Academic literature on the topic 'In vitro toxicity tests'

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Journal articles on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

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Lambré, Claude R., Michaela Aufderheide, Robert E. Bolton, Bice Fubini, Henk P. Haagsman, Paul M. Hext, Mark Jorissen, et al. "In Vitro Tests for Respiratory Toxicity." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 5 (September 1996): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400506.

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Cinelli, S., A. Falezza, C. Meli, P. Ciliutti, and J. A. Vericat. "Alternative methods in toxicology tests: In vitro toxicity." Cytotechnology 5, S1 (1991): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00736807.

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Martin, Angela, and Martin Clynes. "Acid phosphatase: Endpoint for in vitro toxicity tests." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 27, no. 3 (March 1991): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02630912.

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Flint, Oliver P. "In Vitro Toxicity Testing: Purpose, Validation and Strategy." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 18, no. 1_part_1 (November 1990): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001800103.1.

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The fullest potential for in vitro evaluation of toxicity will be realised in the context of the process of assessing the risk of human toxicity. This article is an attempt to clarify what contributions can be made by in vitro tests and what types of in vitro test can best be used. In vitro tests are clarified according to the type of biological endpoint evaluated, first into tests for general (‘basal’) cytotoxicity and, secondly, into tests for differentiated cell function. The role of each type of test is analysed and it is suggested that tests for general cytotoxicity, as opposed to differentiated function, are difficult to interpret in terms of in vivo toxicity. A general approach to evaluating in vitro tests is described, and a strategy for using these tests is proposed.
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Clemedson, Cecilia, Elisabeth McFarlane-Abdulla, Marianne Andersson, Frank A. Barile, Mabel C. Calleja, Christophe Chesné, Richard Clothier, et al. "MEIC Evaluation of Acute Systemic Toxicity." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 1_part_1 (June 1996): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400102.1.

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The multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity (MEIC) study is a programme designed to evaluate the relevance of in vitro toxicity tests for predicting human toxicity, and is organised by the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology. The project started in 1989 and is scheduled to be finished by June 1996. MEIC is a voluntary effort by international laboratories to test the same 50 reference chemicals in their own in vitro toxicity systems. At present, 31 laboratories have submitted results for the first 30 reference chemicals from a total of 68 in vitro cytotoxicity tests. In the definitive evaluation of the MEIC programme, these in vitro results will be compared with human lethal blood concentrations and other relevant acute systemic toxicity data, and the results will be published as a series of articles. This paper, which is the first article in this series, describes and analyses the methodologies used in the 68 tests. The origins and purities of the test chemicals, the biological systems and the toxicity endpoints are also discussed. Since MEIC is not centrally directed, the selection of tests was entirely dependent on the preferences of the individual laboratories. Thus, the collection of tests is not representative of the full range of existing in vitro toxicity tests. In our study, basal cytotoxicity tests and ecotoxicological tests are prevalent, while tests for toxicity to primary cultures of differentiated cells, measured by organotypic toxicity endpoints, are clearly under-represented.
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Isomaa, Boris, Henrik Lilius, and Christina Råbergh. "Aquatic Toxicology in Vitro: A Brief Review." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 4 (July 1994): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200405.

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There is an urgent need for effective in vitro tests in aquatic toxicology, because only a very small proportion of the chemicals in common use have been adequately tested for their toxicity to aquatic organisms and aquatic ecosystems. Toxicity tests with higher animals, besides being time-consuming and expensive, are ethically questionable, which further increases the importance of developing efficient in vitro toxicity tests. In developing in vitro tests for toxicity assessments, aquatic toxicology lags behind mammalian toxicology. Aqueous environmental chemistry is complex, and the sensitivity of the organisms living in a particular aquatic environment may vary considerably. The predictive value of single-species or cell culture tests is therefore generally considered to be low. Nevertheless, single-species tests, utilising bacteria, algae, protozoans and invertebrates, have frequently been used in in vitro toxicity studies of aquatic pollutants (mainly as screening tests). Attempts at large-scale validations are few. Such attempts seem to be hampered by the complexity of the aquatic ecosystem. Although cells from aquatic organisms have been isolated and cultured for many years, the use of isolated or cultured cells in aquatic toxicology has been limited. However, during the last few years, interest in the use of fish cells in toxicity testing has grown rapidly. For aquatic in vitro toxicology to develop further, a more comparative and mechanistic approach needs to be adopted.
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Northup, Sharon J. "Perspectives on In Vitro Toxicity for Medical Devices." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 4 (July 1988): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809019521.

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In vitro toxicity testing has found widespread application in its use for screening materials for medical devices. Cytotoxicity tests, which have been in use for nearly 20 years, have been validated for intralaboratory repeatability, interlaboratory reproducibility, and correlation with acute animal toxicity assays. The three primary cytotoxicity assays, i.e., direct contact, agar diffusion, and elution tests, allow a selection between assay and material characteristics. Mutagenicity assays have had limited application to materials testing because of the insoluble nature of the materials and the low level of extractable chemicals, which are generally below the sensitivity limit of these assays. In vitro blood compatibility tests for hemolysis and complement activation are used primarily for blood contacting materials in applications where there is a large surface area of material for ex vivo applications.
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Edwards, James, Gerlinde Pappa, Michael Török, Ann Fowler, and Jochen Bausch. "α-Mangostin: Developmental toxicity in vitro and in screening tests." Toxicology Letters 189 (September 2009): S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.809.

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Goldberg, Alan M., John M. Frazier, David Brusick, Michael S. Dickens, Oliver Flint, Stephen D. Gettings, Richard N. Hill, et al. "Framework for validation and implementation of in vitro toxicity tests." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 29, no. 9 (September 1993): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02631424.

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Clemedson, Cecilia, Marianne Andersson, Yasunobu Aoki, Frank A. Barile, Anna Maria Bassi, Marbel C. Calleja, Argelia Castano, et al. "MEIC Evaluation of Acute Systemic Toxicity." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 26, no. 1_suppl (March 1998): 131–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299802601s03.

