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Academic literature on the topic 'In-stream experiments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "In-stream experiments"

1

Kuo, S. P. "Oscillating two-stream instability in ionospheric heating experiments." Physics of Plasmas 9, no. 4 (April 2002): 1456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1453471.

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Packman, AI, and NH Brooks. "Colloidal particle exchange between stream and stream bed in a laboratory flume." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950233.

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The exchange of fine natural particles between the surface and pore waters of a sand-bed stream has been investigated in a laboratory flume. At the beginning of each experiment, kaolinite clay is added to the recirculating surface water flowing over a sand bed with dunes. Transport of clay into the bed is then determined by measuring the decrease of clay concentration in the surface water with time. Two conclusions can be drawn from the experiments done to date. First, although the kaolinite particles are too small to settle appreciably in the surface flow, they can be trapped to a great extent in the bed. Second, the trapped clay can be released when the surface water no longer has a high clay concentration.

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Sánchez-Silva, F., I. Carvajal-Mariscal, M. Toledo-Velázquez, D. Libreros, M. Toledo-Velázquez, and H. Saidani-Scott. "Experiments in a combined up stream downstream slug flow." EPJ Web of Conferences 45 (2013): 01082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20134501082.

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Cafiero, Gioacchino, and Andrew W. Woods. "Experiments on mixing in wakes in shallow water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 804 (September 9, 2016): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.505.

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We report on a series of laboratory experiments in which we investigate the mixing in a wake produced downstream of an obstacle in a uniform flow. The fluid is confined within a channel of finite width, and the water depth is small compared with the channel width. The mixing appears to be dominated by dispersion caused by the circulation of the eddies that are shed alternately from each side of the obstacle. However, due to bottom friction, these eddies gradually dissipate downstream. In turn, the intensity of the cross-stream mixing of the tracer decays in the downstream direction, limiting the cross-stream extent of the tracer. We present a time-averaged picture of the experiments which illustrates the deviation of the time-averaged flow in the wake relative to the uniform flow upstream. We then develop a time-averaged model for the flow, using mixing length theory to account for the cross-channel momentum transfer as an eddy viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}ud$, where $2ud$ is the cross-channel integral of the perturbation in the along-channel speed associated with the wake. We also include a frictional stress to account for the bottom friction. The model predicts a similar pattern of variation of the along-channel velocity in both the along- and cross-channel directions to our experimental data. By matching the cross-channel data with the model, we find that the constant $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$ has value 0.2. We also analyse our experimental data to develop a time-dependent picture of the mixing of a stream of dye released into the wake. Using the model for the evolution of the flow, we develop a model for the time-averaged mixing, again based on mixing length theory. The model predicts a similar spatial distribution for the tracer in both the cross-stream and along-stream directions to that seen in our experimental data. By quantitative comparison of the model with the data, we find that the best fit of the empirical eddy diffusivity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}ud$, with the data occurs with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{2}=0.22$. We discuss implications of our results for modelling cross-stream mixing in shallow turbulent flow.

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GRAZIOSI, PAOLO, and GARRY L. BROWN. "Experiments on stability and transition at Mach 3." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 472 (November 30, 2002): 83–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112002002094.

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The results of an experimental study of stability, receptivity and transition of the flat-plate laminar boundary layer at Mach 3 are discussed. With a relatively low free-stream disturbance level (∼0.1%), spectra, growth rates and amplitude distributions of naturally occurring boundary layer waves were measured using hot wires. Physical (mass-flux) amplitudes in the boundary layer and free stream are reported and provide stability and receptivity results against which predictions can be directly compared. Comparisons are made between measurements of growth rates of unstable high-frequency waves and theoretical predictions based on a non-parallel, mode-averaging stability theory and receptivity assumptions; good agreement is found. In contrast, it was found that linear stability theory does not account for the measured growth of low-frequency disturbances. A detailed investigation of the disturbance fields in the free stream and on the nozzle walls provides the basis for a discussion of the source and the development of the measured boundary layer waves. Attention is drawn to the close matching in streamwise wavelengths for instability waves and the free-stream acoustic disturbances. It was also found that a calibration of the hot wire in the free stream yields a double-peak boundary layer disturbance amplitude distribution, as has been found by previous investigators, which is not consistent with the predictions of linear stability theory. This double peak was found to be an experimental anomaly which resulted from assumptions that are frequently made in the free-stream calibration procedure. A single-peak amplitude distribution across the boundary layer was established only when the hot-wire voltage was calibrated against the mean boundary layer profile. Finally, the late stages of transition, at a higher Reynolds number with a higher free-stream disturbance level, were explored. Calibrated amplitude levels are provided at locations where nonlinearities are first detected and where the mean boundary layer profile is first observed to depart from the laminar similarity solution. A qualitative discussion of the character of ensuing nonlinearities is also included.

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Coat, C. A., and G. D. Lock. "Flow visualisation experiments for turbine film cooling." Aeronautical Journal 108, no. 1086 (August 2004): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400000021x.

