Academic literature on the topic 'Inaccurate mimicry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Inaccurate mimicry"
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Reinhold, K., and L. Engqvist. "Inaccurate mimicry and predator ecology." Journal of Theoretical Biology 229, no. 4 (August 2004): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.04.030.
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Taylor, Christopher H., Tom Reader, and Francis Gilbert. "Why many Batesian mimics are inaccurate: evidence from hoverfly colour patterns." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1842 (November 16, 2016): 20161585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1585.
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Mimicry is considered a classic example of the elaborate adaptations that natural selection can produce, yet often similarity between Batesian (harmless) mimics and their unpalatable models is far from perfect. Variation in mimetic accuracy is a puzzle, as natural selection should favour mimics that are hardest to distinguish from their models. Numerous hypotheses exist to explain the persistence of inaccurate mimics, but most have rarely or never been tested against empirical observations from wild populations. One reason for this is the difficulty in measuring pattern similarity, a key aspect of mimicry. Here, we use a recently developed method, based on the distance transform of binary images, to quantify pattern similarity both within and among species for a group of hoverflies and their hymenopteran models. This allowed us to test three key hypotheses regarding inaccurate mimicry. Firstly, we tested the prediction that selection should be more relaxed in less accurate mimics, but found that levels of phenotypic variation are similar across most hoverfly species. Secondly, we found no evidence that mimics have to compromise between accuracy to multiple model species. However, we did find that darker-coloured hoverflies are less accurate mimics, which could lead to a trade-off between mimicry and thermoregulation in temperate regions. Our results shed light on a classic problem concerning the limitations of natural selection.
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Pekár, Stano. "Is inaccurate mimicry ancestral to accurate in myrmecomorphic spiders (Araneae)?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12287.
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Ihalainen, Eira, Hannah M. Rowland, Michael P. Speed, Graeme D. Ruxton, and Johanna Mappes. "Prey community structure affects how predators select for Müllerian mimicry." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2360.
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Müllerian mimicry describes the close resemblance between aposematic prey species; it is thought to be beneficial because sharing a warning signal decreases the mortality caused by sampling by inexperienced predators learning to avoid the signal. It has been hypothesized that selection for mimicry is strongest in multi-species prey communities where predators are more prone to misidentify the prey than in simple communities. In this study, wild great tits ( Parus major ) foraged from either simple (few prey appearances) or complex (several prey appearances) artificial prey communities where a specific model prey was always present. Owing to slower learning, the model did suffer higher mortality in complex communities when the birds were inexperienced. However, in a subsequent generalization test to potential mimics of the model prey (a continuum of signal accuracy), only birds that had foraged from simple communities selected against inaccurate mimics. Therefore, accurate mimicry is more likely to evolve in simple communities even though predator avoidance learning is slower in complex communities. For mimicry to evolve, prey species must have a common predator; the effective community consists of the predator's diet. In diverse environments, the limited diets of specialist predators could create ‘simple community pockets’ where accurate mimicry is selected for.
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Nelson, Ximena J. "A Predator's Perspective of the Accuracy of Ant Mimicry in Spiders." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/168549.
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Among spiders, resemblance of ants (myrmecomorphy) usually involves the Batesian mimicry, in which the spider coopts the morphological and behavioural characteristics of ants to deceive ant-averse predators. Nevertheless, the degree of resemblance between mimics and ants varies considerably. I usedPortia fimbriata,a jumping spider (Salticidae) with exceptional eyesight that specialises on preying on salticids, to test predator perception of the accuracy of ant mimicry.Portia fimbriata’s response to ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), accurate ant-like salticids (Synageles occidentalis), and inaccurate ant-like salticids (females ofMyrmarachne bakeriand sexually dimorphic males ofM. bakeri, which have enlarged chelicerae) was assessed.Portia fimbriataexhibited graded aversion in accordance with the accuracy of resemblance to ants (O. smaragdina>S. occidentalis> femaleM. bakeri> maleM. bakeri). These results support the hypothesis that ant resemblance confers protection from visual predators, but to varying degrees depending on signal accuracy.
