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Journal articles on the topic 'Inbreeding avoidance'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Blouin, Sharon Forster, and Michael Blouin. "Inbreeding avoidance behaviors." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3, no. 9 (September 1988): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(88)90164-4.

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2

Packer, Craig. "Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance." Animal Behaviour 33, no. 2 (May 1985): 676–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(85)80096-8.

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3

Perrin, Nicolas, and Vladimir Mazalov. "Dispersal and Inbreeding Avoidance." American Naturalist 154, no. 3 (September 1999): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/303236.

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4

Perrin and Mazalov. "Dispersal and Inbreeding Avoidance." American Naturalist 154, no. 3 (1999): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2463651.

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5

Pusey, Anne, and Marisa Wolf. "Inbreeding avoidance in animals." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11, no. 5 (May 1996): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8.

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6

Hu, Yibo, Yonggang Nie, Wei Wei, Tianxiao Ma, Russell Van Horn, Xiaoguang Zheng, Ronald R. Swaisgood, et al. "Inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance in wild giant pandas." Molecular Ecology 26, no. 20 (September 12, 2017): 5793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14284.

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7

Duthie, A. Bradley, and Jane M. Reid. "What Happens after Inbreeding Avoidance? Inbreeding by Rejected Relatives and the Inclusive Fitness Benefit of Inbreeding Avoidance." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 24, 2015): e0125140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125140.

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8

Herfindal, Ivar, Hallvard Haanes, Knut H. Røed, Erling J. Solberg, Stine S. Markussen, Morten Heim, and Bernt-Erik Sæther. "Population properties affect inbreeding avoidance in moose." Biology Letters 10, no. 12 (December 2014): 20140786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0786.

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Mechanisms reducing inbreeding are thought to have evolved owing to fitness costs of breeding with close relatives. In small and isolated populations, or populations with skewed age- or sex distributions, mate choice becomes limited, and inbreeding avoidance mechanisms ineffective. We used a unique individual-based dataset on moose from a small island in Norway to assess whether inbreeding avoidance was related to population structure and size, expecting inbreeding avoidance to be greater in years with larger populations and even adult sex ratios. The probability that a potential mating event was realized was negatively related to the inbreeding coefficient of the potential offspring, with a stronger relationship in years with a higher proportion or number of males in the population. Thus, adult sex ratio and population size affect the degree of inbreeding avoidance. Consequently, conservation managers should aim for sex ratios that facilitate inbreeding avoidance, especially in small and isolated populations.
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9

Fitzpatrick, J. L., and J. P. Evans. "Postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in guppies." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 12 (December 2014): 2585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12545.

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10

Nichols, H. J., M. A. Cant, J. I. Hoffman, and J. L. Sanderson. "Evidence for frequent incest in a cooperatively breeding mammal." Biology Letters 10, no. 12 (December 2014): 20140898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0898.

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As breeding between relatives often results in inbreeding depression, inbreeding avoidance is widespread in the animal kingdom. However, inbreeding avoidance may entail fitness costs. For example, dispersal away from relatives may reduce survival. How these conflicting selection pressures are resolved is challenging to investigate, but theoretical models predict that inbreeding should occur frequently in some systems. Despite this, few studies have found evidence of regular incest in mammals, even in social species where relatives are spatio-temporally clustered and opportunities for inbreeding frequently arise. We used genetic parentage assignments together with relatedness data to quantify inbreeding rates in a wild population of banded mongooses, a cooperatively breeding carnivore. We show that females regularly conceive to close relatives, including fathers and brothers. We suggest that the costs of inbreeding avoidance may sometimes outweigh the benefits, even in cooperatively breeding species where strong within-group incest avoidance is considered to be the norm.
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11

Starin, E. D. "PATTERNS OF INBREEDING AVOIDANCE IN TEMMINCK'S RED COLOBUS." Behaviour 138, no. 4 (2001): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901750382106.

