparison between two herds, C and G (one that applies this crossbreeding system and one where all animals are pure Holsteins, respectively) one can highlight certain differences given that CI, DO and DFB averages were slightly lower in herd C. Considering the results of this study one can conclude that the three-breed crossbreeding system that includes the Holstein, Montbéliarde and Swedish-Red breeds can be a useful tool to soften the decline in reproductive health witnessed in dairy herds and to improve the survival of dairy cattle. This assuming of course that a sound reproductive management protocol is established and weighting the gain in reproductive health, total milk solids and survival against a possible drop in milk production.
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Mamani, Gerardo Cornelio Mamani. "Associação entre coeficientes de endogamia estimados por diferentes métodos e características produtivas em bovinos Nelore e ovinos Santa Inês." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74135/tde-13022019-105628/.
Full textMonitoring inbreeding is critical for establishing a sustainable breeding program. Inbreeding coefficients were estimated from runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relationship matrices coupled with allele frequencies derived from data (FGRM), allele frequencies set to 0.5 (FGRM05), excess of homozygosity (FHOM), and pedigree information (FPED) from Nellore cattle and Santa Ines populations. Genotypic data for the Nellore population were obtained from 2,803 animals using a panel of 725, 293 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and a pedigree consisting of 15,846 individuals. For the Santa Ines sheep population 576 animals were genotyped for 47,033 single-nucleotide polymorphisms along with pedigree data of 32,266 individuals. In cattle noticeable peaks on chromosome 7, 12, and 21, and in sheep on chromosome 16, represented hotspots of autozygosity (> 47%), highlighting putative regions affected by selective pressure. The mean values for FPED, FROH, FGRM, and FGRM05 were 0.005, 0.058, -0.007, and 0.40, respectively for Nellore, while for Santa Ines were 0.32, 0.049, 0.015, 0.287 and 0.015 for FPED, FROH, FGRM, FGRM05 and FHOM, respectively. These inbreeding coefficients were negatively associated with birth weight, weaning weight, post-weaning weight gain, muscularity score, finishing score, conformation score, and scrotal circumference on Nellore and for all traits analyzed on Santa Ines. Also, a negative correlation was found between inbreeding depression and estimates of dominance genomic variances ranging from -0.35 to -0.98 for Nellore and -0.89 to -0.91 for Santa Ines sheep. We contend that the findings reported here can be used to maintain genetic diversity in Nellore cattle and Santa Ines sheep from a genomic perspective.
Nilsson, Emelie. "Investigation of pollen limitation, inbreeding and outbreeding depression and heterosis in Euphrasia stricta var. suecica on Gotland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-346597.
Full textTino, Camila Renata de Souza. "Estrutura populacional e análise de variabilidade genética em rebanhos ovinos brasileiros." Dracena, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138932.
Full textResumo: As raças ovinas deslanadas são parte do patrimônio genético do Brasil, formado por animais adaptados ao semiárido nordestino e com potencial de produção de carne e pele. No entanto tratam-se de raças de recente formação, ainda com poucos programas de melhoramento genético, e consequentemente, carente de estudos da estrutura populacional, variabilidade genética, endogamia e grau de conservação. Diante disso este trabalho teve dois objetivos: 1) analisar a variabilidade genética da raça Santa Inês no Brasil com base em informações de pedigree utilizando registros de animais da raça Santa Inês, provenientes da Associação Sergipana de Criadores de Caprinos e Ovinos (ASCCO) criados na Região Nordeste do Brasil e 2) avaliar a estrutura genética e variabilidade genética do núcleo de conservação da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, localizada na cidade de Sobral, região do norte do estado do Ceará, controlado pelo Sistema de Gerenciamento de rebanho (SGR) dentro do dentro do programa de melhoramento genético de caprinos e ovinos de corte – GENECOC®. O arquivo de pedigree da raça Santa Inês (ASCCO) continha 29080 animais e os arquivos de dados genealógicos pertencentes ao GENECOC 904 indivíduos da raça Santa Inês, 972 indivíduos da raça Somalis e 1372 indivíduos da raça Morada Nova. Para a primeira análise dos animais Santa Inês a média da integridade do pedigree nas últimas quatro gerações foi maior que 50% e o número de gerações completas equivalente foi igual a 4,89. O valor do coeficient... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The wooless sheep breeds are part of the genetic heritage of Brazil, formed by animals highly adapted to semi-arid Northeast and high capacity of production of meat and skin. However it is of recent formation breeds, still few breeding programs, and consequently lacking in studies of population structure, genetic variability, inbreeding and degree of conservation. Therefore this study had two objectives: 1) to analyze the genetic variability of Santa Ines in Brazil based on pedigree information using animal records Santa Ines, from the Goat Breeders of Sergipana Association and Sheep (ASCCO) created in Northeast of Brazil and 2) evaluate the genetic structure and genetic variability conservation nucleus of Embrapa goats and sheep, located in Sobral, northern region of the state of Ceará, compiled by Management System for Livestock, part of the within the Breeding Program of Goats and sheep - GENECOC® . Santa Inês breed pedigree file (ASCCO) contained 29080 animals and genealogical data files belonging to GENECOC 904 individuals Santa Ines, 972 individuals of Somalis breed and 1372 individuals of Morada Nova breed. For the first analysis of animal Santa Inês the average pedigree integrity in the last four generations was greater than 50% and the number of full generations equivalent was equal to 4.89. The value of endogamic coefficient (F) was 0.32% and the obtained relationship coefficient was 3.1%. The generation interval was 5.75 years. For the results of the parameters bas... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Szulkin, Marta. "Inbreeding and its avoidance in a wild bird population." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25e95465-f4ab-43ce-92e2-9d7fe88efeef.
Full textGooley, Rebecca May. "Using genetic data to understand how fitness in captivity translates to fitness in the wild: a Tasmanian devil case study." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19400.
Full textIsidro, Cristóbal Helsi María [UNESP]. "Depressão endogâmica em características de crescimento e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em salmão coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152017.
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Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
Os programas de melhoramento em espécies aquícolas apresentam, no geral, um número restrito de famílias e um pequeno tamanho efetivo populacional, levando ao acasalamento de animais aparentados e, consequentemente, ao aumento da endogamia. Por sua vez, maiores níveis de endogamia tendem a ocasionar queda no desempenho dos animais causada pela depressão endogâmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os níveis de endogamia e depressão endogâmica sobre as características de peso à despesca, comprimento à despesca e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em uma população de salmão coho. A resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis foi definida como o dia da morte de cada peixe após desafio conduzido em dois anos, com média de 42 dias em 2012 e 14 dias no ano de 2014. Foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por 53.504 observações, provenientes de nove gerações e 930 famílias. A estimação dos componentes de variância e endogamia foram obtidas utilizando o programa computacional AIREMLF90 e os valores de depressão endogâmica foram estimados a partir de um modelo animal. Os valores observados para o coeficiente de endogamia foram crescentes ao longo das gerações, com uma taxa média máxima de 8,75% no ano de 2014. A depressão endogâmica afetou em maior nível as características de peso à despesca e dia de morte, com redução de 6,4 e 9,2% no desempenho dos animais, respectivamente, para o nível máximo de endogamia observado (30%). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uso de estratégias mais efetivas de controle da endogamia para a manutenção do progresso genético do programa de melhoramento de salmão coho.