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Results from tests on the Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC) reference chemicals 31–50 in 67 different in vitro toxicity assays are presented in this paper as a prerequisite to in vitro/in vivo comparisons for all MEIC in vitro toxicity data in forthcoming papers, i.e. the final MEIC evaluation of the relevance of the tests. With the aim of increasing knowledge about the relative significance of some in vitro methodological factors, the strategies and methods of the preceding parts in the MEIC series (Parts II and III) were again employed to enable comparative cytotoxicity analysis of the new in vitro results presented in this paper. A principal components analysis (PCA) of the results from tests of the 20 chemicals in 67 assays demonstrated a dominating first component describing as much as 74% of the variance in the toxicity data, indicating a similar ranking of the cytotoxicities of the chemicals in most of the tests. The influence on the general variability of the results of a few, key methodological factors was also evaluated by using linear regression comparisons of the results of all pairs of methods available in the study, i.e. methods which were similar in all respects except for the factor being analysed. Results from this “random probe” analysis were: a) the cytotoxicities of 11 of the 20 chemicals increased considerably with exposure time (> 10 times over 4–168 hours); b) in general, human cell line toxicity was well predicted by cytotoxicity in animal cells; c) prediction of human cell line toxicity by most ecotoxicological tests was only fairly good; d) 14 comparisons of similar assays with different cell lines showed similar toxicities (mean R2 = 0.83); e) nine comparisons of similar assays employing different primary cultures and cell lines shared similar toxicities (mean R2 = 0.71); and f) 16 comparisons of similar assays with different growth/viability endpoints showed similar toxicities (mean R2 = 0.71). Results b, d, e and f must contribute to the PCA-documented high general similarity of the in vitro toxicity data. Results a and c, together with factors which were not analysed, such as different protocols and inter-laboratory variability of tests, could explain the 26% dissimilarity. To provide background information to the planned final MEIC evaluation of the relevance of the 61 methods in which all 50 chemicals have been tested, an additional PCA was made of the 50 chemical-61 assay in vitro database (from Parts II and III and the present paper). This supplementary PCA demonstrated an 80% similarity of results. Compared with the previous analysis of the tests of the first 30 MEIC reference chemicals (MEIC Part III), the present analysis of the tests of the last 20 MEIC chemicals indicates a somewhat higher variation in the results. Correspondingly, some deviating endpoint measurements and cell line responses were demonstrated by the pairwise comparisons in the present study. As a result, the analysis revealed a high correlation (R2 = 0.73) between the average human cell line toxicity and the results from a new protein denaturation test. These preliminary results suggest that intracellular protein denaturation may be a frequently occurring mechanism in basal cytotoxicity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

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Holmes, Jan L. "Development of functional in vitro toxicity tests." Thesis, Aston University, 1998. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10976/.

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In vitro toxicity tests which detect evidence of the formation of reactive metabolites have previously relied upon cell death as a toxicity end point. Therefore these tests determine cytotoxicity in terms of quantitative changes in specified cell functions. In the studies involving the CaCO-2 cell model, there was no significant change in the transport of [3H] l-proJine by the cell after co-incubation with either dapsone or cyclophosphamide (50!!M) and rat liver microsomal metabolite generating system. The pre incubation of the cells with N-ethylmalemide to inhibit Phase II sulphotransferase activity, prior to the microsomal incubations, resulted in cytotoxcity in all incubation groups. Studies involving the L6 cell model showed that there was no significant effect in the cell signalling pathway producing the second messenger cAMP, after incubation with dapsone or cyclophosphamide (50!!M) and the rat microsomal metabolite generating system. There was also no significant affect on the vasopressin stimulated production of the second messenger IP3, after incubation with the hydroxylamine metabolite of dapsone, although there were some morphological changes observed with the cells at the highest concentration of dapsone hydroxylamine (1 OO!!M ) . With the test involving the NG11 S-401l-C3 cell model, there was no significant changes in DNA synthesis in terms of [3H] thymidine incorporation, after co-incubation with either phenytoin or cyclophosphamide (50!!M) and the rat microsomal metabolite generating system. In the one compartment erythrocyte studies, there were significant decreases in glutathione with cyclophosphamide (SO!!M) (0.44 + 0.04 mM), sulphamethoxazole (SOIlM) (0.43 + 0.08mM) and carbamazepine (SO!!M) (0.47 + 0.034 mM), when coincubated with the rat microsomal system, compared to the control (0.52 + 0.07mM). There was no significant depletion in glutathione when the erythrocytes were coincubated with phenytoin and the rat microsomal system. In the two compartment erythrocyte studies, there was a significant decrease in the erythrocyte glutathione with cyclophosphamide (50~lM) (0.953 + 011 OmM) when co-incubated the rat microsomal system, compared to the control (1.124 + 0.032mM). Differences were considered statistically significant for p
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Cookson, Mark R. "Studies of activation and toxicity in cultured astrocytes." Thesis, University of Salford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308094.

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Pu, Yubing. "Toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0001/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension de la toxicité de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse (ENPs) pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Les travaux réalisés s’appuient sur la combinaison de données toxicologiques et d’un modèle environnemental - le modèle USEtox. En tant qu'élément important de l'évaluation de l'impact du cycle de vie, le facteur de caractérisation (CF) a été utilisé, dans ce travail, comme indicateur de toxicité pour l'homme et l'écosystème. Pour avoir accès aux courbes dose-réponse et à différentes données toxicologiques, des expériences in vitro ont été réalisées en exposant des neutrophiles porcins fraîchement isolés à trois types de nanoparticules de synthèse. Les modifications morphologiques, les taux de mortalité et la chimioluminescence des neutrophiles ont été évaluées. De plus, pour estimer le temps de persistance des nanoparticules de synthèse dans l'écosystème eau douce, un modèle basé sur la science des colloïdes a été développé. Il prend en compte les comportements spécifiques des nanoparticules de synthèse et inclut des recommandations sur le choix des paramètres hydrologiques régionaux. Enfin, une enquête documentaire exhaustive a été réalisée pour recueillir les données écotoxicologiques de diverses nanoparticules de synthèse. Dans le cadre du modèle USEtox, le CF toxicologique non cancérogène pour cuivre NPs et les CF écotoxicologiques pour 14 ENPs sont recommandés. Ces valeurs des CF pourraient être utiles à l'avenir pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des produits contenant des ENPs
The objective of this thesis is to improve understandings of toxicity of various engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to human and ecosystem. It is realized via coordinating toxicological data and a scientific consensus environmental model -- the USEtox model. As an important element in life cycle impact assessment, the characterization factor (CF) is employed as a toxicity indicator for human and ecosystem in this work. To obtain the firsthand dose-response phenomena and human toxicological data, in vitro experiments have been conducted by exposing freshly isolated porcine neutrophils to three kinds of ENPs (i.e. copper, nickel and aluminum oxide nanoparticles). The morphologies, mortality rates, and chemiluminescence, of neutrophils are observed or monitored. Additionally, to estimate the persistence time of ENPs in freshwater ecosystem, a fate model on the basis of colloid science is developed. It takes nano-specific behaviors of ENPs into account and includes recommendations of regionalized hydrological parameters. Finally, a comprehensive literature survey is accomplished to collect the ecotoxicological data of various ENPs. Under the framework of USEtox model, the non-carcinogenic human toxicological CFs for Copper NPs and the ecotoxicological CFs for 14 ENPs are recommended. These CF values could be useful in the future when evaluating the environmental impacts of products containing ENPs
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Tranchier, Christine. "Evaluation de la toxicité aigüe "in vivo" et "in vitro"." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P016.

