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Journal articles on the topic 'In-situ temperature'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Tribaudino, Mario, and Mauro Prencipe. "A high temperature in situ single-crystal study of P4/n vesuvianite." European Journal of Mineralogy 11, no. 6 (November 29, 1999): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/6/1037.

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2

Neuville, D. R., L. Hennet, P. Florian, and D. de Ligny. "In situ High-Temperature Experiments." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 779–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2013.78.19.

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3

Cametti, Georgia, and Thomas Armbruster. "Chiavennite revisited: a high-temperature in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study." European Journal of Mineralogy 27, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2015/0027-2470.

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4

Wilding, Martin Charles, and Alexandra Navrotsky. "The Dissolution of Silica and Alumina in Silicate Melts: in situ High Temperature Calorimetric Studies." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 172, no. 2-3 (May 1, 1998): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njma/172/1998/177.

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5

Yamanoi, Yuta, and Satoru Nakashima. "In situ High-Temperature Visible Microspectroscopy for Volcanic Materials." Applied Spectroscopy 59, no. 11 (November 2005): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370205774783205.

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In situ high-temperature visible microspectroscopy has been developed in order to study color change kinetics of volcanic materials. Olivine thin sections put on a synthetic alumina plate are heated on a heating stage at 600–800 °C under a visible microspectroscope. Changes in visible absorption spectra are monitored every 60 s for 5 hours. The obtained high-temperature visible spectra showed a gradual increase with time in absorbance in the shorter wavelength region (400–600 nm). The 430 nm absorbance (ligand field transition of Fe3+) increased more with time at higher temperatures. Assuming diffusional transport in plane sheets, apparent diffusion coefficients were determined at temperatures of 600–800 °C. The activation energy for this diffusion in olivine is 208 ± 17 kJ/mol. This activation energy value is similar to those for the metal vacancy diffusion in olivine. This newly developed in situ high-temperature visible microspectroscopy can provide kinetic measurements of visible spectral change of materials at high temperatures such as volcanic materials.

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6

Huang, Zirui, Meiling Zhong, Haibo Yang, Enqin Xu, Dehui Ji, Paul Joseph, and Ri-Chao Zhang. "In-Situ Isothermal Crystallization of Poly(l-lactide)." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193377.

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The isothermal crystallization of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) has been investigated by in-situ wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and polarized optical microscopes (POM) equipped with a hot-stage accessory. Results showed that the spherulites of PLLA were formed at high temperature, whereas irregular morphology was observed under a low temperature. This can be attributed to the varying rates of crystallization of PLLA at different temperatures. At low temperatures, the nucleation rate is fast and hence the chains diffuse very slow, resulting in the formation of imperfect crystals. On the other hand, at high temperatures, the nucleation rate is slow and the chains diffuse fast, leading to the formation of perfect crystals. The change in the value of the Avrami exponent with temperature further verifies the varying trend in the morphological feature of the crystals.

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7

Saka, Hiroyasu, Takeo Kamino, Shigeo Ara, and Katsuhiro Sasaki. "In Situ Heating Transmission Electron Microscopy." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 2 (February 2008): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.21.

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AbstractTemperature is one of the most important factors affecting the state and behavior of materials. In situ heating transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for understanding such temperature effects, and recently in situ heating TEM has made significant progress in terms of temperature available and resolution attained. This article briefly describes newly developed specimen-heating holders, which are useful in carrying out in situ heating TEM experiments. It then focuses on three main applications of these specimen holders: solid–solid reactions, solid–liquid reactions (including highresolution observation of a solid–liquid interface, size dependence of the melting temperatures of one-, two- and three-dimensionally reduced systems, size dependence of the contact angle of fine metal liquid, and wetting of Si with liquid Au or Al) and solid–gas reactions. These results illustrate the benefit of in situ heating TEM for providing fundamental information on temperature effects on materials.

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8

Mailybaev, A. A. A., J. Bruining, and D. Marchesin. "Analytical Formulas for In-Situ Combustion." SPE Journal 16, no. 03 (February 23, 2011): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/129904-pa.