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AbstractAmongst Temminck's red colobus living in the Abuko Nature Reserve, The Gambia, the mechanism for avoiding close inbreeding may depend on the form of inbreeding. Mother-son inbreeding may be avoided through learned behaviour and possibly secondary transfer by the mother. Father-daughter inbreeding may be limited due to transfer and demographic patterns but also aggression directed at the male from the mountee's mother. Maternal brother-sister inbreeding may be avoided through female transfer patterns. Presummed paternal brothersister inbreeding is infrequent but does occur and is not discouraged or avoided.
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12

Pike, Victoria L., Charlie K. Cornwallis, and Ashleigh S. Griffin. "Why don't all animals avoid inbreeding?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (August 4, 2021): 20211045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1045.

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Individuals are expected to avoid mating with relatives as inbreeding can reduce offspring fitness, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. This has led to the widespread assumption that selection will favour individuals that avoid mating with relatives. However, the strength of inbreeding avoidance is variable across species and there are numerous cases where related mates are not avoided. Here we test if the frequency that related males and females encounter each other explains variation in inbreeding avoidance using phylogenetic meta-analysis of 41 different species from six classes across the animal kingdom. In species reported to mate randomly with respect to relatedness, individuals were either unlikely to encounter relatives, or inbreeding had negligible effects on offspring fitness. Mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding, including active mate choice, post-copulatory processes and sex-biased dispersal, were only found in species with inbreeding depression. These results help explain why some species seem to care more about inbreeding than others: inbreeding avoidance through mate choice only evolves when there is both a risk of inbreeding depression and related sexual partners frequently encounter each other.
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13

Parreira, Bárbara, Erwan Quéméré, Cécile Vanpé, Inês Carvalho, and Lounès Chikhi. "Genetic consequences of social structure in the golden-crowned sifaka." Heredity 125, no. 5 (August 13, 2020): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0345-5.

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Abstract Many species are structured in social groups (SGs) where individuals exhibit complex mating strategies. Yet, most population genetic studies ignore SGs either treating them as small random-mating units or focusing on a higher hierarchical level (the population). Empirical studies acknowledging SGs have found an overall excess of heterozygotes within SGs and usually invoke inbreeding avoidance strategies to explain this finding. However, there is a lack of null models against which ecological theories can be tested and inbreeding avoidance quantified. Here, we investigate inbreeding (deviation from random mating) in an endangered forest-dwelling pair-living lemur species (Propithecus tattersalli). In particular, we measure the inbreeding coefficient (FIS) in empirical data at different scales: SGs, sampling sites and forest patches. We observe high excess of heterozygotes within SGs. The magnitude of this excess is highly dependent on the sampling scheme: while offspring are characterised by a high excess of heterozygotes (FIS < 0), the reproductive pair does not show dramatic departures from Hardy–Weinberg expectations. Moreover, the heterozygosity excess disappears at larger geographic scales (sites and forests). We use a modelling framework that incorporates details of the sifaka mating system but does not include active inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. The simulated data show that, although apparent “random mating” or even inbreeding may occur at the “population” level, outbreeding is maintained within SGs. Altogether our results suggest that social structure leads to high levels of outbreeding without the need for active inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Thus, demonstrating and measuring the existence of active inbreeding avoidance mechanisms may be more difficult than usually assumed.
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14

Caley, M. Julian. "Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in muskrats." Animal Behaviour 35, no. 4 (August 1987): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(87)80180-x.

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15

Fitzpatrick, Luisa J., Clelia Gasparini, John L. Fitzpatrick, and Jonathan P. Evans. "Male–female relatedness and patterns of male reproductive investment in guppies." Biology Letters 10, no. 5 (May 2014): 20140166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0166.

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Inbreeding can cause reductions in fitness, driving the evolution of pre- and postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. There is now considerable evidence for such processes in females, but few studies have focused on males, particularly in the context of postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance. Here, we address this topic by exposing male guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) to either full-sibling or unrelated females and determining whether they adjust investment in courtship and ejaculates. Our results revealed that males reduce their courtship but concomitantly exhibit short-term increases in ejaculate quality when paired with siblings. In conjunction with prior work reporting cryptic female preferences for unrelated sperm, our present findings reveal possible sexually antagonistic counter-adaptations that may offset postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance by females.
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16

Duthie, A. Bradley, Aline M. Lee, and Jane M. Reid. "Inbreeding parents should invest more resources in fewer offspring." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1843 (November 30, 2016): 20161845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1845.

