Journal articles on the topic 'In vivo extracellular recording'
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Allen, Brian D., Caroline Moore-Kochlacs, Jacob G. Bernstein, Justin P. Kinney, Jorg Scholvin, Luís F. Seoane, Chris Chronopoulos, et al. "Automated in vivo patch-clamp evaluation of extracellular multielectrode array spike recording capability." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 2182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00650.2017.
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Much innovation is currently aimed at improving the number, density, and geometry of electrodes on extracellular multielectrode arrays for in vivo recording of neural activity in the mammalian brain. To choose a multielectrode array configuration for a given neuroscience purpose, or to reveal design principles of future multielectrode arrays, it would be useful to have a systematic way of evaluating the spike recording capability of such arrays. We describe an automated system that performs robotic patch-clamp recording of a neuron being simultaneously recorded via an extracellular multielectrode array. By recording a patch-clamp data set from a neuron while acquiring extracellular recordings from the same neuron, we can evaluate how well the extracellular multielectrode array captures the spiking information from that neuron. To demonstrate the utility of our system, we show that it can provide data from the mammalian cortex to evaluate how the spike sorting performance of a close-packed extracellular multielectrode array is affected by bursting, which alters the shape and amplitude of spikes in a train. We also introduce an algorithmic framework to help evaluate how the number of electrodes in a multielectrode array affects spike sorting, examining how adding more electrodes yields data that can be spike sorted more easily. Our automated methodology may thus help with the evaluation of new electrode designs and configurations, providing empirical guidance on the kinds of electrodes that will be optimal for different brain regions, cell types, and species, for improving the accuracy of spike sorting. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present an automated strategy for evaluating the spike recording performance of an extracellular multielectrode array, by enabling simultaneous recording of a neuron with both such an array and with patch clamp. We use our robot and accompanying algorithms to evaluate the performance of multielectrode arrays on supporting spike sorting.
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Chorev, Edith, and Michael Brecht. "In vivo dual intra- and extracellular recordings suggest bidirectional coupling between CA1 pyramidal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01115.2011.
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Spikelets, small spikelike membrane potential deflections, are prominent in the activity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vivo. The origin of spikelets is still a source of much controversy. Somatically recorded spikelets have been postulated to originate from dendritic spikes, ectopic spikes, or spikes in an electrically coupled neuron. To differentiate between the different proposed mechanisms we used a dual recording approach in which we simultaneously recorded the intracellular activity of one CA1 pyramidal neuron and the extracellular activity in its vicinity, thus monitoring extracellularly the activity of both the intracellularly recorded cell as well as other units in its surroundings. Spikelets were observed in a quarter of our recordings ( n = 36). In eight of these nine recordings a second extracellular unit fired in correlation with spikelet occurrences. This observation is consistent with the idea that the spikelets reflect action potentials of electrically coupled nearby neurons. The extracellular spikes of these secondary units preceded the onset of spikelets. While the intracellular spikelet amplitude was voltage dependent, the simultaneously recorded extracellular unit remained unchanged. Spikelets often triggered action potentials in neurons, resulting in a characteristic 1- to 2-ms delay between spikelet onset and firing. Here we show that this relationship is bidirectional, with spikes being triggered by and also triggering spikelets. Secondary units, coupled to pyramidal neurons, showed discharge patterns similar to the recorded pyramidal neuron. These findings suggest that spikelets reflect spikes in an electrically coupled neighboring neuron, most likely of pyramidal cell type. Such coupling might contribute to the synchronization of pyramidal neurons with millisecond precision.
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Kubota, Yoshihiro, Shota Yamagiwa, Hirohito Sawahata, Shinnosuke Idogawa, Shuhei Tsuruhara, Rika Numano, Kowa Koida, Makoto Ishida, and Takeshi Kawano. "Long nanoneedle-electrode devices for extracellular and intracellular recording in vivo." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 258 (April 2018): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.152.
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Akaoka, Hideo, Claude-François Saunier, Karima Chergui, Paul Charléty, Michel Buda, and Guy Chouvet. "Combining in vivo volume-controlled pressure microejection with extracellular unit recording." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 42, no. 1-2 (April 1992): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(92)90142-z.
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Kita, Yuto, Shuhei Tsuruhara, Hiroshi Kubo, Koji Yamashita, Yu Seikoba, Shinnosuke Idogawa, Hirohito Sawahata, et al. "Three-micrometer-diameter needle electrode with an amplifier for extracellular in vivo recordings." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 16 (April 12, 2021): e2008233118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008233118.
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Microscale needle-electrode devices offer neuronal signal recording capability in brain tissue; however, using needles of smaller geometry to minimize tissue damage causes degradation of electrical properties, including high electrical impedance and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) recording. We overcome these limitations using a device assembly technique that uses a single needle-topped amplifier package, called STACK, within a device of ∼1 × 1 mm2. Based on silicon (Si) growth technology, a <3-µm-tip-diameter, 400-µm-length needle electrode was fabricated on a Si block as the module. The high electrical impedance characteristics of the needle electrode were improved by stacking it on the other module of the amplifier. The STACK device exhibited a voltage gain of >0.98 (−0.175 dB), enabling recording of the local field potential and action potentials from the mouse brain in vivo with an improved SNR of 6.2. Additionally, the device allowed us to use a Bluetooth module to demonstrate wireless recording of these neuronal signals; the chronic experiment was also conducted using STACK-implanted mice.
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Nelson, Matthew J., Silvana Valtcheva, and Laurent Venance. "Magnitude and behavior of cross-talk effects in multichannel electrophysiology experiments." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00877.2016.
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Modern neurophysiological experiments frequently involve multiple channels separated by very small distances. A unique methodological concern for multiple-electrode experiments is that of capacitive coupling (cross-talk) between channels. Yet the nature of the cross-talk recording circuit is not well known in the field, and the extent to which it practically affects neurophysiology experiments has never been fully investigated. Here we describe a simple electrical circuit model of simultaneous recording and stimulation with two or more channels and experimentally verify the model using ex vivo brain slice and in vivo whole-brain preparations. In agreement with the model, we find that cross-talk amplitudes increase nearly linearly with the impedance of a recording electrode and are larger for higher frequencies. We demonstrate cross-talk contamination of action potential waveforms from intracellular to extracellular channels, which is observable in part because of the different orders of magnitude between the channels. This contamination is electrode impedance-dependent and matches predictions from the model. We use recently published parameters to simulate cross-talk in high-density multichannel extracellular recordings. Cross-talk effectively spatially smooths current source density (CSD) estimates in these recordings and induces artefactual phase shifts where underlying voltage gradients occur; however, these effects are modest. We show that the effects of cross-talk are unlikely to affect most conclusions inferred from neurophysiology experiments when both originating and receiving electrode record signals of similar magnitudes. We discuss other types of experiments and analyses that may be susceptible to cross-talk, techniques for detecting and experimentally reducing cross-talk, and implications for high-density probe design. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We develop and experimentally verify an electrical circuit model describing cross-talk that necessarily occurs between two channels. Recorded cross-talk increased with electrode impedance and signal frequency. We recorded cross-talk contamination of spike waveforms from intracellular to extracellular channels. We simulated high-density multichannel extracellular recordings and demonstrate spatial smoothing and phase shifts that cross-talk enacts on CSD measurements. However, when channels record similar-magnitude signals, effects are modest and unlikely to affect most conclusions.
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Huan, Yu, Jeffrey P. Gill, Johanna B. Fritzinger, Paras R. Patel, Julianna M. Richie, Elena Della Valle, James D. Weiland, Cynthia A. Chestek, and Hillel J. Chiel. "Carbon fiber electrodes for intracellular recording and stimulation." Journal of Neural Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 066033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac3dd7.