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Summary There is a renewed interest in using combustion to recover medium- or high-viscosity oil. Despite numerous experimental, numerical, and analytical studies, the mechanisms for incomplete fuel combustion or oxygen consumption are not fully understood. Incomplete oxygen consumption may lead to low-temperature oxidation reactions downstream. This paper shows that these features emerge in a relatively simple 1D model, where air is injected in a porous medium filled with inert gas, water, and an oil mixture consisting of precoke, medium oil, and light oil. Precoke is a component that is dissolved in the oil but has essentially the same composition as coke. At high temperatures, precoke is converted to coke, which participates in high-temperature oxidation. At high temperatures, medium-oil components are cracked, releasing gaseous oil. Light-oil components and water are vaporized. The model possesses an analytical solution, which was obtained by a concept introduced by Zeldovich et al. (1985). This concept, which underlies most analytical approaches such as the reaction-sheet approximation and large-activation-energy asymptotics, entails that reaction can occur only in a very small temperature range because of the highly nonlinear nature of the Arrhenius factor. For a temperature below this range, the reaction rate is too slow, and for temperatures above this range, the reaction rate is so fast that either the fuel or oxygen concentrations become zero. The model results, in the absence of external heat losses, show that there are two combustion regimes in which coke or oxygen is partially consumed. In one regime, the reaction zone moves in front of the heat wave; whereas, in the other regime, the order of the waves is reversed. There are also two combustion regimes in which the coke and oxygen are completely consumed. Also, here the reaction zone can move in front of or at the back of the heat wave. Each combustion regime is described by a sequence of waves; we derive formulas for parameters in these waves. We analyze our formulas for typical in-situ-combustion data and compare the results with numerical simulation. The main conclusion is that mainly two key parameters (i.e., the injected oxygen mole fraction and the fuel concentration) determine the combustion-front structure and when either incomplete oxygen consumption or incomplete fuel consumption occurs in the high-temperature oxidation zone.

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9

Vykhodets, V. B., and T. E. Kurennykh. "In-situ nuclear reaction analysis." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 4 (June 2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2021.4.006-014.

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The principles of in-situ nuclear reaction techniques and the need for them in various fields of scientific research are considered; several examples of the application of these techniques are given. It is shown that the techniques of in-situ nuclear reactions are effective in studying the diffusion of deuterium in metals at temperatures below room temperature, the diffusion of deuterium in proton-conducting oxides, the quantum diffusion of deuterium in metals at cryogenic temperatures, and the chemical composition of oxide nanopowders when they are heated in vacuum. Promising applications of nuclear reaction techniques in situ are formulated.

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10

Rangarajan, S., P. B. Aswath, and W. O. Soboyejo. "Fatigue of in situ Reinforced Ti–8.5Al–1B–1Si." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 1102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0153.

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The effect of temperature on the fatigue and fracture properties of an in situ reinforced super α alloy Ti–8.5Al–1B–1Si (wt. %) was investigated. At room temperature the as-extruded composite has a strength of 631 MPa with limited ductility. On increasing the temperature to 700 °C only a marginal drop in strength to 610 Mpa was observed along with a significant improvement in ductility to 5.9%. Low-cycle fatigue results indicate a marginal decrease in fatigue life as temperature is increased from room temperature to 700 °C. Fatigue crack growth studies in the as-extruded microstructure indicate a strong influence of R-ratio on both the threshold for fatigue crack growth and crack growth rates in the Paris regimes. At elevated temperatures, the resistance to fatigue crack growth increases with temperature below approximately 500 °C. At 600 °C, however, there is an increase in the near threshold crack growth rate due to embrittlement effects. At higher δK values , the resistance to fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures is always better than that at room temperature. This improvement is attributed to the increase in the inherent resistance

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11

Shuman, Christopher A., and Josefino C. Comiso. "In situ and satellite surface temperature records in Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 34 (2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756402781818003.

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AbstractAir-temperature records (TA) during 1992 from five inland Antarctic automatic weather station (AWS) sites were compared with the best available infrared temperatures (TIR) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) as well as calibrated passive-microwave temperatures (TC) from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). Daily and monthly average TA, TIR, and TC data indicate that each approach captures generally similar trends at each site but each approach also has limitations. AWS TA data are considered the most accurate but represent spatially restricted areas and may have long gaps due to sensor or transmission problems. AVHRR TIR data have daily variability similar to the TA record but have numerous small gaps due to cloud cover or observation interruptions. An offset between TA and TIR (>4 K) at the South Pole site was identified that may be due to the inclusion of data with large satellite scan angles necessary to cover this area. SSM/I TC data have the most continuity but exhibit calibration problems, a significantly damped daily response and do not cover all of Antarctica. Individual daily differences between TA and TIR as well as TA and TC can exceed 17 K, but all sites have mean daily differences of about 1 Kor better, after compensating for the offset at South Pole, and standard deviations of <6K. Monthly temperature differences are typically 5 K or better, with standard deviations generally <3K. And finally, using the available data, the 1992 average temperature differences are <1 K.

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12

Redfern, Simon A. T., C. Michael B. Henderson, Kevin S. Knight, and Bernard J. Wood. "High-temperature order-disorder in (Fe0.5Mn0.5)2SiO4 and (Mg0.5Mn0.5)2SiO4 olivines: an in situ neutron diffraction study." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 2 (June 26, 1997): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/2/0287.

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13

Lee, Hyukjae, Bum-Sup Kim, and Tai-Joo Chung. "A Study of the Sintering Behavior of Boron Carbide using In-situ High Temperature Dilatometer." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 21, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2014.21.2.102.

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14

Opara, Karol, and Jan Zieliński. "ROAD TEMPERATURE MODELLING WITHOUT IN-SITU SENSORS." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2017.30.