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Abstract Flow visualisation experiments related to turbine film cooling have been conducted. These investigated the fluid mechanics of coolant ejection using a large-scale, flat-plate model at engine-representative Reynolds numbers in a low-speed tunnel with ambient-temperature mainstream flow. The coolant trajectories were captured using a fine nylon mesh covered with thermochromic liquid crystals, allowing measurement of gas temperature contours in planes perpendicular to the flow. Three injection geometries were assessed: cylindrical holes with stream-wise injection, cylindrical holes with cross-stream injection, and fan-shaped holes. The data demonstrated that the cylindrical holes produced discrete jets, which lifted off the surface at high coolant-to-mainstream momentum flux ratios; these jets were characterised by the kidney-shaped stream-tubes expected for injection into cross-flow. The jets injected with cross-stream momentum exhibited a more obvious kidney-shaped cross-section, which rotated with distance downstream of injection. The jets from the fan-shaped holes were attached to the surface even at high momentum flux ratios, were more diffuse, and exhibited two cores of high temperature. The trajectory visualisation data were used to interpret the adiabatic cooling effectiveness measured at the surface.

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Eder, A., M. Exner-Kittridge, P. Strauss, and G. Blöschl. "Re-suspension of bed sediment in a small stream – results from two flushing experiments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 17, 2014): 1043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1043-2014.

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Abstract. Streams draining small watersheds often exhibit multiple peaking sedigraphs associated with single peaking hydrographs. The process reasons of the multiple sediment peaks are not fully understood but they may be related to the activation of different sediment sources such as the stream bed itself, where deposited sediments from previous events may be available for resuspension. To understand resuspension of stream bed sediments at the reach scale we artificially flooded the small stream of the HOAL Petzenkirchen catchment in Austria by pumping sediment-free water into the stream. Two short floods were produced and flow, sediment and bromide concentrations were measured at three sites with high temporal resolution. Hydrologically, the two flood events were almost identical. The peak flows decreased from 57 to 7.9 L s−1 and the flow volumes decreased from 17 to 11.3 m2 along the 590 m reach of the stream. However, a considerably smaller sediment load was resuspended and transported during the second flood due to depletion of stream bed sediments. The exception was the middle section of the stream, where more sediment was transported during the second flood event which can be explained by differences between flow velocity and wave celerity and the resulting displacement of sediments within the stream. The results indicate that the first peak of the sedigraphs of natural events in this stream is indeed caused by the resuspension of stream bed sediments, accounting for up to six percent of the total sediment load depending on total flow volume.

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Thomas, G. F., B. Famaey, R. Ibata, F. Renaud, N. F. Martin, and P. Kroupa. "Stellar streams as gravitational experiments." Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (January 2018): A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731609.

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Kinematically cold tidal streams of globular clusters (GC) are excellent tracers of the Galactic gravitational potential at moderate Galactocentric distances, and can also be used as probes of the law of gravity on Galactic scales. Here, we compare for the first time the generation of such streams in Newtonian and Milgromian gravity (MOND). We first computed analytical results to investigate the expected shape of the GC gravitational potential in both frameworks, and we then ran N-body simulations with the Phantom of Ramses code. We find that the GCs tend to become lopsided in MOND. This is a consequence of the external field effect which breaks the strong equivalence principle. When the GC is filling its tidal radius the lopsidedness generates a strongly asymmetric tidal stream. In Newtonian dynamics, such markedly asymmetric streams can in general only be the consequence of interactions with dark matter subhalos, giant molecular clouds, or interaction with the Galactic bar. In these Newtonian cases, the asymmetry is the consequence of a very large gap in the stream, whilst in MOND it is a true asymmetry. This should thus allow us in the future to distinguish these different scenarios by making deep observations of the environment of the asymmetric stellar stream of Palomar 5. Moreover, our simulations indicate that the high internal velocity dispersion of Palomar 5 for its small stellar mass would be natural in MOND.

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Eder, A., M. Exner-Kittridge, P. Strauss, and G. Blöschl. "Re-suspension of bed sediment in a small stream – results from two flushing experiments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2013): 12077–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12077-2013.

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Abstract. Streams draining small watersheds often exhibit multiple peaking sedigraphs associated with single peaking hydrographs. The process reasons of the multiple sediment peaks are not fully understood but they may be related to the activation of different sediment sources such as the streambed itself where deposited sediments from previous events may be available for resuspension. To understand resuspension of stream bed sediments at the reach scale we artificially flooded the small stream of the HOAL Petzenkirchen catchment in Austria by pumping sediment-free water into the stream. Two short floods were produced and flow, sediment and bromide concentrations were measured at three sites with high temporal resolution. Hydrologically, the two flood events were almost identical. The peak flows decreased from 57 to 7.9 L s−1 and the flow volumes decreased from 17 to 11.3 m3 along the 590 m reach of the stream. However, a considerably smaller sediment load was resuspended and transported during the second flood due to depletion of stream bed sediments. The exception was the middle section of the stream where more sediment was transported during the second flood event which can be explained by differences between flow velocity and wave celerity and the resulting displacement of sediments within the stream. The results indicate that the first peak of the sedigraphs of natural events in this stream is indeed caused by the resuspension of streambed sediments, accounting for up to six percent of the total sediment load depending on total flow volume.