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Abstract Objective. To understand neural circuit dynamics, it is critical to manipulate and record many individual neurons. Traditional recording methods, such as glass microelectrodes, can only control a small number of neurons. More recently, devices with high electrode density have been developed, but few of them can be used for intracellular recording or stimulation in intact nervous systems. Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) are 8 µm-diameter electrodes that can be assembled into dense arrays (pitches ⩾ 80 µm). They have good signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and provide stable extracellular recordings both acutely and chronically in neural tissue in vivo (e.g. rat motor cortex). The small fiber size suggests that arrays could be used for intracellular stimulation. Approach. We tested CFEs for intracellular stimulation using the large identified and electrically compact neurons of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron cell bodies in Aplysia range from 30 µm to over 250 µm. We compared the efficacy of CFEs to glass microelectrodes by impaling the same neuron’s cell body with both electrodes and connecting them to a DC coupled amplifier. Main results. We observed that intracellular waveforms were essentially identical, but the amplitude and SNR in the CFE were lower than in the glass microelectrode. CFE arrays could record from 3 to 8 neurons simultaneously for many hours, and many of these recordings were intracellular, as shown by simultaneous glass microelectrode recordings. CFEs coated with platinum-iridium could stimulate and had stable impedances over many hours. CFEs not within neurons could record local extracellular activity. Despite the lower SNR, the CFEs could record synaptic potentials. CFEs were less sensitive to mechanical perturbations than glass microelectrodes. Significance. The ability to do stable multi-channel recording while stimulating and recording intracellularly make CFEs a powerful new technology for studying neural circuit dynamics.
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Neto, Joana P., Gonçalo Lopes, João Frazão, Joana Nogueira, Pedro Lacerda, Pedro Baião, Arno Aarts, et al. "Validating silicon polytrodes with paired juxtacellular recordings: method and dataset." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2016.
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Cross-validating new methods for recording neural activity is necessary to accurately interpret and compare the signals they measure. Here we describe a procedure for precisely aligning two probes for in vivo “paired-recordings” such that the spiking activity of a single neuron is monitored with both a dense extracellular silicon polytrode and a juxtacellular micropipette. Our new method allows for efficient, reliable, and automated guidance of both probes to the same neural structure with micrometer resolution. We also describe a new dataset of paired-recordings, which is available online. We propose that our novel targeting system, and ever expanding cross-validation dataset, will be vital to the development of new algorithms for automatically detecting/sorting single-units, characterizing new electrode materials/designs, and resolving nagging questions regarding the origin and nature of extracellular neural signals.
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Lavian, Gila, Doron Kopelman, Avshalom Shenhav, Eugene Konyukhov, Urit Gardi, Asaph Zaretzky, Rona Shofti, John P. M. Finberg, and Moshe Hashmonai. "In vivo extracellular recording of sympathetic ganglion activity in a chronic animal model." Clinical Autonomic Research 13 (December 1, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10286-003-1121-3.
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Buccino, Alessio Paolo, and Gaute Tomas Einevoll. "MEArec: A Fast and Customizable Testbench Simulator for Ground-truth Extracellular Spiking Activity." Neuroinformatics 19, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12021-020-09467-7.
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AbstractWhen recording neural activity from extracellular electrodes, both in vivo and in vitro, spike sorting is a required and very important processing step that allows for identification of single neurons’ activity. Spike sorting is a complex algorithmic procedure, and in recent years many groups have attempted to tackle this problem, resulting in numerous methods and software packages. However, validation of spike sorting techniques is complicated. It is an inherently unsupervised problem and it is hard to find universal metrics to evaluate performance. Simultaneous recordings that combine extracellular and patch-clamp or juxtacellular techniques can provide ground-truth data to evaluate spike sorting methods. However, their utility is limited by the fact that only a few cells can be measured at the same time. Simulated ground-truth recordings can provide a powerful alternative mean to rank the performance of spike sorters. We present here , a Python-based software which permits flexible and fast simulation of extracellular recordings. allows users to generate extracellular signals on various customizable electrode designs and can replicate various problematic aspects for spike sorting, such as bursting, spatio-temporal overlapping events, and drifts. We expect will provide a common testbench for spike sorting development and evaluation, in which spike sorting developers can rapidly generate and evaluate the performance of their algorithms.
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Gold, Carl, Darrell A. Henze, Christof Koch, and György Buzsáki. "On the Origin of the Extracellular Action Potential Waveform: A Modeling Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 5 (May 2006): 3113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00979.2005.
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Although extracellular unit recording is typically used for the detection of spike occurrences, it also has the theoretical ability to report about what are typically considered intracellular features of the action potential. We address this theoretical ability by developing a model system that captures features of experimentally recorded simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We use the line source approximation method of Holt and Koch to model the extracellular action potential (EAP) voltage resulting from the spiking activity of individual neurons. We compare the simultaneous intracellular and extracellular recordings of CA1 pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo with model predictions for the same cells reconstructed and simulated with compartmental models. The model accurately reproduces both the waveform and the amplitude of the EAPs, although it was difficult to achieve simultaneous good matches on both the intracellular and extracellular waveforms. This suggests that accounting for the EAP waveform provides a considerable constraint on the overall model. The developed model explains how and why the waveform varies with electrode position relative to the recorded cell. Interestingly, each cell's dendritic morphology had very little impact on the EAP waveform. The model also demonstrates that the varied composition of ionic currents in different cells is reflected in the features of the EAP.
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Pan, Enhui, and Janet L. Stringer. "Role of Potassium and Calcium in the Generation of Cellular Bursts in the Dentate Gyrus." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 2293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2293.
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Pan, Enhui and Janet L. Stringer. Role of potassium and calcium in the generation of cellular bursts in the dentate gyrus. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2293–2299, 1997. Epileptiform activity, which appears to be endogenous, has been recorded in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus before the onset of synchronized seizure activity and has been termed cellular bursts. It has been postulated that an increase in input to the dentate gyrus causes a local increase in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) and a decrease in [Ca2+]o that results in this cellular bursting. The first test of this hypothesis is to determine whether the cellular bursts appear in ionic conditions that occur in vivo before the onset of synchronized epileptic activity. This hypothesis was tested in vitro by varying the ionic concentrations in the perfusing solution and recording changes in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Intra- and extracellular recordings were made in the dentate gyri of hippocampal slices prepared from anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Increasing the extracellular potassium or decreasing the extracellular calcium of the perfusing solution caused three forms of spontaneous activity to appear: depolarizing potentials, action potentials, and cellular bursts. Increasing potassium or decreasing calcium also caused the granule cells to depolarize and reduced their input resistance. No synchronized extracellular field activity was detected. Simultaneously increasing potassium and decreasing calcium caused cellular bursts to appear at concentrations recorded in vivo before the onset of synchronized reverberatory seizure activity.
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Gielen, F. L., R. N. Friedman, and J. P. Wikswo. "In vivo magnetic and electric recordings from nerve bundles and single motor units in mammalian skeletal muscle. Correlations with muscle force." Journal of General Physiology 98, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1043–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.98.5.1043.