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Modelling of the pavement temperature facilitates winter road maintenance. It is used for predicting the glaze formation and for scheduling the spraying of the de-icing brine. The road weather is commonly forecasted by solving the energy balance equations. It requires setting the initial vertical profile of the pavement temperature, which is often obtained from the Road Weather Information Stations. The paper proposes the use of average air temperature from seven preceding days as a pseudo-observation of the subsurface temperature. Next, the road weather model is run with a few days offset. It first uses the recent, historical weather data and then the available forecasts. This approach exploits the fact that the energy balance models tend to “forget” their initial conditions and converge to the baseline solution. The experimental verification was conducted using the Model of the Environment and Temperature of Roads and the data from a road weather station in Warsaw over a period of two years. The additional forecast error introduced by the proposed pseudo-observational initialization averages 1.2 °C in the first prediction hour and then decreases in time. The paper also discusses the use of Digital Surface Models to take into account the shading effects, which are an essential source of forecast errors in urban areas. Limiting the use of in-situ sensors opens a perspective for an economical, largescale implementation of road meteorological models.

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15

Castricher, G., P. M. Banks, T.-M. Pang, P. Baumann, H. Grünwald, I. Hussla, G. Lorenz, H. Stoll, and H. Ramisch. "In-situ temperature measurements for aluminum etching." Microelectronic Engineering 6, no. 1-4 (December 1987): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(87)90088-8.

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16

Williams, Gabriela N., Paula C. Zaidman, Nora G. Glembocki, Maite A. Narvarte, Raul A. C. Gonzalez, Jose L. Esteves, and Domingo A. Gagliardini. "Comparison between remotely sensed sea surface temperature (AVHRR) and in situ records in San Matias Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol42-issue1-fulltext-16.

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17

Senemar, Mohammad, Behzad Niroumand, Ali Maleki, and Pradeep K. Rohatgi. "Synthesis of the in situ aluminum matrix composite through pyrolysis of high temperature vulcanization silicone." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317702955.

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In this study, in situ aluminum matrix composites were synthesized through pyrolysis of high temperature vulcanization silicone in commercially pure aluminum melt. For this purpose, 1 to 4 wt% of high temperature vulcanization silicone was added to a vortex of molten aluminum at 750℃ and the resulting slurries were cast in steel dies. Microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties of the as-cast samples were examined at ambient and high temperatures. The results revealed the in situ formation and distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis indicated that the formed reinforcement particles consisted of O and Si elements. This confirms the in situ reinforcement formation by pyrolysis of high temperature vulcanization silicone in the melt. The size of the in situ formed particles was mostly in the range of 200–2000 nm. It was shown that the composites synthesized by the addition of 4 wt% high temperature vulcanization had the highest mechanical properties both at ambient and high temperatures. Room temperature hardness, tensile strength, and yield strength of this sample were increased by about 50%, 23%, and 19% compared to the monolithic sample, respectively.

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18

Dong, Fuke, Zijun Feng, Dong Yang, Yangsheng Zhao, and Derek Elsworth. "Permeability Evolution of Pyrolytically-Fractured Oil Shale under In Situ Conditions." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113033.

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In-situ injection of steam for heating of the subsurface is an efficient method for the recovery of oil and gas from oil shale where permeability typically evolves with temperature. We report measurements on Jimusar oil shales (Xinjiang, China) at stepped temperatures to 600 °C and under recreated in situ triaxial stresses (15 MPa) and recover permeability evolution with temperature and stress. Initial very low permeability evolves with the temperature above an initial threshold temperature at high rate before reaching a plateau in permeability above a peak temperature. The threshold temperature triggering the initial rapid rise in permeability is a function of triaxial stresses. For Jimusar oil shale, this threshold temperature ranges from 200 °C to 250 °C for burial depths of 500 m and from 350 °C to 400 °C for burial depths of 1000 m. This rapid rise in permeability correlates with the vigor of pyrolysis and directly scales with the production rate of pyrolysis-derived gas production. The permeability increases with temperature to a plateau in peak permeability that occurs at a peak-permeability temperature. This peak temperature is insensitive to stress and is in the range 450 °C to 500 °C for all Jimusar samples. Pyrolysis plays an important role in the stage of rapid permeability evolution with this effect stopping once pyrolysis is essentially complete. At these ultimate high temperatures, permeability exhibits little reduction due to stress and remains elevated due to the vigor of the pyrolysis. These results effectively demonstrate that oil shale may be transformed by pyrolysis from a tight porous medium into highly permeable medium and that oil and gas may be readily recovered from it.

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19

Grieve, Stephen, Hayley Green, Reece Hall, and Jennifer Readman. "In-situ high-temperature diffraction studies of ion-exchanged umbite." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409929x.

