Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'In-Situ microscopie de fluorescence'
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Roussille, Ludovic. "Suivi quantitatif in situ d'interactions biomoléculaire par microscopie optique SEEC." Thesis, Le Mans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEMA1030/document.
Full textThis thesis was supported by National Agency for Research with the project: ANR PNANO-07 SEEC. The Surface Enhanced Ellipsometric Contrast (SEEC) microscopy has invented in 2000 at Le Mans (France). This technique allows the visualization of nanoscopic object between crossed analyzer and polarizer. It’s possible if some special multilayer surfaces are used. There surfaces must have the particularity to not change the polarization of light during the reflection. Until the beginning of the project the SEEC microscopy was useful only for air observations. The goal of the thesis was to adapt this technique to observe on gold surfaces immerged in water and to compare the performance of the SEEC microscopy with Surface Plasmonique Resonance (SPR) in that configuration. The SPR is a biomolecular interaction study reference technique. SEEC microscopy lateral resolution was evaluate by fluorescence microscopy. Next, we realize two model experiments monitor in parallel by SEEC microscopy and by SPR: BSA immobilization and biotinylated IgG fixation by immobilized streptavidine. To compare measurements efficiently we did a huge preparation work (surface functionalizations and microfluidic) to have exactly same conditions in both techniques.Our results show SEEC microscopy cannot replace SPR for biomolecular interaction studies but it can be used as cheap immunological diagnostic technique. This work gives the path to follow on that direction
Man, Hiu Mun. "Characterisation of enzymatic catalysis by microscopy and electrochemistry : application to H2/O2 bio-fuel cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/221207_MAN_82cby815lbx134rmsegm855nh_TH.pdf.
Full textEnzyme biofuel cells, which use enzymes to convert chemical energy into electricity, hold promise as one of the most promising alternative and clean energy resources. However, the immobilization of such enzymes on an electrode for efficient catalysis still raises many challenges. In order to access spatially resolved information, it is necessary to couple electrochemistry to other surface techniques. In this thesis, confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy was coupled with electrochemistry for the characterization of electro-enzymatic catalysis. The main reaction studied was the oxygen reduction reaction catalyzed by bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria. This reaction involves a consumption of protons coupled with electron transfer. Using in situ analysis, the local pH variations that occur near the bioelectrode during the enzymatic catalysis are visualized thanks to a fluorophore whose emission depends on the pH, fluorescein. The activity of the enzyme was first probed by UV-vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry. We then showed that the intensity of the fluorescence recorded is directly proportional to the catalytic current. Profiles of proton depletion at the electrochemical interface in buffered and unbuffered electrolytes were reconstructed to determine the influence of ionic strength on the local environment of enzymes. Finally, the enzymes were labeled with fluorophores, making it possible to reveal the local heterogeneities of their interfacial distribution
Mudry, Emeric. "Resolution improvement in fluorescence and phase optical microscopy." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822086.
Full textMilhiet, Elodie. "Nanospectroscopie de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112150.
Full textSingle-molecule-like spectroscopy plays a major role in many domains, from fundamental physics to biology. In this framework, my dissertation focuses on instrumental and theoretical developments of two biological-related applications. The first experiment aims at characterizing the dynamics of calcium binding by the fluorescent calcium probe Oregon-green Bapta5N commonly employed in cell signaling analysis. To achieve it, I have developed an experimental set-up of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy that exhibits sensitivity close to that of single-molecule detection. Either monophotonic or biphotonic excitations can be used. I have investigated the several aspects of the photophysics of the probe and evaluated the interest and limitations of such an approach for future in-vivo measurements. The second one is devoted to the development of a semi-quantitative Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique for mapping gene expression in the adult drosophila brain. Two difficulties have to be solved. First, we succeeded in obtaining reproducible results with drosophila adult brain. Secondly, while most of the FISH protocols are not quantitative since they need a strong enzymatic, we achieved semi-quantitative detection of RNA probes. I will present results on a new approach for which enzymatic detection is replaced by a sensitive detection and a protocol which reduces autofluorescence contribution. Results will be presented for several genes in adult drosophila brain to validate the methods as well as an interesting application on a mental retardation disease. To conclude, I show that the method exhibits a single RNA sensitivity which opens the way to new applications
Lefrançois, Pauline. "Développement d’un microréacteur biomimétique pour l'analyse in situ d'activités enzymatiques par couplage de l’électrochimie et de la microscopie de fluorescence." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0759/document.
Full textEnzymatic reactions are involved in many physiological phenomena in living organisms. These reactions are based on protons and electrons transfers and can lead to the production of by-products. Among them, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are of great interest as they play a double role: on the one hand by allowing the organism to react to a stress by the activation of signaling redox pathways, and on the other hand, ROS and RNS can cause oxidative damages to tissues ensuing dysfunctions in the organism. The high reactivity of such species induce their short lifetimes (ns-min) and leads to uncertainties when it comes to the study of some enzymatic reactions in bulk. This PhD project aims to develop a biomimetic microreactor for the study of enzymatic ac-tivities producing ROS/RNS. Indeed, by confining a reaction within a cell-sized compartment (20-100 μm diameter), the generated species (H2O2, NO•, NO2-) could be analyzed in situ with a quantita-tive and kinetic resolution. Giant unilamellar vesicles are formed in physiological conditions and are used as microreactors for the monitoring of enzymatic activities of glucose oxidase and NO-synthases. Fluorescence microscopy allows individual vesicle observation and the monitoring of reactions trig-gered by microinjection. Then, released species are detected in real-time by electrochemistry in order to decipher the diverse enzymatic pathways of NO-Synthases
Cabriel, Clément. "Three-dimensional and multicolour approaches in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy for biology." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS220.