Aquaculture breeding programs present, in general, low number of families and reduced effective population size, resulting in mating of related animals and, consequently, increased level of inbreeding. High inbreeding coefficient may negatively impact the animals’ performance due to inbreeding depression. The objective of this study was to estimate inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression on growth traits and resistance against Piscirickettsia salmonis in a coho salmon population. Resistance against P. salmonis was defined as days to death of each fish after being challenged in two different years, with an average of 42 days in 2012 and 14 days in 2014. Data of 53,504 animals from 930 families was analyzed. Variance components were estimated using the software AIREMLF90, and inbreeding depression was estimated under an animal model. An increasing rate of inbreeding was observed, attaining an average of 8.75% in 2014. Inbreeding depression was more pronounced for harvest weight (PD) and days to death (DM), in comparison with harvest length. At the highest observed inbreeding level (30%), the estimated reduction caused by inbreeding depression was equal to 6,4% for PD and 9,2% for DM. The results indicate the necessity to control inbreeding more effectively for the studied coho salmon population, to guarantee genetic progress in the long term.
CONACYT: 579741/410470
Hammerly, Susan C. "The Effects of Inbreeding on Fitness Traits in the Critically Endangered Attwater’s Prairie-chicken." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699930/.
Full textKlips, Robert A. "Inbreeding depression, autonomous self-pollination, and the genetic affinities of a rare taxon within the rose-mallows, Hibiscus section Muenchhusia /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487862399447942.
Full textHerrera, Rios Ana Cristina. "Genome scan for homozygosity islands and inbreeding effect on reproductive traits in nelore beef cattle." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155941.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O uso intensivo de biotecnologias reprodutivas tem feito com que se eleve a taxa de nascimento de progênies com maior grau de parentesco (maior taxa de nascimento de meio-irmãos e irmãos completos). Assim, o conhecimento sobre o coeficiente da endogamia média do rebanho torna-se relevante para a eficiência do sistema de produção. Com o advento da genômica, o coeficiente de endogamia (F) pode ser estimado com base na informação de milhares de marcadores do tipo polimorfismos de base única (SNPs), espalhados por todo o genoma. No presente estudo, informações de 3.785 animais da raça Nelore (1,760 machos e 2,025 fêmeas) genotipados para 777.962 SNPs do BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) foram utilizadas com o objetivo de avaliar a taxa de endogamia em rebanhos comerciais da raça Nelore, bem como investigar o seu efeito (depressão endogâmica) sobre a expressão fenotípica de características reprodutivas (idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), ocorrência de prenhez precoce (OPP) e reconcepcão de novilhas (REC)). A estimativa do valor de F, bem como da depressão endogâmica, foi feita utilizando diferentes metodologias: (i) matriz de parentesco genômica com frequências alélicas obtidas da população base (FG); (ii) matriz de parentesco genômica com frequências alélicas fixadas em 0,5 (FGRM); (iii) com base no excesso de SNPs em homozigose (FSNP); e (iv) corrida de homosigose (FROH). Os resultados da corrida de homosigose também foram utilizados para identificar os padrões (tamanho e distribuição) dos segmentos ROH na raça Nelore bem como para identificar ilhas de homosigose (segmentos ROH compartilhados por mais de 50% da população). Foram identificados 210.636 segmentos ROH distribuídos nos 29 autossomos e cinco ilhas de homozigose localizadas nos cromossomos 5, 7, 12, 21 e 26, nas quais 43 genes foram identificados. Alguns destes genes (INHBE, INHBC, STAT6, FGF8 e DPCD) foram previamente associados com caracteristicas reproductivas, de crescimento, resposta inmume e adaptabilidade em bovinos. As médias para o coeficiente de endogamia calculado com base nas diferentes abordagens foram: -0,0006 (FG), 0,4376 (FGRM), 0,5500 (FSNP) e 0,0590 (FROH). As correlações foram ente baixas FG-FSNP (-0,28), FG-FGRM (-0,20), FG-FROH (0,21), a moderadas FROH-FSNP (0,68), FROH-FGRM (0,72) e fortemente alta para FSNP-FGRM (0,99). O valor médio de F variou de acordo com a metodologia utilizada. O valor extremamente alto do FSNP denota que este método tende a superestimar as taxas de endogamia. Independentemente do método utilizado para obter os valores de F, foi verificado que o aumento de 1% no coeficiente de endogamia médio do rebanho influenciou desfavoravelmente a média das características reprodutivas avaliadas.
The intensive use of reproductive biotechnologies has increased the birth rate of progenies with high degree of relationships (higher birth rate of half- and full-sibs). Thus, the control of herd inbreeding becomes relevant for the efficiency of the production system. With genomics, the inbreeding coefficient can be estimated using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), spread throughout the genome. In the present study, information of 3,785 Nelore animals (1,760 males and 2,025 females) genotyped with 777,962 SNP markers of BovineHD BeadChip (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used with the objective of evaluating the inbreeding rates of Nelore commercial herds, as well as to investigate the effects of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) on the phenotypic expression of reproductive traits (age at first calving (AFC), heifer early pregnancy (EP), and heifer rebreeding (HR)). The inbreeding coefficient (F) and inbreeding depression were estimated based on (i) genomic relationship matrix considering allele frequencies estimated from the base population (FG); (ii) genomic relationship matrix considering allele frequencies fixed at 0.5 (FGRM); (iii) excess of homozygous SNPs (FSNP); and (iv) runs of homozygosity (FROH). The runs of homozygosity results were also used to identify the pattern (size and distribution) of ROH segments as well as to identify ROH islands (ROH segments shared by more than 50% of the population). In total, there were identified 210,636 ROH segments and five ROH Islands located on the chromosomes 5, 7, 12, 21 and 26, in which 43 annotated genes were identified. Some of these genes (INHBE, INHBC, STAT6, FGF8 and DPCD) were previously associated with reproduction and growth traits, inmume response and adaptability in cattle. The average inbreeding calculated based on different approaches were -0.0006 (FG), 0.4376 (FGRM), 0.5500 (FSNP) e 0.0590 (FROH). These correlations ranged from low FG-FSNP (-0.28), FG-FGRM (-0.20), FG-FROH (0.21), to moderated FROH-FSNP (0.68), FROH-FGRM (0.72) and extremely high FSNP-FGRM (0.99). The average population inbreeding coefficient ranged according to the method used. The extremely high value of FSNP indicates that this approach tend to overestimate the inbreeding rates. Independently of the method used to obtain the F values, it was verified that the increase of 1% in the average herd inbreeding unfavorably influenced the mean value of the evaluated reproductive traits.
FAPESP#2009/16118-5
Chiucchi, James Ernest Jr. "Genetic Diversity, Inbreeding and Diet Variation in an Endangered Rattlesnake, the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus c. catenatus)." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316110529.
Full textLaws, Rebecca, and n/a. "The causes of nest failure and effects of inbreeding depression in a historically small population of New Zealand Stewart Island robins." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090813.114240.
Full textZu, Pengjuan. "Effects of Nectar Production and Pollinator Assemblies on Mating Patterns in Orchids." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159358.
Full textJohnson, Collin Hauer. "Self-fertilization, Larval Dispersal, and Population Structure in the Marine Bryozoan Bugula stolonifera." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10180.
Full textNuortila, C. (Carolin). "Constraints on sexual reproduction and seed set in Vaccinium and Campanula." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514285004.
Full textRosvall, Ola. "Enhancing gain from long-term forest tree breeding while conserving genetic diversity /." Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5643-6.pdf.