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Recent advances in the technology of recording magnetic fields associated with electric current flow in biological tissues have provided a means of examining action currents that is more direct and possibly more accurate than conventional electrical recording. Magnetic recordings are relatively insensitive to muscle movement, and, because the recording probes are not directly connected to the tissue, distortions of the data due to changes in the electrochemical interface between the probes and the tissue are eliminated. In vivo magnetic recordings of action currents of rat common peroneal nerve and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle were obtained by a new magnetic probe and amplifier system that operates within the physiological temperature range. The magnetically recorded waveforms were compared with those obtained simultaneously by conventional, extracellular recording techniques. We used the amplitude of EDL twitch force (an index of stimulus strength) generated in response to graded stimulation of the common peroneal nerve to enable us to compare the amplitudes of magnetically recorded nerve and muscle compound action currents (NCACs and MCACs, respectively) with the amplitudes of electrically recorded nerve compound action potentials (NCAPs). High, positive correlations to stimulus strength were found for NCACs (r = 0.998), MCACs (r = 0.974), and NCAPs (r = 0.998). We also computed the correlations of EDL single motor unit twitch force with magnetically recorded single motor unit compound action currents (SMUCACs) and electrically recorded single motor unit compound action potentials (SMUCAPs) obtained with both a ring electrode and a straight wire serving as a point electrode. Only the SMUCACs had a relatively strong positive correlation (r = 0.768) with EDL twitch force. Correlations for ring and wire electrode-recorded SMUCAPs were 0.565 and -0.366, respectively. This study adds a relatively direct examination of action currents to the characterization of the normal biophysical properties of peripheral nerve, muscle, and muscle single motor units.
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Kondo, T., K. Tamura, K. Onoe, H. Takahira, Y. Ohta, and H. Yamabayashi. "In vivo recording of electrical activity of canine tracheal smooth muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.135.
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Electrical activity of the tracheal smooth muscle was studied using extracellular bipolar electrodes in 37 decerebrate, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs. A spontaneous oscillatory potential that consisted of a slow sinusoidal wave of 0.57 +/- 0.13 (SD) Hz mean frequency but lacked a fast spike component was recorded from 15 dogs. Lung collapse accomplished by bilateral pneumothoraxes evoked or augmented the slow potentials that were associated with an increase in tracheal muscle contraction in 26 dogs. This suggests that the inputs from the airway mechanoreceptors reflexly activate the tracheal smooth muscle cells. Bilateral vagal transection abolished both the spontaneous and the reflexly evoked slow waves and provided relaxation of the tracheal smooth muscle. Electrical stimulation of the distal nerve with a train pulse (0.5 ms, 1–30 Hz) evoked slow-wave oscillatory potentials accompanied by a contraction of the tracheal smooth muscle in all the experimental animals. Our observations in this in vivo study confirm that the electrical activity of tracheal smooth muscle consists of slow oscillatory potentials and that tracheal contraction is at least partly coupled to the slow-wave activity of the smooth muscle.
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Nakamura, Shinya, Michael V. Baratta, Matthew B. Pomrenze, Samuel D. Dolzani, and Donald C. Cooper. "High fidelity optogenetic control of individual prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in vivo." F1000Research 1 (July 30, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1-7.v1.
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Precise spatial and temporal manipulation of neural activity in specific genetically defined cell populations is now possible with the advent of optogenetics. The emerging field of optogenetics consists of a set of naturally-occurring and engineered light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g. channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g. halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity. Here we demonstrate the technique and the feasibility of using novel adeno-associated viral (AAV) tools to activate (AAV-CaMKllα-ChR2-eYFP) or silence (AAV-CaMKllα-eNpHR3.0-eYFP) neural activity of rat prefrontal cortical prelimbic (PL) pyramidal neurons in vivo. In vivo single unit extracellular recording of ChR2-transduced pyramidal neurons showed that delivery of brief (10 ms) blue (473 nm) light-pulse trains up to 20 Hz via a custom fiber optic-coupled recording electrode (optrode) induced spiking with high fidelity at 20 Hz for the duration of recording (up to two hours in some cases). To silence spontaneously active neurons, we transduced them with the NpHR construct and administered continuous green (532 nm) light to completely inhibit action potential activity for up to 10 seconds with 100% fidelity in most cases. These versatile photosensitive tools, combined with optrode recording methods, provide experimental control over activity of genetically defined neurons and can be used to investigate the functional relationship between neural activity and complex cognitive behavior.
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Chen, Ming-Teh, Marisela Morales, Donald J. Woodward, Barry J. Hoffer, and Patricia H. Janak. "In Vivo Extracellular Recording of Striatal Neurons in the Awake Rat Following Unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesions." Experimental Neurology 171, no. 1 (September 2001): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2001.7730.
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Rocha, Paulo R. F., Maria C. R. Medeiros, Ulrike Kintzel, Johannes Vogt, Inês M. Araújo, Ana L. G. Mestre, Volker Mailänder, et al. "Extracellular electrical recording of pH-triggered bursts in C6 glioma cell populations." Science Advances 2, no. 12 (December 2016): e1600516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600516.
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Glioma patients often suffer from epileptic seizures because of the tumor’s impact on the brain physiology. Using the rat glioma cell line C6 as a model system, we performed long-term live recordings of the electrical activity of glioma populations in an ultrasensitive detection method. The transducer exploits large-area electrodes that maximize double-layer capacitance, thus increasing the sensitivity. This strategy allowed us to record glioma electrical activity. We show that although glioma cells are nonelectrogenic, they display a remarkable electrical burst activity in time. The low-frequency current noise after cell adhesion is dominated by the flow of Na+ions through voltage-gated ion channels. However, after an incubation period of many hours, the current noise markedly increased. This electric bursting phenomenon was not associated with apoptosis because the cells were viable and proliferative during the period of increased electric activity. We detected a rapid cell culture medium acidification accompanying this event. By using specific inhibitors, we showed that the electrical bursting activity was prompted by extracellular pH changes, which enhanced Na+ion flux through the psalmotoxin 1–sensitive acid-sensing ion channels. Our model of pH-triggered bursting was unambiguously supported by deliberate, external acidification of the cell culture medium. This unexpected, acidosis-driven electrical activity is likely to directly perturb, in vivo, the functionality of the healthy neuronal network in the vicinity of the tumor bulk and may contribute to seizures in glioma patients.
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Sanchez-Aguilera, Alberto, Diek W. Wheeler, Teresa Jurado-Parras, Manuel Valero, Miriam S. Nokia, Elena Cid, Ivan Fernandez-Lamo, et al. "An update to Hippocampome.org by integrating single-cell phenotypes with circuit function in vivo." PLOS Biology 19, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e3001213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001213.
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Understanding brain operation demands linking basic behavioral traits to cell-type specific dynamics of different brain-wide subcircuits. This requires a system to classify the basic operational modes of neurons and circuits. Single-cell phenotyping of firing behavior during ongoing oscillations in vivo has provided a large body of evidence on entorhinal–hippocampal function, but data are dispersed and diverse. Here, we mined literature to search for information regarding the phase-timing dynamics of over 100 hippocampal/entorhinal neuron types defined in Hippocampome.org. We identified missing and unresolved pieces of knowledge (e.g., the preferred theta phase for a specific neuron type) and complemented the dataset with our own new data. By confronting the effect of brain state and recording methods, we highlight the equivalences and differences across conditions and offer a number of novel observations. We show how a heuristic approach based on oscillatory features of morphologically identified neurons can aid in classifying extracellular recordings of single cells and discuss future opportunities and challenges towards integrating single-cell phenotypes with circuit function.
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Brown, M. Christian. "Recording and labeling at a site along the cochlea shows alignment of medial olivocochlear and auditory nerve tonotopic mappings." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00842.2015.
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Medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons provide an efferent innervation to outer hair cells (OHCs) of the cochlea, but their tonotopic mapping is incompletely known. In the present study of anesthetized guinea pigs, the MOC mapping was investigated using in vivo, extracellular recording, and labeling at a site along the cochlear course of the axons. The MOC axons enter the cochlea at its base and spiral apically, successively turning out to innervate OHCs according to their characteristic frequencies (CFs). Recordings made at a site in the cochlear basal turn yielded a distribution of MOC CFs with an upper limit, or “edge,” due to usually absent higher-CF axons that presumably innervate more basal locations. The CFs at the edge, normalized across preparations, were equal to the CFs of the auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) at the recording sites (near 16 kHz). Corresponding anatomical data from extracellular injections showed spiraling MOC axons giving rise to an edge of labeling at the position of a narrow band of labeled ANFs. Overall, the edges of the MOC CFs and labeling, with their correspondences to ANFs, suggest similar tonotopic mappings of these efferent and afferent fibers, at least in the cochlear basal turn. They also suggest that MOC axons miss much of the position of the more basally located cochlear amplifier appropriate for their CF; instead, the MOC innervation may be optimized for protection from damage by acoustic overstimulation.