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van der Veen, C. J., and I. M. Whillans. "Model experiments on the evolution and stability of ice streams." Annals of Glaciology 23 (1996): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500013343.

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A simple model is developed based on the notion that on active ice streams the resistance to flow is partitioned between basal drag and lateral drag. The relative roles of these sources of resistance is determined by a friction parameter that effectively describes the strength of the bed under the ice stream. Reduction in the basal strength is caused by meltwater production, taken proportional to the product of basal drag and ice speed. The width of the ice stream is governed by the balance between entrainment or erosion of ice from the slow-moving inter-stream ridges and advection from the ridges into the ice stream. Entrainment of ridge ice is parameterized as a function of the shear stress at the lateral margins, in one case proportional to the lateral shear stress and in the second case scaled to ice-stream width. In the first formulation, the model rapidly becomes unstable but, using the second formulation, a steady state is reached with lateral drag providing all or most of the resistance to flow. The results point to the great importance of achieving an understanding of entrainment. With the second model and a wide range of parameter values, there is no cyclic behavior, with rapid flow being followed by a quiescent phase.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "In-stream experiments"

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Cloran, Christina Elizabeth. "Investigating Nickel Flux and Toxicity in Clay Sediments with Batch and Stream Recirculating Flume Experiments." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1229973400.

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Bernard, David P. "Impact of stream acidification on invertebrates : drift response to in situ experiments augmenting aluminum ion concentrations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24478.

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Recent evidence strongly suggests that aluminum toxicity is important in determining the structural and functional characteristics of freshwater communities affected by acid precipitation. To determine the effect dissolved aluminum has on lotic invertebrates previously unexposed to anthropogenic acidification, experiments were carried out in a second-order headwater stream 50 km east of Vancouver, British Columbia during August 1982. In three separate experiments, HC1 and/or A1C1₃ were added to Mayfly Creek during daylight hours, increasing acidity from pH 6.9 - 7.0 to pH 5.8 - 6.0 and total aluminum from < 0.1 mg/L to > 1.0 mg/L. Biological response was monitored by sampling invertebrate drift with 86 Mm nets. Relative to an unmanipulated, upstream control site, drift density doubled in response to added H⁺ alone (pH 5.9). When Al₃⁺ was added (pH 5.9) drift density increased fourfold. Following 48 h continuous dosing with HC1 (pH 5.9) there was an even greater response to added Al₃⁺. Ephemeroptera were able to detect dissolved aluminum and responded almost immediately (within 45 min). Similarly, Trichoptera and Chironomidae detected increased H⁺ concentrations and responded immediately. Response to augmented Al₃⁺ by Trichoptera, Hydracarina, and Chironomidae was delayed 6 h. However, pre-exposing animals to 48 h HC1 resulted in enhanced aluminum sensitivity for Chironomidae and for Simulium and Plecoptera, which had not responded within 10 h to H⁺ or Al₃⁺ alone. It is proposed that rapid increases in drift density are due to behavioral escape responses, while delayed responses are probably associated with physiological impairment. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that during early stages of morphological development Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae are more sensitive to increased Al₃⁺ and H⁺ concentrations than during later developmental stages. In laboratory experiments using artificial stream channels, Chironomidae larvae and Ephemeroptera nymphs were exposed to CI⁻ and H⁺ concentrations, equal to those during field experiments. Results showed that drift behavior in these animals is not stimulated by mildly elevated chloride concentrations. These studies demonstrate that increased dissolved aluminum concentrations intensify biological response to acidification, and confirm acid sensitivity patterns for Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae reported by others. The observed acid insensitivity of Plecoptera, simuliids, and Trichoptera also conforms to previously described patterns. Experimentally manipulating this community produced results closely resembling those obtained in similar studies for areas currently affected by acid precipitation. The major difference in results between studies is that invertebrate communities previously unexposed to acidification contain more species sensitive to mild acidification. These latter animals are particularly sensitive to the presence of elevated dissolved aluminum concentrations.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

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Blasch, Kyle William. "Streamflow timing and estimation of infiltration rates in an ephemeral stream channel using variably saturated heat and fluid transport methods." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2003_253_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Brown, Glen, and n/a. "Towards an in situ technique for investigating the role nutrients play in epilithon growth in an Australian upland stream." University of Canberra. School of Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060614.171246.