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Louka, Chrysovalanto. "Controlling the toxicity of zinc oxide nanowires in vitro skin models." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALU004.pdf.

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Les nanofils d'oxyde de zinc (ZnONW) attirent beaucoup d'attention scientifique en raison de leurs propriétés optoélectriques, piézoélectriques et semi-conductrices, qui en font un bon candidat pour les capteurs et l'électronique intégrées dans les textiles. Ces applications augmentent les risques d'exposition cutanée, de qui rend l’étude de leur toxicité cruciale, d'autant plus que les études récentes démontrent une toxicité liée aux ions de zinc due à la dissolution. Malheureusement, la compréhension de l'impact des ZnONWs sur la peau est limitée. Par conséquent, l'objectif de ce projet est d'acquérir une compréhension approfondie du danger potentiel des ZnONWs sur la peau (humaine) in vitro et de la façon dont leurs propriétés physicochimiques sont liées à cela.Ici, une caractérisation physico-chimique étendue des ZnONWs a été effectuée dans des milieux de cultures de cellules (GlutaMAX) avec et sans sérum, et dans des suspensions milli Q eau (mQ H2O). Les résultats ont montré que la dissolution de la suspension stock, où les deux nanomatériaux ZnO (ZnONM) sont dans mQ H2O, a atteint une concentration en ions zinc à l'équilibre de 15 µg / mL immédiatement, tandis que les études de dimensions ont montré une forte agrégation dans GlutaMAX sans sérum et une agrégation réduite dans les milieux GlutaMAX avec du sérum . Il a été démontré que les conditions de stockage de l'incubateur à 5% de CO2 et à 37 ° C ont un impact sur la dissolution en abaissant le pH de la suspension aqueuse milli Q et en formant éventuellement des complexes de carbonate de zinc dans les milieux.L'examen de la cytotoxicité des ZnONW dans la monoculture cutanée et la comparaison avec les nanoparticules de ZnO (ZnONP) et le chlorure de zinc (ZnCl2) a montré que les ZnONM induisaient une cytotoxicité et une baisse de viabilité cellulaire significatives à partir de 40,2 µg / mL d'équivalent zinc, avec moins de 40% de cellules viables. La comparaison avec le ZnCl2 a montré une association claire entre la dissolution et la cytotoxicité cellulaire.Pour évaluer davantage l'impact réel des ZnONW dans la peau, un système de co-culture dans l'interface air-liquide (ALI) composé d'épiderme et de cellules cutanées du derme a été développé après uneoptimisation en monoculture de chaque type de cellule. Le système de modèle de peau 3D a été exposé aux ZnONPs, ZnONWs et ZnCl2. Pour empêcher la dissolution des ZnONW, une couche de dioxyde de titane (TiO2) de 5,75 ± SD 1,06 nm a été déposée par dépôt de couche atomique (ALD) sur les ZnONWs. Les ZnONWs recouverts de TiO2 ont également été testés pour leur toxicité sur le système de co-culture.Les résultats des expositions ont montré une mort cellulaire significative avec seulement 20% de cellules vivantes, après traitement aux ZnONMs et au ZnCl2 à 80,4 µg tandis que le traitement aux ZnONW revêtus de TiO2 maintenait au moins 75% de viabilité cellulaire même à 80,4 µg. Cependant, un examen plus approfondi des médiateurs (pro-) inflammatoires après le traitement a montré que les ZnONW revêtus de TiO2 augmentaient les niveaux d'interleukine (IL) 8 et 6 (pro-) inflammatoires par rapport aux ZnONW sans couche de TiO2. Cela pourrait soulever d'autres problèmes de toxicité
Zinc oxide nanowires (ZnONWs) are attracting a lot of scientific attention due to their optoelectrical, piezoelectrical and semiconducting properties, which make them a good candidate for sensors and wearable electronics. These applications increase the chance of skin exposure, hence the investigation of their safety is crucial, especially since studies on ZnONWs show a zinc ion related toxicity due to their dissolution. Unfortunately, understanding of ZnONWs impact on skin is limited. Therefore, it is the objective of this project to gain an insightful understanding of the potential hazard of ZnONWs upon (human) skin in vitro and how their physicochemical properties are related to this.Herein, an extensive ZnONWs physicochemical characterisation was performed in media with and without serum, and in milli Q water (mQ H2O) suspensions. Results showed the stock dissolution, where both ZnO nanomaterials (ZnONMs) are in mQ H2O, reached a zinc ion concentration at equilibrium of 15 µg/mL immediately, while size studies showed high aggregation in GlutaMAX without serum and reduced aggregation in GlutaMAX media with serum. Incubator storing conditions of 5% CO2 and 37oC were shown to have an impact on the dissolution by lowering the pH of the milli Q water suspension and possibly forming zinc carbonate complexes in media.Examining the cytotoxicity of ZnONWs in skin monoculture and comparing it to ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2), showed that ZnONMs induced a significant cytotoxicity and cell death from 40.2 µg/mL zinc equivalent, with less than 40% viable cells. Comparison with the ZnCl2 showed a clear association between dissolution and cell cytotoxicity.To assess further the actual impact of ZnONWs in the skin, a co-culture system in Air-Liquid-Interface (ALI) consisting of epidermis and dermis skin cells was developed after monoculture optimisation of each cell type. The 3D skin model system was exposed to ZnONPs, ZnONWs and ZnCl2. To prevent the dissolution of ZnONWs, a 5.75±SD 1.06 nm Titanium dioxide (TiO2) shell was deposited via Atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the ZnONWs. The TiO2 coated ZnONWs were also tested for their toxicity on the co-culture system.Results of the exposures showed a significant cell death with only 20% alive cells, after ZnONMs and ZnCl2 treatment at 80.4 µg whilst the TiO2 coated ZnONWs treatment maintained at least 75% cell viability even at 80.4 µg. However, further examination of (pro-) inflammatory mediators after treatment showed that TiO2 coated ZnONWs increased levels of (pro-)inflammatory Interleukin (IL) 8 and 6 compared to bare ZnONWs. This could raise further safety issues
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Alañón, Ribas Maria del Pilar. "Comparative study of in vitro cell based assays versus in vivo toxicity tests to monitor environmental hazard of pesticides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6841.