Full textKubota, Thaisa Yuriko Kuboyama [UNESP]. "Study of flow and contemporary pollen dispersal, mating system, spatial distribution of genotypes and inbreeding depression in fragmented population Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze, using microsatellite loci." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150019.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze (Lecythidaceae), popularmente conhecida como jequitibá-branco, é uma espécie arbórea tropical típica de estágios sucessionais avançados, característica de florestas clímax. Apesar da sua importância ecológica, a espécie encontra-se ameaçada de extinção, principalmente devido à intensa exploração e degradação de seu ambiente natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional (EGE), o sistema de cruzamento e o fluxo gênico contemporâneo de uma população de C. estrellensis, localizada em um fragmento florestal (448,2 ha) na cidade de Bataguassu (Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil), utilizando marcadores microssatélites. Foram mapeadas, medidas (altura e diâmetro a altura do peito) e genotipadas todas as 285 árvores adultas encontradas na área e coletadas sementes de 20 árvores matrizes, 32 sementes por árvore para as análises de forma hierárquica dentro e entre frutos. Utilizando os genótipos de adultos e progênies foram investigadas a herança Mendeliana, ligação genética e o desequilíbrio genotípico de nove locos de C. estrellensis, os quais exibiram herança Mendeliana, não estão ligados e segregam de forma independente. Embora a riqueza alélica ( ), heterozigozidade observada ( ) e esperada ( ) foram similares entre adultos ( = 8,3, = 0,648, = 0,686) e sementes ( = 7,8, = 0,640, = 0,682), estes índices foram significativamente menores nas sementes. O índice fixação médio ( ) não foi significativamente maior do que zero, sugerindo ausência de endogamia nos adultos e nas sementes. A taxa de cruzamento multilocos ( ) foi significativamente menor que a unidade (1,0), sugerindo autofecundações. A taxa de cruzamento entre indivíduos parentes ( ) foi significativamente maior do que zero (0,062) e a correlação de paternidade foi maior dentro ( = 0,835) do que entre frutos ( = 0,062). O coeficiente médio de coancestria ( ) foi maior e o tamanho efetivo ( ) foi menor do que o esperado para progênies de populações panmíticas. O número estimado de árvores matrizes para a coleta de sementes para obter um tamanho efetivo de 150 foi de 52. A taxa de imigração de pólen foi de 9,4%. O raio efetivo de dispersão de pólen ( ) foi de 974 m. A análise de modelagem de dispersão de pólen de Kernel indicou o modelo de dispersão exponencial como o que melhor explica a dispersão de pólen, com média de dispersão de pólen de 610,9 m. Portanto, a população de C. estrellensis não está reprodutivamente isolada devido à dispersão de pólen a longas distâncias e apresenta grande potencial para fins de conservação genética in situ e ex situ.
Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze (Lecythidaceae), popularly known as jequitibá-branco, is a tropical tree species typical of advanced successional stages, characteristic of climax forests. Although it ecological importance, the species is threatened with extinction, mainly due to the intense exploitation and degradation of its natural environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity, intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS), the mating system and contemporary gene flow of a population of C. estrellensis, located in a forest fragment (448.2 ha) in the city of Bataguassu (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), using microsatellite markers. Were mapped, measured (height and diameter at breast height) and genotyped all 285 adult trees found in the area and collected seeds from 20 matrices trees, 32 seeds per tree for the hierarchical analyses within and among fruits. Using the genotypes of adults and progenies were investigated Mendelian inheritance, genetic linkage and genotypic disequilibrium of nine loci of C. estrellensis, which exhibited Mendelian inheritance, are not linkaged and segregate independently. Although the allelic richness ( R ), observed heterozygosity ( Ho ) and expected ( He ) were similar among adults ( R = 8.3, Ho = 0.648, He = 0.686) and seeds ( R = 7.8, Ho = 0.640, He = 0.682), these indexes were significantly lower in the seeds. The average fixation index ( F ) was not significantly greater than zero, suggesting absence of inbreeding in adults and seeds. The rate of multilocus outcrossing ( m t ) was significantly less than unit (1.0), suggesting selfing. The outcrossing rate between related individuals ( m s t t ) was significantly greater than zero (0.062) and the paternity correlation was higher within ( p(w) r = 0.835) than that among fruits ( p(a) r = 0,062). The average coefficient of coancestry ( ) was higher and the effective size ( Ne ) lower than expected for progenies of panmitic populations. The estimated number of matrices trees to collect seeds to obtain the effective size of 150 was of 52. The immigration rate of pollen was 9.4%. The effective radius of pollen dispersal ( ep r ) was of 974 m. The analysis of Kernel pollen dispersion modeling indicated the exponential dispersion model as the best explanation for pollen dispersion, with a pollen dispersion average of 610.9 m. Therefore, the population of C. estrellensis is not reproductively isolated due to the dispersion of pollen over long distances and presents great potential for in situ and ex situ genetic conservation purposes.
FAPESP: 2014/02675-8
Kubota, Thaisa Yuriko Kuboyama. "Study of flow and contemporary pollen dispersal, mating system, spatial distribution of genotypes and inbreeding depression in fragmented population Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze, using microsatellite loci /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150019.
Full textResumo: Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze (Lecythidaceae), popularmente conhecida como jequitibá-branco, é uma espécie arbórea tropical típica de estágios sucessionais avançados, característica de florestas clímax. Apesar da sua importância ecológica, a espécie encontra-se ameaçada de extinção, principalmente devido à intensa exploração e degradação de seu ambiente natural. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial intrapopulacional (EGE), o sistema de cruzamento e o fluxo gênico contemporâneo de uma população de C. estrellensis, localizada em um fragmento florestal (448,2 ha) na cidade de Bataguassu (Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil), utilizando marcadores microssatélites. Foram mapeadas, medidas (altura e diâmetro a altura do peito) e genotipadas todas as 285 árvores adultas encontradas na área e coletadas sementes de 20 árvores matrizes, 32 sementes por árvore para as análises de forma hierárquica dentro e entre frutos. Utilizando os genótipos de adultos e progênies foram investigadas a herança Mendeliana, ligação genética e o desequilíbrio genotípico de nove locos de C. estrellensis, os quais exibiram herança Mendeliana, não estão ligados e segregam de forma independente. Embora a riqueza alélica ( ), heterozigozidade observada ( ) e esperada ( ) foram similares entre adultos ( = 8,3, = 0,648, = 0,686) e sementes ( = 7,8, = 0,640, = 0,682), estes índices foram significativamente menores nas sementes. O índice fixaçã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
Pereira, Lya Carolina da Silva Mariano. "Estudos genéticos de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) em área natural e restauração florestal com espécies nativas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-21032018-130558/.