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There is limited knowledge and understanding of the role of nutrients and effect of herbivore grazing on epilithon production in Australian upland rivers. Before investigating these processes, a method was required that will allow the study of factors (physical, chemical and biological) that affect epilithon abundance and distribution in lotic systems. The Thredbo River, Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales, provided an opportunity to conduct this investigation because it: is relatively undisturbed; has been intensely studied; is easily accessed; and is of appropriate width and depth to conduct in-stream experiments. The specific goals of this research were the: (1) validation of the nutrient-diffusing substrate method for investigating epilithon responses to nutrients; (2) development of experimental channels in which to investigate nutrient/epilithon dynamics in an upland stream; (3) development of a method to inhibit macroinvertebrate grazing from in situ experimental channels, so that epilithon responses to nutrients with and without grazing pressure can be studied; and (4) assessment of the ecological implications of nutrient/ epilithon/macroinvertebrate interactions assessed from in-stream experiments. Major achievements of my research, that advance the study of stream ecology, are as follows: · The investigation of the features of nutrient release from terracotta nutrientdiffusing substrates showed that phosphorus does not readily diffuse through terracotta clay, probably because terracotta contains known binding agents for phosphorus, such as iron, and because pores are easily blocked. I concluded that this type of substrate is inappropriate for studying nutrient dynamics and epilithon responses to the nutrient(s) limiting growth. The outcomes of this research has implications for future research using nutrient-diffusing substrates, and of how nutrient limitation information is interpreted from past research using terracotta nutrient-diffusing substrates. · I designed and tested in-stream experimental channels that were functional and provided near natural conditions for studying the interactions between nutrients/ epilithon/macroinvertebrates, without affecting physical variables not tested for. The in situ method developed was successful in simulating 'real world' complexities. Clay paving bricks were used as standardized common surface for community development because their colour, size and surface texture are similar to those of natural stones. · I developed a technique for successfully inhibiting macroinvertebrate grazing from designated areas, using electricity, without affecting flow and light. This technique will enable in-stream herbivory studies to assess the effects of macroinvertebrate grazing pressure on epilithon under natural conditions, including variability in flow, temperature, light and nutrients. It will allow the vexed question of whether epilithon biomass is controlled by bottom-up or top-down processes to be objectively addressed. The construction of in situ experimental channels that simulate natural conditions, combined with the non-intrusive methods of macroinvertebrate exclusion and nutrient addition, resulted in a study design that will facilitate the investigation of biotic responses to nutrients in Australian upland streams. Using the method developed, I showed that variable flows in the upper Thredbo River appear high enough to slough epilithon, but not high enough to dislodge macroinvertebrates. This may mean that in systems such as the Thredbo River that experience frequent low level disturbance, the epilithon is unable to reach equilibrium. There is strong top-down control of epilithon in this stream, with nutrients, temperature and light playing a secondary role. I concluded that natural variability may be more important than previously considered and perhaps this, rather than constancy, should be studied. This thesis adds support to the continuance of multiple factor investigations, and advocates that such studies be conducted under natural conditions so that the results are more relevant to natural systems than from studies conducted in controlled laboratory and outdoor artificial streams. Clearly, the in-stream channels, developed as part of the current research, will allow research that contributes to our understanding of community responses to the physical, chemical and biological processes operating in lotic environments.

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Grubh, Archis R. "Effects of anthropogenic disturbances and biotic interactions on stream biota in gulf coastal plain streams." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1155753270.

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Shelton, Jeremy Mark. "Impacts of non-native rainbow trout on stream food webs in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa integrating evidence from surveys and experiments." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6189.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
Impacts of invasive predators may be influenced by whether or not native predators which function in the same way as the invasive predator exist in the recipient system. Impacts are expected to be strong in isolated systems lacking functionally similar predators because native species will be naïve to the foraging behaviour of the introduced predator, and because the invasion is likely to change the role which the native predator assemblage performs. In this thesis I studied how the introduction of a functionally novel predatory fish, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, has affected native fish, and how changes in the functioning of the predator assemblage have influenced lower trophic levels, in headwater streams in a catchment area within the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Fish populations, benthic invertebrate assemblages, benthic algae and particulate organic matter were surveyed in each of 24 minimally-disturbed headwater streams in the upper Breede River catchment, and relevant environmental variables in each stream measured, over one summer.

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Bernal, Berenguer Susana. "Nitrogen storm responses in an intermittent Meditterranean stream." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1436.