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Carbofuran and chlorpyrifos are two well-known pesticides widely investigated, and its effects on different organisms have been previously reported in separate studies. For this reason were considered to be good model subtances, relevant from the environmental perspective. On the other hand, we selected this kind of compounds because they are used in many tones annually in agriculture and horticulture and they are significant especially in greenhouse-based production of vegetables and fruits in southern Europe, particularly Spain.

The general objective of this work was to compare the response of in vitro assays using cell lines with assays using fish in vivo in order to contribute to the development of alternative methods to the use of laboratory animals. Furthermore, we compared two types of cells, a fish cell line from an established culture and mammalian cells obtained from a primary cell culture, in order to see if there are similar responses based on common mechanisms of toxicity. A better knowledge of these mechanisms facilitates the interspecies extrapolation of the impact of environmental contaminants, which is one of the major challenges to ecotoxicologists.

In order to have a general point of view of the toxicity of these pesticides, single and in mixture, acute toxicity was evaluated using a battery of ecotoxicological model systems and indicators representative of a wide range of organisms. The systems studied included: RTG-2 fish cell line, primary cell cultures from bovine granulosa cells, the marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), three species of freshwater microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum) and the vertebrates zebra fish (Danio rerio). Sublethal effects were also evaluated in both types of cells using several biomarkers such as assessment of the DNA damage as genotoxic indicator, inhibition of production of progesterone as indicator of the aromatase activity and inhibiton of acetylcholinesterase activity as indicator of exposure to pesticides measured also in zebra fish.

By comparing the obtained in vitro fish cell line and mammalian primary cell cultures results with currently used bacteria, algae and fish acute toxicity tests, it was possible to compare its sensitivity against these conventional toxicity tests.

As conclusions of the study we can say: 1) fish cell lines can be used as an alternative to the use of fish in laboratory; 2) the simultaneous use of in vitro fish cell lines with fish species allow to assess whether cellular responses in vitro could mimic toxicity responses of individual fish, thus to directly assess the ecological relevance of the proposed in vitro cell based test; 3) cell lines are the most sensitive bioassay of the studied battery; 4) the use of a battery of multispecies tests to determine the toxicity of any product is recommended; 5) The aquatic test using bacteria or microalgae are quite interesting, but they cannot be considered as a substitute for the studies on fish, because of they assess the effect of toxicants on other trophic levels, not on fish and 6) synergistic and antagonistic toxicity effects were observed with pesticide cocktails relative to pure compound toxicities.
Carbofuran i chlorpyrifos són dos pesticides àmpliament investigats. Els seus efectes en diferents organismes han estat prèviament estudiats en diferents treballs. Per aquesta raó es va considerar que serien bones substàncies model, rellevants des de una perspectiva medi ambiental. Per altra banda, aquesta classe de compostos són utilitzats anualment en moltes tones en agricultura i horticultura i són especialment importants en la producció de vegetals i fruites en hivernacles en el sud d'Europa, particularment en Espanya.

L'objectiu general d'aquest treball és comparar la resposta de assaigs in vitro utilitzant cèl·lules amb assaigs in vivo utilitzant peixos, per tal de contribuir al desenvolupament de mètodes alternatius a l'ús d'animals de laboratori. A més a més dintre dels assaigs in vitro, és van comparar dos tipus de cèl·lules, una línia cel·lular establerta de peix i un cultiu primari de cèl·lules de mamífer, per veure les diferents respostes basades en mecanismes comuns de toxicitat. El fet d'assolir un millor coneixement d'aquestos mecanismes facilita l'extrapolació entre espècies per l'avaluació de l'impacte de contaminants medi ambientals, la qual cosa és un dels majors reptes dels ecotoxicolegs.

La toxicitat aguda d'aquestos pesticides, individuals i en barreja, es va avaluar emprant una barreja de sistemes i indicadors de models ecotoxicològics . Els sistemes estudiats inclouen: la línia cel·lular RTG-2 , cultius primaris de cèl·lules de la granulosa d'ovaris de bovins, la bactèria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres espècies de microalgues, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus susbspicatus i Selenastrum capricornutum i com a model de vertebrat, el peix zebrafish, Danio rerio. Els efectes subletals també van ser avaluats en els dos tipus cel·lulars utilitzant biomarcadors, tals com l'avaluació del dany a l'ADN com indicador genotòxic, la inhibició de la producció de progesterona com indicador de l'activitat de l'aromatasa i la inhibició de la activitat de l'enzim acetilcolinestarasa com indicador de l'exposició als pesticides la qual també es va mesurar en zebra fish.

Al comparar els resultats obtinguts amb la línia cel·lular de peix i els cultius primaris de mamífer amb els resultats dels tests de toxicitat aguda amb bactèries, microalgues i peixos, va estar possible comparar la sensibilitat de les cèl·lules respecte els test de toxicitat convencionals.