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Microporous materials such as zirconium silicates have the potential to be of importance in the nuclear industry for the selective uptake of cationic radionuclides and environmental pollutants. The structural behaviour of these materials at elevated temperatures is of interest for two reasons, the first is the densification of the exchanged materials prior to long term storage and the second is the formation of new porous phases which may have increased ion exchanged affinity for certain cations. The work presented here focuses on the umbite system. Umbite is a naturally occurring microporous zirconium titanium silicate found in northern Russia and synthetic analogues, K2ZrSi3O9·H2O, can be prepared using hydrothermal methods. It has an orthorhombic cell with a = 10.2977(2)Å, b = 13.3207(3)Å and c = 7.1956(1)Å. The ion-exchange of umbite with cations such as rubidium, caesium and strontium and the structures of the resulting exchanged materials have been studied. Exchanges with certain cations were found to cause a change in crystal system to a monoclinic cell. Recently Rocha and co-workers found that synthetic umbite will undergo a topotactic transformation when heated 9100C to form a new microporous zirconium silicate (AV-15) with the formula K2ZrSi3O9·2H2O, but to date no in-situ work has been carried out on this phase transition. In this work the high temperature structural behaviour of five umbite samples with different exchanged cations (K+, Na+, Mg2+Ca2+and Cu2+) was studied up to a temperature of 10000C. All samples behaved very differently, indicating that the nature and location of the charge balancing cation plays an important part in determining which high temperature phases are formed. Certain general trends were observed, with group 1 cations the samples remain crystalline to high temperatures. With group 2 cations dense phases are formed at high temperatures and with transition metal cations there is a loss of crystallinity at low temperature.

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20

McAvoy, Richard J. "In Situ Plant Canopy and Potting Medium Temperatures under Two Greenhouse Temperature Regimes." HortScience 27, no. 8 (August 1992): 918–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.8.918.

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Root-zone and plant canopy temperatures were continuously monitored as a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex JSI.) crop was grown in the greenhouse under warm day/cool night [(+) DT-NT] or cool day/warm night [(-) DT-NT] temperature regimes. Day temperatures were imposed from 0900 to 1700 hr. Light levels photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and outside ambient air temperatures were also monitored. Temperature differences between the root-zone and plant canopy microenvironments were most extreme during the night-to-day and day-to-night temperature transition periods. The temperature difference between the plant canopy and the root zone following temperature transition periods had been previously identified as a critical factor affecting stem elongation. Overall poinsettia height was consistently shorter under the (-) DT-NT than under the (+) DT-NT environment.

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21

Qu, Da Zi, Yong Jian Liu, Ke Ming Xu, Long Dong, and Wei Wei Liu. "Ignition Temperature and Stable Combustion Temperature of the In Situ Combustion Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.534.

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The paper focuses on the high-temperature oxidation of a crude oil in a forward in-situ combustion process. The reaction conforms to Arrhenius prescription. Based on Semenov’s definition of ignition, equations for calculating the ignition temperature and stable combustion temperature are derived from the heat balance of the high-temperature oxidation. With previous experimental data, an average empirical parameter of the equations is calculated and two predictive equations are got. It’s concluded from the equations that these two temperatures of the reaction are only dependent on crude properties, and other factors in the reservoir have little influence on them.

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22

Strunz, Pavel, Martin Petrenec, Vadim Davydov, Jaroslav Polák, and Přemysl Beran. "Misfit in Inconel-Type Superalloy." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/408347.

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An important parameter for the characterization of microstructural changes in nickel base superalloys is the misfit - the relative difference between lattice parameters ofγmatrix andγ′precipitates. The misfit in IN738LC superalloy was examined at POLDI time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer both at room temperature and in situ at elevated temperatures using a high-temperature furnace. A careful out-of-furnace measurement yielded the lattice parameters of bothγandγ′phase at room temperature (aγ=3.58611(10) Å,aγ′=3.58857(17) Å) as well as the misfit (equal to6.9(6)×10-4). The in situ measurement at elevated temperatures provided the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters ofγ(up to 1120°C) andγ′(up to 1000°C). Using these data, the evolution of the misfit with temperature was calculated. The misfit decreases with increasing temperature until it reaches zero value at a temperature around 800°C. Above 800°C, it becomes negative.

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23

Huang, Jingying, Jiahao Wu, Jing Shao, and Youkun Tao. "Nanostructures for In Situ SERS Analysis of High-Temperature Processes." Chemosensors 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010021.