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Inbreeding increases parent–offspring relatedness and commonly reduces offspring viability, shaping selection on reproductive interactions involving relatives and associated parental investment (PI). Nevertheless, theories predicting selection for inbreeding versus inbreeding avoidance and selection for optimal PI have only been considered separately, precluding prediction of optimal PI and associated reproductive strategy given inbreeding. We unify inbreeding and PI theory, demonstrating that optimal PI increases when a female's inbreeding decreases the viability of her offspring. Inbreeding females should therefore produce fewer offspring due to the fundamental trade-off between offspring number and PI. Accordingly, selection for inbreeding versus inbreeding avoidance changes when females can adjust PI with the degree that they inbreed. By contrast, optimal PI does not depend on whether a focal female is herself inbred. However, inbreeding causes optimal PI to increase given strict monogamy and associated biparental investment compared with female-only investment. Our model implies that understanding evolutionary dynamics of inbreeding strategy, inbreeding depression, and PI requires joint consideration of the expression of each in relation to the other. Overall, we demonstrate that existing PI and inbreeding theories represent special cases of a more general theory, implying that intrinsic links between inbreeding and PI affect evolution of behaviour and intrafamilial conflict.
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17

HASHIMOTO, Chie, and Takeshi FURUICHI. "Intergroup Transfer and Inbreeding Avoidance in Bonobos." Primate Research 17, no. 3 (2001): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.17.259.

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18

Szulkin, Marta, Katie V. Stopher, Josephine M. Pemberton, and Jane M. Reid. "Inbreeding avoidance, tolerance, or preference in animals?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28, no. 4 (April 2013): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.016.

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19

Nomura, Tetsuro. "Maximum avoidance of inbreeding in haplodiploid populations." Mathematical Biosciences 306 (December 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2018.10.006.

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20

Reid, Jane M., Peter Arcese, Lukas F. Keller, Ryan R. Germain, A. Bradley Duthie, Sylvain Losdat, Matthew E. Wolak, and Pirmin Nietlisbach. "Quantifying inbreeding avoidance through extra‐pair reproduction." Evolution 69, no. 1 (December 3, 2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12557.

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21

ARCHIE, ELIZABETH A., JULIE A. HOLLISTER-SMITH, JOYCE H. POOLE, PHYLLIS C. LEE, CYNTHIA J. MOSS, JÉSUS E. MALDONADO, ROBERT C. FLEISCHER, and SUSAN C. ALBERTS. "Behavioural inbreeding avoidance in wild African elephants." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 19 (September 4, 2007): 4138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03483.x.

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22

Dunn, S. J., E. Clancey, L. P. Waits, and J. A. Byers. "Genetic evidence of inbreeding avoidance in pronghorn." Journal of Zoology 288, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00932.x.

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23

Manson, Joseph H., and Susan E. Perry. "Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: Whose choice?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90, no. 3 (March 1993): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330900307.

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24

Harper, K. E., R. K. Bagley, K. L. Thompson, and C. R. Linnen. "Complementary sex determination, inbreeding depression and inbreeding avoidance in a gregarious sawfly." Heredity 117, no. 5 (July 6, 2016): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2016.46.

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25

Keane, Brian, Scott R. Creel, and Peter M. Waser. "No evidence of inbreeding avoidance or inbreeding depression in a social carnivore." Behavioral Ecology 7, no. 4 (1996): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/7.4.480.

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26

Furstenau, Tara N., and Reed A. Cartwright. "The impact of self-incompatibility systems on the prevention of biparental inbreeding." PeerJ 5 (November 24, 2017): e4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4085.

