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Journal articles on the topic 'In-Situ tensile'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 22 July 2023

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1

Sippola, M., and K. Frühmann. "In situ Longitudinal Tensile Tests of Pine Wood in an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope." Holzforschung 56, no. 6 (November 5, 2002): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.101.

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Summary To study wood fracture on its cellular level, small tensile specimens of pine (Pinus sylvestris [L.]) were fractured in situ in tension inside the chamber of an ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope). Fractured surfaces of macroscopic tensile test specimens were also studied with an ESEM. The same kind of fracture phenomena were observed in both small and large specimens. The in situ tests proved to be reproducible and the results revealed typical fracture propagation0 directions and order in softwood under longitudinal tension. The gradual change of material properties of wood in the radial direction was found to strongly influence the fracture process.

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2

Li, Ning, Hongwei Zhao, Mingjun Jin, Jianping Li, Xiaohang Dai, Zhanwei Huo, Shunbo Wang, Liguo Yang, and Xingdong Sun. "Influence of scratch type on tensile strength in in situ tensile test." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 2017): 168781401770713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017707130.

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3

Wu, Wei, Alexandru Stoica, Dunji Yu, Matthew Frost, Harley Skorpenske, and Ke An. "Bending Behavior of a Wrought Magnesium Alloy Investigated by the In Situ Pinhole Neutron Diffraction Method." Crystals 8, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8090348.

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The tensile twinning and detwinning behaviors of a wrought magnesium alloy have been investigated during in situ four-point bending using the state-of-the-art high spatial resolution pinhole neutron diffraction (PIND) method. The PIND method allowed us to resolve the tensile twinning/detwinning and lattice strain distributions across the bending sample during a loading-unloading sequence with a 0.5 mm step size. It was found that the extensive tensile twinning and detwinning occurred near the compression surface, while no tensile twinning behavior was observed in the middle layer and tension side of the bending sample. During the bending, the neutral plane shifted from the compression side to the tension side. Compared with the traditional neutron diffraction mapping method, the PIND method provides more detailed information inside the bending sample due to a higher spatial resolution.

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4

Ju, Dong Ying, J. G. Wang, and Minoru Abe. "In Situ Stress Measurement Method Based on X-Ray Diffraction under Biaxial Tensile Loading." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.615.

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The purpose of this investigation is to detect damage from stress distribution in the surface of near pre-crack tip by using X-ray diffraction technique during biaxial tension test. An measurements apparatus to measure stress distribution along pre-crack direction was fabrication by use of a biaxial tensile test device and a stress analyzer based on single exposure technique with one position sensitive proportional counter. Stress distribution with different tensile applied stress ratios were measured during biaxial tension test. As results, the shape of actual stress was keeping increase with increasing tensile applied stress. At maximum applied stress, the residual stress increases with the increasing distance from the crack tip; after reaching a maximum it gradually diminish.

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5

Li, Wansong, Shigeto Yamasaki, Masatoshi Mitsuhara, and Hideharu Nakashima. "In-situ EBSD characterization of deformation behavior of primary alpha phase in Ti-6Al-4V." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111053.

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Uniaxial tension experiments and electron back-scatter diffraction were performed on a bimodal Ti-6Al-4V alloy to study the deformation behavior of primary hcp-Ti (αp). It was found that the obtained tensile strength and elongation of the studied Ti-6Al-4V from the in-situ tensile test are higher than of which derived from the regular tensile test. The strain could be accommodated by the activation of slip systems and by grain rotations during the deformation. The prismatic slip is the primary slip mode of αp. According to kernel average misorientation analysis, we found that the dislocations mainly distributed near grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries, and partially located around slip lines. Calculated rotation angles and average rotation rates show that the rotation heterogeneity occurred among grains and subgrains.

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6

Yue, Y.-L., C. Zhang, H. Zhang, D.-H. Zhang, X. Chen, Y.-F. Chen, and Z. Zhang. "Tensile properties of in-situ precipitated polydimethylsiloxane networks." Express Polymer Letters 7, no. 10 (2013): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.83.

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7

Yamashita, Makoto, Masatoshi Harada, and Akio Yasui. "The Tensile Strength of In-Situ Geotextile Joints." Proceedings of geotextile symposium 5 (1990): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5030/jcigsjournal1986.5.7.