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Yu, Yao-Ming, and Rong-Chin Lo. "DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MULTICHANNEL PREAMPLIFIER FOR INTRACORTICAL ACTIVITIES RECORDING USING COMMERCIAL COMPONENTS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 02 (April 2013): 1350028. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500282.
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Simple and useful methods are described herein for a portable and multichannel preamplifier circuit. These procedures include mainly operational amplifier selection, offset voltage reduction, active guarding circuit, selectable reference node, and grounded plate arrangement. A six-channel preamplifier board is designed and fabricated for intracortical activities recording using commercial components. The preamplifier has been successfully tested in vivo to process cortically derived extracellular evoked potentials under anesthetized rat. Results from both simulated circuit testing and practical animal measuring indicate that a high-quality recording can be obtained by adopting the presented circuits. This method needs only ready-made materials, general know-how, and a few components and is simple even for a nonelectronic engineering researcher in-house. The proposed preamplifier can be easily expanded by combining other post-processing circuits or recording devices. This preamplifier can also be easily modified and applied to the analogy front-end (AFE) of telemetric recording system, other related electrophysiological or physiological studies.
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CHAILLAN, F. A., B. TRUCHET, and F. S. ROMAN. "EXTRACELLULAR RECORDINGS OF RODENTSIN VIVO: THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO INTEGRATIVE NEUROSCIENCE." Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 07, no. 02 (June 2008): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219635208001794.
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Buchanan, J. W., S. Oshita, T. Fujino, and L. S. Gettes. "A method for measurement of internal longitudinal resistance in papillary muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 251, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): H210—H217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.1.h210.
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We have modified the original Weidmann method for the measurement of internal longitudinal resistance in ventricular muscle by using air rather than silicon oil to insulate guinea pig papillary muscles and by omitting the tetrodotoxin inactivation of a portion of the preparation and have examined the requirements necessary for the theoretical assumptions to be satisfied by this or similar preparations. We found a homogeneous depolarization wavefront beyond about 1 mm from the stimulating electrodes. The adequacy of the interelectrode spacing was identified by a discrete plateau in the extracellular potential recording. The extracellular resistance in this preparation was sensitive to changes in the volume of the extracellular compartment, which we manipulated by changing inflow and outflow rates, and to changes in total ionic content of the superfusate. Our results establish the essential nature of maintaining constant flow rates and total ionic content and suggest that changes in volume and ionic content of a restricted extracellular space could conceivably influence conduction in vivo.
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Libbrecht, Sarah, Luis Hoffman, Marleen Welkenhuysen, Chris Van den Haute, Veerle Baekelandt, Dries Braeken, and Sebastian Haesler. "Proximal and distal modulation of neural activity by spatially confined optogenetic activation with an integrated high-density optoelectrode." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00888.2017.
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Optogenetic manipulations are widely used for investigating the contribution of genetically identified cell types to behavior. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings are less common, although they are critical for characterizing the specific impact of optogenetic manipulations on neural circuits in vivo. This is at least in part because combining photostimulation with large-scale electrophysiological recordings remains technically challenging, which also poses a limitation for performing extracellular identification experiments. Currently available interfaces that guide light of the appropriate wavelength into the brain combined with an electrophysiological modality suffer from various drawbacks such as a bulky size, low spatial resolution, heat dissipation, or photovoltaic artifacts. To address these challenges, we have designed and fabricated an integrated ultrathin neural interface with 12 optical outputs and 24 electrodes. We used the device to measure the effect of localized stimulation in the anterior olfactory cortex, a paleocortical structure involved in olfactory processing. Our experiments in adult mice demonstrate that because of its small dimensions, our novel tool causes far less tissue damage than commercially available devices. Moreover, optical stimulation and recording can be performed simultaneously, with no measurable electrical artifact during optical stimulation. Importantly, optical stimulation can be confined to small volumes with approximately single-cortical layer thickness. Finally, we find that even highly localized optical stimulation causes inhibition at more distant sites. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we establish a novel tool for simultaneous extracellular recording and optogenetic photostimulation. Because the device is built using established microchip technology, it can be fabricated with high reproducibility and reliability. We further show that even very localized stimulation affects neural firing far beyond the stimulation site. This demonstrates the difficulty in predicting circuit-level effects of optogenetic manipulations and highlights the importance of closely monitoring neural activity in optogenetic experiments.
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Yamaguchi, Ayako. "Ex Vivo Brain Preparation to Analyze Vocal Pathways of Xenopus Frogs." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2021, no. 9 (April 7, 2021): pdb.prot106872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot106872.
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Understanding the neural basis of behavior is a challenging task for technical reasons. Most methods of recording neural activity require animals to be immobilized, but neural activity associated with most behavior cannot be recorded from an anesthetized, immobilized animal. Using amphibians, however, there has been some success in developing in vitro brain preparations that can be used for electrophysiological and anatomical studies. Here, we describe an ex vivo frog brain preparation from which fictive vocalizations (the neural activity that would have produced vocalizations had the brain been attached to the muscle) can be elicited repeatedly. When serotonin is applied to the isolated brains of male and female African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis, laryngeal nerve activity that is a facsimile of those that underlie sex-specific vocalizations in vivo can be readily recorded. Recently, this preparation was successfully used in other species within the genus including Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus victorianus. This preparation allows a variety of techniques to be applied including extracellular and intracellular electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging during vocal production, surgical and pharmacological manipulation of neurons to evaluate their impact on motor output, and tract tracing of the neural circuitry. Thus, the preparation is a powerful tool with which to understand the basic principles that govern the production of coherent and robust motor programs in vertebrates.
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Tolias, Andreas S., Alexander S. Ecker, Athanassios G. Siapas, Andreas Hoenselaar, Georgios A. Keliris, and Nikos K. Logothetis. "Recording Chronically From the Same Neurons in Awake, Behaving Primates." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 6 (December 2007): 3780–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00260.2007.
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Understanding the mechanisms of learning requires characterizing how the response properties of individual neurons and interactions across populations of neurons change over time. To study learning in vivo, we need the ability to track an electrophysiological signature that uniquely identifies each recorded neuron for extended periods of time. We have identified such an extracellular signature using a statistical framework that allows quantification of the accuracy by which stable neurons can be identified across successive recording sessions. Our statistical framework uses spike waveform information recorded on a tetrode's four channels to define a measure of similarity between neurons recorded across time. We use this framework to quantitatively demonstrate for the first time the ability to record from the same neurons across multiple consecutive days and weeks. The chronic recording techniques and methods of analyses we report can be used to characterize the changes in brain circuits due to learning.
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Dumoulin Bridi, Michelle C., Sara J. Aton, Julie Seibt, Leslie Renouard, Tammi Coleman, and Marcos G. Frank. "Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical plasticity in the developing brain." Science Advances 1, no. 6 (July 2015): e1500105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500105.