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The amount of dissolved inorganic nitrogen delivered to streams and groundwater has substantially increased in the last decades due to anthropogenic impacts. This fact has stimulated research on processes related to the nitrogen cycling in order to elucidate the ability of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in controlling nitrogen loads. Some of these studies pointed out during storms streamwater chemistry is significantly altered. However, because of the inherent difficulty of an extensive field experimental setting for dealing with episodic storms, studies focused on hydrological processes or stream solute dynamics during storms rely on a very limited number of events. Hydrobiogeochemical processes have been mainly studied in temperate experimental catchments and little attention has been paid to Mediterranean catchments. Recent studies have stressed the fragility of Mediterranean regions in front of the global change and because of that Mediterranean regions should become hot spots for present and future studies.
The main goal of the present thesis was to study the variability of nutrient dynamics, in particular nitrogen, during stormflow in relation to baseflow conditions in Fuirosos, an intermittent stream draining a small Mediterranean catchment (Part I). As a secondary objective (Part II), solute dynamics in Fuirosos were compared with those measured at one of its main tributaries, the Grimola stream. Biotitic granodiorite was an important fraction of the Fuirosos catchment, whereas the Grimola catchment was underlain by leucogranite. The Fuirosos stream had an alluvial zone and it was flanked by a well developed riparian forest, whereas the Grimola stream had not a significant alluvial zone, neither a well developed riparian area. Thereby, the effect of (i) catchment size, (ii) lithology and (iii) the presence of an alluvial-riparian zone on stream hydrogrochemistry were assessed by comparing the Fuirosos and Grimola streams.
The Fuirosos Stream Watershed, a relatively undisturbed Mediterranean ecosystem that can not be considered a N-saturated catchment, leaks to the stream most of the nitrogen loss in the form of nitrate (57 %). This figure contrast with that reported for other pristine tropical and humid catchments where nitrogen export is mainly in the form of dissolved organic nitrogen. In particular, nitrate is mainly mobilized during stormflow conditions (from 52 % to 80 % of the annual yield). Contrastingly, most of the dissolved organic carbon export occurs during baseflow conditions (from 40 to 70 % of the annual yield). These results point to a decoupling between soil nitrification and nutrient uptake by biota, which brings about the leaking of nitrate to the stream. Hydrochemistry in this Mediterranean intermittent stream is highly variable within and in between years. The antecedent moisture conditions and the magnitude of storm events are key factors on shaping the hydrological responses to storm events. However, storm episodes that occur during similar climatological and hydrological conditions produce different streamwater chemistry depending upon the time of the year. This is so, mainly because of the influence of the summer drought period on streamwater chemistry. Both, the mixing model (EMMA) and the spectral analysis approaches, point out that groundwater is the most important contributor to stormflow in Fuirosos. Nonetheless, the EMMA approach emphasizes how stream water and nitrate sources vary throughout the year. Our results stress the importance of sampling storms during all seasons to draw general conclusions about watershed processes. The mixing model shows that nitrate is retained by biota in the Fuirosos alluvial zone only when streamflow is lower than 80 l/s. Above this threshold, the system is not efficient in retaining nitrate arriving from the catchment. This result might be keep on mind when establishing the importance of near- and in-stream processes for regulating catchment nitrate loads since a major fraction of the annual nitrate export usually occurs during stormflow conditions in many catchments. The spectral analysis also shows that the variability of stream nitrate concentrations is more damped in Fuirosos than in Grimola. This is attributed to the buffer effect that biota has on nitrate concentrations in the Fuirosos alluvial zone, which retards its delivery in relation to the Grimola catchment.
"Efecte de les pluges en la dinàmica del nitrogen en una riera intermitent i mediterrània"

La quantitat de nitrogen dissolt que arriba avui dia als nostres rius i aqüífers és substancialment major a la de fa un parell de dècades a resultes de l'activitat antròpica. Aquest fet ha estimulat força la recerca dels processos relacionats amb el ciclatge del nitrogen, amb la intenció d'esbrinar la capacitat que tenen els ecosistemas terrestres i aquàtics per controlar les càrregues de nitrat que els hi arriben. Alguns d'aquests estudis indiquen que durant les tempestes s'altera de forma substancial la química de l'aigua del riu. Això no obstant, la major part dels treballs realitzats es recolzen en un nombre limitat d'episodis, donada la dificultat inherent al mostreig intensiu de camp a l'hora d'estudiar les respostes hidrològiques i la dinàmica dels soluts durant les crescudes. Tradicionalment, la comunitat científica s'ha dedicat a l'estudi dels processos hidrobiogeoquímics de regions temperades i tropicals, i desafortunadament, les conques Mediterrànies no han estat objecte de la seva atenció. Estudis recents alerten de la fragilitat de les regions Mediterrànies enfront del canvi global, i per tant, urgeixen els estudis focalitzats en aquests ecosistemes.
El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat l'estudi de la variabilitat de la dinàmica dels nutrients, en particular del nitrogen, durant les crescudes en relació a la seva dinàmica en condicions de cabal basal en una riera intermitent, Fuirosos, en una conca Mediterrània. La hidrologia i la dinàmica dels soluts a la riera de Fuirosos s'ha comparat amb les de la Grimola, un dels seus efluents més importants. Hi ha diferències litològiques notables entre les dues conques. A més la riera de Fuirosos té zona al.luvial i està flanquejada per un bosc de ribera ben desenvolupat, mentre que la riera de Grimola no té zona al.luvial ni tampoc una zona riberenca ben diferenciada. Per tant, els efectes de (i) la mida de la conca, (ii) la litologia, i (iii) la presència d'una zona al.luvial i riberenca sobre la hidrobiogeoquímica d'un riu, van poder ésser contrastats comparant les rieres de Fuirosos i Grimola. L'estudi es va realitzar al Parc Natural del Montnegre-Corredor al Vallès Oriental entre els anys 1998 i 2004.

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8

Whittle, Don. "Stream mesocosms in ecological risk assessment : experimental, analytical and ecological considerations." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339940.

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Tin, Tin Htwe. "Bed Deformation and Navigable Channel Characteristics in Braided Stream." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235073.

