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Journal articles on the topic 'In-situ polymerizations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Goto, Atsushi, Koji Nagasawa, Ayaka Shinjo, Yoshinobu Tsujii, and Takeshi Fukuda. "Reversible Chain Transfer Catalyzed Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with In-Situ Formed Alkyl Iodide Initiator." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 11 (2009): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09229.

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A method utilizing generation of an alkyl iodide (low-mass dormant species) in situ formed in polymerization was adopted to reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerizations (RTCP) (living radical polymerizations) with several nitrogen and phosphorus catalysts. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate afforded low-polydispersity polymers (Mw/Mn ~1.2–1.4), with Mn values predicted to high conversions; where Mn and Mw are the number- and weight-average molecular weights respectively. This method is robust and would enhance the utility of RTCP.

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2

Monroy, V. M., G. Guevara, I. Leon, A. Correa, and R. Herrera. "In-situ Titration of Initiator-Consuming Impurities in Solution Anionic Polymerization." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538331.

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Abstract An in situ titration of initiator-consuming impurities in amonic polymerizations, using 1,10-phenantroline as an indicator, was developed. The results show that even when impurities are present, it is possible to destroy them prior to the initiation of the polymerization reaction and achieve a better control of molecular weights by adding accurate known quantities of initiator.

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3

Ogata, Naoya. "Micro-composite systems by in-situ polymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 83, no. 1 (May 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19940830103.

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4

Fu, F. S., and J. E. Mark. "Polystyrene–polyisobutylene network composites from in situ polymerizations." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37, no. 9 (May 5, 1989): 2757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370924.

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5

Wang, Jin-Tao, Yanhang Hong, Xiaotian Ji, Mingming Zhang, Li Liu, and Hanying Zhao. "In situ fabrication of PHEMA–BSA core–corona biohybrid particles." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 25 (2016): 4430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb00699j.

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Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)–bovine serum albumin core–corona particles were prepared using in situ activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerizations of HEMA initiated by a BSA macroinitiator.

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6

Jiang, Hejin, Qingxian Jin, Jing Li, Shuyu Chen, Li Zhang, and Minghua Liu. "Photoirradiation-generated radicals in two-component supramolecular gel for polymerization." Soft Matter 14, no. 12 (2018): 2295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00153g.

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7

Melo, Caio K., Matheus Soares, Carlos A. Castor, Príamo A. Melo, and José Carlos Pinto. "In Situ Incorporation of Recycled Polystyrene in Styrene Suspension Polymerizations." Macromolecular Reaction Engineering 8, no. 1 (September 16, 2013): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201300144.

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8

Schmitt, M. "Method to analyse energy and intensity dependent photo-curing of acrylic esters in bulk." RSC Advances 5, no. 82 (2015): 67284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11427f.

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9

Castor, Carlos A., Márcio Nele, and José Carlos Pinto. "In-Situ Incorporation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Suspension Styrene Polymerizations." Macromolecular Reaction Engineering 8, no. 8 (June 11, 2014): 580–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mren.201400007.

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10

Wang, Xinnan, Ting Han, Jacky W. Y. Lam, and Ben Zhong Tang. "In Situ Generation of Heterocyclic Polymers by Triple‐Bond Based Polymerizations." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 42, no. 24 (October 28, 2021): 2100524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202100524.

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11

Hunley, Matthew T., Atul S. Bhangale, Santanu Kundu, Peter M. Johnson, Michael S. Waters, Richard A. Gross, and Kathryn L. Beers. "In situ monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed (co)polymerizations by Raman spectroscopy." Polym. Chem. 3, no. 2 (2012): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1py00447f.

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12

Pei, Aihua, Andong Liu, Tingxiu Xie, and Guisheng Yang. "Blends of Immiscible Polystyrene/Polyamide 6 via Successive In-Situ Polymerizations." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 207, no. 21 (November 1, 2006): 1980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600256.

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13

Cavell, Andrew C., Veronica K. Krasecki, Guoping Li, Abhishek Sharma, Hao Sun, Matthew P. Thompson, Christopher J. Forman, et al. "Optical monitoring of polymerizations in droplets with high temporal dynamic range." Chemical Science 11, no. 10 (2020): 2647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc05559b.

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Two complementary measurements, fluorescence polarization anisotropy and aggregation-induced emission, allow for in situ optical monitoring of polymerization reaction progress in droplets across varying temporal regimes of the reaction.