Es poden extreure les següents conclusions d'aquest estudi:1) les línies cel·lulars poden ser utilitzades com alternativa al ús de peixos en laboratori; 2) l'utilització simultània de línies cel·lulars derivades de peixos amb peixos in vivo permet avaluar si les respostes in vitro poden imitar les respostes de toxicitat obtingudes amb els peixos, així es permet avaluar la rellevància ecològica del test basat en cèl·lules in vitro; 3) les línies cel·lulars són el bioassaig més sensible dels utilitzats en aquesta bateria; 4) es recomana l'ús d'una bateria de test multiespècies per determinar la toxicitat de qualsevol producte; 5) els tests aquàtics que empren bactèries o microalgues són interessants però no poden considerar-se substitutius dels estudis amb peixos, perquè avaluen l'efecte dels tòxics a un altra nivell tròfic i ; 6) s'observen efectes toxicològics sinèrgics i antagonistes quan s'utilitzen les barreges de pesticides en front dels compostos purs.
Carbofuran y chlorpyrifos son dos pesticidas ampliamente investigados. Sus efectos en diferentes organismos han sido previamente estudiados en diferentes trabajos. Por esta razón se considero que serian unas buenas sustancias modelo, relevantes desde una perspectiva medioambiental. Por otra parte, esta clase de compuestos son utilizados anualmente en muchas toneladas en agricultura y horticultura y son especialmente importantes en la producción de vegetales y frutas en invernaderos en e l sur de Europa, particularmente en España.

El objetivo general de este trabajo es comparar la respuesta de los ensayos in vitro utilizando células y los ensayos in vivo utilizando peces, para contribuir al desarrollo de métodos alternativos al uso de animales de laboratorio. Además dentro de los estudios in vitro se compararon dos tipos de células, una línea celular establecida de pez y un cultivo primario de células de mamífero, para ver las diferentes respuestas basadas en mecanismos comunes de toxicidad. El hecho de alcanzar un mejor conocimiento de estos mecanismos facilita la extrapolación entre especies para la evaluación del impacto de contaminantes medio ambientales, lo cual es uno de los mayores retos de los ecotoxicólogos.

La toxicidad aguda de estos pesticidas, individuales y en mezcla, se evaluó utilizando una mezcla de sistemas y indicadores de modelos ecotoxicológicos. Los sistemas estudiados incluyen: la línea celular RTG-2, cultivos primarios de células de granulosa de ovarios bovinos, la bacteria marina Vibrio fischeri, tres especies de microalgas, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus subspicatus y Selenastrum capricornutum como modelo de vertebrado, el pez zebra fish, Danio rerio. Los efectos subletales también fueron evaluados en los dos tipos celulares utilizando biomarcadores tales como la evaluación del daño al ADN como indicador geonotóxico, la inhibición de la producción de progesterona como indicador de la actividad aromatasa y la inhibición de la actividad del enzima acetilcolinesterasa como indicador de la exposición a los pesticidas la cual también se midió en zebra fish.

Al comparar los resultados obtenidos con la línea celular de pez y los cultivos primarios de mamífero con los resultados de los tests de toxicidad aguda con bacterias, microlagas y peces, fue posible comparar la sensibilidad de las células con los test de toxicidad convencionales.

Se pueden extraer las siguientes conclusiones de este estudio: 1) las líneas celulares pueden ser utilizadas como alternativa al uso de peces en laboratorio; 2) la utilización simultánea de líneas celulares derivadas de peces con los peces in vivo permite evaluar si las respuestas in vitro pueden imitar las respuestas de toxicidad obtenidas con los peces in vivo, así se permite evaluar la relevancia ecológica del test basado en células in vitro; 3) las líneas celulares son el bioensayo más sensible de los utilizados en esta batería; 4) se recomienda el uso de una batería de test multiespecies para determinar la toxicidad de cualquier producto; 5) los test acuáticos que utilizan bacterias o microalgas son interesantes pero no pueden considerarse substitutos de los estudios con peces, porque evalúan el efecto de los tóxicos a otro nivel trófico y; 6) se observan efectos toxicológicos sinérgicos y antagonistas cuando se utilizan las mezclas de pesticidas respecto los compuestos puros.
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Froquet, Romain. "Hématotoxicité des trichothécènes : études in vitro." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2021.

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Sultana, Sadequa. "Study of Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biological Media." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD018/document.

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Gold nanoparticules (GNPs) are of great interest for several applications in nanomedicine ; espacially in imaging and sensing, drug delivery or photothermal therapy because of their unique physical and chemical properties. For all theses applications, a better understanding of the interaction of GNPs with biomolecules and their uptake into cells is of great importance. Thus the main objective of this thesis was to study the toxicity of GNPs in biological media based on their sizes, shapes and surface chemistries. Cytotoxicity studies on human cells were done in vitro in presence of six GNP samples having spherical and flower shapes. We compared the cytotoxic effects and showed that it was largely higher for flower-shaped GNPs than spherical ones. Further we built-up the optical assembly and the set-up of the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Followed by the set-up, the sensitivity, the resolution and other parameters were determined during the characterization of the FCS sytem. Then FCS was used to characterize fluorescent molecule-conjugated GNP, wich were fabricated in the interest of biomedical applications. In the next step, we characterized the diffusion behavior of MitoTracker dye labeled mitochondria by FCS in order to be able to compare in future the mitochondrial diffusion after incubating with GNPs, wich is described as the perspectives
Les nanoparticules d'or (NPO) sont d'un grand intérêt pour de nombreuses applications en nanomédecine (en particulier pour l'imagerie, la détection de pathologies, la délivrance de médicaments ou la thérapie photothermique) en raison de leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Pour toutes ces applications, une meilleure compréhension de l'interaction des NPO avec les biomolécules et leur absorption dans les cellules est d'une importance primoridale. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'étudier la toxicité des NPO dans les milieux biologiques en fonction de leurs tailles, leurs formes et leurs chimies de surface. Des études de cytotoxicité sur des cellules humaines ont été réalisées in vitro, en présence de six types différents de NPO de forme sphérique et de nano-fleur. Nous avons comparé les effets cytotoxiques et montré qu'ils étaient largement supérieurs pour les NPO en forme de nano-fleur par rapport au NPO sphériques. En outre, nous avons mis en place un système de corrélation de spectroscopie de fluorescence (CSF). La sensibilité, la résolution et les principaux paramètres du système ont été déterminés lors de sa caractérisation. La CSF a ensuite été utilisée pour caractériser des NPO fluorescentes fabriquées pour des applications biomédicales. Nous avons également caractérisé la diffusion de Mitotracker, un marqueur des mitochondries par CSF afin d'être en mesure de comparer la diffusion mitochondriale après incubation de NPO
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Stoian, Alina. "Modélisation et simulation de l'atmosphère d'une enceinte membranaire pour des tests de toxicité." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20026.