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Pekár, Stano, Martin Jarab, Lutz Fromhage, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Is the Evolution of Inaccurate Mimicry a Result of Selection by a Suite of Predators? A Case Study Using Myrmecomorphic Spiders." American Naturalist 178, no. 1 (July 2011): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660287.
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Johnstone, Rufus A. "The evolution of inaccurate mimics." Nature 418, no. 6897 (August 2002): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00845.
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Hauber, Márk E., Csaba Moskát, and Miklós Bán. "Experimental shift in hosts' acceptance threshold of inaccurate-mimic brood parasite eggs." Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (January 17, 2006): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0438.
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Hosts are expected to evolve resistance strategies that efficiently detect and resist exposure to virulent parasites and pathogens. When recognition is not error-proof, the acceptance threshold used by hosts to recognize parasites should be context dependent and become more restrictive with increasing predictability of parasitism. Here, we demonstrate that decisions of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus to reject parasitism by the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus vary adaptively within a single egg-laying bout. Hosts typically accept one of their own eggs with experimentally added spots and the background colour left visible. In contrast, hosts reject such spotted eggs when individuals had been previously exposed to and rejected one of their own eggs whose background colour had been entirely masked. These results support patterns of adaptive modulation of antiparasitic strategies through shifts in the acceptance threshold of hosts and suggest a critical role for experience in the discrimination decisions between inaccurate-mimic parasite eggs and hosts' own eggs.
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GU, JE-AN. "CAN f(R) GRAVITY MIMIC GENERAL RELATIVITY?" International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 10 (January 2012): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512005764.
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We discuss the stability of the general-relativity (GR) limit in modified theories of gravity, particularly the f(R) theory. The problem of approximating the higher-order differential equations in modified gravity with the Einstein equations (2nd-order differential equations) in GR is elaborated. We demonstrate this problem with a heuristic example involving a simple ordinary differential equation. With this example we further present the iteration method that may serve as a better approximation for solving the equation, meanwhile providing a criterion for assessing the validity of the approximation. We then discuss our previous numerical analyses of the early-time evolution of the cosmological perturbations in f(R) gravity, following the similar ideas demonstrated by the heuristic example. The results of the analyses indicated the possible instability of the GR limit that might make the GR approximation inaccurate in describing the evolution of the cosmological perturbations in the long run.
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Abdullah, Johari Yap, Abdul Manaf Abdullah, Helmi Hadi, Adam Husein, and Zainul Ahmad Rajion. "Comparison of STL skull models produced using open-source software versus commercial software." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 10 (November 11, 2019): 1585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2018-0206.
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Purpose This paper aims to compare the automatic segmentation of medical data and conversion to stereolithography (STL) skull models using open-source software versus commercial software. Design/methodology/approach Both open-source and commercial software used automatic segmentation and post-processing of the data without user intervention, thus avoiding human error. Detailed steps were provided for comparisons and easier to be repeated by other researchers. The results of segmentation, which were converted to STL format were compared using geometric analysis. Findings STL skull models produced using open-source software are comparable with the one produced using commercial software. A comparison of STL skull model produced using InVesalius with STL skull model produced using MIMICS resulted in an average dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 97.6 ± 0.04 per cent and Hausdorff distance (HD) of 0.01 ± 0.005 mm. Inter-rater study for repeatability on MIMICS software yielded an average DSC of 100 per cent and HD of 0. Social implications The application of open-source software will benefit the small research institutions or hospitals to produce and virtualise three-dimensional model of the skulls for teaching or clinical purposes without having to purchase expensive commercial software. It is also easily reproduceable by other researchers. Originality/value This study is one of the first comparative evaluations of an open-source software with propriety commercial software in producing accurate STL skull models. Inaccurate STL models can lead to inaccurate pre-operative planning or unfit implant.
Books on the topic "Inaccurate mimicry"
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Scolding, Neil. Vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0862.