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8

Zhichao Ma, Zhichao Ma, Hongwei Zhao, Hu Huang Hu Huang, Kaiting Wang, Qinchao Li Qinchao Li, Xiaoqin Zhou, and Xiaoli Hu Xiaoli Hu. "A Miniaturized In Situ Tensile Platform under Microscope." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v10i3.832.

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9

Sasazaki, Y., R. C. Shore, and B. B. Seedhom. "Response of chondrocytes to tensile strain in situ." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)84836-0.

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10

Hoseini, Majid, and Mahmood Meratian. "Tensile properties of in-situ aluminium–alumina composites." Materials Letters 59, no. 27 (November 2005): 3414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.006.

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11

Jamieson, J. B., and C. D. Johnston. "In-Situ Tensile Tests of Snow-Pack Layers." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000561x.

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AbstractDuring the winter of 1987–88, an average of seven tensile tests was made for each of 66 snow layers in the Rocky Mountains of western Canada. The precision of the mean strength for seven tests, expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation, was 15% with 90% confidence. Snow with a faceted micro-structure was approximately half as strong as partly settled or rounded snow of the same density. Notch sensitivity in the strength data and critical strains of 1% or less indicate that the test fractures were essentially brittle.

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12

Jamieson, J. B., and C. D. Johnston. "In-Situ Tensile Tests of Snow-Pack Layers." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 122 (1990): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300000561x.

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AbstractDuring the winter of 1987–88, an average of seven tensile tests was made for each of 66 snow layers in the Rocky Mountains of western Canada. The precision of the mean strength for seven tests, expressed in terms of the coefficient of variation, was 15% with 90% confidence. Snow with a faceted micro-structure was approximately half as strong as partly settled or rounded snow of the same density. Notch sensitivity in the strength data and critical strains of 1% or less indicate that the test fractures were essentially brittle.

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13

CHENG, S., E. MA, Y. WANG, L. KECSKES, K. YOUSSEF, C. KOCH, U. TROCIEWITZ, and K. HAN. "Tensile properties of in situ consolidated nanocrystalline Cu." Acta Materialia 53, no. 5 (March 2005): 1521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.12.005.

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14

Liu, Keming, Xiaochun Sheng, Qingpeng Li, Mengcheng Zhang, Ningle Han, Guangyu He, Jin Zou, Wei Chen, and Andrej Atrens. "Microstructure and Strengthening Model of Cu–Fe In-Situ Composites." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163464.

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The tensile strength evolution and strengthening mechanism of Cu–Fe in-situ composites were investigated using both experiments and theoretical analysis. Experimentally, the tensile strength evolution of the in-situ composites with a cold deformation strain was studied using the model alloys Cu–11Fe, Cu–14Fe, and Cu–17Fe, and the effect of the strain on the matrix of the in-situ composites was studied using the model alloys Cu–3Fe and Cu–4.3Fe. The tensile strength was related to the microstructure and to the theoretical strengthening mechanisms. Based on these experimental data and theoretical insights, a mathematical model was established for the dependence of the tensile strength on the cold deformation strain. For low cold deformation strains, the strengthening mechanism was mainly work hardening, solid solution, and precipitation strengthening. Tensile strength can be estimated using an improved rule of mixtures. For high cold deformation strains, the strengthening mechanism was mainly filament strengthening. Tensile strength can be estimated using an improved Hall–Petch relation.

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15

Boehlert, C. J., Z. Chen, I. Gutiérrez-Urrutia, J. Llorca, and M. T. Pérez-Prado. "In situ analysis of the tensile and tensile-creep deformation mechanisms in rolled AZ31." Acta Materialia 60, no. 4 (February 2012): 1889–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.10.025.

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16

Gasdaska, Charles J. "Tensile Creep in an in Situ Reinforced Silicon Nitride." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 77, no. 9 (September 1994): 2408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04612.x.

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17

Liu, Ke Ming, Z. Y. Jiang, Yong Hua Wang, Z. B. Chen, Jing Wei Zhao, and De Ping Lu. "Effect of Iron Content on the Strength and Conductivity of Cu-Fe In Situ Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.63.