Full textThe Brazilian Atlantic Forest was severely deforested and restoration initiatives are necessary to reestablish environments. However, for a long time there is only concern over floristic composition and the genetic diversity has been neglected. In addition, several restoration areas are planted from seeds collected in forest areas that are generally poorly preserved, small and isolated, which may compromise the genetic quality of the seedlings, producing less adapted individuals due to inbreeding depression. The aim of this work was to analyze the genetic aspects of Hymenaea courbaril L. in restoration areas in Pontal do Paranapanema region, and a natural reference forest, the Morro do Diabo State Park (PEMD), where seeds were also collected. In Chapter 1, to verify the genetic diversity of H. courbaril in areas of forest restoration, using eight microsatellites, two restoration areas were selected. In these areas and in the PEMD, leaf samples from adult individuals were collected. In the PEMD, fruits were collected in 12 seed trees for mating system characterization. The three areas presented similar genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding. Low spatial genetic structure was identified in the three studied areas. In the natural forest, fruits were mainly produced through outcrossings, but the rate of mating among relatives was up to ten times higher than the observed in other H. courbaril populations. In Chapter 2, to verify the inbreeding depression in the PEMD were selected 320 seeds from eight seed trees. The seeeds and their fruits were measured. The seedlings were also measured monthly, during 15 months. All seedlings were genotyped with eight microsatellite loci. From the pairwise coancestry the seedlings were separated into three categories: outcrossing among unrelated individuals (tu), outcrossing among related individuals (tr), and selfing (s). We verified differences among groups in the metrics of seedlings according to the level of coancestry among individuals. The values of inbreeding depression (ID) were also estimated. The number of selfed seedlings were very small, and the majority were from outcrossing among unrelated individuals. Inbreeding depression by selfing was more evident in weight and size fruit, and was insignificant or non-existent for other characters. This is probably because these seeds were collected in a large and preserved forest fragment, that does not suffer the consequences of inbreeding depression yet. Thus, our work showed that forest restoration areas that followed the genetic recommendations present enough genetic diversity for H. courbaril, and these areas may be a source of seeds for collection in the future. Besides that, seedlings from seed trees in PEMD did not present inbreeding depression effect up to 15 months of nursery development.
Zancanaro, Paolo Orlando. "Deriva genética de caracteres quantitativos em milho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-16062016-172533/.
Full textObtaining superior genotypes in plant breeding depends on the existence of genetic variability. The existence of representative germplasm collections and the use of appropriate sample size are essential for preserving allelic and genotypic frequencies, reducing loss of genetic variability and delaying genetic drift effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of genetic drift in quantitative traits in subpopulations of maize. The original populations used were BR-105 and BR-106, of which 10 subpopulations were obtained in each five successive sample cycles with reduced effective size, accounting 50 subpopulations for each original population that were subsequently selfed to generate an additional level of inbreeding. The treatments consisted in 10 samples of the original population, 10 samples of the selfed original population, 50 non selfed subpopulations obtained from the original population and 50 selfed subpopulations, accounting 120 treatments for each population evaluated separately. It was used the randomized block strip-plot design, in four environments with two replications. The traits assessed were grain yield (GY), prolificacy (PROL), ear length and ear diameter (EL and ED), number of rows per ear (NRE), kernel-row number (KRN), plant and ear height (PH and EH), days to anthesis and silking (DA and DS), and number of tassel branches (NTB). It was estimated the effects of genetic drift between subpopulations means at both inbreeding levels, and the effect of the inbreeding depression in subpopulations within cycles. It was also performed linear regression analysis for subpopulations at both levels of inbreeding separately and together. A large variation was observed in the subpopulations means over cycles, indicating that genetic drift caused differentiation between them, and that they differed from the original populations. The effects of genetic drift were significant for all traits in the non selfed subpopulations, especially for GY, which is more sensitive to genetic drift effects by having a greater degree of dominance than the other traits. There was a decrease in the number of significant genetic drift estimates for selfed populations, including changes in magnitude and signs, compared to the non selfed populations. GY, KRN, DA and DS had higher number of significant inbreeding depression estimates than the other traits. Linear regression analysis explained most of the variation found with increasing homozygosity. As BR-105 and BR-106 populations have distinct genetic structures, they showed different performances regarding the effects of genetic drift. Therefore, genetic drift interferes in the genetic integrity of populations and it is important to consider its effect on the collection and maintenance of germplasm banks and populations used in plant breeding.
Garbuglio, Deoclécio Domingos. "Variabilidade genética em progênies S1 e depressão por endogamia em populações de milho (Zea mays L.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-07032008-154821/.
Full textThe objectives of the present work were directed for the study of genetic variability and inbreeding depression in seven maize populations of broad genetic base, as a guide for population improvement and development of promising inbred lines. The field evaluation was in eleven experiments (randomized complete blocks) in one location (Anhembi, SP) with different groups (N) of S1 progenies obtained of seven populations (GO-D: dent type, GO-F: flint type, GO-L: long ear, GO-G: thick ear; and composites G3, G4 e GO-S). Estimates were obtained for genetic variance (?^: progeny mean basis), phenotypic variance of progeny means (2G2F?^), and coefficient of heritability (broad sense) for progeny means (2Xh). Estimates of 2Xhwere high for ear weight (PE: 0.89 to 0.94), ear length (CE: 0.77 to 0.88) and ear diameter (DE: 0.77 to 0.92); and lower for plant height (AP: 0.58 to 0.80) and ear height (AE: 0.54 to 0.84), thus showing the high potential of the populations for recurrent selection based on S1 progenies. Ear yield (PE) in the base populations used as ckecks varied from 11200 kg.ha-1 (GO-D) to 12800 kg.ha-1 (G3). The means of S1 progenies varied from 6070 kg.ha-1 (GO-F) to 7380 kg.ha-1 (G4); the inbreeding depression in S1 progenies varied from 37.5% (G4) to 48.0% (G3) relative to the non-inbred population. For the studies on inbreeding in the seven populations samples of the original non-inbred populations (S0) and S1 and S2 generations of inbreeding were used. Filed experiments were carried out in Londrina (PR) and Piracicaba (SP) in randomized blocks with spli-plots, where populations were in the whole plots and inbreeding generations in the sub-plots. The estimates of inbreeding depression were obtained by the linear regression model Y = µ0 + ?, where ? is the iinbreeding depression for 100% homozygosity. The expected inbreeding depression for 50% homozygosity is ?/2, and the estimates in percentage varied from 25.4% to 41.4% in Piracicaba and from 23.1% to 39.3% in Londrina. For the other traits the inbreeding effects were lower, in general <25% for AP and AE and <15% for DE and CE.
Riihimäki, M. A. (Mona-Anitta). "Flowering time and natural selection in Arabidopsis lyrata." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514277945.
Full textMousset, Mathilde. "Système de reproduction et adaptation à la toxicité du sol chez la Brassicacée pseudo-métallophyte Noccaea caerulescens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT157/document.
Full textDuring my PhD, I focused on the evolution of mating system, adaptation and the mutual influences of both processes. I have been studying different aspects of this interaction using a hypertolerant, hyperaccumulator plant species, Noccaea caerulescens. This species grows on former mines and non-contaminated soils in Europe and in particularly in the Cévennes, and it is an excellent model to study the interaction of local adaptation in a heterogeneous environment and mating system. Firstly, I finely characterized N. caerulescens mating system in natural population, and see how metal pollution affects the variation of mating system in the Cévennes region. I showed that contrary to a couple of classical results (Antonovics 1968), in this system, metallicolous populations have lower self-fertilization rates than nonmetallicolous populations (article submitted). I then tested our best potential factor potentially explaining the variation of mating system in natural populations: plant density. In two different measures, with two different methods, density seems to have no or only a weak effect on self-fertilization rates in Noccaea caerulescens (article in prep). In a second project, I test the interaction between inbreeding depression, stress and the history of adaptation to a given environment using Noccaea caerulescens. Inbreeding depression is known to vary with environment and, sometimes, stress. Both experimental data (Long et al 2013) and theoretical models (Ronce et al 2009) stress the importance of the effect of the history of selection and adaptation in populations on the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Since we have populations of Noccaea caerulescens that are adapted to different levels of pollution, since different levels of pollution impose differential stress on the two ecotypes (strong polution is not good for nonmetallicolous plants) and since the species is self-compatible, this seems like an excellent system to test predictions on the interaction of inbreeding depression and mating system
Burrows, Ben Robert. "Do Severe Genetic Bottlenecks Lead to Greater Reproductive Failure?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1344.