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That part of the clinical interface between neurology and general medicine occupied by inflammatory and immunological diseases is neither small nor medically trivial. Neurologists readily accept the challenges of ‘primary’ immune diseases of the nervous system: these tend to be focussed on one particular target such as oligodendrocytes or the neuro-muscular junction present in predictable ways, and are amenable as a rule to rational, methodological diagnosis, and occasionally even treatment. This is proper neurology.‘Secondary’ neurological involvement in diseases mainly considered systemic inflammatory conditions—for example, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and Behçet’s—is a rather different matter. It may be difficult enough to secure such a diagnosis even when systemic disease has previously been diagnosed and new neurological features need to be differentiated from iatrogenic disease, particularly drug side effects or the consequences of immune suppression. But all the diseases mentioned may present with and confine themselves wholly to the nervous system; they may mimic one another, and pursue erratic and unpredictable clinical courses. In central nervous system disease, diagnosis by tissue biopsy is potentially hazardous and unattractive. Few neurologists enjoy excesses of confidence or expertise when faced with such clinical problems: the cautious diagnostician is perplexed, and the evidence-based neuroprescriber confounded. Unsurprisingly, great variations in approaches to diagnosis and management are seen (Scolding et al. 2002b).But rheumatologically inclined general, renal or respiratory physicians, comfortable when managing inflammation affecting their system or indeed other parts of the body designed to support the nervous system, are generally also ill at ease when faced with neurological features whose differential diagnosis may be large, particularly given the near universal diagnostic non-specificity of either imaging or CSF analysis.Here then is the subject material for this chapter: the diagnosis and management of central nervous system involvement in inflammatory and immunological systemic diseases (Scolding 1999a). In not one of these neurological conditions has a single controlled therapeutic trial been reported, and much that is published on these conditions is misleading or inaccurate. And yet the frequency with which the diagnosis is only confirmed or even first emerges at autopsy bears stark witness to both the severity and evasiveness of these disorders.
Book chapters on the topic "Inaccurate mimicry"
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Marietta, Morgan, and David C. Barker. "Disdain and Disengagement." In One Nation, Two Realities, 181–98. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677176.003.0011.
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The studies in Chapter 11 examine the social and professional consequences of dueling fact perceptions. Through a series of novel experiments, the authors take a look at how citizens react to peers whom they perceive to be factually misguided. Chapter 11 uses survey experiments (designed to mimic a Twitter feed) to investigate how people react to political statements they consider factually inaccurate. The experiments demonstrate that such tweets invite intense social and professional disdain, and they encourage moderate citizens to disengage from politics (thereby warping the electorate in favor of ideologues). Collectively, these results suggest that dueling fact perceptions do not just manifest polarization; they may nurture it as well, with social media serving as an important vehicle.
Conference papers on the topic "Inaccurate mimicry"
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Bernal-Torres, Mario G., Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo, and Juan C. Arellano-González. "Development of an Active Biomimetic-Controlled Transfemoral Knee Prosthesis." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67211.
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Commercial available knee prostheses are still limited because most of them comprise passive elements that store and deliver energy during the gait cycle, but without providing additional energy. This inability to provide additional energy affects the performance of passive prostheses, which in some cases demands up to 60% of additional metabolic energy to perform a gait cycle. Recent research works have focused on the design of active knee prostheses, including the development and implementation of control strategies such as electromyographic (EMG) signals. However, the results of such implementations reveal that these control strategies are still limited because of the relatively long time response and inaccurate movements. This paper presents the design of a new biomimetic-controlled knee prosthesis for transfemoral amputation. The aim is to contribute to the development of simple and effective active knee prostheses. The proposed prosthesis consists of a polycentric mechanism obtained from the body-guidance kinematics synthesis of a four bar linkage. This synthesis is based on the natural movements of the human knee, taking into account the shortening effect of the leg during the walking process to avoid trips. The prosthetic knee mimics the human motion of the healthy leg by means of an echo-control strategy. An experimental prototype has been implemented and tested on a workbench. The experimental results have demonstrated the usability of the proposed biomimetic active knee prosthesis.
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Yin, Kejing, William K. Cheung, Yang Liu, Benjamin C. M. Fung, and Jonathan Poon. "Joint Learning of Phenotypes and Diagnosis-Medication Correspondence via Hidden Interaction Tensor Factorization." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/504.