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14

Eskandari, Parvaneh, Zahra Abousalman-Rezvani, Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani, and Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi. "Polymer-functionalization of carbon nanotube by in situ conventional and controlled radical polymerizations." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 294 (August 2021): 102471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102471.

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15

Aoshima, Hiroshi, Kotaro Satoh, and Masami Kamigaito. "In Situ Direct Mechanistic Transformation from FeCl3 -Catalyzed Living Cationic to Radical Polymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 323, no. 1 (January 2013): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201100115.

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16

Oliveira, Marco Antonio M., Príamo A. Melo, Marcio Nele, and José Carlos Pinto. "In-Situ Incorporation of Amoxicillin in PVA/PVAc-co -PMMA Particles during Suspension Polymerizations." Macromolecular Symposia 299-300, no. 1 (January 2011): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200900144.

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17

Hortelano, Carlos, Marta Ruiz-Bermejo, and José L. de la de la Fuente. "Kinetic Study of the Effective Thermal Polymerization of a Prebiotic Monomer: Aminomalononitrile." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030486.

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Aminomalononitrile (AMN), the HCN formal trimer, is a molecule of interest in prebiotic chemistry, in fine organic synthesis, and, currently, in materials science, mainly for bio-applications. Herein, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements by means of non-isothermal experiments of the stable AMN p-toluenesulfonate salt (AMNS) showed successful bulk AMN polymerization. The results indicated that this thermally stimulated polymerization is initiated at relatively low temperatures, and an autocatalytic kinetic model can be used to appropriately describe, determining the kinetic triplet, including the activation energy, the pre-exponential factor, and the mechanism function (Eα, A and f(α)). A preliminary structural characterization, by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, supported the effective generation of HCN-derived polymers prepared from AMNS. This study demonstrated the autocatalytic, highly efficient, and straightforward character of AMN polymerization, and to the best of our knowledge, it describes, for the first time, a systematic and extended kinetic analysis for gaining mechanistic insights into this process. The latter was accomplished through the help of simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG)-DSC and the in situ mass spectrometry (MS) technique for investigating the gas products generated during these polymerizations. These analyses revealed that dehydrocyanation and deamination processes must be important elimination reactions involved in the complex AMN polymerization mechanism.

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18

Polishchuk, Liliia M., Roman B. Kozakevych, Andrii P. Kusyak, Valentin A. Tertykh, Oleg Tkachenko, Maria Strømme, and Tetyana M. Budnyak. "In Situ Ring-Opening Polymerization of L-lactide on the Surface of Pristine and Aminated Silica: Synthesis and Metal Ions Extraction." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 4995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224995.

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The development of functional materials from food waste sources and minerals is currently of high importance. In the present work, polylactic acid (PLA)/silica composites were prepared by in situ ring-opening polymerizations of L-lactide onto the surface of pristine (Silochrom) and amine-functionalized (Silochrom-NH2) silica. The characteristics of the ring-opening polymerization onto the surface of modified and unmodified silica were identified and discussed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the polymerization of lactide onto the silica surface, and thermogravimetric analysis determined that PLA constituted 5.9% and 7.5% of the composite mass for Silochrom/PLA and Silochrom-NH2/PLA, respectively. The sorption properties of the composites with respect to Pb(II), Co(II), and Cu(II) ions were investigated, and the effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and initial pH were evaluated. Silochrom-NH2/PLA composites were found to have a higher adsorption capacity than Silochrom/PLA for all chosen ions, with the highest adsorption value occurring for Pb2+ at 1.5 mmol/g (90% removal efficiency). The composites showed the highest performance in the neutral or near-neutral pH (created by distilled water or buffer pH 6.86) during the first 15 min of phase contact. The equilibrium characteristics of adsorption were found to follow the Langmuir isotherm model rather than the Freundlich and Temkin models. Perspective applications for these PLA/silicas include remediation of industrial wastewater or leaching solutions from spent lead-acid and Li-ion batteries.

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19

Díaz de León, Ramón, Florentino Soriano Corral, Francisco Javier Enríquez-Medrano, Gabriela Bosques Ibarra, Patricia de León Martínez, Francisco Hernández Gámez, Héctor Ricardo López-González, and Luis Francisco Ramos de Valle. "Synthesis of High cis-Polybutadiene in Styrene Solution with Neodymium-Based Catalysts: Towards the Preparation of HIPS and ABS via In Situ Bulk Polymerization." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9841896.