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Inbreeding in hermaphroditic plants can occur through two different mechanisms: biparental inbreeding, when a plant mates with a related individual, or self-fertilization, when a plant mates with itself. To avoid inbreeding, many hermaphroditic plants have evolved self-incompatibility (SI) systems which prevent or limit self-fertilization. One particular SI system—homomorphic SI—can also reduce biparental inbreeding. Homomorphic SI is found in many angiosperm species, and it is often assumed that the additional benefit of reduced biparental inbreeding may be a factor in the success of this SI system. To test this assumption, we developed a spatially-explicit, individual-based simulation of plant populations that displayed three different types of homomorphic SI. We measured the total level of inbreeding avoidance by comparing each population to a self-compatible population (NSI), and we measured biparental inbreeding avoidance by comparing to a population of self-incompatible plants that were free to mate with any other individual (PSI). Because biparental inbreeding is more common when offspring dispersal is limited, we examined the levels of biparental inbreeding over a range of dispersal distances. We also tested whether the introduction of inbreeding depression affected the level of biparental inbreeding avoidance. We found that there was a statistically significant decrease in autozygosity in each of the homomorphic SI populations compared to the PSI population and, as expected, this was more pronounced when seed and pollen dispersal was limited. However, levels of homozygosity and inbreeding depression were not reduced. At low dispersal, homomorphic SI populations also suffered reduced female fecundity and had smaller census population sizes. Overall, our simulations showed that the homomorphic SI systems had little impact on the amount of biparental inbreeding in the population especially when compared to the overall reduction in inbreeding compared to the NSI population. With further study, this observation may have important consequences for research into the origin and evolution of homomorphic self-incompatibility systems.
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27

Frommen, Joachim G., and Theo C. M. Bakker. "Inbreeding avoidance through non-random mating in sticklebacks." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 10, 2006): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0432.

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Negative effects of inbreeding are well documented in a wide range of animal taxa. Hatching success and survival of inbred offspring is reduced in many species and inbred progeny are often less attractive to potential mates. Thus, individuals should avoid mating with close kin. However, experimental evidence for inbreeding avoidance through non-random mating in vertebrates is scarce. Here, we show that gravid female three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) when given the choice between a courting familiar brother and a courting unfamiliar non-sib prefer to mate with the non-sib and thus avoid the disadvantages of incest. We controlled for differences in males' body size and red intensity of nuptial coloration. Thus, females adjust their courting behaviour to the risk of inbreeding.
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28

Leedale, Amy E., Michelle Simeoni, Stuart P. Sharp, Jonathan P. Green, Jon Slate, Robert F. Lachlan, Elva J. H. Robinson, and Ben J. Hatchwell. "Cost, risk, and avoidance of inbreeding in a cooperatively breeding bird." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 27 (June 22, 2020): 15724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918726117.

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Inbreeding is often avoided in natural populations by passive processes such as sex-biased dispersal. But, in many social animals, opposite-sexed adult relatives are spatially clustered, generating a risk of incest and hence selection for active inbreeding avoidance. Here we show that, in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a cooperative breeder that risks inbreeding by living alongside opposite-sex relatives, inbreeding carries fitness costs and is avoided by active kin discrimination during mate choice. First, we identified a positive association between heterozygosity and fitness, indicating that inbreeding is costly. We then compared relatedness within breeding pairs to that expected under multiple mate-choice models, finding that pair relatedness is consistent with avoidance of first-order kin as partners. Finally, we show that the similarity of vocal cues offers a plausible mechanism for discrimination against first-order kin during mate choice. Long-tailed tits are known to discriminate between the calls of close kin and nonkin, and they favor first-order kin in cooperative contexts, so we conclude that long-tailed tits use the same kin discrimination rule to avoid inbreeding as they do to direct help toward kin.
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29

Johnson, Ashley M., Grace Chappell, Anna C. Price, F. Helen Rodd, Robert Olendorf, and Kimberly A. Hughes. "Inbreeding Depression and Inbreeding Avoidance in a Natural Population of Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)." Ethology 116, no. 5 (May 2010): 448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01763.x.

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30

Duthie, A. Bradley, and Jane M. Reid. "Evolution of Inbreeding Avoidance and Inbreeding Preference through Mate Choice among Interacting Relatives." American Naturalist 188, no. 6 (December 2016): 651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/688919.