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Rapid eye movement sleep is maximal during early life, but its function in the developing brain is unknown. We investigated the role of rapid eye movement sleep in a canonical model of developmental plasticity in vivo (ocular dominance plasticity in the cat) induced by monocular deprivation. Preventing rapid eye movement sleep after monocular deprivation reduced ocular dominance plasticity and inhibited activation of a kinase critical for this plasticity (extracellular signal–regulated kinase). Chronic single-neuron recording in freely behaving cats further revealed that cortical activity during rapid eye movement sleep resembled activity present during monocular deprivation. This corresponded to times of maximal extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation. These findings indicate that rapid eye movement sleep promotes molecular and network adaptations that consolidate waking experience in the developing brain.
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Henze, Darrell A., Zsolt Borhegyi, Jozsef Csicsvari, Akira Mamiya, Kenneth D. Harris, and György Buzsáki. "Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular Recordings in the Hippocampus In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 1 (July 2000): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.390.
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Haider, Bilal, Alvaro Duque, Andrea R. Hasenstaub, Yuguo Yu, and David A. McCormick. "Enhancement of Visual Responsiveness by Spontaneous Local Network Activity In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 6 (June 2007): 4186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01114.2006.
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Spontaneous activity within local circuits affects the integrative properties of neurons and networks. We have previously shown that neocortical network activity exhibits a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials, and such activity has significant effects on synaptic transmission, action potential generation, and spike timing. However, whether such activity facilitates or reduces sensory responses has yet to be clearly determined. We examined this hypothesis in the primary visual cortex in vivo during slow oscillations in ketamine-xylazine anesthetized cats. We measured network activity (Up states) with extracellular recording, while simultaneously recording postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and action potentials in nearby cells. Stimulating the receptive field revealed that spiking responses of both simple and complex cells were significantly enhanced (>2-fold) during network activity, as were spiking responses to intracellular injection of varying amplitude artificial conductance stimuli. Visually evoked PSPs were not significantly different in amplitude during network activity or quiescence; instead, spontaneous depolarization caused by network activity brought these evoked PSPs closer to firing threshold. Further examination revealed that visual responsiveness was gradually enhanced by progressive membrane potential depolarization. These spontaneous depolarizations enhanced responsiveness to stimuli of varying contrasts, resulting in an upward (multiplicative) scaling of the contrast response function. Our results suggest that small increases in ongoing balanced network activity that result in depolarization may provide a rapid and generalized mechanism to control the responsiveness (gain) of cortical neurons, such as occurs during shifts in spatial attention.
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Rihani, Rashed, Hyun Kim, Bryan Black, Rahul Atmaramani, Mohand Saed, Joseph Pancrazio, and Taylor Ware. "Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Microelectrode Array for In Vitro Neuronal Recordings." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080416.
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Polymer-based biomedical electronics provide a tunable platform to interact with nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, the ability to control functional properties of neural interfaces may provide important advantages to study the nervous system or to restore function in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of smart materials that reversibly change shape when exposed to a variety of stimuli. Our interest in LCEs is based on leveraging this shape change to deploy electrode sites beyond the tissue regions exhibiting inflammation associated with chronic implantation. As a first step, we demonstrate that LCEs are cellular compatible materials that can be used as substrates for fabricating microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of recording single unit activity in vitro. Extracts from LCEs are non-cytotoxic (>70% normalized percent viability), as determined in accordance to ISO protocol 10993-5 using fibroblasts and primary murine cortical neurons. LCEs are also not functionally neurotoxic as determined by exposing cortical neurons cultured on conventional microelectrode arrays to LCE extract for 48 h. Microelectrode arrays fabricated on LCEs are stable, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Examination of the impedance and phase at 1 kHz, a frequency associated with single unit recording, showed results well within range of electrophysiological recordings over 30 days of monitoring in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Moreover, the LCE arrays are shown to support viable cortical neuronal cultures over 27 days in vitro and to enable recording of prominent extracellular biopotentials comparable to those achieved with conventional commercially-available microelectrode arrays.
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Obrenovitch, T. P., J. Urenjak, and E. Zilkha. "Intracerebral microdialysis combined with recording of extracellular field potential: a novel method for investigation of depolarizing drugs in vivo." British Journal of Pharmacology 113, no. 4 (December 1994): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17139.x.
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Koyama, Y., T. Honda, M. Kusakabe, Y. Kayama, and Y. Sugiura. "In vivo electrophysiological distinction of histochemically-identified cholinergic neurons using extracellular recording and labelling in rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus." Neuroscience 83, no. 4 (January 1998): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00439-9.
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Dufour, Suzie, Pascal Dufour, Oana Chever, Réal Vallée, and Florin Amzica. "In vivo simultaneous intra- and extracellular potassium recordings using a micro-optrode." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 194, no. 2 (January 2011): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.10.004.
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Urch, C. E., and A. H. Dickenson. "In vivo single unit extracellular recordings from spinal cord neurones of rats." Brain Research Protocols 12, no. 1 (August 2003): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-299x(03)00068-0.
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Kai, Y., Y. Oomura, and N. Shimizu. "Responses of rat lateral hypothalamic neuron activity to dorsal raphe nuclei stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 60, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.2.524.
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1. The effects of dorsal raphe (DR) stimulation on neural activity in the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), including specific glucose-sensitive neurons, were investigated by extracellular and intracellular recording in vivo, and the neurotransmitters involved were determined. 2. In 67 adult male anesthetized rats, 287 extracellular and 49 intracellular recordings of LHA responses to electrical stimulation of the DR were examined. 3. To determine neurotransmitter candidates, the effects of serotonin and the serotonin antagonists methysergide, lisuride, and (-)-propranolol were investigated by systemic administration and microelectrophoresis. 4. Of 287 spontaneously firing LHA neurons tested by DR stimulation, 157 (55%) were inhibited. Among these, 51% were glucose sensitive. The serotonin 1 receptor antagonists, lisuride and (-)-propranolol, attenuated the inhibitory responses to both DR stimulation and electrophoretic serotonin application. 5. Seventy-three (25%) were excited by DR stimulation, and 71% of these were glucose insensitive. Methysergide attenuated the excitatory responses to DR stimulation and the inhibitory response to electrophoretic serotonin application, but (-)-propranolol did not attenuate the excitation. 6. Intracellular recordings of LHA neurons during DR stimulation showed monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) with 3.8 and 3.0 ms latency, respectively. The reversal potential for the former was approximately -17 and for the latter, -94 mV. 7. From the results we concluded that 75% of LHA glucose-sensitive neurons receive inhibitory serotonin inputs from the DR through serotonin 1 receptors, and 20% of glucose-insensitive neurons receive excitatory inputs from the DR through serotonin 2 receptors though 41% of these receive inhibitory inputs through serotonin 1 receptor.
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Plowey, Edward D., Jeffery M. Kramer, Joseph A. Beatty, and Tony G. Waldrop. "In vivo electrophysiological responses of pedunculopontine neurons to static muscle contraction." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 283, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): R1008—R1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2002.
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The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has previously been implicated in central command regulation of the cardiorespiratory adjustments that accompany exercise. The current study was executed to begin to address the potential role of the PPN in the regulation of cardiorespiratory adjustments evoked by muscle contraction. Extracellular single-unit recording was employed to document the responses of PPN neurons during static muscle contraction. Sixty-four percent (20/31) of neurons sampled from the PPN responded to static muscle contraction with increases in firing rate. Furthermore, muscle contraction-responsive neurons in the PPN were unresponsive to brief periods of hypotension but were markedly activated during chemical disinhibition of the caudal hypothalamus. A separate sample of PPN neurons was found to be moderately activated during systemic hypoxia. Chemical disinhibition of the PPN was found to markedly increase respiratory drive. These findings suggest that the PPN may be involved in modulating respiratory adjustments that accompany muscle contraction and that PPN neurons may have the capacity to synthesize muscle reflex and central command influences.