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Non-negative tensor factorization has been shown effective for discovering phenotypes from the EHR data with minimal human supervision. In most cases, an interaction tensor of the elements in the EHR (e.g., diagnoses and medications) has to be first established before the factorization can be applied. Such correspondence information however is often missing. While different heuristics can be used to estimate the missing correspondence, any errors introduced will in turn cause inaccuracy for the subsequent phenotype discovery task. This is especially true for patients with multiple diseases diagnosed (e.g., under critical care). To alleviate this limitation, we propose the hidden interaction tensor factorization (HITF) where the diagnosis-medication correspondence and the underlying phenotypes are inferred simultaneously. We formulate it under a Poisson non-negative tensor factorization framework and learn the HITF model via maximum likelihood estimation. For performance evaluation, we applied HITF to the MIMIC III dataset. Our empirical results show that both the phenotypes and the correspondence inferred are clinically meaningful. In addition, the inferred HITF model outperforms a number of state-of-the-art methods for mortality prediction.
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Sripramote, Pobtorn, and Worawit Yingvorapant. "Riser-Less Surveillance for Aging Subsea Wellhead with Light Construction Vessel." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31485-ms.
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Abstract Legacy Unocal have drilled hundreds of exploration wells between 1970's to 1990's in Gulf of Thailand with semi-submersible drilling rigs and drillships. Those exploration wells were plugged and abandoned as per the requirements back in the 1970's which the subsea wellheads were not cut and removed. According to asset retirement obligation, all structures above seabed need to be removed before returning concession area. These subsea wellheads are planned for cut and recovery, however, there are many uncertainties in regard to well conditions which includes trapped gas in casing annulus and casing corrosion. The correct and safest approaches to cut and recovery are to perform wellbore logging runs, gas evaluations, and casing wall thickness investigation. The challenges faced in executing the logging runs in open water environment are to conduct safe, efficient, and reliable operations on Dynamic Positioning (DP) vessel which includes a work-class Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). The key factor is to attain as much information and quality logging data to engineer a successful cut and recovery campaign for these complex subsea abandonments. To perform this operation in open water, it can lead to inaccurate logging data due to uncompensated conditions. An innovative solution was collaboratively invented and developed with Business Partners to deploy Logging Tower Subsea Deployment system (LTSDS) to mimic static logging condition. The tower is self-standing design with a capability to rig up on different type of wellhead. The trial was performed but had complications of deployment due to weather impact. The new method, non-compensated real time logging on Electric Line, was introduced to improve time spent per wells. The comparison of logging results from both methods shown similar and reliable log interpretations. The remaining wells were logged with non-compensated real time method, which reduce operational time by 45% as well as lower associated operational risks. Other challenges encountered included logging depths 100 ft below mudline. Since some wells have shallower holdup depths or the tool could not pass due to encountering obstruction at shallow depths, gauge cutter was deployed with slickline unit to remove obstruction, followed by downhole high pressure jetting tool which was effectively helping to achieved logging intervals. Interpretation of logging data were completed on more than 100 wells and results were used to engineer a detailed cut and recovery campaign and utilize new technology that the team had sourced to execute the operation. With innovative designed set up of riser-less operation on light construction vessel, it is proven to meet objective of reliable logging data and cost efficiency and demonstrated flexibility for operation improvement.
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Tarawneh, Constantine, James A. Aranda, Veronica V. Hernandez, and Claudia J. Ramirez. "An Analysis of the Efficacy of Wayside Hot-Box Detector Data." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6218.