Full textLIMA, Ana Patrícia Souza de. "Estrutura genética de populações cultivadas do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei em Pernambuco." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6210.
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Although Brazil has an an important position in the world shrimp farming industry scenario, information on the genetic basis of the most important species, the exotic Litopenaeus vannamei, still scarce. The Brazilian shrimp industry has been facing difficulties, such as US antidumping action against shrimp products, unfavorable currency exchange rate impacts and viruses outbreaks. Shrimp resistant to viral diseases, as well as with better growth rates are wanted in breeding programs for this species in Brazil. A Federal Normative Instruction, instituted in 1997, prohibited shrimp importation into Brazil as a sanitary precaution to prevent the spread of shrimp diseases, and since then, all shrimp broodstock rely on the domesticated stocks. This fact raises questions about the success of a breeding program on this species, because one can not know if the genetic variability is enough to guarantee selection response. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize the broodstock of two shrimp hatcheries and to monitor the genetic variability of one of them after three consecutive broodstock replacements in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Genetic characterization of the two hatcheries was carried out using 5 microsatellite loci and pleopods tissue samples taken from 100 shrimp (50 of each broodstock). For the monitoring 3 microsatellite loci were used in 150 shrimp samples (50 of each broodstock replacement). Our results showed that there is sufficient genetic variability in both hatcheries based on the alleles frequency, inbreeding coefficient, FIS (Larv. A = 0,380 e Larv. B = 0,250), and observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from Ho= 0,190 to 0,810 and He= 0,460 to 0,870,respectively. The monitoring results showed that in closed systems, broodstock replacement does not interfer in the genetic variability, based on the alleles frequency, observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho= 0,460 and He= 0,660 in first sample collection, Ho= 0,420 and He= 0,620 in the second sample collection and Ho= 0,600 and He= 0,660 in the third sample collection), inbreeding coefficient, FIS (0,37 for the 1st, 0,39 for the 2nd and 0,13 for the 3rd sample collection). Our results suggested that genetic variability is high, thus reflecting the history of the shrimp activity in Brazil, where broodstock from different origins were introduced in the country up to 1997.
Desde 1997 a introdução de novos reprodutores de Litopenaeus vannamei está proibida pelo o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Portaria de nº. 119, o que levanta questões sobre a viabilidade de programas de melhoramento no Brasil, uma vez que não há mais renovação dos plantéis. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar geneticamente duas larviculturas de Litopenaues vannamei e monitorar a variabilidade genética de uma das larviculturas, com reposição de matrizes, em três períodos sucessivos, ambas, localizadas no estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. A caracterização genética foi feita usando 5 loci de microssatélites e um total de 100 amostras teciduais de reprodutores, para o monitoramento foram utilizados 3 loci de microssatélites e um total de 150 amostras teciduais de reprodutores. Foi evidenciado que há variabilidade genética suficiente nas duas larviculturas, para subsidiar programas de melhoramento genético, baseado na freqüência dos alelos, nos coeficientes de endogamia FIS (Larv. A = 0,380 e Larv. B = 0,250) e heterozigosidades que variaram de Ho= 0,190 a 0,810 e He= 0,460 a 0,870, respectivamente. Os resultados do monitoramento mostraram que a reposição de matrizes no sistema de ciclo fechado não interferiu na variabilidade genética desta larvicultura, o que pode ser evidenciado através da freqüência dos alelos, nas heterozigosidades obtidas que foram de Ho= 0,460 e He= 0,660 na primeira coleta, de Ho= 0,420 e He= 0,620 na segunda coleta e de Ho= 0,600 e He= 0,660 na terceira coleta, e nos valores do coeficiente de endogamia FIS (0,37 para a primeira coleta, 0,39 para a segunda coleta e 0,13 para a terceira coleta) encontrados. Os resultados aqui relatados podem ser considerados bons, refletindo a história da atividade no Brasil que se destacou pela introdução de reprodutores de diversas origens.
Oliveira, Aurilene Santos. "Variabilidade genética e potencial produtivo em três populações semiexóticas de milho (Zea mays L.)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6536.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
With the possibility of planting corn in two seasons (normal and late crops) the Brazil has increased the total corn production, but it is necessary to develop new hybrids and varieties aiming to increase productivity in both planting dates, to attend increasing demand for this commodity. The objectives of the present work were directed for the study the genetic variability, evaluate the yield potential and estimate inbreeding depression in three semiexotic populations of maize, for purposes of recurrent selection. The field evaluation was in two experiments: Jataí (GO) and Anhembi (SP). The first experiment was represented by half-sib families, which were evaluated in randomized complete blocks with three replications with plots of 4m (0.90 m spacing) with 20 plants. The second experiment included half-sib and S1 families in two replications with plots of 3m (0,90 m spacing) with 15 plants. The following primary characters were evaluated: AP - plant height (cm), AE - ear height (cm), DE – ear diameter (cm), EC - ear length (cm), NP - number of plants, NE – ear of number, PE - ear weight (g parcela-1 ), PG – total grain weight (g parcela-1 ), PE4 - four ear weight, PG4 - four ear grain weight , NR -tassel branch number, CP - tassel length (cm), AD - evaluation of foliar disease and ACE - evaluation of corn stunt complex. The semiexótic populations CRE had an excellent pattern of genetic variability and a good productive potential, presenting an average yield of 70% compared to checks. Within the three populations it was observed differences of families in relation to resistance to corn stunt, indicating that selection for this trait can fairly effective.
RESUMO: Com a possibilidade do plantio de milho em duas épocas (safra e safrinha) o Brasil tem elevado a produção total de milho, porém é necessário desenvolver novos híbridos e variedades visando o aumento da produtividade em ambas as épocas de plantio, para atender a crescente demanda pelo grão de milho. Os objetivos do presente trabalho se dirigem ao estudo da variabilidade genética, avaliar o potencial produtivo, estimar a depressão por endogamia e avaliar o comportamento quanto a resistência ao complexo de enfezamento em três populações semiexóticas de milho, para fins de seleção recorrente. Foram instalados dois experimentos: Jataí (GO) e Anhembi (SP). No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas famílias de meios-irmãos, que foram avaliadas em experimentos delineados em blocos casualizados com três repetições de parcelas de 4m (espaçamento de 0,90m) com 20 plantas. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas famílias de meios-irmãos e famílias S1 com duas repetições de parcelas de 3m (espaçamento de 0,90m) com 15 plantas. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres: AP – altura de planta (cm), AE – altura de espiga (cm), DE – diâmetro de espiga (cm), CE – comprimento de espiga (cm), NP – número de plantas, NE – número de espiga, PE – peso de espiga (g.parcela-1 ), PG – peso de grãos (g.parcela-1 ), PE4 – peso de quatro espiga, PG4 – peso de grãos de quatro espiga, NR – número de ramificações do pendão, CP – comprimento de pendão (cm), AD – avaliação de doença foliar e ACE – avaliação do complexo de enfezamento. As populações semiexóticas apresentaram um excelente padrão de variabilidade genética e um bom potencial produtivo, apresentando em média produtividade de 70% em relação à testemunha. Dentro das três populações observou-se um comportamento diferente das famílias em relação à resistência ao complexo de enfezamento, indicando que seleções para este caráter nas populações pode trazer resultados satisfatórios.
McSweeny, Andrew. "Genome Evolution Model (GEM): Design and Application." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1290550446.