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In a first step, 1,3-butadiene was selectively polymerized at 60°C in styrene as solvent using NdV3/DIBAH/EASC as the catalyst system. The catalyst system activation process, the addition order of monomers and catalyst components, and the molar ratios [Al]/[Nd] and [Cl]/[Nd] were studied. The catalyst system allowed the selective 1,3-butadiene polymerization, reaching conversions between 57.5 and 88.1% with low polystyrene contents in the order of 6.3 to 15.4%. Molecular weights ranging from 39,000 to 150,000 g/mol were obtained, while cis-1,4 content was found in the interval of 94.4 to 96.4%. On the other hand, the glass transition temperatures of synthesized materials were established in the range of −101.9 to −107.4°C, explained by the presence of polystyrene segments in the polybutadiene chains; in the same sense, the polybutadienes did not show the typical melting endotherm of high cis-polybutadienes. In a second step, the resulting styrene/high cis-1,4 polybutadiene solutions were used to synthesize ABS (adding a fraction of acrylonitrile monomer) and HIPS via in situ bulk polymerizations and the results were discussed in terms of morphological development, molecular parameters, dynamical mechanical behavior, and mechanical properties.

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20

Yu, Liping, Yong Zhang, Jirong Wang, Huihui Gan, Shaoqiao Li, Xiaolin Xie, and Zhigang Xue. "Lithium Salt-Induced In Situ Living Radical Polymerizations Enable Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Macromolecules 54, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 874–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02032.

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21

Feng, Lizhong, and K. Y. Simon Ng. "In situ kinetic studies of microemulsion polymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate by Raman spectroscopy." Macromolecules 23, no. 4 (July 1990): 1048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00206a023.

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22

Yang, Jixin, Tom Hasell, Wenxin Wang, and Steven M. Howdle. "A novel synthetic route to metal–polymer nanocomposites by in situ suspension and bulk polymerizations." European Polymer Journal 44, no. 5 (May 2008): 1331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.044.

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23

Moura, Hipassia M., Nicole L. Gibbons, Stephen A. Miller, and Heloise O. Pastore. "2D-aluminum-modified solids as simultaneous support and cocatalyst for in situ polymerizations of olefins." Journal of Catalysis 362 (June 2018): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.04.002.

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24

Sawamoto, Mitsuo. "“Total” analysis of the growing species in living cationic polymerizations by in-situ multinucleate NMR spectroscopy." Macromolecular Symposia 88, no. 1 (November 1994): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19940880109.

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25

Kaszas, G., J. E. Puskas, C. C. Chen, and Joseph P. Kennedy. "Electron pair donors in carbocationic polymerization. 2. Mechanism of living carbocationic polymerizations and the role of in situ and external electron pair donors." Macromolecules 23, no. 17 (August 1990): 3909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00219a008.

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26

Hogan, Terrence E., Yuan-Yong Yan, William L. Hergenrother, and David F. Lawson. "Lithiated Thiaacetals as Initiators for Living Anionic Polymerization of Diene Elastomers: Polymerization and Compounding." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539402.

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Abstract Polybutadiene and poly(butadiene-co-styrene) elastomers were prepared in high conversions using 2-lithio-2- methyl-1,3-dithiane as the initiator. Polymers were readily prepared with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.05 to 1.26 and a Mn of up to 208 kg/mol. The replacement of the 2-methyl substituent with phenyl, trimethylsilyl or 4-dimethylamino phenyl also gave active initiators that incorporated at the head of the chain. However, initiation rates appeared to vary somewhat with the structure of the initiators. The polymerizations obtained are in all cases controlled and apparently living with the live chain ends capable of further reactions. The initiators could be generated prior to addition to the polymerization mixture or by an in-situ procedure. Model studies gave evidence that the dithiane chain end can be opened under cure conditions and react with unsaturation present in the polymer chain. Several of the product polymers were found to impart improved hysteresis to carbon and silica-filled rubbery vulcanizates possibly through an endlinking mechanism.

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27

Janosevic, Aleksandra, and Gordana Ciric-Marjanovic. "Synthesis of nanostructured conducting polyaniline in the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid." Chemical Industry 62, no. 3 (2008): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0803107j.