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Nin, Fumiaki, Samuel Choi, Takeru Ota, Zhang Qi, and Hiroshi Hibino. "Optimization of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with a supercontinuum source for in vivo motion detection of low reflective outer hair cells in guinea pig cochleae." Optical Review 28, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-021-00654-8.
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AbstractSound evokes sub-nanoscale vibration within the sensory epithelium. The epithelium contains not only immotile cells but also contractile outer hair cells (OHCs) that actively shrink and elongate synchronously with the sound. However, the in vivo motion of OHCs has remained undetermined. The aim of this work is to perform high-resolution and -accuracy vibrometry in live guinea pigs with an SC-introduced spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system (SD-OCT). In this study, to reveal the effective contribution of SC source in the recording of the low reflective materials with the short total acquisition time, we compare the performances of the SC-introduced SD-OCT (SCSD-OCT) to that of the conventional SD-OCT. As inanimate comparison objects, we record a mirror, a piezo actuator, and glass windows. For the measurements in biological materials, we use in/ex vivo guinea pig cochleae. Our study achieved the optimization of a SD-OCT system for high-resolution in vivo vibrometry in the cochlear sensory epithelium, termed the organ of Corti, in mammalian cochlea. By introducing a supercontinuum (SC) light source and reducing the total acquisition time, we improve the axial resolution and overcome the difficulty in recording the low reflective material in the presence of biological noise. The high power of the SC source enables the system to achieve a spatial resolution of 1.72 ± 0.00 μm on a mirror and reducing the total acquisition time contributes to the high spatial accuracy of sub-nanoscale vibrometry. Our findings reveal the vibrations at the apical/basal region of OHCs and the extracellular matrix, basilar membrane.
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Oleskevich, Sharon. "Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission in Insect Mushroom Bodies In Vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.1091.
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The mushroom body of the bee brain is an important site for learning and memory. Here we investigate synaptic transmission in the mushroom body using extracellular recording techniques in a whole bee brain in vitro preparation. The postsynaptic response showed attenuation by cadmium and paired-pulse facilitation, similar to in vivo findings. This confirms the viability of the in vitro preparation and supports the isolated whole bee brain as a useful model of the in vivo preparation. Bath application of the acetylcholine receptor antagonists, d-tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin attenuated the postsynaptic response by 61 and 62% of control, respectively. The glutamate receptor antagonists, (+)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, had no effect. The invertebrate monoamine and neuromodulator, octopamine, transiently increased the postsynaptic response by 130% of control. These results suggest that synaptic transmission of the olfactory input pathway in the mushroom body is 1) mediated primarily by acetylcholine and 2) modulated by octopamine.
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Thornton, Christopher, Frances Hutchings, and Marcus Kaiser. "The Virtual Electrode Recording Tool for EXtracellular Potentials (VERTEX) Version 2.0: Modelling in vitro electrical stimulation of brain tissue." Wellcome Open Research 4 (February 1, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15058.1.
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Neuronal circuits can be modelled in detail allowing us to predict the effects of stimulation on individual neurons. Electrical stimulation of neuronal circuits in vitro and in vivo excites a range of neurons within the tissue and measurements of neural activity, e.g the local field potential (LFP), are again an aggregate of a large pool of cells. The previous version of our Virtual Electrode Recording Tool for EXtracellular Potentials (VERTEX) allowed for the simulation of the LFP generated by a patch of brain tissue. Here, we extend VERTEX to simulate the effect of electrical stimulation through a focal electric field. We observe both direct changes in neural activity and changes in synaptic plasticity. Testing our software in a model of a rat neocortical slice, we determine the currents contributing to the LFP, the effects of paired pulse stimulation to induce short term plasticity (STP), and the effect of theta burst stimulation (TBS) to induce long term potentiation (LTP).
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Crespi, Francesco. "On the Role of Cholecystokinin (CCK) in Fear and Anxiety: A Review and Research Proposal." Journal of Human Psychology 1, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-1101.jhp-19-2766.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK) is found in high concentrations in cortical and limbic structures including the amygdala of rodents, and evidence has been gathered supporting a role for CCK in the neurobiology of anxiety. A variety of animal models have been used to study a central state of fear or anxiety, state that appears to produce a complex pattern of behaviors highly correlated with each other. It is now well established that the amygdala in particular is a critical link in the pathway through which sensory stimuli come to acquire fear evoking properties. The purpose of the proposed experiments is to study the role of the putative neurotransmitter CCK in fear and anxiety in vivo by means of a methodology coupling electrochemical and electrophysiological measurements in various brain areas. Indeed, the association of in vivo differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with in vivo extracellular single unit recording could be able to provide concomitant physiological and neurochemical indications and to relate them to behavioral events. To further study and support the initial observations pharmacological experiments will also be performed by means of CCK receptor agonists and antagonists. This may eventually lead to development of more effective pharmacological strategies for treating clinical anxiety disorders.
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Hadzipasic, Muhamed, Weiming Ni, Maria Nagy, Natalie Steenrod, Matthew J. McGinley, Adi Kaushal, Eleanor Thomas, David A. McCormick, and Arthur L. Horwich. "Reduced high-frequency motor neuron firing, EMG fractionation, and gait variability in awake walking ALS mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 47 (November 7, 2016): E7600—E7609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616832113.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal neurodegenerative disease prominently featuring motor neuron (MN) loss and paralysis. A recent study using whole-cell patch clamp recording of MNs in acute spinal cord slices from symptomatic adult ALS mice showed that the fastest firing MNs are preferentially lost. To measure the in vivo effects of such loss, awake symptomatic-stage ALS mice performing self-initiated walking on a wheel were studied. Both single-unit extracellular recordings within spinal cord MN pools for lower leg flexor and extensor muscles and the electromyograms (EMGs) of the corresponding muscles were recorded. In the ALS mice, we observed absent or truncated high-frequency firing of MNs at the appropriate time in the step cycle and step-to-step variability of the EMG, as well as flexor-extensor coactivation. In turn, kinematic analysis of walking showed step-to-step variability of gait. At the MN level, the higher frequencies absent from recordings from mutant mice corresponded with the upper range of frequencies observed for fast-firing MNs in earlier slice measurements. These results suggest that, in SOD1-linked ALS mice, symptoms are a product of abnormal MN firing due at least in part to loss of neurons that fire at high frequency, associated with altered EMG patterns and hindlimb kinematics during gait.
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Hirai, H., and Y. Okada. "Adenosine facilitates in vivo neurotransmission in the superior colliculus of the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.950.
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1. Electrical responses to volleys in afferent fibers in the optic tract were recorded in the superficial gray layer of anesthetized rat superior colliculus. A prominent negative wave with 4- to 6-ms peak latency in the upper part of the superficial gray layer and a sharp negative wave with 1.5- to 2-ms peak latency in the lower part of the superficial gray layer were elicited, corresponding to the C2 (upper part of the superficial gray layer) and the C1 (lower part of the superficial gray layer) postsynaptic potentials reported by Sefton. 2. These C1 and C2 waves were depressed by kynurenic acid or quinoxaline dione (DNQX) applied just beside the recording electrode, suggesting that neurotransmission in these pathways is mediated by glutamate. 3. Adenosine (10 microM) injected in the superficial gray layer enhanced both C1 and C2 potentials up to 170 and 140%, respectively. 4. Administration of a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine hydrochloride (EHNA; 5 mg/kg sc) increased the amplitudes of both C1 and C2 potentials to 125 and 130% of the initial levels, respectively. 5. The extracellular application of adenosine uptake inhibitors, dipyridamole (100 microM) and nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBI; 10 microM) also enhanced postsynaptic potentials. 6. Prior application of L-homocysteine thiolactone (10 microM), a compound that facilitates the incorporation of adenosine into S-adenosylhomocystein and reduces the extracellular concentration of adenosine, attenuated the excitatory action of exogenously applied adenosine. 7. Excitatory effects were also observed upon application of a selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) or a selective A2 receptor agonist, 2-[4-(2-carboxylethyl)- phenethylamino]-5'N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine hydrochloride (CGS21680). Selective A1 and A2 receptor antagonists, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT) and 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), respectively, failed to suppress the excitatory action by adenosine. However, combined application of these two agents blocked the facilitatory action by adenosine on the excitatory synapses. 8. The application of adenosine (10 microM) to the superficial gray layer via a microdialysis probe increased the glutamate release by approximately 230% of the basal level. Similarly, the administration of EHNA (5 mg/kg sc) enhanced the extracellular glutamate level up to approximately 170%. However, prior application of L-homocysteine thiolactone (10 microM) failed to potentiate the glutamate release by adenosine. 9. This is the first in vivo study to demonstrate an excitatory action of adenosine on synaptic transmission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Dias, Cândida, Eliana Fernandes, Rui M. Barbosa, and Ana Ledo. "A Platinized Carbon Fiber Microelectrode-Based Oxidase Biosensor for Amperometric Monitoring of Lactate in Brain Slices." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 7011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22187011.