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Harris, Rebecca Margaret Louise. "The effect of experimental drought disturbance on macroinvertebrate assemblages in stream mesocosms." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435312.

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Books on the topic "In-stream experiments"

1

Hall, Timothy J. Effects of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent on cold water stream productivity in experimental stream channels: Fourth progress report. New York: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 1985.

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Richardson, John S. The effect of treated acid mine drainage on stream macroinvertebrates and periphytic algae: An in situ mesocosm experiment. Victoria, B.C: British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force, 1990.

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A, Gokoglu Suleyman, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Experiments for the determination of convective diffusion heat/mass transfer to burner rig test targets comparable in size to jet stream diameter. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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4

Braudrick, Christian A. Entrainment, transport, and deposition of large woody debris in streams: Results from a series of flume experiments. 1997.

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Ross, Stephen J. The Delta of Living into Everything. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798385.003.0002.

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This chapter examines key junctures in Ashbery’s career when he literalizes the stream-of-consciousness metaphor. For Ashbery, forms of liquid motion—waving, undulation, flux, flow, streaming—fuse into poetic matter and manner in a series of increasingly self-reflexive experiments over many decades. From the early dysraphic poem “Into the Dusk-Charged Air” and the formalist masterpiece “Clepsydra” to the prose poetry of Three Poems, the antiphonal wavering of “A Wave,” and the undifferentiated flow of Flow Chart, Ashbery seeks new ways to “dissolve” his style and “put it in solution.” The fantasy that art can become nature takes on special significance in this line of poems that encompass transparency and formal dissolution.

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S, Liscinsky D., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Experimental study of cross-stream mixing in a rectangular duct. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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A, Vranos, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Experimental study of cross-stream mixing in a cylindrical duct. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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Effects of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent on cold water stream productivity in experimental stream channels: Fifth progress report. New York, N.Y. (260 Madison Ave., New York 10016): National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, 1989.

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Bicchieri, Cristina. Rationality and Indeterminacy. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0006.

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Much of the history of game theory has been dominated by the problem of indeterminacy. The very search for better versions of rationality, as well as the long list of attempts to refine Nash equilibrium, can be seen as answers to the indeterminacy that has accompanied game theory through its history. More recently, the experimental approach to game theory has attempted a more radical solution: by directly generating a stream of behavioral observations, one hopes that behavioral hypotheses will be sharper, and predictions more accurate. This article looks at several attempts to address indeterminacy, including the shift to evolutionary models. However, because its goal is to establish whether rational choice models are inescapably doomed to produce indeterminate outcomes, it pays much more attention to the experimental turn in game theory, the difficulty it encounters, and the promising results obtained by more realistic models of rationality that include a social component.

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Beal, Amy C. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036361.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides a background of Carla Bley and her music. Bley is a prolific and influential American composer. And though her career, which began in the 1950s, has taken place largely within the venues and institutions of the jazz world, her music is often characterized as Third Stream, postmodernist, or just plain experimental—these labels due in part to her ability to write conventional big-band charts as well as classically influenced chamber works. Her compositions fall into a number of overlapping categories: lead sheets and short jazz tunes designed for improvising, completely notated and orchestrated chamber music, big-band ensemble parts, and larger works containing multiple connected parts. Indeed, her oeuvre offers a staggering amount of variety, and for the most part, her compositional style is impossible to classify.

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Book chapters on the topic "In-stream experiments"

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Reiss, Julia, R. A. Bailey, and Daniel M. Perkins. "Design and Analysis of Laboratory Experiments on Aquatic Plant Litter Decomposition." In The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems, 455–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72854-0_20.

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Carberry, J., K. Ryan, and J. Sheridan. "Experimental Study of a Tethered Cylinder in a Free Stream." In IUTAM Symposium on Integrated Modeling of Fully Coupled Fluid Structure Interactions Using Analysis, Computations and Experiments, 125–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0995-9_7.

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Bolgar, Istvan, Sven Scharnowski, and Christian J. Kähler. "Effects of a Launcher’s External Flow on a Dual-Bell Nozzle Flow." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 115–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_7.

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Abstract Previous research on Dual-Bell nozzle flow always neglected the influence of the outer flow on the nozzle flow and its transition from sea level to altitude mode. Therefore, experimental measurements on a Dual-Bell nozzle with trans- and supersonic external flows about a launcher-like forebody were carried out in the Trisonic Wind Tunnel Munich with particle image velocimetry, static pressure measurements and the schlieren technique. A strongly correlated interaction exists between a transonic external flow with the nozzle flow in its sea level mode. At supersonic external flow conditions, a Prandtl–Meyer expansion about the nozzle’s lip decreases the pressure in the vicinity of the nozzle exit by about 55%. Therefore a new definition for the important design criterion of the nozzle pressure ratio was suggested, which considers this drastic pressure drop. Experiments during transitioning of the nozzle from sea level to altitude mode show that an interaction about the nozzle’s lip causes an inherently unstable nozzle state at supersonic free-stream conditions. This instability causes the nozzle to transition and retransition, or flip-flop, between its two modes. This instability can be eliminated by designing a Dual-Bell nozzle to transition during sub-/transonic external flow conditions.