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Oxidative polymerizations of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous solution of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), were performed at the constant molar ratio [oxidant]/[monomer] = 1.25, by using various initial molar ratios of SSA to aniline. It was shown that the ratio [SSA]/[aniline] has a crucial influence on the molecular structure, morphology, and conductivity of synthesized polyaniline5-sulfosalicylate (PANI-SSA), as well as on the yield and temperature profile i.e. the mechanism of polymerization process. The yield of PANI-SSA was 80 - 86% for [SSA]/[aniline] ratios in the range 0.25-1.0. Granular PANI-SSA was obtained by the oxidative polymerization of in situ formed anilinium 5-sulfosalicylate ([SSA]/[aniline] = 1.0). The initial induction period was followed by the rapid exothermic polymerization of aniline during the oxidation of anilinium 5-sulfosalicylate with peroxydisulfate. Nanostructured PANI-SSA was synthesized by the oxidation of the mixture of dianilinium 5-sulfosalicylate and aniline ([SSA]/[aniline] = 0.25), which proceeds in two exothermic phases well separated with an athermal period. The presence of nanocylinders (nanorods, possibly nanotubes), with the average diameter of 95-250 nm and the length of 0.5-1.0 ?m has been revealed by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that PANI nanocylinders are formed when reaction solution has the initial pH > 3.5. Electroconductivity of synthesized polyanilines was in the range 0.01-0.17 S cm-1, and it increases with increasing molar ratio of SSA to aniline. Molecular structure of synthesized polyanilines was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Besides the characteristic bands of standard PANI in emeraldine form (benzenoid, quinonoid, and semiquinonoid units), the band attributable to substituted phenazine structural units was observed at -1415 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum of nanostructured PANI-SSA sample.

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28

Seo, Seong Deok, Kyung Chan Kang, Ji Won Jeong, Seung Min Lee, Ju Dong Lee, and Dong Hyun Kim. "Preparation and Characterization of Poly Methyl Methacrylate/Clay Nanocomposite Powders by Microwave-Assisted In-Situ Suspension Polymerization." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17574.

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The PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate)/clay nanocomposite powders were synthesized by In-Situ suspension polymerizations using microwave heating. The PMMA/clay nanocomposites were also sampled using injection moulding to make specimens for material characterization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the formation of a highly intercalated clay layer in the nanocomposites. It was found that the microstructure of PMMA/clay nanocomposites was strongly dependent of content of clay. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated an improvement in the thermal stability of nanocomposites compared to that of the pure PMMA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the nanocomposites had a higher glass transition (Tg) temperature than the PMMA. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated an interaction between the carbonyl group of PMMA and hydroxyl group of the clay. Therefore, a possible reason in enhanced material properties of nanocomposites is that the chemical interaction and nanostructure of PMMA polymer and intercalated inorganic silicate layer has increased the thermal stability of the PMMA/clay nanocomposites.

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29

Xu, Jinhao, Binjie Xin, and Xuanxuan Du. "Controllable Wetting Modification of Polypropylene Fibrous Mats." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 2_suppl (December 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.s2.4.

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In this study, polypropylene (PP) fibrous mats are modified by plasma treatment, following by chemical grafting. Initially, the as-prepared PP fibrous mats are treated by plasma at different oxygen (O2) and argon (Ar) ratios. Then, the PP fibrous mats are modified by grafting dopamine onto polar groups for in situ polymerizations, resulting in a polydopamine (PDA) coating on the substrate's surface. Time-sensitive wettability is thereby converted into permanent wettability in PP fibers. The morphology, chemical performance, and relative wettability of the modified PP fibers are then characterized. The experimental results show, using an O2/Ar ratio of 3:7 during plasma treatment, that the water contact angle was decreased from 114.2° to 0°, and the maximum grafting degree was 0.79%.

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30

Majdanski, Tobias C., Jürgen Vitz, Alexander Meier, Michaela Brunzel, Stephanie Schubert, Ivo Nischang, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "“Green” ethers as solvent alternatives for anionic ring-opening polymerizations of ethylene oxide (EO): In-situ kinetic and advanced characterization studies." Polymer 159 (December 2018): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.049.

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31

de Oliveira, Monica, and Maria de Fatima Marques. "Polypropylene/Organophilic clay Nanocomposites Using Metallocene Catalysts through in situ Polymerization." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2011): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.02.201.