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Wayside hot-box detectors (HBDs) are devices that are currently used to monitor bearing, axle, and brake temperatures as a way of assessing railcar component health and to indicate any possible overheating or abnormal operating conditions. Conventional hot-box detectors are set to alarm whenever a bearing is operating at a temperature that is 94.4°C (170°F) above ambient, or when there is a 52.8°C (95°F) temperature difference between two bearings that share an axle. These detectors are placed adjacent to the railway and utilize an infrared sensor in order to obtain temperature measurements. Bearings that trigger HBDs or display temperature trending behavior are removed from service for disassembly and inspection. Upon teardown, bearings that do not exhibit any discernible defects are labeled as “non-verified”. The latter may be due to the many factors that can affect the measurement of HBDs such as location of the infrared sensor and the class of the bearing among other environmental factors. A field test was performed along a route that is more than 483 km (300 mi) of track containing 21 wayside hot-box detectors. Two freight cars, one fully-loaded and one empty, and one instrumentation car pulled by a locomotive were used in this field test. A total of 16 bearings (14 Class F and 2 Class K) were instrumented with K-type bayonet thermocouples to provide continuous temperature measurement. The data collected from this field test were used to perform a systematic study in which the HBD IR sensor data were compared directly to the onboard thermocouple data. The analyses determined that, in general, HBDs tend to overestimate Class K bearing temperatures more frequently than Class F bearing temperatures. Additionally, the temperatures of some bearings were underestimated by as much as 47°C (85°F). Furthermore, the HBD data exhibited some false trending events that were not seen in temperature histories recorded by the bayonet thermocouples. The findings from the field test suggest that HBDs may inaccurately report bearing temperatures, which may contribute to the increased percentage of non-verified bearing removals. To further investigate the accuracy of the wayside detection systems, a dynamic test rig was designed and fabricated by the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) research team at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV). A mobile infrared sensor was developed and installed on the dynamic tester in order to mimic the measurement behavior of a HBD. The infrared temperature measurements were compared to contact thermocouple and bayonet temperature measurements taken on the bearing cup surface. The laboratory-acquired data were compared to actual field test data, and the analysis reveals that the trends are in close agreement. The large majority of temperature measurements taken using the IR sensor have been underestimated with a similar distribution to that of the data collected by the HBDs in field service.
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Castelo, Adriano, David White, and Yinghui Tian. "Solving Downslope Pipeline Walking on Non-Linear Soil With Brittle Peak Strength and Strain Softening." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61168.
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In 2000 the first case of pipeline walking (PW) was properly documented when this phenomenon seriously impacted a North Sea high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) pipeline (Tornes et al. 2000). By then, the main drivers of this problem were accordingly identified for the case studied. On the other hand, to study other aspects related not only to PW, the industry joined forces in the SAFEBUCK Joint Industry Project (JIP) with academic partners. As a result, other drivers, which lead a pipeline to walk, have been identified (Bruton et al. 2010). Nowadays, during the design stage of pipelines, estimates are calculated for pipeline walking. These estimates often use a Rigid-Plastic (RP) soil idealization and the Coulomb friction principle (Carr et al. 2006). Unfortunately, this model does not reflect the real pipe-soil interaction behavior, and in practice time consuming finite element computations are often performed using an Elastic-Perfectly-Plastic (EPP) soil model. In reality, some observed axial pipe-soil responses are extremely non-linear and present a brittle peak strength before a strain softening response (White et al. 2011). This inaccuracy of the soil representation normally overestimates the Walking Rate (WR) (a rigid plastic soil model leads to greater walking). A magnified WR invariably leads to false interpretations besides being unrealistic. Finally, a distorted WR might also demand mitigating measures that could be avoided if the soil had been adequately treated. Unnecessary mitigation has a very strong and negative effect on the project as whole. It will require more financial and time investments for the entire development of the project — from design to construction activities. Therefore, having more realistic and pertinent estimates becomes valuable not only because of budgetary issues but also because of time frame limits. The present paper will show the results of a set of Finite Element Analyses (FEA) performed for a case-study pipeline. The analyses — carried out on ABAQUS software — used a specific subroutine code prepared to appropriately mimic Non-Linear Brittle Peak with Strain Softening (NLBPSS) axial pipe-soil interaction behavior. The specific subroutine code was represented in the Finite Element Models (FEMs) by a series of User Elements (UELs) attached to the pipe elements. The NLBPSS case is a late and exclusive contribution from the present work to the family of available pipeline walking solutions for different forms of axial pipe-soil interaction model. The parametric case-study results are benchmarked against theoretical calculations of pipeline walking showing that the case study results deliver a reasonable accuracy level and are reliable. The results are then distilled into a simplified method in which the WR for NLBPSS soil can be estimated by adjusting a solution derived for RP and EPP soil. The key outcome is a genuine method to correct the WR resultant from a RP soil approach to allow for peak and softening behaviour. It provides a design tool that extends beyond the previously-available solutions and allows more rapid and efficient predictions of pipeline walking to be made. This contribution clarifies, for the downslope walking case, what is the most appropriate basis to incorporate or idealize the soil characteristics within the axial Pipe-Soil Interaction (PSI) response when performing PW assessments.