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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a highly sensitive analytical technique based on Raman scatter and utilizes the nanostructures of active metals, such as gold and silver, with roughened surfaces as a signal amplifier. With its enhancement effect and “fingerprint” ability, in situ SERS is able to capture the dynamics of microstructure evolution and trace surface species in real time, which provides direct information for the analysis of a reaction mechanism in various surface processes, including heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemical reactions, etc. To date, SERS has been widely used in operando analysis of surface processes under ordinary temperatures. For application in high-temperature processes, the harsh environment puts forward additional requirements in addition to high sensitivity for the SERS nanostructures, especially concerning thermal stability, chemical inertness, and surface universality. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specialized SERS nanostructures for in situ analysis of high-temperature processes. This paper reviews the research progress of the design and application of nanostructures for in situ SERS analysis of high-temperature processes, with special focus on how to solve the stability and sensitivity contradiction of the SERS nanostructures in the high-temperature complex environment through the design and regulation of the nanostructures. For the structure design, the strategies, preparation, and performance of the reported nanoarchitectures are compared. For the high-temperature application, the utilization of SERS nanostructures in in situ studies are summarized, including thermal crystallization, lattice dynamics, heterogeneous catalysis, and high-temperature electrode reactions.

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24

Mysen, Bjorn. "Experimental, in situ, high-temperature studies of properties and structure of silicate melts relevant to magmatic processes." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/4/0745.

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25

Hempel, Nele-Johanna, Tra Dao, Matthias M. Knopp, Ragna Berthelsen, and Korbinian Löbmann. "The Influence of Temperature and Viscosity of Polyethylene Glycol on the Rate of Microwave-Induced In Situ Amorphization of Celecoxib." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010110.

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Microwaved-induced in situ amorphization of a drug in a polymer has been suggested to follow a dissolution process, with the drug dissolving into the mobile polymer at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. Thus, based on the Noyes–Whitney and the Stoke–Einstein equations, the temperature and the viscosity are expected to directly impact the rate and degree of drug amorphization. By investigating two different viscosity grades of polyethylene glycol (PEG), i.e., PEG 3000 and PEG 4000, and controlling the temperature of the microwave oven, it was possible to study the influence of both, temperature and viscosity, on the in situ amorphization of the model drug celecoxib (CCX) during exposure to microwave radiation. In this study, compacts containing 30 wt% CCX, 69 wt% PEG 3000 or PEG 4000 and 1 wt% lubricant (magnesium stearate) were exposed to microwave radiation at (i) a target temperature, or (ii) a target viscosity. It was found that at the target temperature, compacts containing PEG 3000 displayed a faster rate of amorphization as compared to compacts containing PEG 4000, due to the lower viscosity of PEG 3000 compared to PEG 4000. Furthermore, at the target viscosity, which was achieved by setting different temperatures for compacts containing PEG 3000 and PEG 4000, respectively, the compacts containing PEG 3000 displayed a slower rate of amorphization, due to a lower target temperature, than compacts containing PEG 4000. In conclusion, with lower viscosity of the polymer, at temperatures above its Tg, and with higher temperatures, both increasing the diffusion coefficient of the drug into the polymer, the rate of amorphization was increased allowing a faster in situ amorphization during exposure to microwave radiation. Hereby, the theory that the microwave-induced in situ amorphization process can be described as a dissolution process of the drug into the polymer, at temperatures above the Tg, is further strengthened.

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26

Nicolsky, D. J., V. E. Romanovsky, and G. S. Tipenko. "Estimation of thermal properties of saturated soils using in-situ temperature measurements." Cryosphere Discussions 1, no. 1 (August 9, 2007): 213–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-1-213-2007.

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Abstract. We describe an approach to find an initial approximation to the thermal properties of soil horizons. This technique approximates thermal conductivity, porosity, unfrozen water content curve in horizons where no direct temperature measurements are available. To determine physical properties of ground material, optimization-based inverse modeling techniques fitting the simulated and measured temperatures are commonly employed. Two major ingredients of these techniques is an algorithm to compute the soil temperature dynamics and a procedure to find an initial approximation to the ground properties. In this article we show how to determine the initial approximation to the physical properties and present a new finite element discretization of the heat equation with phase change to calculate the temperature dynamics in soil. We successfully applied the proposed algorithm to recover the soil properties for Happy Valley site in Alaska using one-year temperature dynamics. The determined initial approximation was utilized to simulate the temperature dynamics over several consecutive years; the difference between simulated and measured temperatures lies within uncertainties of measurements.

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27

Kováč, Pavol, I. Hušek, and T. Melišek. "MgB₂ Composite Superconductors Made by Ex Situ and In Situ Process." Advances in Science and Technology 47 (October 2006): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.47.131.

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Generally, two basic routes called as in-situ and ex-situ process are used for composite MgB2 wires now. Mentioned processes have been used for making of single-core composite wires. The applied heat treatment parameters influence the microstructure of MgB2 phase, critical temperature and critical current density, but it has also decisive effect on the MgB2/metal reaction. It was found that the transport current densities are much more sensitive to the used sheath material than critical temperatures. The main factors limiting the transport current density are cracks introduced by deformation and porosity caused by the boron diffusion in ex-situ and in-situ wires, respectively.

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28

Murphy, Robert D., John A. Hagan, Bradley P. Harris, Suresh A. Sethi, T. Scott Smeltz, and Felipe Restrepo. "Can Landsat Thermal Imagery and Environmental Data Accurately Estimate Water Temperatures in Small Streams?" Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-048.