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32

Słowikowska, Monika, Kamila Chajec, Adam Michalski, Szczepan Zapotoczny, and Karol Wolski. "Surface-Initiated Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with ppm Concentration of FeBr3 under Visible Light." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 5139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225139.

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Reversible deactivation radical polymerizations with reduced amount of organometallic catalyst are currently a field of interest of many applications. One of the very promising techniques is photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) that is mainly studied for copper catalysts in the solution. Recently, advantageous iron-catalyzed photo-ATRP (photo-Fe-ATRP) compatible with high demanding biological applications was presented. In response to that, we developed surface-initiated photo-Fe-ATRP (SI-photo-Fe-ATRP) that was used for facile synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes with the presence of only 200 ppm of FeBr3/tetrabutylammonium bromide catalyst (FeBr3/TBABr) under visible light irradiation (wavelength: 450 nm). The kinetics of both SI-photo-Fe-ATRP and photo-Fe-ATRP in solution were compared and followed by 1H NMR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Brush grafting densities were determined using two methodologies. The influence of the sacrificial initiator on the kinetics of brush growth was studied. It was found that SI-photo-Fe-ATRP could be effectively controlled even without any sacrificial initiators thanks to in situ production of ATRP initiator in solution as a result of reaction between the monomer and Br radicals generated in photoreduction of FeBr3/TBABr. The optimized and simplified reaction setup allowed synthesis of very thick (up to 110 nm) PMMA brushes at room temperature, under visible light with only 200 ppm of iron-based catalyst. The same reaction conditions, but with the presence of sacrificial initiator, enabled formation of much thinner layers (18 nm).

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33

Chen, Yongping, Tao Zhang, Huixian Zhong, Ru Liu, and Jianfeng Xu. "Improved surface properties of a novel self-healing polyurethane-acrylate coating by in situ polymerizations of dihydroxy organo-montmorillonite on ancient wood." Progress in Organic Coatings 172 (November 2022): 107134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.107134.

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34

Salami-Kalajahi, M., V. Haddadi-Asl, and H. Roghani-Mamaqani. "Study of kinetics and properties of polystyrene/silica nanocomposites prepared via in situ free radical and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations." Scientia Iranica 19, no. 6 (December 2012): 2004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2012.10.003.

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35

Cha, Ji-Jung, and Jin-Heong Yim. "Preparation of Graphene/Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposite through in-situ Polymerization." Polymer Korea 37, no. 4 (July 25, 2013): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2013.37.4.507.

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36

KIDA, Sueo. "Microcapsules by in situ Polymerization Method and Their Applications." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 59, no. 9 (1986): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.59.552.

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37

Zdanovich, A. A., M. A. Matsko, A. V. Melezhik, A. G. Tkachev, and V. A. Zakharov. "Preparation of Composite Materials Containing Polyethylene and Carbon Nanotubes by in situ Ethylene Polymerization over Titanium-Magnesium Catalyst Fixed on the Surface of Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials & Technologies, no. 3(19) (2020): 033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/amt.2020.03.pp.033-042.

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The data on the preparation of composite materials containing polyethylene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of the Taunit brand are presented. To obtain these composites by in situ polymerization, a catalytic system formed by the interaction of an organomagnesium compound and TiCl4 on the surface of nanotubes was used. The catalyst fixed on the MWCNT surface has a high activity in ethylene polymerization and allows to obtain a polymer with different molecular weight. The data on the formation of a polymer on the MWCNT surface and the morphology of composites formed on various Taunit samples are presented.

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38

Lee, Bom Yi, Ju Young Park, and Youn Cheol Kim. "Study on GO Dispersion of PC/GO Composites according to In-situ Polymerization Method." Applied Chemistry for Engineering 26, no. 3 (June 10, 2015): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14478/ace.2015.1034.

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39

Paszkiewicz, Sandra, Małgorzata Nachman, Anna Szymczyk, Zdeno Špitalský, Jaroslav Mosnáček, and Zbigniew Rosłaniec. "Influence of expanded graphite (EG) and graphene oxide (GO) on physical properties of PET based nanocomposites." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0068.