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Cu-14Fe and Cu-17Fe alloys were produced by casting and processed into in situ composites by hot and cold deformation, and intermediate heat treatment. The microstructures were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope and an optical microscope. The electrical conductivity was evaluated by using a digital micro-ohmmeter. The tensile strength was measured by using an electronic tensile-testing machine. The results show that there are similar cast and deformation microstructures in Cu-14Fe and Cu-17Fe. The tensile strength of deformation-processed Cu-17Fe in situ composite is much higher than that of Cu-14Fe, while the conductivity of deformation-processed Cu-17Fe in situ composite is slightly lower than that of Cu-14Fe at the same cold deformation strain. The Cu-17Fe in situ composite produced by using proper thermo-mechanical processing possesses a good combination of tensile strength and electrical conductivity.

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18

Liu, Kai, Qiyue Li, Chengqing Wu, Xibing Li, and Wei Zhu. "Influence of In-Situ Stress on Cut Blasting of One-Step Raise Excavation Using Numerical Analysis Based on a Modified Holmquist-Johnson-Cook Model." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093415.

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Due to different tensile and compressive properties of rock material, the corresponding tensile and compressive damage evolution show major differences. To investigate the tensile and compressive damage evolution in deep cut blasting with different in-situ stresses, an improved Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) material model considers the tensile and compressive damage separately is developed. The improved HJC model is implemented into LS-DYNA via a user-defined subroutine in this study. Then, a numerical model with different in-situ stresses loading schemes is modelled. Numerical simulation results show that in-situ stress can inhibit the development of tensile damage evolution, while promote the development of compressive damage evolution. The overall damage zone presents a decreasing trend with the increase of in-situ stress, because the tensile damage is more sensitive than the compressive damage for rock material. In addition, the maximum principal stress can determine the development of the direction of damage. Further, for a field test of blind cut raise in deep, the actual in-situ stress values are loaded on the numerical model. Then, in order to overcome the difficulties caused by in-situ stress, the cut blasting design is optimized by reducing hole spacing. Subsequently, the optimized cut parameters are applied in the blind cut raise. However, the one-step raise excavation method is adjusted to two steps to ensure success due to a serious borehole deviation between drilling and design drawing. After these steps, the formation of the blind cut raise with 8.7 m depth is met the requirements of design.

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19

Jang, Deuk-Won, Jong-Ho Shin, In-Soo Kim, In-Yong Jung, Chang-Yong Jo, and Je-Hyun Lee. "Effect of Solidification Variables on the Tensile Property of 2.8 wt% C–26 wt% Cr White Iron." Metals 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091416.

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The present study aimed to investigate the increasing solidification rate during directional solidification developed from in situ composites of M7C3/austenite eutectic, to in situ composites with a small portion of dendrites, and to partial in situ composites with equiaxed structures. M7C3 fibre aligned along the solidified direction in the in situ composites; however, its orientation and shape became irregular among the dendrites. In situ composite structure has higher tensile strength than partial in situ composite or equiaxed material. Crack initiation in the fibre occurred because the fibre could not accommodate the deformation of the matrix under tensile stress. The tensile fracture was caused by both crack initiations in the M7C3 fibre or at the randomly oriented particles, and the crack propagation to matrix.

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20

ANAN, Masanori, Hirotada FUJIWARA, and Shin NISHIMURA. "In situ high pressure hydrogen tensile properties of polymer." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2021 (2021): OS1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2021.os1710.

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21

TAKEUCHI, Norio, Haruo MORISUE, and Kei YADA. "In-situ measurement of tensile strength of snow layer." Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 59, no. 3 (1997): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.59.171.

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22

Tang, Zheng-Xue, Lijing Wang, W. Barrie Fraser, and Xungai Wang. "In-situ Tensile Properties of a Ballooning Staple Yarn." Textile Research Journal 79, no. 6 (April 2009): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517508090780.

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23

Sasazaki, Y., R. C. Shore, and B. B. Seedhom. "Response of chondrocyte cytoskeleton under tensile strain in situ." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85407-2.

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24

Munivenkatappan, Muthamizh Selvan Bellamballi, Sathish Shanmugam, and Anandakrishnan Veeramani. "Synthesis and Characterization of In-Situ AA8011-TiB2 Composites Produced by Flux Assisted Synthesis." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 44, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.440505.