Full textDoublet, Anna-Charlotte. "La diversité génétique à l’ère de la génomique : évolution de la consanguinité et ses conséquences dans trois races bovines laitières françaises." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB016.
Full textGenomic selection, implemented in France since 2009, has drastically modified breeding schemes in large French dairy cattle breeds by increasing the number of candidates for selection and reducing generation intervals. The growing use of embryo transfer has also reshaped breeding schemes, intensifying the selection of dams of bulls and further reducing generation intervals. This resulted in an increased genetic gain.However, if their use is not controlled, they put the genetic diversity of these breeds at risk. This loss of diversity, characterized by an increased inbreeding, can be accompanied by inbreeding depression, a decrease in selection efficiency and a loss of adaptive potential. It is therefore essential to understand and predict the impact of these changes on genetic diversity. We studied the implementation of genomic selection and showed that this technology has led to an increase in annual genetic gain in Montbéliarde, Normande and Prim'Holstein while the loss of genetic diversity has only been accelerated in Prim'Holstein.We showed by simulations that, in the context of genomic selection, the intensive use of embryo transfer in a Montbéliarde-type breeding scheme presented a risk for genetic diversity, and that the reduction in the number of bulls in these schemes caused both a decrease in genetic gain and an acceleration of the loss of genetic diversity.In the Montbéliarde breed, inbreeding depression resulted in lower performance for five production and health traits out of six traits studied. The effects of inbreeding on these performances were very heterogeneous along the genome.Managing inbreeding and its consequences in French dairy cattle breeds requires the implementation of effective, ethical and feasible actions in the field
Godoy, Amanda Regina [UNESP]. "Depressão endogâmica em pepino caipira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93522.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The objective of this work was evaluate the inbreeding depression with successive generations of self-pollination in a cucumber caipira population (S0, S1, S2, S3; S4 e S5), obtained by crossing Safira x Hatem hybrids. Two experiments were accomplished: one to evaluate immature fruits production and another to analyze the mature fruits production, seed quality and yield. The experimental design of both experiments were randomized blocks, in the first with seven treatments (different generations of self pollination - S0 to S5 and the hybrid Safira), six replicates and five plants per plot and in the second the same seven treatments, four replicates and five plants per plot. In the first experiment (immature fruits) was number of leaves, length of the main stem, number and weight of fruits, total and commercial, number of nodes and vines percentage were evaluated. In the second experiment (mature fruit) the following traits were evaluated characteristic: seed number and weight per plant and per fruit and seed quality (germination test, first counted of seeds, index of germination speed and weight of 100 seeds). The averages were compared by the Tukey test (5%) and the evaluation of the inbreeding depression was made with regression analysis. In the experiment 1 smaller production of fruits was observed (total and commercial) starting from population S2, demonstrating possible vigor loss. The populations S0 and S1 were similar or superiors for the characteristics number of total fruits, total weight per plant and commercial weight per plant when compared to the hybrid Safira, demonstrating the potencial of this population to obtain a new cultivar or hybrid of the caipira type. The experiment two there was no statistical difference for all the appraised characteristics, showing that the inbreeding didn`t affect the production and quality of the seeds in this population.
Godoy, Amanda Regina 1978. "Depressão endogâmica em pepino caipira /." Botucatu, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93522.
Full textBanca: Noberto da Silva
Banca: Cyro Paulino da Costa
Abstract: The objective of this work was evaluate the inbreeding depression with successive generations of self-pollination in a cucumber "caipira" population (S0, S1, S2, S3; S4 e S5), obtained by crossing Safira x Hatem hybrids. Two experiments were accomplished: one to evaluate immature fruits production and another to analyze the mature fruits production, seed quality and yield. The experimental design of both experiments were randomized blocks, in the first with seven treatments (different generations of self pollination - S0 to S5 and the hybrid Safira), six replicates and five plants per plot and in the second the same seven treatments, four replicates and five plants per plot. In the first experiment (immature fruits) was number of leaves, length of the main stem, number and weight of fruits, total and commercial, number of nodes and vines percentage were evaluated. In the second experiment (mature fruit) the following traits were evaluated characteristic: seed number and weight per plant and per fruit and seed quality (germination test, first counted of seeds, index of germination speed and weight of 100 seeds). The averages were compared by the Tukey test (5%) and the evaluation of the inbreeding depression was made with regression analysis. In the experiment 1 smaller production of fruits was observed (total and commercial) starting from population S2, demonstrating possible vigor loss. The populations S0 and S1 were similar or superiors for the characteristics number of total fruits, total weight per plant and commercial weight per plant when compared to the hybrid Safira, demonstrating the potencial of this population to obtain a new cultivar or hybrid of the "caipira" type. The experiment two there was no statistical difference for all the appraised characteristics, showing that the inbreeding didn't affect the production and quality of the seeds in this population.
Mestre
Charrier, Olivia. "Histoire biogéographique et système de reproduction de Rhododendron ferrugineum dans les Pyrénées." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0034/document.
Full textRecent global changes affect the physiology, distribution and phenology of species, also they impact population dynamic and interactions among species. Plantpollinators interactions are particularly threated by global changes and perturbations of these interactions may lead to important changes in plant mating system. In this context of globalchanges, we determined the pollinator assemblages of Rhododendron ferrugineum and howthe variability of their efficiencies affects the mating system. We also studied thebiogeographic history of R. ferrugineum and how it responds to past climatic changes.We have shown that R. ferrugineum is visited by a large variety of insects. Visitorassemblages efficiency varied along environmental gradients but did not seem to impact themating system of R. ferrugineum. This species presents a mixed mating system, indeed it isable to self-fecundate but high levels of inbreeding depression are limiting the development of self-fecundate descendants. High levels of inbreeding depression maintain high genetic diversity in the Pyrenees. Also, it did not allow the evolution of selfing and maintain a mixed mating system. The ability to self-fecundate may favor the colonization of new habitats.During the last glaciation, R. ferrugineum survived in large lowland refugia and in nunataks at high altitude. Some marginal populations present a high level of selfing (FIS> 0) and low genetic diversity. This genetic pattern is consistent with foundation events and loss of genetic diversity and heterozygosity along colonization rods. Our data suggest that inbreeding depression in these populations should have been low and the reproductive assurance played akey role in the establishment of these populations
Chuine, Anna. "Des mécanismes aux conséquences adaptatives du choix du partenaire sexuel pour la compatibilité génétique : exemple d'un hyménoptère parasitoïde soumis à la dépression de consanguinité." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10079.
Full textHaplodiploidy in hymenopterans offers a great resistance to the deleterious effect of inbreeding depression. However, some hymenopterans have a specific sex determination which drives them to this depression. Among those species, the sex of individuals depends on allele complementary at a particular locus; the single-locus Complementary Sex Determinatation (sl-CSD). Unfertilized eggs give birth to haploid males which are hemizygotes at the CSD locus. Conversely, fertilized eggs develop into females when heterozygote at the CSD locus but become diploid males when homozygote at the same locus. Diploid males are especially frequent in inbred populations with a high inbreeding rate. Yet diploid males are generally unviable or sterile. Production of such males is therefore costly for females. Reduced viability of diploid males is then similar to inbreeding depression. Linked with behavioural ecology and chemical ecology approaches, the PhD project starts by focusing on individual costs due to production of diploid males, and then on behaviours that have evolved in response to these costs. As a first step, the fitness of diploid males and its impact on females of the population have been measured. If they are unviable, their production is akin to female mortality. As a second step, we studied behaviours that reduce the cost of diploid male production. Related individuals are sexual partners that are most likely to father diploid sons. Therefore, behavioural inbreeding avoidance may be selected in such populations
Santacruz, Oviedo Victoria Rossmary [UNESP]. "Depressão endogâmica em uma população de pepino japonês (Cucumis sativus L.)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93561.