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31

Saxena, Swati, and Geetanjali Mishra. "Inbreeding avoidance in aphidophagous ladybird beetles: a case study inMenochilussexmaculatus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 5 (May 2016): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0174.

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Relatedness among mates affects reproductive performance in insects. Previous studies indicate that laboratory rearing of a closed population leads to a decline in fitness owing to inbreeding depression. Although females possess the ability to discriminate against unsuitable males, it is not clear whether they have the ability to bias paternity against related males. We investigated whether the zig-zag ladybird beetle (Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius, 1781)) (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) has evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. We performed mating disruption experiments among two lines of inbred and outbred individuals and assessed whether mating behaviour (including mating duration and mate guarding) and reproductive performance were affected. Results indicate that females delay the onset of copula when paired with inbred individuals. Decreased fecundity and percent egg viability following mating with inbred mate is indicative of cost of inbreeding. As trends of spermatophore transfer are similar in inbred and outbred pairs, we assume that females modify their reproductive performance when mated with inbred males. Thus, our study reveals that mating with relatives is likely avoided by females, thus preventing inbreeding depression.
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32

Clutton-Brock, T. H. "Female transfer and inbreeding avoidance in social mammals." Nature 337, no. 6202 (January 1989): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337070a0.

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33

Kingma, S. A., M. L. Hall, and A. Peters. "Breeding synchronization facilitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance." Behavioral Ecology 24, no. 6 (September 10, 2013): 1390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/art078.

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34

MOORE, JIM. "Phenotype matching and inbreeding avoidance in African elephants." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 21 (October 17, 2007): 4421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03560.x.

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35

GEFFEN, ELI, MICHAEL KAM, REUVEN HEFNER, PALL HERSTEINSSON, ANDERS ANGERBJÖRN, LOVE DALÈN, EVA FUGLEI, et al. "Kin encounter rate and inbreeding avoidance in canids." Molecular Ecology 20, no. 24 (November 11, 2011): 5348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05358.x.

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36

Bixler, Ray H. "Why Littermates Don't: The Avoidance of Inbreeding Depression." Annual Review of Sex Research 3, no. 1 (March 1992): 291–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10532528.1992.10559882.

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37

Firman, Renée C., and Leigh W. Simmons. "POLYANDRY FACILITATES POSTCOPULATORY INBREEDING AVOIDANCE IN HOUSE MICE." Evolution 62, no. 3 (March 2008): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00307.x.

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38

Getz, L. L., and C. S. Carter. "Inbreeding avoidance in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 2 (April 1998): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927014.1998.9522861.

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39

Fischer, Klaus, Isabell Karl, Stéphanie Heuskin, Susann Janowitz, and Stefan Dötterl. "Kin Recognition and Inbreeding Avoidance in a Butterfly." Ethology 121, no. 10 (August 7, 2015): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12410.

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40

Firman, Renée C., and Leigh W. Simmons. "Gametic interactions promote inbreeding avoidance in house mice." Ecology Letters 18, no. 9 (July 7, 2015): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12471.

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41

Ala-Honkola, Outi, Laura Tuominen, and Kai Lindström. "Inbreeding avoidance in a poeciliid fish (Heterandria formosa)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 9 (April 16, 2010): 1403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-0955-7.

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42

BILLING, ANNA M., ALINE M. LEE, SIGRUN SKJELSETH, ÅSA A. BORG, MATTHEW C. HALE, JON SLATE, HENRIK PÄRN, THOR H. RINGSBY, BERNT-ERIK SAETHER, and HENRIK JENSEN. "Evidence of inbreeding depression but not inbreeding avoidance in a natural house sparrow population." Molecular Ecology 21, no. 6 (February 15, 2012): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05490.x.

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43

Kasarda R Mészáros, G., O. Kadlečík, E. Hazuchová, V. Šidlová, and I. Pavlík. "Influence of mating systems and selection intensity on the extent of inbreeding and genetic gain in the Slovak Pinzgau cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 59, No. 5 (May 19, 2014): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7402-cjas.