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In-situ aluminium alloy 8011 matrix composites containing different weight percentages of titanium diboride were synthesized by flux assisted synthesis using stir casting technique. The metallurgy of the in-situ AA8011-TiB2 composites was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscope to disseminate the formation and distribution of reinforcements. Density, microhardness and tensile strength of cast AA8011 and in-situ AA8011-TiB2 composites were measured and analyzed. The in-situ formed TiB2 reinforcements showed the maximum hardness of 55.03 Hv and the maximum tensile strength of 158.2 MPa for 8 wt. % of TiB2 whereas the percentage elongation of 7.2% is observed at 4 wt. % of TiB2. Further, the fractography analysis performed on the fractured tensile samples and the mechanism of failures were identified and reported.

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25

Leung, Ka Lok, Allan J. Easteal, and Debes Bhattacharyya. "In Situ Formation of Poly(ethylene naphthalate) Microfibres in Polyethylene and Polypropylene during Extrusion." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.161.

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Tensile properties and morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate)/polyolefin blends and the relationship with the extrusion die size were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs of the blends reveal that the fibre morphology is developed during extrusion through the die. Skin-core morphology has been observed. As die diameter decreases, a droplet-to-fibre transition in morphology increases tensile strength and stiffness. After microfibrillization, up to 100% increase in the tensile stiffness was observed and the tensile strength could increase by one order of magnitude.

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26

Hou, Pengliang, Huantao Jing, Yujie He, Hongwei Zhao, Haining Xiao, and Chunwei Zhang. "Study on the effects of the tension and torsion loading sequence on the mechanical properties of a 20 carbon steel." Materials Testing 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2202.

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Abstract In engineering applications, cylindrical bars of 20 carbon steel are often subjected to a combination of tensile loading and torsional loading during the service, thereby causing premature failure or an accident. In order to explore the influence of loading sequence of tension and torsion on the mechanical properties of 20 carbon steel, tests of combined tension-torsion loading and combined torsion-tension loading are employed in this work. During experiments, a microscope is used for the in situ characterization of micro-damage evolution on the surface of specimens. At the same time, to analyze the influence of loading sequence on the stress distribution, ABAQUS software is utilized to conduct the relevant finite element simulation, where the results of finite element analysis are consistent with the experiments. Evidently, the torsional strength of 20 carbon steel is decreased with an increase in the pre-tensile stress, under the combined tension-torsion. However, the tensile strength of 20 carbon steel is enhanced with the increasing pre-torsional angles, under the combined torsion-tension. Moreover, the in situ images characterized the micro-damage evolution of 20 carbon steel under pure tension, pure torsion, combined tension-torsion and combined torsion-tension. It is concluded that the deference in loading sequence changes the failure mechanism of 20 carbon steel is different.

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27

Kúdela, S., H. Wendrock, L. Ptáček, S. Menzel, and K. Wetzig. "Effect of Interfaces on Fiber Fracture in Mg and MgLi Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.355.

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Fibers fracture in tensile strained Mg and MgLi matrix composites strengthened with ~10% vol. short δ-Al2O3 fibers (Saffil) is investigated by „in-situ“ scanning electron microscopy and ex-situ“ determination of the length of fibers chemically recovered from tensile failed composites. Little interfacial reaction in Mg matrix composite results in poor interfacial bond so that composite failure proceeds via fiber pull-out with negligible fiber fragmentation. On the other hand, extensive fiber/matrix reaction in MgLi matrix composites promotes formation of strong interfaces which are linked with multiple fiber cross-breakage during tensile straining. These results are consistent with experimental tensile strengths of related composites.

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28

Chen, Zhongwei, Xiaolei Hao, Yu Wang, and Kai Zhao. "In-situ Observation of Tensile Fracture in A357 Casting Alloys." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 30, no. 2 (February 2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2013.04.014.

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29

Liu, Ke Ming, Z. B. Chen, Jin Zou, Shi Yong Wei, Qiang Hu, and De Ping Lu. "Microstructure and Properties of Deformation-Processed Cu–Cr In Situ Composites." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.329.