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Background: Direct and real-time monitoring of lactate in the extracellular space can help elucidate the metabolic and modulatory role of lactate in the brain. Compared to in vivo studies, brain slices allow the investigation of the neural contribution separately from the effects of cerebrovascular response and permit easy control of recording conditions. Methods: We have used a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode platform to design an oxidase-based microbiosensor for monitoring lactate in brain slices with high spatial and temporal resolution operating at 32 °C. Lactate oxidase (Aerococcus viridans) was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and a layer of polyurethane was added to extend the linear range. Selectivity was improved by electropolymerization of m-phenylenediamine and concurrent use of a null sensor. Results: The lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, and optimal analytical performance at a pH and temperature compatible with recording in hippocampal slices. Evaluation of operational stability under conditions of repeated use supports the suitability of this design for up to three repeated assays. Conclusions: The microbiosensor displayed good analytical performance to monitor rapid changes in lactate concentration in the hippocampal tissue in response to potassium-evoked depolarization.
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Wicks, Robert T., Mark R. Witcher, Daniel E. Couture, Adrian W. Laxton, Gautam Popli, Christopher T. Whitlow, Dustin Fetterhoff, et al. "Hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neural recording in the human brain: validation of depth electrode placement through high-resolution imaging and electrophysiology." Neurosurgical Focus 49, no. 1 (July 2020): E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.4.focus20164.
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OBJECTIVEIntracranial human brain recordings typically utilize recording systems that do not distinguish individual neuron action potentials. In such cases, individual neurons are not identified by location within functional circuits. In this paper, verified localization of singly recorded hippocampal neurons within the CA3 and CA1 cell fields is demonstrated.METHODSMacro-micro depth electrodes were implanted in 23 human patients undergoing invasive monitoring for identification of epileptic seizure foci. Individual neurons were isolated and identified via extracellular action potential waveforms recorded via macro-micro depth electrodes localized within the hippocampus. A morphometric survey was performed using 3T MRI scans of hippocampi from the 23 implanted patients, as well as 46 normal (i.e., nonepileptic) patients and 26 patients with a history of epilepsy but no history of depth electrode placement, which provided average dimensions of the hippocampus along typical implantation tracks. Localization within CA3 and CA1 cell fields was tentatively assigned on the basis of recording electrode site, stereotactic positioning of the depth electrode in comparison with the morphometric survey, and postsurgical MRI. Cells were selected as candidate CA3 and CA1 principal neurons on the basis of waveform and firing rate characteristics and confirmed within the CA3-to-CA1 neural projection pathways via measures of functional connectivity.RESULTSCross-correlation analysis confirmed that nearly 80% of putative CA3-to-CA1 cell pairs exhibited positive correlations compatible with feed-forward connection between the cells, while only 2.6% exhibited feedback (inverse) connectivity. Even though synchronous and long-latency correlations were excluded, feed-forward correlation between CA3-CA1 pairs was identified in 1071 (26%) of 4070 total pairs, which favorably compares to reports of 20%–25% feed-forward CA3-CA1 correlation noted in published animal studies.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates the ability to record neurons in vivo from specified regions and subfields of the human brain. As brain-machine interface and neural prosthetic research continues to expand, it is necessary to be able to identify recording and stimulation sites within neural circuits of interest.
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Carp, Jonathan S., Ann M. Tennissen, Donna L. Mongeluzi, Christopher J. Dudek, Xiang Yang Chen, and Jonathan R. Wolpaw. "An In Vitro Protocol for Recording From Spinal Motoneurons of Adult Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 1 (July 2008): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90422.2008.
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In vitro slice preparations of CNS tissue are invaluable for studying neuronal function. However, up to now, slice protocols for adult mammal spinal motoneurons—the final common pathway for motor behaviors—have been available for only limited portions of the spinal cord. In most cases, these preparations have not been productive due to the poor viability of motoneurons in vitro. This report describes and validates a new slice protocol that for the first time provides reliable intracellular recordings from lumbar motoneurons of adult rats. The key features of this protocol are: preexposure to 100% oxygen; laminectomy prior to perfusion; anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine; embedding the spinal cord in agar prior to slicing; and, most important, brief incubation of spinal cord slices in a 30% solution of polyethylene glycol to promote resealing of the many motoneuron dendrites cut during sectioning. Together, these new features produce successful recordings in 76% of the experiments and an average action potential amplitude of 76 mV. Motoneuron properties measured in this new slice preparation (i.e., voltage and current thresholds for action potential initiation, input resistance, afterhyperpolarization size and duration, and onset and offset firing rates during current ramps) are comparable to those recorded in vivo. Given the mechanical stability and precise control over the extracellular environment afforded by an in vitro preparation, this new protocol can greatly facilitate electrophysiological and pharmacological study of these uniquely important neurons and other delicate neuronal populations in adult mammals.
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Egorova, Polina A., Olga A. Zakharova, Olga L. Vlasova, and Ilya B. Bezprozvanny. "In vivo analysis of cerebellar Purkinje cell activity in SCA2 transgenic mouse model." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 2840–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00913.2015.
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are primarily affected in many spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). In this study we investigated functional activity of PCs in transgenic mouse model of SCA2, a polyglutamine neurodegenerative hereditary disorder. In our studies we used extracellular single-unit recording method to compare spontaneous activity of PCs in age-matched wild-type mice and SCA2-58Q transgenic mice. We discovered that the fraction of PCs with bursting and an irregular pattern of spontaneous activity dramatically increases in aged SCA2-58Q mice compared with wild-type littermates. Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels play an important role in determining firing rate of PCs. Indeed, we demonstrated that intraperitoneal (IP) injection of SK channel inhibitor NS8593 induces an irregular pattern of PC activity in wild-type mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IP injection of SK channel-positive modulator chlorzoxazone (CHZ) decreases spontaneous firing rate of cerebellar PCs. Finally, we have shown that IP injections with CHZ normalize firing activity of cerebellar PCs from aging SCA2-58Q mice. We propose that alterations in PC firing patterns is one of potential causes of ataxic symptoms in SCA2 and in other SCAs and that positive modulators of SK channels can be used to normalize activity of PCs and alleviate ataxic phenotype in patients with SCA.
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Park, In Yong, Junsik Eom, Hanbyol Jang, Sewon Kim, Sanggeon Park, Yeowool Huh, and Dosik Hwang. "Deep Learning-Based Template Matching Spike Classification for Extracellular Recordings." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010301.