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Abstract The ability to monitor water temperature is important for assessing changes in riverine ecosystems resulting from climate warming. Direct in situ water temperature collection efforts provide point samples but are cost-prohibitive for characterizing stream temperatures across large spatial scales, especially for small, remote streams. In contrast, satellite thermal infrared imagery may provide a spatially extensive means of monitoring riverine water temperatures; however, researchers do not have a good understanding of the accuracy of these remotely sensed temperatures for small streams. Here, we investigated the utility of Landsat 8 thermal infrared imagery and both local and regional environmental variables to estimate subsurface temperatures in high-latitude small streams (2–30 m wetted width) from a test watershed in southcentral Alaska. Our results suggested that Landsat-based surface temperatures were biased high, and the degree of bias varied with hydrological and meteorological factors. However, with limited in-stream validation work, results indicated it is possible to reconstruct average in situ water temperatures for small streams at regional scales using a regression modelling framework coupled with publicly available Landsat or air temperature information. Generalized additive models built from stream stage information from a single gage and air temperatures from a single weather station in the drainage fit to a limited set of in situ temperature recordings could estimate average stream temperatures at the watershed level with reasonable accuracy (root mean square error = 2.4°C). Landsat information did track closely with regional air temperatures and we could also incorporate it into a regression model as a substitute for air temperature to estimate in situ stream temperatures at watershed scales. Importantly, however, while average watershed-scale stream temperatures may be predictable, site-level estimates did not improve with the use of Landsat information or other local covariates, indicating that additional information may be necessary to generate accurate spatially explicit temperature predictions for small order streams.

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Zhou, Xinjun, Zhengfu Zhang, Xiulan Li, Liyu Zhou, Xudong Zhang, and Manjiao Chen. "Microstructure and Phase Evolution Characteristics of the In Situ Synthesis of TiC-Reinforced AZ91D Magnesium Matrix Composites." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041278.

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TiC-reinforced AZ91D magnesium alloy composites were synthesized through the in situ reaction between an AZ91D melt and Ti-C-Al preforms. The microstructural evolution characteristics and phase transformation were investigated at different melt reaction temperatures (1013, 1033, and 1053 K), with the aim of understanding the in situ formation mechanism of TiC particles from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. The results showed that the temperature played a critical role in determining the formation and morphology of TiC. Initially, only the Al3Ti phase was formed through the reaction between Ti and Al when the temperature was 1013 K. With the increase in the melt temperature, the A13Ti’s thermodynamic stability decreased, and dissolution and precipitation reactions occurred at higher temperatures (1033 and 1053 K, respectively), contributing to the formation of TiC particles. The formation of the TiC phase was attributed to two factors: Firstly, A13Ti as an intermediate product reacted with carbon and formed TiC with increasing temperature. Secondly, the in situ TiC reaction was promoted due to the increased reaction-driving force provided by the increasing temperature.

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Artioli, G., M. Bellotto, and B. Palosz. "High-temperature in situ Rietveld study of Fe,Mg cation partitioning in olivine." Powder Diffraction 9, no. 1 (March 1994): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600019710.

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A natural olivine sample from a mantle peridotite xenolith has been studied by in situ high-temperature powder diffraction. The structure has been successfully refined from powder data at three temperatures (25, 600, and 800 °C) using the Rietveld method. The study shows that the full-profile technique is well suited for the structure analysis of high-temperature powder diffraction data. The results indicate that, in this temperature range, there is no significant ordering of the Fe,Mg cations in the two crystallographically independent octahedral sites. This has implications for the thermodynamic modeling of olivine at upper mantle conditions. The present experiments allowed measurement of the lattice thermal expansion of olivine in the temperature range 25–800 °C, and assessment of the temperature dependence of the isotropic atomic displacement parameters.

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31

Kubher, Sagar, Suhasini Gururaja, and Redouane Zitoune. "In-situ cutting temperature and machining force measurements during conventional drilling of carbon fiber polymer composite laminates." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 20 (March 3, 2021): 2807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998321998070.

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The evolution of in-situ cutting temperature and machining forces during conventional drilling of multi-directional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (MD-CFRP) laminates using a novel inverted drilling setup is presented. The in-situ cutting temperature was measured using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensor embedded in the stationary drill. The effect of machining parameters such as spindle speed and feed rate on the temperatures and machining forces were studied that indicate the predominant effect of spindle speed on machining temperatures. The drilled MD-CFRP samples and drill bits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography ([Formula: see text]) techniques to assess machining-induced damage in the samples and tool wear in the drill bits. Exit-ply delamination was observed in MD-CFRP samples that aggravates with increase in cutting temperature and thrust force caused by evolving tool wear. The measured in-situ machining temperatures using the current experimental setup can be used to achieve better machining models.

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Wang, Yanping, Jingxian Fu, and Dong Yang. "In Situ Stability of Anthocyanins in Lycium ruthenicum Murray." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 7073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237073.