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Cu-11Cr alloy was prepared by casting and processed into an in situ composite by cold deformation and heat treatment. The microstructure, strength and conductivity were investigated by scanning electronic microscope, tensile-testing machine and micro-ohmmeter. The results suggested that the initially randomly distributed Cr dendrites in the as-cast Cu-11Cr alloy were transformed into Cr fibres aligned parallel to the drawing axis in the deformation-processed in situ composite; the tensile strength and the resistivity increased with increasing cold deformation strain. The good combination of strength and conductivity of the deformation-processed Cu-11Cr in situ composite was achieved by using the proper cold deformation and heat treatment. At η = 8, the tensile strength and conductivity reached 823 MPa and 71.9 %IACS, respectively.

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30

Hirano, T., K. Usami, Y. Tanaka, and C. Masuda. "In situ x-ray CT under tensile loading using synchrotron radiation." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0381.

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Internal damage in metal matrix composite (MMC) under static tensile loading was observed by in situ x-ray computed tomography based on synchrotron radiation (SR-CT). A tensile testing sample stage was developed to investigate the fracture process during the tensile test. Aluminum alloy matrix composites reinforced by long or short SiC fibers were used. The projection images obtained under tensile loading showed good performance of the sample stage, and matrix deformation and breaks of the long SiC fibers could be observed. In the CT images taken at the maximum stress just before failure, debondings of the short SiC fibers to the matrix, many pullouts of the fibers, and matrix cracking could be clearly observed. The in situ SR-CT allowed the observation of generation and growth of such defects under different tensile stress levels. The results from the nondestructive observation revealed that the MMC was broken by propagation of the matrix cracks which might be caused by stress concentration at the ends of the short fibers. A three-dimensional CT image reconstructed from many CT images provided easy understanding of the fiber arrangement, crack shape, and form of the void caused by fiber pullout. In situ SR-CT is a useful method for understanding failure mechanisms in advanced materials.

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31

Wang, Yanlei, Yongshuai Wang, Baoguo Han, Baolin Wan, Gaochuang Cai, and Ruijuan Chang. "In Situ Strain and Damage Monitoring of GFRP Laminates Incorporating Carbon Nanofibers under Tension." Polymers 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10070777.

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In this study, conductive carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were dispersed into epoxy resin and then infused into glass fiber fabric to fabricate CNF/glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates. The electrical resistance and strain of CNF/GFRP laminates were measured simultaneously during tensile loadings to investigate the in situ strain and damage monitoring capability of CNF/GFRP laminates. The damage evolution and conduction mechanisms of the laminates were also presented. The results indicated that the percolation threshold of CNFs content for CNF/GFRP laminates was 0.86 wt % based on a typical power law. The resistance response during monotonic tensile loading could be classified into three stages corresponding to different damage mechanisms, which demonstrated a good ability of in situ damage monitoring of the CNF/GFRP laminates. In addition, the capacity of in situ strain monitoring of the laminates during small strain stages was also confirmed according to the synchronous and reversible resistance responses to strain under constant cyclic tensile loading. Moreover, the analysis of the resistance responses during incremental amplitude cyclic tensile loading with the maximum strain of 1.5% suggested that in situ strain and damage monitoring of the CNF/GFRP laminates were feasible and stable.

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32

Wei, Wei, Kun Xia Wei, Igor V. Alexandrov, Fei Wang, and Jing Hu. "A Strengthening Model of Cu-Cr In Situ Fibrous Composites Produced by Equal Channel Angular Pressing." Materials Science Forum 745-746 (February 2013): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.745-746.321.

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The composite filament structure was produced in the Cu-5.7%Cr and Cu-12.4%Cr as-cast alloy ingots by using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature. Optical and TEM microstructure, micro-hardness, tensile strength and electrical conductivity of ECAPed samples were investigated. The rotation and spreading of Cr particles took place during ECAP, and resulted in long thin in-situ filaments. The tensile strength increased with the number of the ECAP passes. A strengthening model was recommended to predict the enhancement of the tensile strength in Cu-Cr in situ fibrous composites.

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33

Baratieri, Carolina, Cláudia Trindade Mattos, Matheus Alves Jr, Thiago Chon Leon Lau, Lincoln Issamu Nojima, Margareth Maria Gomes de Souza, Monica Tirre Araujo, and Matilde da Cunha Gonçalves Nojima. "In situ evaluation of orthodontic elastomeric chains." Brazilian Dental Journal 23, no. 4 (2012): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402012000400014.