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Un problème fondamental pendant l'évaluation in vitro de la toxicité de composés organiques volatils (COVs) est le manque de connaissance de l'évolution de la concentration des COVs à laquelle les systèmes vivants sont exposés au cours des études expérimentales. Ce travail présente un nouveau dispositif expérimental conçu pour étudier l'exposition des systèmes vivants aux COVs. Le dispositif est formé de deux compartiments séparés par une membrane hydrophobe poreuse et permet des durées relativement longues de manipulations sans restreindre la respiration cellulaire. Une modélisation théorique qui couple la conservation de masse et du moment entre les différentes phases et la respiration des cellules hybridomes (ATCC CRL-1606) au sein du dispositif a été développée. Le modèle permet de prédire l'évolution de la concentration des COVs, de l'oxygène et du dioxyde de carbone dans le dispositif. Les résultats simulés pour le transfert des COVs ont revélé une bonne concordance avec les résultats expérimentaux et ont montré que le type de membrane et son diamètre, le coefficient de partage des COVs et la hauteur de la phase liquide ont une influence significative sur l'évolution de la concentration de ceux-ci dans la phase liquide. Néanmoins la disponibilité de l'oxygène au niveau des cellules dépend principalement de la densité cellulaire initiale, de la vitesse spécifique de consommation de ce gaz et de la hauteur du liquide alors que les paramètres liés à la membrane ont une influence sur le contrôle du pH
A major problem during in vitro evaluation of the toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is the lack of knowledge of the evolution of the concentration of such compounds during the course of experimental studies with living systems. This work presents the design of a novel experimental device for the study of cell culture exposure to VOCs. The device is made of two compartments separated by a porous hydrophobic membrane and allows relatively long durations of handling without restricting cellular breathing. A theoretical modeling which couples mass and moment conservation between the different phases inside the device with the breathing kinetics of hybridoma cells (ATCC CRL-1606) was developed. The model allows predicting the evolution of the concentration of the VOCs, the oxygen and the carbon dioxide inside the device. The simulations of the mass transfer of the VOCs simulated presented a good agreement with experiments and showed that the type of membrane and its diameter, the VOCs partition coefficient and the height of the liquid phase have a significant influence on the evolution of their concentration in the liquid phase. Nevertheless, the availability of oxygen for the cells depends mainly on the initial cellular density, the specific kinetics of consumption of this gas and on the height of the liquid phase, whereas the parameters related to membrane have an influence on the control of the pH
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Mekki, Malik. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et évaluation toxicologique de fumées particulaires produites lors de tirs de petit calibre et de fumigènes : étude comparative." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR140/document.

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La pollution atmosphérique, et plus particulièrement la pollution particulaire d’origine anthropique constitue l'un des facteurs de risque environnemental les plus importants impliqués dans l’augmentation croissante de la morbi-mortalité liée aux pathologies respiratoires et cardio-vasculaires. Au coeur du domaine qu’englobent les activités pyrotechniques, que ce soit dans le domaine professionnel, civil ou militaire, les fumigènes sont référencés comme producteur important de particules et jouent donc un rôle non négligeable dans l’augmentation de cette pollution particulaire, exposant leurs utilisateurs aux différents aérosols émis.L’objectif général de cette étude exploratoire a été d’apporter des connaissances sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques ainsi que sur la toxicité pulmonaire in vitro de particules émises lors d’activités pyrotechniques, et plus précisément de particules issues d’armes de petit calibre et de fumigènes.La caractérisation physico-chimique a démontré les particules de tir possédaient une granulométrie assez grossière (entre 3 et 7,5 μm) et étaient composées majoritairement d’éléments métalliques ; contrairement aux particules de fumigène qui appartiendraient à la classe granulométrique des particules fines (< 0,95 μm) et qui seraient majoritairement composées de molécules organiques différentes selon le type de fumigène. L’évaluation de la toxicité a été réalisée par une approche in vitro en utilisant des cellules épithéliales alvéolaires humaines (A549) exposées aux particules de tir et de fumigènes. Une étude de mutagénicité a été conduite à partir d’extraits organiques des particules de fumigènes. Parmi les particules testées, les particules de tir et du fumigène 1 ont induit une cytotoxicité. Les particules de fumigène 1 ont également induit un stress oxydant (augmentation de l’expression de l’ARNm de HO-1), une initiation de la réponse inflammatoire (augmentation de l’expression de l’ARNm d’IL-6 et IL-8) et des effets mutagènes.Les résultats de cette étude comparative ont démontré que les particules issues d’armes de poing et de fumigènes avaient une granulométrie, une concentration atmosphérique ainsi qu’une composition chimique différentes ; caractéristiques physico-chimiques responsables d’effets mutagènes et cytotoxiques différents ainsi que d’altérations des propriétés oxydantes et inflammatoires intrinsèques. Cette étude a mis en évidence la nécessité d’évaluer la toxicité des particules issues d’activités pyrotechniques en développant des moyens expérimentaux adaptés, depuis la collecte des particules jusqu’à l’évaluation de leurs impacts sanitaires
Air pollution, and particulary anthropogenic particulate matter, is one of the most important risk factors involved in the high rate of morbidity and mortality related to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In pyrotechnic field, be it professional, civil or military activities, smokes constitue an important particle producer playing a major role in particulate matter emmergence and thereby exposing users to the various emitted aerosols.The main purpose of this exploratory study was to provide knowledge on the physicochemical characteristics of particles emitted during pyrotechnic activities, more specifically particles from gunfire and smokes, and to assess their pulmonary toxicity in vitro.On the first hand, the physicochemical characterization demonstrates that firing particles had a rather coarse granulometry (3 to 7.5 μm) and were mainly composed of metallic elemets, despite smoke particles belong to the category of fine particles (< 0,95 μm) and are predominantly composed of different organic molecules according to the smoke type.On the other hand, in order to assess the pulmonary toxicity of particles, we exposed human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) in vitro to particles coming from either gunfire and to two of the four different smokes (smoke 1 and 4). The results of this study showed that some of these particles (gunfire and smoke 1 particles) induced a mutagenic effects from organic extracts, as well as cytotoxicity. Moreover, particles of smoke 1 were also able to give rise to an oxidative stress (increased HO-1 mRNA expression) and to initiate an important inflammatory response characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation (increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression).The results of this comparative study demonstrated that particles from gunfire and smoke have different particle sizes and chemical composition. These physicochemical characteristics are responsible for different mutagenic and cytotoxic effects as well as alterations of the intrinsic oxidizing and inflammatory properties. This study also made it possible to understand the different methods of toxicological evaluation of smoke particles
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Books on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