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Kalisch, Mateusz, Marcin Michalak, Piotr Przystałka, Marek Sikora, and Łukasz Wróbel. "Outlier Detection and Elimination in Stream Data – An Experimental Approach." In Rough Sets, 416–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47160-0_38.

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Pérez, Javier, Ana Basaguren, Naiara López-Rojo, Alan M. Tonin, Francisco Correa-Araneda, and Luz Boyero. "The Role of Key Plant Species on Litter Decomposition in Streams: Alder as Experimental Model." In The Ecology of Plant Litter Decomposition in Stream Ecosystems, 143–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72854-0_8.

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Cirmo, Christopher P., and Charles T. Driscoll. "The impacts of a watershed CaCO3 treatment on stream and wetland biogeochemistry in the Adirondack Mountains." In Experimental Watershed Liming Study, 123–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0275-6_6.

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Kalisch, Mateusz, Marcin Michalak, Marek Sikora, Łukasz Wróbel, and Piotr Przystałka. "Data Intensive vs Sliding Window Outlier Detection in the Stream Data — An Experimental Approach." In Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, 73–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39384-1_7.

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Choi, Yoonsuk, Kyungshik Lim, H. K. Kahng, and I. Chong. "An Experimental Performance Evaluation of the Stream Control Transmission Protocol for Transaction Processing in Wireless Networks." In Information Networking, 595–603. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45235-5_58.

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Terekhov, Viktor I., and Maksim A. Pakhomov. "Comparison with Experimental Data in a Flat Plate Turbulent Gas-Particles Boundary Layer." In Flow and Heat and Mass Transfer in Laminar and Turbulent Mist Gas-Droplets Stream over a Flat Plate, 51–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04453-8_5.

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Das, Pringale Kumar, Sombuddha Bagchi, Soham Mondal, and Pranibesh Mandal. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Velocity Profile of Air over an Aerofoil in a Free Wind Stream in Wind Tunnel." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 649–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96968-8_31.

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Conference papers on the topic "In-stream experiments"

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Laosooksathit, S., C. Leangsuksun, A. Baggag, and C. Chandler. "Stream Experiments: Toward Latency Hiding in GPGPU." In Parallel and Distributed Computing and Networks. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2010.676-066.

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Murakami, Erina, and Dimitri Papamoschou. "Experiments on mixing enhancement in dual-stream jets." In 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-668.

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Yamada, Yuka, Tomoha Goto, and Ryu-ichiro Ohyama. "Experiments on spatial emission distribution in an Ar atmospheric pressure plasma jet stream." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2014.6995733.

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Nuernberg, Martin, and Longbin Tao. "Turbulence and Wake Effects in Tidal Stream Turbine Arrays." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77507.

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Electricity generation from tidal current can provide a reliable and predictable addition to a reduced carbon energy sector in the future. Following the deployment of the first multi-turbine array, significant cost reduction can be achieved by moving beyond demonstrator projects to large scale tidal turbine arrays. The interactions between multiple turbines installed in close proximity can affect the total electricity generation and thus require knowledge of the resulting flow field within and downstream of the array. Results are presented for experimental and numerical studies investigating the flow field characteristics in terms of velocity deficit and turbulence intensity in a staggered tidal turbine array section. Multiple configuration with varying longitudinal and transverse spacing between devices in a three-turbine array are tested. Comparison between numerical and experimental flow characteristics shows that open source numerical models with dynamic mesh features achieve good agreement and can be used for the investigation of array wake effects. The standard k–ω SST shows good agreement with experiments at reduced computational efficiency compared to higher order turbulence models (RSM). The importance of mixing with ambient flow is highlighted by identifying areas of significantly reduced velocity recovery within closely spaced arrays where ambient flow does not penetrate between adjacent wakes.

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Chakrabarti, Subrata K. "Experiments and Analysis of Laboratory Generated Steep Waves." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28590.

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In many offshore locations, storm generated steep waves are common and the survival of offshore structures in their presence is an important design condition. The design environment in depth-limited waters often includes waves of breaking and near-breaking conditions, in which currents may be present. Experiments were carried out in a wave tank with simulated steep waves with and without steady in-line current in which the wave profiles and the corresponding kinematics were simultaneously measured. The waves included both regular and random waves and often approached the breaking wave height for the water depth. These waves were analyzed by higher-order wave theory. In particular, the regular waves were simulated by the regular and irregular stream function theory. Especially steep wave profiles within the random waves were computed using the irregular stream function theory. The theory allows inclusion of steady current in its formulation for computation of wave kinematics. The correlation of the measured wave kinematics with the higher-order stream function wave theory showed that the wave theory could predict the kinematics of these steep waves (with and without the presence of current) well. However, in breaking waves, the vertical water particle velocity was not predicted well, specially near the trough. The effect of breaking and near-breaking steep waves on a fixed vertical caisson was also studied. The forces measured on the vertical caisson from the wave tank testing were analyzed to determine the effect of these waves and currents on the forces. It was found that the measured forces (and overturning moments) on the caisson model matched fairly well by the proper choice of force coefficients from the design guideline and the nonlinear stream function theory of appropriate order.