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We propose a deep learning-based spike sorting method for extracellular recordings. For analysis of extracellular single unit activity, the process of detecting and classifying action potentials called “spike sorting” has become essential. This is achieved through distinguishing the morphological differences of the spikes from each neuron, which arises from the differences of the surrounding environment and characteristics of the neurons. However, cases of high structural similarity and noise make the task difficult. And for manual spike sorting, it requires professional knowledge along with extensive time cost and suffers from human bias. We propose a deep learning-based spike sorting method on extracellular recordings from a single electrode that is efficient, robust to noise, and accurate. In circumstances where labelled data does not exist, we created pseudo-labels through principal component analysis and K-means clustering to be used for multi-layer perceptron training and built high performing spike classification model. When tested, our model outperformed conventional methods by 2.1% on simulation data of various noise levels, by 6.0% on simulation data of various clusters count, and by 1.7% on in-vivo data. As a result, we showed that the deep learning-based classification can classify spikes from extracellular recordings, even showing high classification accuracy on spikes that are difficult even for manual classification.
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Krishna, Gokul, Joshua A. Beitchman, Caitlin E. Bromberg, and Theresa Currier Thomas. "Approaches to Monitor Circuit Disruption after Traumatic Brain Injury: Frontiers in Preclinical Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020588.
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Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in pathophysiological damage that can manifest as both acute and chronic neurological deficits. In an attempt to repair and reconnect disrupted circuits to compensate for loss of afferent and efferent connections, maladaptive circuitry is created and contributes to neurological deficits, including post-concussive symptoms. The TBI-induced pathology physically and metabolically changes the structure and function of neurons associated with behaviorally relevant circuit function. Complex neurological processing is governed, in part, by circuitry mediated by primary and modulatory neurotransmitter systems, where signaling is disrupted acutely and chronically after injury, and therefore serves as a primary target for treatment. Monitoring of neurotransmitter signaling in experimental models with technology empowered with improved temporal and spatial resolution is capable of recording in vivo extracellular neurotransmitter signaling in behaviorally relevant circuits. Here, we review preclinical evidence in TBI literature that implicates the role of neurotransmitter changes mediating circuit function that contributes to neurological deficits in the post-acute and chronic phases and methods developed for in vivo neurochemical monitoring. Coupling TBI models demonstrating chronic behavioral deficits with in vivo technologies capable of real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters provides an innovative approach to directly quantify and characterize neurotransmitter signaling as a universal consequence of TBI and the direct influence of pharmacological approaches on both behavior and signaling.
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Jhamandas, J. H., and K. H. Harris. "Excitatory amino acids may mediate nucleus tractus solitarius input to rat parabrachial neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): R324—R330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.2.r324.
Full textAbstract:
The pontine parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a recipient of predominantly excitatory input from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). The presence of glutamate-like immunoreactivity at these brain stem sites suggests a role for excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in neurotransmission within the projection. We utilized electrophysiological studies in vivo to examine the ability of specific EAA antagonists, applied locally, to alter glutamate (GLU)-induced and NTS-evoked excitation of PBN neurons. Nonselective EAA antagonist kynurenic acid (KYN), the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV), and non-NMDA quinoxalinedione group of blockers 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 6-nitro-7-sulfamobenzoquinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX) were applied by iontophoresis or micropressure ejection from multibarreled pipettes attached to the recording electrode. Extracellular recordings in urethan-anesthetized rats were obtained from 58 PBN neurons that displayed an excitatory response following electrical stimulation within the NTS. Poststimulus histogram data revealed that NTS-evoked excitation could be reversibly blocked by KYN, APV, and CNQX in 21/37 (57%), 11/21 (52%), and 10/19 cells (53%), respectively. Both NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists reversibly attenuated or blocked GLU-evoked excitation in 21 of 29 PBN neurons. These observations suggest a role for both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in mediating the excitatory input from NTS to the PBN.
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Jensen, F. E., C. Wang, C. E. Stafstrom, Z. Liu, C. Geary, and M. C. Stevens. "Acute and Chronic Increases in Excitability in Rat Hippocampal Slices After Perinatal Hypoxia In Vivo." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.73.
Full textAbstract:
Jensen, F. E., C. Wang, C. E. Stafstrom, Z. Liu, C. Geary, and M. C. Stevens. Acute and chronic increases in excitability in rat hippocampal slices after perinatal hypoxia in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 73–81, 1998. We have previously shown that hypoxia induces both acute and chronic epileptogenic effects that are age dependent. Global hypoxia (3–4% O2) induces seizure activity in the developing brain [postnatal day (P)10–12] but not at younger or older ages. Adult rats with prior seizures induced by hypoxia at P10 show increased seizure susceptibility to chemical convulsants compared with controls. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that acute and chronic epileptogenic effects of hypoxia are demonstrable in hippocampus both in vivo and in vitro. Depth electrode recordings confirmed the presence of ictal activity within hippocampus in P10 rats during global hypoxia. Hippocampal slices prepared from P10 pups killed at 10 min after recovery from hypoxia showed evidence of increased excitability. Extracellular field recordings revealed that the amplitude and duration of long-term potentiation (LTP) was increased significantly in area CA1 of hippocampal slices removed from hypoxic pups. In addition, extracellular recordings within areas CA1 and CA3 showed significantly longer afterdischarge durations in response to kindling stimuli in slices from hypoxic pups compared with controls. To evaluate whether there were also long-term changes in hippocampal excitability, hippocampal slices were prepared from adult rats that had underwent hypoxia at P10 and compared with slices from adult litter-mate controls. A Mg2+-free medium was superfused to induce epileptiform activity within the slices. Extracellular recordings from stratum pyramidale of area CA1 showed that Mg2+-free media induced significantly more frequent ictal discharges in slices from previously hypoxic rats compared with controls. These results provide evidence that the naturally occurring stimulus of hypoxia can result in both acute and chronic changes in the excitability of the CA1 neuronal network. These results parallel our previous in vivo studies demonstrating that global hypoxia acutely increases excitability in the immature brain and that hypoxia during the age window ∼P10 results in long-lasting increases in seizure susceptibility within hippocampus. Our results suggest that the age-dependent epileptogenic effects of hypoxia are in part mediated by a direct and permanent effect on neuronal excitability within hippocampal neuronal networks.
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Jia, Xiaoxuan, Joshua H. Siegle, Corbett Bennett, Samuel D. Gale, Daniel J. Denman, Christof Koch, and Shawn R. Olsen. "High-density extracellular probes reveal dendritic backpropagation and facilitate neuron classification." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00680.2018.
Full textAbstract:
Different neuron types serve distinct roles in neural processing. Extracellular electrical recordings are extensively used to study brain function but are typically blind to cell identity. Morphoelectrical properties of neurons measured on spatially dense electrode arrays have the potential to distinguish neuron types. We used high-density silicon probes to record from cortical and subcortical regions of the mouse brain. Extracellular waveforms of each neuron were detected across many channels and showed distinct spatiotemporal profiles among brain regions. Classification of neurons by brain region was improved with multichannel compared with single-channel waveforms. In visual cortex, unsupervised clustering identified the canonical regular-spiking (RS) and fast-spiking (FS) classes but also indicated a subclass of RS units with unidirectional backpropagating action potentials (BAPs). Moreover, BAPs were observed in many hippocampal RS cells. Overall, waveform analysis of spikes from high-density probes aids neuron identification and can reveal dendritic backpropagation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is challenging to identify neuron types with extracellular electrophysiology in vivo. We show that spatiotemporal action potentials measured on high-density electrode arrays can capture cell type-specific morphoelectrical properties, allowing classification of neurons across brain structures and within the cortex. Moreover, backpropagating action potentials are reliably detected in vivo from subpopulations of cortical and hippocampal neurons. Together, these results enhance the utility of dense extracellular electrophysiology for cell-type interrogation of brain network function.