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The hypothesis tested in this study was that intraoral exposure of elastomeric chains alters their tensile strength. For such purpose, it was evaluated the in situ behavior of different elastomeric chains stretched for 3 weeks. Three kinds of elastomeric chains, Plastic chain (PC), Memory chain (MC) and Super slick chain (SSC), were randomly placed in 3 quadrants of 13 patient in a fixed distance of 16 mm and mean initial force of 180 g. Tensile testing was performed in an universal testing machine at different intervals: initial, 1 h, 24 h, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. A two-way ANOVA test was performed to identify the influence of both material and time on the force decrease. A subsequent one-way ANOVAtest with the Tukey's post hoc test was used to identify statistically significant intragroup and intergroup remaining force (g and %) differences at 5% significance level. The effect of both the material and the time factors were significant. All groups showed significant force decrease after the 1-h period (23% for PC and 14% for MC and SSC). At the end of the 3-week period, the remaining force was 57% (96 g), 67% (129 g) and 71% (125 g) for PC, MC and SSC, respectively. In conclusion, intraoral exposure of elastomeric chains altered their tensile strength. In general, the greater force decrease occurred within the first hour. The remaining force of the enhanced chains measured at each time interval was greater than the conventional one (PC). After 3 weeks, only the enhanced chains maintained the force applied over 100 g.

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34

Dubinskiy, Sergey, Vladimir Brailovski, Sergey Prokoshkin, and Karine Inaekyan. "In Situ X-Ray Study of Phase Transformations in Ti-Nb-Based SMA under Variable Stress-Temperature Conditions: Preliminary Results." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.87.

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The technique and preliminary results of in situ X-ray diffraction analysis of the martensitic transformation in the newly developed Ti-Nb-Zr SMA for biomedical application are presented. To perform the in situ analysis, an original tensile stage, powered by a Ti-Ni SMA actuator and fit within the “TTK450” thermal chamber of a “PANalytical X’Pert Pro” diffractometer is designed, manufactured and validated. The tensile stage working principle and analysis methodology are described in detail. Preliminary results obtained during in-situ X-ray analysis of the phase transformations in Ti-Nb-Zr SMA are also presented.

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35

Codd, S. L., R. K. Lambert, M. R. Alley, and R. J. Pack. "Tensile stiffness of ovine tracheal wall." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 2627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2627.

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The epithelial folding that occurs during bronchoconstriction requires that the pressure on the muscle side of the folding membrane be greater than that on the lumen side. The pressure required for a given level of folding depends on the elastic properties of the tissue and on the geometry of the folding. To quantify the elastic properties, uniaxial tensile stiffness of the tracheal inner wall of nine sheep was measured in two directions: parallel to the tracheal axis and circumferentially. The tissue showed anisotropic behavior, being approximately three times stiffer longitudinally than circumferentially. Histological examination showed that collagen in the lamina propria was randomly arranged, whereas there were straight elastin fibers aligned with the tracheal axis. This observation could explain the observed elastic anisotropy. Mechanical removal of the epithelium had no effect on tensile stiffness. It was also found that the tissue was under tension in situ. When a strip was excised, its length decreased by > or = 30%. After allowing for the systematic errors inherent in this experiment, the in situ circumferential tensile stiffness is estimated to be > or = 20 kPa. If the equivalent tissue in the bronchioles has the same tensile stiffness as that in the trachea, the forces required to fold the membrane are significant at small transbronchial pressure differences and increase in the presence of membrane thickening such as that seen in asthma.

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36

Chen, Zhong Wei, Jing Zhao, Shi Shun Li, and Ji Zhao Zou. "Investigation on In Situ Tensile of Extruded 1420 Al-Li Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.705.

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In-situ tensile tests of extruded 1420 Al-Li alloy were investigated in field emission scanning electron microscope. Results show that the fracture process is as follows: in the initial stage of tension, the dislocation begins to move, and pile up when meeting strengthening phases; the dislocation cuts through the strengthening phases, and induces their break; the subsequent dislocation moves through the broken strengthening phases, leading to the initiating and propagating fast of the cracks; with opening of small cracks produced at multiple sites, the longer cracks form and keep the propagating, at last the main crack form, result in the fracture of the sample. The fracture mode of extruded 1420 alloy is mixture of ductile and transgranular fracture. The weak texture of extruded 1420 sample transformed from texture {001} to {018} similar to texture {001} of cubic system after tension fracture

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37

Li, Cong, Hongwei Zhao, Linlin Sun, and Xiujuan Yu. "In situ nanoindentation method for characterizing tensile properties of AISI 1045 steel based on mesomechanical analysis." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 2019): 168781401986291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019862919.