1

Paul, Jennings. In vitro toxicology systems. New York, NY: Humana Press, 2014.

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In vitro neurotoxicology: Methods and protocols. New York: Humana/Springer, 2011.

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Joint American-Swiss Seminar on Alternative Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Tests (1984 Zurich, Switzerland). In vitro embryotoxicity and teratogenicity tests: Joint American-Swiss Seminar on Alternative Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity Tests, Zürich, November 12, 1984. Edited by Homburger Freddy and Goldberg Alan M. Basel, Switzerland: New York, 1985.

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Atterwill, C. K., and C. E. Steele. In vitro methods in toxicology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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O’Hare, Sheila, and Chris K. Atterwill, eds. In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0896032825.

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Clarke, Hilary. In vivo and in vitro studies on cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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New technologies for toxicity testing. New York, N.Y: Springer Science+Business Media, 2012.

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International Group of National Associations of Agrochemical Manufacturers. GIFAP position paper on acute toxicity tests. Bruxelles, Belgique: International Group of National Associations of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products, 1988.

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Rosen, Shara. The worldwide market for in vitro diagnostic tests. Edited by Heffner Steven and Kalorama Information LLC. 4th ed. New York, NY: Kalorama Information, 2004.

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Persoone, G. Cost-analysis of five current aquatic toxicity tests. Luxembourg: Commission of theEuropean Communities, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

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Ferro, Margherita, and Alan Doyle. "Standardisation for In Vitro Toxicity Tests." In Cell Culture Methods for In Vitro Toxicology, 1–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0996-5_1.

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Sigot-Luizard, M. F., and R. Warocquier-Clerout. "In Vitro Toxicity Tests Using Biological Methods." In Test Procedures for the Blood Compatibility of Biomaterials, 545–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1640-4_47.

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Fiskesjö, Geirid. "Allium Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 119–27. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:119.

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Blein-Sella, Odile, and Monique Adolphe. "SIRC Cytotoxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 161–67. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:161.

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Spielmann, Horst. "HET-CAM Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 199–204. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:199.

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Liebsck, H. M., and Horst Spielmann. "Balbh 3T3 Cytotoxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 177–87. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:177.

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Duffy, Paul A. "Cell Culture Phototoxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 219–26. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:219.

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Kristen, Udo, and Rolf Kappler. "The Pollen Tube Growth Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 189–98. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:189.

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Bolcsfoldi, Georg. "The DNAAlkaline Unwinding Genotoxicity Test." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 257–66. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:257.

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Clothier, Richard H. "The FRAME Cytotoxicity Test (Kenacid Blue)." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols, 109–18. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:109.

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Conference papers on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

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Gernand, Jeremy M. "Limitations on the Reliability of In Vitro Predictive Toxicity Models to Predict Pulmonary Toxicity in Rodents." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67151.

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Given the rapidly proliferating varieties of nanomaterials and ongoing concerns that these novel materials may pose emerging occupational and environmental risks, combined with the possibility that each variety might pose a different unique risk due to the unique combination of material properties, researchers and regulators have been searching for methods to identify hazards and prioritize materials for further testing. While several screening tests and toxic risk models have been proposed, most have relied on cellular-level in vitro data. This foundation enables answers to be developed quickly for any material, but it is yet unclear how this information may translate to more realistic exposure scenarios in people or other more complex animals. A quantitative evaluation of these models or at least the inputs variables to these models in the context of rodent or human health outcomes is necessary before their classifications may be believed for the purposes of risk prioritization. This paper presents the results of a machine learning enabled meta-analysis of animal studies attempting to use significant descriptors from in vitro nanomaterial risk models to predict the relative toxicity of nanomaterials following pulmonary exposures in rodents. A series of highly non-linear random forest models (each made up of an ensemble of 1,000 regression tree models) were created to assess the maximum possible information value of the in vitro risk models and related methods of describing nanomaterial variants and their toxicity in rat and mouse experiments. The variety of chemical descriptors or quantitative chemical property measurements such as bond strength, surface charge, and dissolution potential, while important in describing observed differences with in vitro experiments, proved to provide little indication of the relative magnitude of inflammation in rodents (explained variance amounted to less than 32%). Important factors in predicting rodent pulmonary inflammation such as primary particle size and chemical type demonstrate that there are critical differences between these two toxicity assays that cannot be captured by a series of in vitro tests alone. Predictive models relying primarily on these descriptors alone explained more than 62% of the variance of the short term in vivo toxicity results. This means that existing proposed nanomaterial toxicity screening methods are inadequate as they currently stand, and either the community must be content with the slower and more expensive animal testing to evaluate nanomaterial risks, or further conceptual development of improved alternative in vitro screening methodologies is necessary before manufacturers and regulators can rely on them to promote safer use of nanotechnology.
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Zheng, Jun, and Wei Zhou. "In vitro toxicity test of nano-sized magnesium oxide synthesized via solid-phase transformation." In ADVANCES IN MATERIALS, MACHINERY, ELECTRONICS II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Materials, Machinery, Electronics (AMME 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5033589.

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Doroftei, Elena. "COMPARATION BETWEEN TWO IN VITRO TESTS FOR TOXICITY ASSESSING OF A LIPOPHYLE EXTRACT OF PELLOIDIC MUD FROM TECHIRGHIOL LAKE, CONSTANTA, ROMANIA." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b61/s25.044.