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Samaroo, Randy, and Masahiro Kawaji. "Air Bubble Injection Into a Liquid Stream in a Minichannel." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73082.

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Air bubble injection experiments have been performed to obtain a better understanding and detailed data on bubble behavior and liquid velocity profiles to be used for validation of 3-D Interface Tracking Models and CFD models. Two test sections used were vertical rectangular minichannels with a width and gap of 20 mm × 5.1 mm and 20 mm × 1.9 mm, respectively. Subcooled water at near atmospheric pressure flowed upward under laminar and turbulent flow conditions accompanied by air bubbles injected from a small hole on one of the vertical walls. The experiments yielded data on bubble formation and departure, and interactions with laminar or turbulent water flow. Instantaneous and ensemble-average liquid velocity profiles have been obtained using a Particle Image Velocimetry technique and a high speed video camera.

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Bakhtiyarov, Sayavur I., Ruel A. Overfelt, and Amit Suryawanshi. "Liquid Metal Stream Junction Defects in Aluminum Lost Foam Casting." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39692.

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The purpose of this work is to study fold defects in gravity and counter gravity lost foam casting processes, and to determine the process parameters which will improve the casting properties. The experiments are focused on the time and spatial dependent aspects of mold filling in frame shape styrofoam patterns.

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Balasubramanian, J., N. Junnarkar, D. W. Zhou, R. P. Roy, Y. W. Kim, and H. K. Moon. "Experiments on Aft-Disk Cavity Ingestion in a Model 1.5-Stage Axial-Flow Turbine." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45895.

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Experiments were carried out in a model 1.5-stage (vane-blade-vane) axial-flow air turbine to investigate the ingestion of main-stream air into the aft disk cavity. This cavity features rotor and stator rim seals with radial clearance and axial overlap, and an inner labyrinth seal. Results are reported for two main air flow rates, two rotor speeds, and three purge (secondary) air flow rates. The initial step at each experimental condition was the measurement of time-average static pressure distribution in the turbine stage to ensure that a nominally steady run condition had been achieved. Subsequently, tracer gas concentration and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques were employed to measure, respectively, the main gas ingestion into the disk cavity (rim and inner parts) and the fluid velocity field in the rim cavity. Finally, the egress trajectory of the purge air into the main-stream air was mapped in the axial-radial plane by PIV at multiple circumferential positions within one aft vane pitch. The purge air egress trajectory and velocity field are important because the interaction of this air with the main gas stream has aerodynamic, stage performance, and downstream vane/endwall heat transfer implications.

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Budzyn, Grzegorz, Grzegorz Lis, Tomasz Duchiewicz, and Elzbieta Beres-Pawlik. "Realization of the stream comparison mechanism in a CSMA/CD type multimode passive optical network node — experiments." In 2008 10th Anniversary International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2008.4598805.

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Oropeza-Vazquez, C., E. Afanador, L. Gomez, S. Wang, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, and G. Kouba. "Oil-Water Separation in a Novel Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) Compact Separator: Experiments and Modeling." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45547.

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The hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (LLCC) compact separator have been studied experimentally and theoretically for evaluation of its performance as a free water knockout device. In the LLCC, no complete oil-water separation occurs. Rather, it performs as a free water knockout, delivering a clean water stream in the underflow and an oil rich stream in the overflow. A total of 260 runs have been conducted for the LLCC for water-dominated flow conditions. Four different flow patterns in the inlet have been identified, namely, Stratified flow, Oil-in-Water Dispersion and Water Layer flow, Double Oil-in-Water Dispersion flow, and Oil-in-Water Dispersion flow. For all runs, an optimal split ratio (underflow to inlet flow rate ratio) exists, where the flow rate in the water stream is maximum with 100% water cut. The value of the optimal split ratio depends upon the existing inlet flow pattern, varying between 60% (for Stratified and Oil-in-Water Dispersion and Water Layer flow patterns) to 20% for the other inlet flow patterns. For split ratios higher than the optimal one, the water cut in the underflow stream decreases as the split ratio increases. A novel mechanistic model has been developed for the prediction of the complex flow behavior and the separation efficiency in the LLCC. The model consists of several sub-models, including inlet analysis, nozzle analysis, droplet size distribution model, and separation model based on droplet trajectories in swirling flow. Comparisons between the experimental data and the LLCC model predictions show excellent agreement. The model is capable of predicting both the trend of the experimental data as well as the absolute measured values. The developed model can be utilized for the design and performance analysis of the LLCC.

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Reports on the topic "In-stream experiments"

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Mulholland, P. J., J. L. Tank, D. M. Sanzone, J. R. Webster, W. Wollheim, B. J. Peterson, and J. L. Meyer. Ammonium and nitrate uptake lengths in a small forested stream determined by {sup 15}N tracer and short-term nutrient enrichment experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290966.

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