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In this research, the effects of drying method, storage temperature, and color protector glucose on anthocyanin preservation in the Lycium ruthenicum Murr. fruit were studied. Compared with hot-air drying, vacuum freeze-drying preserved about 5.8-fold more anthocyanins. The half-life of anthocyanins in the freeze-dried fruit samples with glucose was 3.6 days, 1.8 days, and 1.7 days at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 37 °C, respectively. On the other hand, the half-life values without glucose addition were 2.2 days, 2.3 days, and 2.1 days at each temperature, respectively, indicating that glucose protected anthocyanins at low temperature. The composition and contents of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in the freeze-dried Lycium ruthenicum Murr., stored for 20 days, were investigated with a HPLC-MS/MS setup. It was found that most anthocyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. are linked with coumaroyl glucose to form anthocyanins, while glycosylated and acetyl-glycosylated anthocyanins were also detected. Five anthocyanidins were detected: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin, and peonidin, and delphinidin accounts for about half of the total amount of anthocyanidins. It is much more economic to conserve anthocyanins in situ with freeze-drying methods and to store the fruits at low temperatures with glucose.

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Osman, E. A., M. A. Aggour, and S. A. Abu-Khamsin. "In-Situ Sand Consolidation by Low-Temperature Oxidation." SPE Production & Facilities 15, no. 01 (February 1, 2000): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/60843-pa.

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Wang, Shuoshi, Onyekachi Ogbonnaya, Changlong Chen, Na Yuan, Benjamin Shiau, and Jeffrey H. Harwell. "Low-temperature in situ CO2 enhanced oil recovery." Fuel 329 (December 2022): 125425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125425.

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Xing, Pengju, John McLennan, and Joseph Moore. "Minimum in-situ stress measurement using temperature signatures." Geothermics 98 (January 2022): 102282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2021.102282.

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Iuchi, Tohru, and Kensuke Hiraka. "Hybrid-type temperature sensor for in situ measurement." Review of Scientific Instruments 77, no. 11 (November 2006): 114902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2393160.

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Rogers, Tony, and Nick Aitken. "Low Temperature Bonding Using In-Situ Radical Activation." ECS Transactions 16, no. 8 (December 18, 2019): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2982905.

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Miller, Benjamin K., H. Hugo Perez Garza, and Matthew Mecklenburg. "Local In Situ Temperature Measurements from Aluminum Nanoparticles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 24, S1 (August 2018): 1924–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618010103.

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Nakamura, Hirohiko, Katsuo Tsukamoto, and Ichiro Sunagawa. "in-situ observation of high temperature silicate solutions." Journal of Crystal Growth 99, no. 1-4 (January 1990): 1227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(08)80113-3.

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Pullins, Clayton A., and Tom E. Diller. "In situ High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor Calibration." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 17-18 (August 2010): 3429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.03.042.

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41

Takeshima, Toshihiko, Akihiro Matsutani, Mina Sato, Koichi Hasebe, Toshihiro Isobe, Akira Nakajima, and Sachiko Matsushita. "In-situ Temperature Measurement of Local Photothermal Conversion." Chemistry Letters 49, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.190955.

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Rachakonda, Prem, Daniel Sawyer, Bala Muralikrishnan, Chris Blackburn, Craig Shakarji, Gregory Strouse, and Steve Phillips. "In-situ Temperature Calibration Capability for Dimensional Metrology." NCSLI Measure 9, no. 4 (December 2014): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19315775.2014.11721704.

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43

Baji, Zs, Z. Lábadi, Z. E. Horváth, M. Fried, B. Szentpáli, and I. Bársony. "Temperature dependent in situ doping of ALD ZnO." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 105, no. 1 (June 3, 2011): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1641-3.

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Batstone, J. L. "In situ crystallization of amorphous silicon." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013136x.

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The solid state transformation of amorphous silicon (a-Si) to crystalline silicon (c-Si) is a first order phase transformation which is driven by the difference in free energy between the amorphous and crystalline phases. The crystallization occurs at temperatures of 500-700°C which are readily accessible with commercial specimen heating stages for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In this paper we study the a-c phase transformation dynamically by utilizing the powerful technique of in-situ TEM to monitor the nucleation and growth kinetics of thin films of Si. The propagation of a moving a-c interface is presented and an activation energy for crystal growth is obtained.400Å of a-Si was prepared by electron beam deposition of Si at room temperature on amorphous Si3,N4 “window” substrates which required no additional sample preparation for TEM. The samples were examined in a plan view orientation to minimize surface effects on the crystallization process. The a-Si films were annealed by in-situ heating in a Gatan single-tilt hot stage which has a temperature accuracy of ±25°C. Crystallization occurred at ∼700°C with the formation of small crystallites which grew to consume the entire amorphous film. Fig. 1 shows a partially transformed region of a-Si after annealing at 710°C for 6 mins.