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Abstract This work is the continuation and refinement of already published communications based on PET/EG nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization1, 2. In this study, nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) with expanded graphite were compared to those with functionalized graphite sheets (GO). The results suggest that the degree of dispersion of nanoparticles in the PET matrix has important effect on the structure and physical properties of the nanocomposites. The existence of graphene sheets nanoparticles enhances the crystallization rate of PET. It has been confirmed that in situ polymerization is the effective method for preparation nanocomposites which can avoid the agglomeration of nanoparticles in polymer matrices and improve the interfacial interaction between nanofiller and polymer matrix. The obtained results have shown also that due to the presence of functional groups on GO surface the interactions with PET matrix can be stronger than in the case of exfoliated graphene (EG) and matrix.

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40

SHIMIZU, HIDENOMBU. "Encapsulation of Functional Materials Using in situ Polymerization Processes." FIBER 66, no. 11 (2010): P.373—P.377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.66.p_373.

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41

Rho, Julia Y., Georg M. Scheutz, Satu Häkkinen, John B. Garrison, Qiao Song, Jie Yang, Robert Richardson, Sébastien Perrier, and Brent S. Sumerlin. "In situ monitoring of PISA morphologies." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 27 (2021): 3947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00239b.

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42

Su, Jing, Euijin Shim, Jennifer Noro, Jiajia Fu, Qiang Wang, Hye Kim, Carla Silva, and Artur Cavaco-Paulo. "Conductive Cotton by In Situ Laccase-Polymerization of Aniline." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091023.

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Conductive cotton fabrics were obtained via in situ aniline polymerization by laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila under mild reaction conditions without the addition of strong proton acids. The reactions were conducted using two types of reactors, namely a water bath (WB) and an ultrasonic bath (US), and the role of a mediator, 1-hydroxybenzotriazol (HBT), on the laccase-assisted polymerization of aniline was investigated. A similar polymerization degree was obtained when using both reactors—however, the ultrasonic bath allowed the experiments to be conducted in shorter periods of time (24 h for WB vs. 2 h for US). The data obtained also revealed that the mediator (1-hydroxybenzotriazol-HBT) played a crucial role in aniline oxidation. A higher conversion yield and polymerization degree were obtained when the reaction was conducted in the presence of this compound, as confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. The cotton fabrics coated with polyaniline presented deep coloration and conductivity, especially when the mediator was included on the reactional system. The results obtained are a step forward in the enzymatic polymerization of aniline with the purpose of obtaining coloured conductive textile surfaces, with potential applications in wearable electronics.

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Tian, Xiao Fei, Min Wei, David G. Evans, Guo Ying Rao, and Xue Duan. "Tentative Mechanisms for In Situ Polymerization of Metanilic Acid Intercalated in MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide under Nitrogen Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (February 2006): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.295.

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A new route has been developed to prepare polyaniline (PANI)/ layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanocomposites through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of metanilic acid (m-NH2C6H4SO3H) intercalated in MgAl LDH under nitrogen atmosphere by using the pre-intercalated nitrate as the oxidizing agent. The whole process involves the synthesis of the precursor LDHs [Mg2Al (OH)6](NO3)·nH2O, the intercalation of the monomer metanilic acid into LDH and its in situ polymerization between the layers by thermal treatment under nitrogen atmosphere. The interlayer polymerization was monitored by thermogravimetry (TG)-differential thermal analysis (DTA) - mass spectrometry (MS), UV-vis spectroscopy and in situ high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). UV-vis spectroscopy give strong evidence on the polymerization of the intercalated metanilic acid, with the increase of the interlayer distance and broadening of the diffraction peaks. It has been found by the in situ technologies that the co-intercalated nitrate anions act as the oxidizing agent which participate in the polymerization of the interlayer monomers under nitrogen atmosphere by heating from 300 oC to 350 oC.

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Saltel, J. L., F. Signori, and F. Grosjean. "An Innovating Application: in Situ Polymerization." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 50, no. 1 (January 1995): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1995013.

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Mylvaganam, Kausala, and Liangchi Zhang. "In Situ Polymerization on Graphene Surfaces." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117, no. 6 (February 5, 2013): 2817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp310312g.

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Chen, Fu-Lung, E. M. Pearce, and T. K. Kwei. "Intermacromolecular complexes by in situ polymerization." Polymer 29, no. 12 (December 1988): 2285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(88)90123-1.

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Sakurai, Hideki, Masaru Yoshida, and Kenkichi Sakamoto. "Polymerization of in situ generated disilenes." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 521, no. 1-2 (August 1996): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(96)06239-0.