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A novel method for characterizing the tensile properties of AISI 1045 steel is proposed by combining the method of in situ nanoindentation test and the theory of mesomechanical analysis. First, the load–depth curves of exact location of ferrite, pearlite and grain boundary on the surface of AISI 1045 steel are obtained by 30 groups of in situ nanoindentation tests. The constitutive equation (stress–strain function) of the real-time metallographic structure is obtained by nanoindentation analysis of the above curves. Then, based on the principle of mesomechanical analysis, the computational representative volume element models are reconstructed according to the three metallographic images of AISI 1045 steel surface collected by the test equipment. Finally, taking the constitutive equation of the real-time metallographic structure as the input condition, the finite element analysis of the above representative volume element models are carried out. The data resulted from finite element analysis are taken as the tensile mechanical properties of AISI 1045 steel. The elastic modulus of AISI 1045 steel calculated is as the same as that by the traditional nanoindentation method. And, the error is less than 6% compared with the tensile test, which is within the range of the elastic modulus of the material. The error between the yield strength calculated and tensile test results is 3.4%. Due to the influence of surface cracks on the plastic deformation ability of AISI 1045 steel during tension, the error between the strain hardening index calculated and tensile test results is 7.4%. The results show that it is a more accurate nondestructive testing method in the point of material damage mechanism. On the premise of using more accurate representative volume element modelling way, this method is suitable for testing more materials.

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38

Kim, Jin Hak, Tatsuo Tabaru, and Hisatoshi Hirai. "Tensile and Creep Properties of the Refractory Nb Base In-Situ Composite." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2003): 1608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203019393.

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Niobium-base in-situ composite Nb-18Si-5Mo-5Hf-2C (in mol%) was prepared and heat-treated at 2070 K for 20 hour. The uni-axile tensile tests at high temperature ranges and the constant load tensile creep tests at 1570 K were performed. The specimen tensile-tested at 1470 K exhibited the excellent UTS of 450 MPa, and the brittle to ductile transition temperature is between 1470 and 1670 K. The specimens creep tested showed good creep strength; the stress exponent is about 5. The tensile fracture surface of the in-situ composite is complex and attributed to cleavage of the Nb 5 Si 3, Nb ss / Nb 5 Si 3 interface separation, ductile rupture of the Nb ss and correlations of these. On the otherhand, the fracture surface of creep tested consists of intergranular above 150 MPa and transgranular below 120 MPa with severely deformed Nb ss .

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39

Specht, E. D., P. F. Tortorelli, and P. Zschack. "In situ measurement of growth stress in alumina scale." Powder Diffraction 19, no. 1 (March 2004): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1649318.

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Stress in the early stages of growth has been measured in α-Al2O3 (alumina) scales formed on FeCrAl- and NiAl-based alloys during heating in air at 1000 °C to 1200 °C. Scale thickness ranges from 0.5 to 5 μm, times from 5 to 720 min. Stress was measured using the multiple-tilt method. In order to measure the thinnest scales at the earliest times, focused, monochromatic synchrotron radiation was used for high intensity, and a fixed, small angle of incidence was used along with an appropriate wavelength to maximize scattering from the film relative to the background from the substrate. Depending on the composition, transient tensile stresses of up to 1.2 GPa were observed, with maximum stress at times ranging from >10 h at 1000 °C to <10 min at 1200 °C. Thermal stresses induced by an abrupt temperature change were found to relax much more quickly, suggesting that the kinetics observed during isothermal growth reflect a dynamic competition between stress generation and stress relaxation. These results challenge commonly accepted models of growth stress in scales that predict that a compressive stress will be generated as the metal converts to a larger-volume oxide in a constrained location such as an interface. The observed tensile stress may be due to another mechanism altogether (e.g., grain coalescence), or to the conversion of a transitional Al2O3 to the equilibrium α-Al2O3 phase. For one composition, transitional Al2O3 is observed during the period of tensile stress

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40

Bai, Yaping, Meng Li, Chao Cheng, Jianping Li, Yongchun Guo, and Zhong Yang. "Study on Microstructure and In Situ Tensile Deformation Behavior of Fe-25Mn-xAl-8Ni-C Alloy Prepared by Vacuum Arc Melting." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050814.