Full textForam conduzidos dois experimentos na FCA/UNESP, objetivando avaliar a depressão causada por endogamia com sucessivas gerações de autofecundação em uma população de pepino do tipo japonês. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas características de produção de frutos imaturos no período de 21/08/2002 à 29/11/2002 em ambiente protegido. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas características de produção e qualidade de sementes no período de 12/03/2003 à 13/06/2003 em condições de campo. A partir do intercruzamento entre plantas do híbrido Natsu suzumi foi obtida a geração F2, considerada como população S0. Obtiveram-se progênies S1, S2, S3, S4 e S5, através de autofecundações sucessivas pelo método do SSD ('Single Seed Descent'). Ao partir da mistura ao acaso de sementes de progênies com igual número de autofecundações sucessivas foram obtidas cinco populações denominadas de população S1 a população S5. Foram sete tratamentos (híbrido Natsu suzumi, populações S0 a S5) e o delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis e quatro repetições no primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente e cinco plantas por parcela nos dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento (frutos imaturos) foram avaliados, número de folhas, comprimento da haste principal, número e massa de frutos, total e comercial, número de nós e porcentagem de brotações. No segundo experimento (frutos maduros) avaliaram-se características relacionadas com produção (número e massa de sementes por planta e por fruto) e qualidade de sementes (teste padrão de germinação, primeira contagem de sementes, índice de velocidade de germinação, massa de 100 sementes). Foram realizadas as análises de variância para cada característica, e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (%). Também foram realizados análises de variância apenas com as seis...
Two experiments were set up at FCA/UNESP. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inbreeding depression with successive generations of self pollination in a cucumber Japanese population. It was studied one population F2 obtained from a commercial hybrid (Natsu suzumi) considered as S0 population. In the first experiment were appraised characteristics of production of immature fruits in the period of 21/08/2002 to 29/11/2002 in protected cultivation. In the second experiment were appraised seed production and quality in the period of 12/03/2003 to 13/06/2003 in open field conditions. It was obtained progenies S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 through the 'Single Seed Descent' methodology. It was used randomized blocks with seven treatments (different generations of self pollination - S0 to S5 and the hybrid Natsu suzumi) six and four replicates in the first and second experiment and five plants per plot in both. In the first experiment (immature fruits) were evaluated number of leaves, length of the main stem, number and weight of fruits, total and commercial, number of nodes and vines percentage. In the second experiment (mature fruit) characteristic related with production were evaluated (number and weight of seeds per plant and per fruit) and quality of seeds (germination test, first counted of seeds, index of germination speed and weight of 100 seeds). The variance analyses were accomplished each characteristic and the averages of the treatments were compared by the test of Tukey (%). Also accomplished just with the six inbreed generations to evaluate the possible inbreeding depression (without including the commercial hybrid). In the comparison among the population differences were not observed for the characteristics appraised showing there were not production loss for inbreeding in this population. However, for the characteristics length of the main stem, number of total fruit, weight of seeds per fruit and seed number per fruit the commercial.
Cristóbal, Helsi María Isidro. "Depressão endogâmica em características de crescimento e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em salmão coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152017.
Full textCoorientador: Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque
Banca: Carlos Antonio Lopes de Oliveira
Banca: Humberto Tonhati
Resumo: Os programas de melhoramento em espécies aquícolas apresentam, no geral, um número restrito de famílias e um pequeno tamanho efetivo populacional, levando ao acasalamento de animais aparentados e, consequentemente, ao aumento da endogamia. Por sua vez, maiores níveis de endogamia tendem a ocasionar queda no desempenho dos animais causada pela depressão endogâmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os níveis de endogamia e depressão endogâmica sobre as características de peso à despesca, comprimento à despesca e resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis em uma população de salmão coho. A resistência a Piscirickettsia salmonis foi definida como o dia da morte de cada peixe após desafio conduzido em dois anos, com média de 42 dias em 2012 e 14 dias no ano de 2014. Foi utilizado um banco de dados composto por 53.504 observações, provenientes de nove gerações e 930 famílias. A estimação dos componentes de variância e endogamia foram obtidas utilizando o programa computacional AIREMLF90 e os valores de depressão endogâmica foram estimados a partir de um modelo animal. Os valores observados para o coeficiente de endogamia foram crescentes ao longo das gerações, com uma taxa média máxima de 8,75% no ano de 2014. A depressão endogâmica afetou em maior nível as características de peso à despesca e dia de morte, com redução de 6,4 e 9,2% no desempenho dos animais, respectivamente, para o nível máximo de endogamia observado (30%). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de uso de estratégias ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Aquaculture breeding programs present, in general, low number of families and reduced effective population size, resulting in mating of related animals and, consequently, increased level of inbreeding. High inbreeding coefficient may negatively impact the animals' performance due to inbreeding depression. The objective of this study was to estimate inbreeding coefficient and inbreeding depression on growth traits and resistance against Piscirickettsia salmonis in a coho salmon population. Resistance against P. salmonis was defined as days to death of each fish after being challenged in two different years, with an average of 42 days in 2012 and 14 days in 2014. Data of 53,504 animals from 930 families was analyzed. Variance components were estimated using the software AIREMLF90, and inbreeding depression was estimated under an animal model. An increasing rate of inbreeding was observed, attaining an average of 8.75% in 2014. Inbreeding depression was more pronounced for harvest weight (PD) and days to death (DM), in comparison with harvest length. At the highest observed inbreeding level (30%), the estimated reduction caused by inbreeding depression was equal to 6,4% for PD and 9,2% for DM. The results indicate the necessity to control inbreeding more effectively for the studied coho salmon population, to guarantee genetic progress in the long term.
Mestre
Santacruz, Oviedo Victoria Rossmary 1968. "Depressão endogâmica em uma população de pepino japonês (Cucumis sativus L.) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93561.