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The aim of the present paper was to simulate the scenarios for a maximum avoidance of inbreeding (MAI) mating strategy, and compare it with a random mating alternative, with the main focus on inbreeding and development of the genetic gain. The parameters of the simulation were based on the structure of the Slovak Pinzgau active population of 2868 animals (930 purebred cows). The selection under a total merit index (TMI) was simulated, covering the milk, survival, and live weight breeding value estimation results. The heritability of TMI (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.09) was estimated using a REML single trait animal model. Alternatives assumed a closed population structure, fixed number of mating per parent, and equal use of sires in insemination. Animals in generation 0 were set as founders without pedigree information. In separate simulation runs, the number of sires of sires was set at 2, 4, 5 or 10 mated with 40 dams of sires in all cases. The sex ratio of the offspring was assumed to be 50/50 male/female. Twenty consecutive generations were simulated for both random and maximum avoidance of inbreeding mating, which resulted in a total of 8 scenarios. Significant positive differences in genetic gain were observed in the MAI mating system with 2 (0.74**), 4 (0.24**), 5 (0.13**) or 10 (0.09**) sires in comparison to random mating design. When using MAI, significantly lower inbreeding was observed with 2&nbsp;(5.44**), 4 (3.18**), 5 (2.43**) or 10 (1.16**) sires. Simulation results showed that the use of a maximum avoidance of inbreeding mating strategy would lead to significantly decreased rates of inbreeding while maintaining suitable levels of genetic gain in the
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44

Leclaire, Sarah, Johanna F. Nielsen, Nathan K. Thavarajah, Marta Manser, and Tim H. Clutton-Brock. "Odour-based kin discrimination in the cooperatively breeding meerkat." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20121054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1054.

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Kin recognition is a useful ability for animals, facilitating cooperation among relatives and avoidance of excessive kin competition or inbreeding. In meerkats, Suricata suricatta, encounters between unfamiliar kin are relatively frequent, and kin recognition by phenotype matching is expected to avoid inbreeding with close relatives. Here, we investigate whether female meerkats are able to discriminate the scent of unfamiliar kin from unfamiliar non-kin. Dominant females were presented with anal gland secretion from unfamiliar individuals that varied in their relatedness. Our result indicates that females spent more time investigating the scent of related than unrelated unfamiliar individuals, suggesting that females may use a phenotype matching mechanism (or recognition alleles) to discriminate the odour of their kin from the odour of their non-kin. Our study provides a key starting point for further investigations into the use of kin recognition for inbreeding avoidance in the widely studied meerkat.
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45

Bollinger, Eric K., Steven J. Harper, and Gary W. Barrett. "Inbreeding Avoidance Increases Dispersal Movements of the Meadow Vole." Ecology 74, no. 4 (June 1993): 1153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940485.

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46

Schubert, Claudia A., Laurene M. Ratcliffe, and Peter T. Boag. "A Test of Inbreeding Avoidance in the Zebra Finch." Ethology 82, no. 4 (April 26, 2010): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00507.x.

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47

Ihle, M., and W. Forstmeier. "Revisiting the evidence for inbreeding avoidance in zebra finches." Behavioral Ecology 24, no. 6 (August 21, 2013): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/art074.

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48

Ala-Honkola, Outi, Mollie K. Manier, Stefan Lüpold, and Scott Pitnick. "NO EVIDENCE FOR POSTCOPULATORY INBREEDING AVOIDANCE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Evolution 65, no. 9 (May 4, 2011): 2699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01317.x.

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49

Sherborne, Amy L., Michael D. Thom, Steve Paterson, Francine Jury, William E. R. Ollier, Paula Stockley, Robert J. Beynon, and Jane L. Hurst. "The Genetic Basis of Inbreeding Avoidance in House Mice." Current Biology 17, no. 23 (December 2007): 2061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041.

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50

Cooney, Rosie, and Nigel C. Bennett. "Inbreeding avoidance and reproductive skew in a cooperative mammal." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 267, no. 1445 (April 22, 2000): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1074.

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