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Fareed, J., J. M. Walenga, D. Hoppensteadt, R. N. Emanuele, and A. Racanell. "PHARMACOLOGIC INEQUIVALENCE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644163.

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Compared to unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been found to exhibit marked variations in in vitro effects due to variations in molecular weight and structure. Moreover, when the in vitro potency of these agents is equally adjusted bypharmacopeial assay (current and proposed) wide variations in the in vivo responses have been noted. These variations were strongly dependent on the route of administration. Utilizing defined animal models, a systematic comparative study of the in vivo responses of seven commercial LMWHs was undertaken. Choay Fraxiparine (CY 216} Choay CY 222, NovoLHN, Kabi Fragmin, Opocrin 2123 (OP), Hepar RD 11885 (RD), Pharmuka Enoxaparin (PK) and Choay porcine mucosal heparin (PMH) were tested in identical settings at equigravimetric dosages. The graded results are given in the following.Wide variations in the in vivo pharmacologic and toxicity responseswere noted suggesting that different LMWHs are not bioequivalent at equigravimetric levels. When these responses were expressed in anti-factor Xa or pharmacopeial potency, these differences were further magnified. The clinically reported dosimetric and safety problems may be minimized by profiling LMWHs in defined in vivo test systems to optimize their safety/efficacy ratio.
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Asmatulu, R., A. Garikapati, H. E. Misak, Z. Song, S. Y. Yang, and P. Wooley. "Cytotoxicity of Magnetic Nanocomposite Spheres for Possible Drug Delivery Systems." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40269.

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Cytotoxicity test is a rapid and standardized in vitro method to determine the harmful effects of materials used for biomedical purposes, such as drug carriers, implants and their coatings, biosensors and surgical/medical devices. In the present study, sol-gel driven nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (10–25 nm) at different concentrations were incorporated into biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), using oil-in-oil emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, and then the cytotoxicity of magnetic nanocomposite spheres was characterized using raw cells. The test provides the toxicity of the products prior to their real applications, which may limit animal experimentation, remove potential toxic compounds and reduce the downstream costs. The cytotoxicity results showed that both magnetic nanocomposite spheres were toxic at some degree to the raw cells; however, the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in nanocomposite spheres are more toxic than the nickel ferrite nanoparticles.
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Ma, Liang, Jeremy Barker, Changchun Zhou, Biaoyang Lin, and Wei Li. "A Perfused Two-Chamber System for Anticancer Drug Screening." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34326.

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A cell culture microfluidic device has been developed to test the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs while reproducing multi-organ interactions in vitro. Cells were cultured in separate chambers representing the liver and tumor. The two chambers were connected through a channel to mimick the blood flow. Glioblastoma (GBM) cancer cells (M059K) and hepatoma cells (HepG2) were cultured in the tumor and the liver chambers, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of cancer treatment drug Temolozomide (TMZ) was tested using this two chamber system. The experimental results showed that with the liver cells, the cancer cells showed much higher viability than those without the liver cells. This indicates that the liver metabolism has strong effect on the toxicity of the anticancer drug. The results demonstrated that the perfused two chamber cell culture system has the potential to be used as a platform for drug screening in a more physiologically realistic environment.
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RAMETTA, GABRIELLA, VERA LA FERRARA, and GIROLAMO DI FRANCIA. "NANOMATERIALS TOXICITY: AN IN-VITRO INVESTIGATION." In Proceedings of the 12th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812833594_0013.

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Massányi, Peter, Grzegorz Formicki, N. Lukáč, J. Slivková, J. Kováčik, R. Toman, Łukasz Binkowski, Agnieszka Greń, and Robert Stawarz. "REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF MERCURY IN VIVO AND IN VITRO." In XVIII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE RISK FACTORS OF FOOD CHAIN 2017. Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/9788380840973.12.

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Zhang, Min-Quan, Xiang-Ming Li, Yuk-Shan Wong, and FolkYear Kwan. "Scanning respirometer for toxicity tests using micro-organisms." In European Symposium on Optics for Environmental and Public Safety, edited by Annamaria V. Scheggi. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.221727.

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Sharifi, M., L. Heydarian, A. Roshani, F. Yavari, and S. Dezfoulinezhad. "Toxicity evaluation of MSW leachate usingOncorhynchus mykissandGambusia affinisacute toxicity tests in Kermanshah, western Iran." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm100211.

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Reports on the topic "In vitro toxicity tests"

1

Dean, Jay B. Hyperbaric Imaging Equipment: Fluorescence Microscopy for In Vitro Studies of Oxygen Toxicity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425309.

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Geiss, Kevin T., Dan L. Polland, and John M. Frazier. Toxicity of Experimental Jet Fuel System Ice-Inhibiting Agents: I. In Vitro Dosimetry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada453145.

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Specht, Winona L. Methods For Collecting , Culturing And Performing Toxicity Tests With Daphnia ambigua. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881435.

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Kimmel, E. C., E. A. Smith, J. E. Reboulet, K. R. Still, and R. L. Carpenter. The Physicochemical Properties of SFE Fire Suppressant Atmospheres in Toxicity vs Fire Extinguishment Tests: Implications for Aerosol Deposition and Toxicity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411056.

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William F. Bauer, Brian K. Schuetz, Gary M. Huestis, Thomas B. Lints, Brian K. Harris, R. Duane Ball, and Gracy Elias. In Vitro Dissolution Tests of Plutonium and Americium Containing Contamination Originating From ZPPR Fuel Plates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1055994.

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Serne, R. J., W. J. Martin, R. O. Lokken, V. L. LeGore, C. W. Lindenmeier, and P. F. C. Martin. Leach and EP (extraction procedure) toxicity tests on grouted waste from Tank 106-AN. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5715878.

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Specht, W. L. Results of chronic toxicity tests conducted on selected A-area outfalls, June-August 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/542002.

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Specht, W. L. Results of acute and chronic toxicity tests conducted at SRS NPDES outfalls, July--October 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10102651.

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Sprague, J. B. Review of methods for sublethal aquatic toxicity tests relevant to the Canadian metal-mining industry. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/306923.

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Specht, W. L. Results of acute and chronic toxicity tests conducted at SRS NPDES outfalls, July--October 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7092015.

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