Full textBanca: Noberto da Silva
Banca: Keigo Minami
Resumo: Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na FCA/UNESP, objetivando avaliar a depressão causada por endogamia com sucessivas gerações de autofecundação em uma população de pepino do tipo japonês. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas características de produção de frutos imaturos no período de 21/08/2002 à 29/11/2002 em ambiente protegido. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas características de produção e qualidade de sementes no período de 12/03/2003 à 13/06/2003 em condições de campo. A partir do intercruzamento entre plantas do híbrido Natsu suzumi foi obtida a geração F2, considerada como população S0. Obtiveram-se progênies S1, S2, S3, S4 e S5, através de autofecundações sucessivas pelo método do SSD ('Single Seed Descent'). Ao partir da mistura ao acaso de sementes de progênies com igual número de autofecundações sucessivas foram obtidas cinco populações denominadas de população S1 a população S5. Foram sete tratamentos (híbrido Natsu suzumi, populações S0 a S5) e o delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis e quatro repetições no primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente e cinco plantas por parcela nos dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento (frutos imaturos) foram avaliados, número de folhas, comprimento da haste principal, número e massa de frutos, total e comercial, número de nós e porcentagem de brotações. No segundo experimento (frutos maduros) avaliaram-se características relacionadas com produção (número e massa de sementes por planta e por fruto) e qualidade de sementes (teste padrão de germinação, primeira contagem de sementes, índice de velocidade de germinação, massa de 100 sementes). Foram realizadas as análises de variância para cada característica, e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (%). Também foram realizados análises de variância apenas com as seis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two experiments were set up at FCA/UNESP. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inbreeding depression with successive generations of self pollination in a cucumber Japanese population. It was studied one population F2 obtained from a commercial hybrid (Natsu suzumi) considered as S0 population. In the first experiment were appraised characteristics of production of immature fruits in the period of 21/08/2002 to 29/11/2002 in protected cultivation. In the second experiment were appraised seed production and quality in the period of 12/03/2003 to 13/06/2003 in open field conditions. It was obtained progenies S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 through the 'Single Seed Descent' methodology. It was used randomized blocks with seven treatments (different generations of self pollination - S0 to S5 and the hybrid Natsu suzumi) six and four replicates in the first and second experiment and five plants per plot in both. In the first experiment (immature fruits) were evaluated number of leaves, length of the main stem, number and weight of fruits, total and commercial, number of nodes and vines percentage. In the second experiment (mature fruit) characteristic related with production were evaluated (number and weight of seeds per plant and per fruit) and quality of seeds (germination test, first counted of seeds, index of germination speed and weight of 100 seeds). The variance analyses were accomplished each characteristic and the averages of the treatments were compared by the test of Tukey (%). Also accomplished just with the six inbreed generations to evaluate the possible inbreeding depression (without including the commercial hybrid). In the comparison among the population differences were not observed for the characteristics appraised showing there were not production loss for inbreeding in this population. However, for the characteristics length of the main stem, number of total fruit, weight of seeds per fruit and seed number per fruit the commercial.
Mestre
Annavi, Geetha. "Genetic, socio-ecological and fitness correlates of extra-group paternity in the European badger (Meles meles)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8d7304b2-84a2-4d5d-bbbc-63270d309e2e.
Full textDavila, Yvonne Caroline. "Pollination ecology of Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae): Understanding generalised plant-pollinator systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1896.
Full textDavila, Yvonne Caroline. "Pollination ecology of Trachymene incisa (Apiaceae): Understanding generalised plant-pollinator systems." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1896.
Full textA renewed focus on generalised pollinator systems has inspired a conceptual framework which highlights that spatial and temporal interactions among plants and their assemblage of pollinators can vary across the individual, population, regional and species levels. Pollination is clearly a dynamic interaction, varying in the number and interdependence of participants and the strength of the outcome of the interaction. Therefore, the role of variation in pollination is fundamental for understanding ecological dynamics of plant populations and is a major factor in the evolution and maintenance of generalised and specialised pollination systems. My study centred on these basic concepts by addressing the following questions: (1) How variable are pollinators in a generalised pollination system? To what degree do insect visitation rates and assemblage composition vary spatially among populations and temporally among flowering seasons? (2) How does variation in pollinators affect plant reproductive success? I chose to do this using a model system, Trachymene incisa subsp. incisa (Apiaceae), which is a widespread Australian herbaceous species with simple white flowers grouped into umbels that attract a high diversity of insect visitors. The Apiaceae are considered to be highly generalist in terms of pollination, due to their simple and uniform floral display and easily accessible floral rewards. Three populations of T. incisa located between 70 km and 210 km apart were studied over 2-3 years. The few studies investigating spatial and temporal variation simultaneously over geographic and yearly/seasonal scales indicate that there is a trend for more spatial than temporal variation in pollinators of generalist-pollinated plants. My study showed both spatial and temporal variation in assemblage composition among all populations and variation in insect visitation rates, in the form of a significant population by year interaction. However, removing ants from the analyses to restrict the assemblage to flying insects and the most likely pollinators, resulted in a significant difference in overall visitation rate between years but no difference in assemblage composition between the Myall Lakes and Tomago populations. These results indicate more temporal than spatial variation in the flying insect visitor assemblage of T. incisa. Foraging behaviour provides another source of variation in plant-pollinator interactions. Trachymene incisa exhibits umbels that function as either male or female at any one time and offer different floral rewards in each phase. For successful pollination, pollinators must visit both male and female umbels during a foraging trip. Insects showed both preferences and non-preferences for umbel phases in natural patches where the gender ratio was male biased. In contrast, insects showed no bias in visitation during a foraging trip or in time spent foraging on male and female umbels in experimental arrays where the gender ratio was equal. Pollinator assemblages consisting of a mixture of different pollinator types coupled with temporal variation in the assemblages of populations among years maintains generalisation at the population/local level. In addition, spatial variation in assemblages among populations maintains generalisation at the species level. Fire alters pollination in T. incisa by shifting the flowering season and reducing the abundance of flying insects. Therefore, fire plays an important role in maintaining spatial and temporal variation in this fire-prone system. Although insect pollinators are important in determining the mating opportunities of 90% of flowering plant species worldwide, few studies have looked at the effects of variation in pollinator assemblages on plant reproductive success and mating. In T. incisa, high insect visitation rates do not guarantee high plant reproductive success, indicating that the quality of visit is more important than the rate of visitation. This is shown by comparing the Agnes Banks and Myall Lakes populations in 2003: Agnes Banks received the highest visitation rate from an assemblage dominated by ants but produced the lowest reproductive output, and Myall Lakes received the lowest visitation rate by an assemblage dominated by a native bee and produced the highest seedling emergence. Interestingly, populations with different assemblage composition can produce similar percentage seed set per umbel. However, similar percentage seed set did not result in similar percentage seedling emergence. Differences among years in reproductive output (total seed production) were due to differences in umbel production (reproductive effort) and proportion of umbels with seeds, and not seed set per umbel. Trachymene incisa is self-compatible and suffers weak to intermediate levels of inbreeding depression through early stages of the life cycle when seeds are self-pollinated and biparentally inbred. Floral phenology, in the form of synchronous protandry, plays an important role in avoiding self-pollination within umbels and reducing the chance of geitonogamous pollination between umbels on the same plant. Although pollinators can increase the rate of inbreeding in T. incisa by foraging on both male and female phase umbels on the same plant or closely related plants, most consecutive insect movements were between plants not located adjacent to each other. This indicates that inbreeding is mostly avoided and that T. incisa is a predominantly outcrossing species, although further genetic analyses are required to confirm this hypothesis. A new conceptual understanding has emerged from the key empirical results in the study of this model generalised pollination system. The large differences among populations and between years indicate that populations are not equally serviced by pollinators and are not equally generalist. Insect visitation rates varied significantly throughout the day, highlighting that sampling of pollinators at one time will result in an inaccurate estimate and usually underestimate the degree of generalisation. The visitor assemblage is not equivalent to the pollinator assemblage, although non-pollinating floral visitors are likely to influence the overall effectiveness of the pollinator assemblage. Given the high degree of variation in both the number of pollinator species and number of pollinator types, I have constructed a model which includes the degree of ecological and functional specialisation of a plant species on pollinators and the variation encountered across different levels of plant organisation. This model describes the ecological or current state of plant species and their pollinators, as well as presenting the patterns of generalisation across a range of populations, which is critical for understanding the evolution and maintenance of the system. In-depth examination of pollination systems is required in order to understand the range of strategies utilised by plants and their pollinators, and I advocate a complete floral visitor assemblage approach to future studies in pollination ecology. In particular, future studies should focus on the role of introduced pollinators in altering generalised plant-pollinator systems and the contribution of non-pollinating floral visitors to pollinator assemblage effectiveness. Comparative studies involving plants with highly conserved floral displays, such as those in the genus Trachymene and in the Apiaceae, will be useful for investigating the dynamics of generalised pollination systems across a range of widespread and restricted species.