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In this study, Fe-25Mn-xAl-8Ni-C alloys (x = 10 wt.%, 11 wt.%, 12 wt.%, 13 wt.%) were prepared by a vacuum arc melting method, and the microstructure of this series of alloys and the in situ tensile deformation behavior were studied. The results showed that Fe-25Mn-xAl-8Ni-C alloys mainly contained austenite phase with a small amount of NiAl compound. With the content of Al increasing, the amount of austenite decreased while the amount of NiAl compound increased. When the Al content increased to 12 wt.%, the interface between austenite and NiAl compound and austenitic internal started to precipitate k-carbide phase. In situ tensile results also showed that as the content of Al increased, the alloy elongation decreased gradually, and the tensile strength first increased and then decreased. When the Al content was up to 11 wt.%, the elongation and tensile strength were 2.6% and 702.5 MPa, respectively; the results of in situ tensile dynamic observations show that during the process of stretching, austenite deformed first, and crack initiation mainly occurred at the interface between austenite and NiAl compound, and propagated along the interface, resulting in fracture of the alloy.

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41

Muránsky, Ondrej, David G. Carr, Petr Šittner, E. C. Oliver, and P. Dobroň. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Studies of the Pseudoelastic-Like Behaviour of Hydrostatically Extruded Mg-Al-Zn Alloy." Materials Science Forum 571-572 (March 2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.571-572.107.

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In-situ neutron diffraction has been used to study the pseudoelastic-like behaviour of hydrostatically extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy during stress-strain cycles in compression and tension along the extrusion direction. It has been confirmed that the activation of reversal twinning processes during unloading is responsible for the macroscopically observed hysteresis effect. Moreover, neutron diffraction data reveals the existence of high tensile stresses in grains which have just experienced significant twinning activity prior to the start of the unload cycle. It is thus proposed that this tensile stresses provides the necessary driving force for the activation of untwinning in already twinned grains.

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42

Hazony, D., G. Welsch, and G. Halford. "Ultrasonic monitoring of tensile, fatigue, or creep specimens in situ." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406540.

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43

Haddad, Mike, Yulia Ivanisenko, Eglantine Courtois-Manara, and Hans-Jörg Fecht. "In-situ tensile test of high strength nanocrystalline bainitic steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 620 (January 2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.088.

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44

Boles, Steven T., Carl V. Thompson, Oliver Kraft, and Reiner Mönig. "In situ tensile and creep testing of lithiated silicon nanowires." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 26 (December 23, 2013): 263906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858394.

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45

Kahl, Sören, Ru Lin Peng, Mattias Calmunger, Björn Olsson, and Sten Johansson. "In situ EBSD during tensile test of aluminum AA3003 sheet." Micron 58 (March 2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2013.11.001.

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46

Porter, John R., Robert Wheeler, and Michael Velez. "In-Situ Tensile Deformation of Additively Manufactured Ti 6Al 4V." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (August 2015): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615001270.

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47

Johnson, Bruce D., Mark A. Barry, Bernard P. Boudreau, Peter A. Jumars, and Kelly M. Dorgan. "In situ tensile fracture toughness of surficial cohesive marine sediments." Geo-Marine Letters 32, no. 1 (June 24, 2011): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-011-0243-1.

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48

Lu, Boxin, Fang Yang, Yanru Shao, Xinyue Zhang, Cunguang Chen, Haiying Wang, Ce Zhang, and Zhimeng Guo. "In-situ tensile deformation behavior of powder metallurgy Ti6Al4V alloys." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 91 (September 2020): 105266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105266.

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49

Totten, Kyle R., Bender Kutub, and Leif A. Carlsson. "In situ determination of the fiber–matrix interface tensile strength." Journal of Composite Materials 50, no. 5 (April 14, 2015): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998315579926.

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50

Warren, P. H., G. Warren, M. Dubey, J. Burns, Y. Q. Wu, and J. P. Wharry. "Method for Fabricating Depth-Specific TEM In Situ Tensile Bars." JOM 72, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 2057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04105-8.

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