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45

Isa, Muhammad, Dwiky Pobri Cesarian, Ismail Ahmad Abir, Elin Yusibani, Muhammad Syukri Surbakti, and Muksin Umar. "Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery and In-Situ Data for Identifying Geothermal Potential Sites: Jaboi, Indonesia." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.237-245.

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Remote sensing makes it possible to map potential geothermal site for a large area effectively using thermal infrared. The purpose of the present research is to overlay ground temperature, resistivity and satellite retrieved temperature in identifying geothermal potential site in Jaboi, Sabang-Indonesia. The data of acquisition of the DEM imagery was January 3rd, 2009 and the Landsat 8 imagery is July 18th, 2017. The satellite data were applied to extract the land surface temperature and land classification across. Two supporting data in situ were used to validate the results from remote sensing. First dataset was ground temperature measurements with total 114 points and second dataset was vertical electrical sounding (VES) with total of 51 points. Satellite, VES and ground temperature data were processed and analysed using the Envi 5.3, PCI Geomatica 2016 and ArcMap 10.4. The results from each data were integrated to produce a map shows geothermal potential. Its integration produced four areas which were considered to have high geothermal potential. However, these areas vary in term of the clustering of the features of interest, for example lineament and drainage density of the area, high temperature in the surface area, fault existence and low resistivity subsurface. All the features must take into consideration to rank potential area which has higher potential. Finally, a map of geothermal potential across were successfully created as an insight for future reference. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Emery, W. J., Sandra Castro, G. A. Wick, Peter Schluessel, and Craig Donlon. "Estimating Sea Surface Temperature from Infrared Satellite and In Situ Temperature Data." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, no. 12 (December 2001): 2773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2773:esstfi>2.3.co;2.

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47

Koylman, D. E., S. C. Axtel, and B. W. Robertson. "An In Situ XRD Technique For Annealing Investigations." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018504.

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Abstract An in situ XRD technique employing a diffractometer equipped with a high temperature camera was used to investigate the annealing behavior of nanoerystalline copper powder produced by mechanical milling. Specimens were annealed isothermally for 12 h at temperatures between 480 and 770 K. The diffraction data was analyzed using a single-profile Fourier analysis technique. The activation energy for diffracting particle growth was determined to be 0.45 eV/atom.

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Hartmann, Andreas, Frederic Berndt, Simon Ollmann, Georg Krainer, and Michael Schlierf. "In situ temperature monitoring in single-molecule FRET experiments." Journal of Chemical Physics 148, no. 12 (March 28, 2018): 123330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5008966.

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49

Schneider, Andreas G. F., Paul Sass, Robert Schöndube, and Anton Jesche. "In Situ Detection of Nucleation in High-Temperature Solutions." Crystal Research and Technology 55, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 1900109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.201900109.

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50

Adolph, Alden C., Mary R. Albert, and Dorothy K. Hall. "Near-surface temperature inversion during summer at Summit, Greenland, and its relation to MODIS-derived surface temperatures." Cryosphere 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2018): 907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-907-2018.

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Abstract. As rapid warming of the Arctic occurs, it is imperative that climate indicators such as temperature be monitored over large areas to understand and predict the effects of climate changes. Temperatures are traditionally tracked using in situ 2 m air temperatures and can also be assessed using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing is especially valuable over the Greenland Ice Sheet, where few ground-based air temperature measurements exist. Because of the presence of surface-based temperature inversions in ice-covered areas, differences between 2 m air temperature and the temperature of the actual snow surface (referred to as “skin” temperature) can be significant and are particularly relevant when considering validation and application of remote sensing temperature data. We present results from a field campaign extending from 8 June to 18 July 2015, near Summit Station in Greenland, to study surface temperature using the following measurements: skin temperature measured by an infrared (IR) sensor, 2 m air temperature measured by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) meteorological station, and a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface temperature product. Our data indicate that 2 m air temperature is often significantly higher than snow skin temperature measured in situ, and this finding may account for apparent biases in previous studies of MODIS products that used 2 m air temperature for validation. This inversion is present during our study period when incoming solar radiation and wind speed are both low. As compared to our in situ IR skin temperature measurements, after additional cloud masking, the MOD/MYD11 Collection 6 surface temperature standard product has an RMSE of 1.0 ∘C and a mean bias of −0.4 ∘C, spanning a range of temperatures from −35 to −5 ∘C (RMSE = 1.6 ∘C and mean bias = −0.7 ∘C prior to cloud masking). For our study area and time series, MODIS surface temperature products agree with skin surface temperatures better than previous studies indicated, especially at temperatures below −20 ∘C, where other studies found a significant cold bias. We show that the apparent cold bias present in other comparisons of 2 m air temperature and MODIS surface temperature may be a result of the near-surface temperature inversion. Further investigation of how in situ IR skin temperatures compare to MODIS surface temperature at lower temperatures (below −35 ∘C) is warranted to determine whether a cold bias exists for those temperatures.

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