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48

Wei, Tao, Zhi Xiong Huang, Guo Rui Yang, and Min Xian Shi. "Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline/PMN Composite by In Situ Polymerization Method." Advanced Materials Research 66 (April 2009): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.66.230.

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The PANI/PMN composite was prepared by one-step in-situ polymerization method and was characterized via FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TG. The results indicate that the best reaction conditions of in-situ polymerization are 0°C/24h.The PMN powder are entirely coated with PANI, when composite contains more than 60% PANI by volume. The steric hindrance effect of PMN powder decreases the crystallization degree of PANI which polymerizes on the surface of PMN powder in the process of in-situ polymerization. The main weight loss occurring between 300 and 480°C corresponds to the degradation of the PANI polymer chain.

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Tu, Cheng-Wei, Fang-Chang Tsai, Jem-Kun Chen, Huei-Ping Wang, Rong-Ho Lee, Jiawei Zhang, Tao Chen, Chung-Chi Wang, and Chih-Feng Huang. "Preparations of Tough and Conductive PAMPS/PAA Double Network Hydrogels Containing Cellulose Nanofibers and Polypyrroles." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122835.

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To afford an intact double network (sample abbr.: DN) hydrogel, two-step crosslinking reactions of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (i.e., PAMPS first network) and then poly(acrylic acid) (i.e., PAA second network) were conducted both in the presence of crosslinker (N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA)). Similar to the two-step processes, different contents of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN: 1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were initially dispersed in the first network solutions and then crosslinked. The TOCN-containing PAMPS first networks subsequently soaked in AA and crosslinker and conducted the second network crosslinking reactions (TOCN was then abbreviated as T for DN samples). As the third step, various (T–)DN hydrogels were then treated with different concentrations of FeCl3(aq) solutions (5, 50, 100, and 200 mM). Through incorporations of ferric ions into (T–)DN hydrogels, notably, three purposes are targeted: (i) strengthen the (T–)DN hydrogels through ionic bonding, (ii) significantly render ionic conductivity of hydrogels, and (iii) serve as a catalyst for the forth step to proceed with in situ chemical oxidative polymerizations of pyrroles to afford polypyrrole-containing (sample abbr.: Py) hydrogels [i.e., (T–)Py–DN samples]. The characteristic functional groups of PAMPS, PAA, and Py were confirmed by FT–IR. Uniform microstructures were observed by cryo scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). These results indicated that homogeneous composites of T–Py–DN hydrogels were obtained through the four-step process. All dry samples showed similar thermal degradation behaviors from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The T2–Py5–DN sample (i.e., containing 2 wt.% TOCN with 5 mM FeCl3(aq) treatment) showed the best tensile strength and strain at breaking properties (i.e., σTb = 450 kPa and εTb = 106%). With the same compositions, a high conductivity of 3.34 × 10−3 S/cm was acquired. The tough T2–Py5–DN hydrogel displayed good conductive reversibility during several “stretching-and-releasing” cycles of 50–100–0%, demonstrating a promising candidate for bioelectronic or biomaterial applications.

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Xu, Yuling, Juntao Zhang, Haibo Wang, and Dong Xie. "In situ photopolymerization of dimethacrylamide-based resins and composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 16 (November 21, 2017): 2189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317741954.

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A dimethacrylamide was synthesized and used to formulate with the selected (meth)acrylates to form the in situ photocureable resins and composites. The effects of the selected comonomers with different functional groups on polymerization rate, degree of conversion, gel time, and compressive strength were investigated. The results show that in situ photopolymerization of the synthesized dimethacrylamide with comonomers having an electron-withdrawing and/or acrylate group dramatically increased the polymerization rate, degree of conversion, and compressive strength. On the other hand, an electron-donating group on either carbon-carbon double bond or ester linkage slowed down the polymerization. In contrast, the triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-based system did not show a clear pattern. The synergistic effect of the strong hydrogen-bonding between dimethacrylamide and organic acid groups may be responsible for higher compressive strengths. The formed composites showed the similar trend in compressive strength to the corresponding resins. Within the limitation of this study, it seems that in situ photopolymerization of dimethacrylamide or diacrylamide can be greatly accelerated by copolymerization with monomers having electron-withdrawing and/or acrylate groups. The monomers with methacrylate group can significantly reduce the polymerization rate and degree of conversion.

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