Full textCell biology relies on imaging tools to provide structural and dynamic information about samples. Among them, fluorescence microscopy offers a compromise between high specificity and low toxicity. Recently, super-resolution methods overcame the diffraction barrier to unlock new fields of investigation. Single molecule approaches prove especially useful for three-dimensional nanoscale imaging, and allow couplings between different detection modalities. Still, their use is hindered by the complexity of the methods as well as the lack of reproducibility between experiments.We propose new methods to render super-localisation microscopy more easily applicable to relevant studies in cell biology, chemistry and material science. First, we introduce dedicated protocols and samples to eliminate sources of error in calibration and performance measurement acquisitions. We also provide examples of uses of three-dimensional super-localisation for state-of-the-art studies in the frameworks of cell adhesion and bacterial resistance to drugs.Then, we focus on the development of a novel optical method that provides unbiased results in three-dimensional single molecule localisation microscopy. This is achieved through the combination of two complementary axial detection strategies: point spread function shaping on the one hand, and supercritical angle fluorescence detection on the other hand. By cross-correlating and merging the lateral and axial positions provided by the different sources, we achieve quasi-isotropic localisation precisions down to 15 nanometres over a 1-micrometre capture range. We demonstrate the insensibility of the method to imaging non-idealities such as axial drift, chromatic aberration and sample tilt, and we propose applications in neurobiology and bacteria labelling.Finally, we introduce two new post-processing approaches for the demixing of simultaneous multi-species acquisitions. They are based respectively on the measurement of the spot sizes, and on the assessment of the dynamic blinking behaviour of molecules. After demonstrating a proof of principle, we assess the impact of the different parameters likely to influence the results. Eventually, we discuss leads to improve the demixing performances, and we discuss the coupling possibilities with complementary single molecule localisation techniques
Wang, Ruixing. "STED-fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for dynamic observations in cell biology : from theoretical to practical approaches." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0163/document.
Full textSuper-resolution techniques offer new insight into the description of the dynamic molecular organization at the plasma membrane. Among these techniques, the stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy breaks the optical diffraction limit and reaches the resolution of tens of nanometer. It is a versatile setup that can be combined with other techniques such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), providing both high spatial and temporal resolutions to explore dynamic processes occurring in live cells. This PhD project aims at implementing a STED microscope, and then at combining this STED module with FCS technique for biological applications. Detailed theoretical studies on STED and the combined STED-FCS technique in spatio-temporal aspects were performed. An analytical solution for FCS autocorrelation function was derived in the condition of incomplete STED depletion and a new FCS fitting model was proposed to overcome this problem. The spot variation FCS (svFCS) method has demonstrated its capability to identify the presence of nanodomains constraining the lateral diffusion of molecules at the plasma membrane. The STED-FCS can extend the svFCS approach to the nanoscale evaluating the long-lasting existence of such nanodomains. Within this frame, preliminary Monte Carlo simulations were conducted mimicking molecules diffusing in the presence of dynamic self-assembling/disassembling nanodomains
Galanti, Agostino. "Multi-photochromic architectures : from structure to function." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF046/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis has been to develop systems capable of responding to external stimuli, based on photochromic units. The goal of such a quest is to increase the complexity of devices and synthetic molecular machines. With the goal of developing more complex artificial devices and machines, we have realised systems containing multiple molecular switches. For the realisation of this thesis, new multi-photochromic systems, or photochromes/nanomaterials hybrids containing azobenzene, diarylethene or spiropyran moieties have been realised and studied. Firstly, we focused on multi-azobenzene systems capable of undergoing large geometric rearrangements during photoisomerisation, as they may be used in the future as constituent elements of host-guest or metal-organic frameworks controllable by luminous stimuli. In a second example, dithienylethene-type photochromic switches have been used to trigger the emission of a porphyrin. This dyad exhibited a reversible modulation of its emission, displaying a particularly highly contrasted response. As a final example, a spiropyran derivative has been combined with anisotropic gold nanoparticles. By inducing the isomerisation of the molecular switch in the AuNR colloidal liquid dispersions, we visualised a large variation of the colloid extinction spectrum, dependent on the LSPR mode wavelength and the spectral overlap with the photoswitch
Zheng, Zheng. "Development of Far-Red / Near-Infrared Luminescent Chromophores and Nanoparticles for in vivo Biphotonic Applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN024/document.
Full textThe development of fluorophores with efficient two-photon absorption (TPA) and emission properties in the far red/NIR is important, especially for in depth in-vivo optical imaging as this wavelength range corresponds to the optical transparency window of tissues. This thesis investigates the potential of new red emitting fluorophores containing a fluorene ring for in-vivo two-photon microscopy focusing on vascular imaging on one hand and on oxygen pressure measurement on the other hand.A new series of asymmetrical fluorene-based chromophores were designed and synthesized. Their structure-property relationships were systematically investigated. It was found that most of chromophores exhibit aggregation-induced emission behaviors in the NIR region. In addition, a micelle/silica coprotection strategy was proposed to prepare nanoparticles with a less polar interior, which can be used to conserve optical properties of dipole chromophores in aqueous solution. The two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) measurements indicate that they all display obvious TPA activities in organic solvent and aqueous suspension. Both the NIR-emissive aggregates and nanoparticles have been successfully used for TPEF imaging of blood vessels inside mouse ear skin. The silica nanoparticles show outstanding staining of the vascular system making them perfect blood pool markers.On a second part, four new fluorene-based two-photon absorbing chromophores have been synthesized and their one- and two-photon photophysical properties were investigated. The optimum chromophore was successfully attached covalently to an oxygen responsive phosphorescent Pd-porphyrin complex by click chemistry. Two new compounds contain four or eight TPA chromophores donor connected to the phosphorescent core. The result demonstrate that the incorporation of a suitable TPA chromophore can effectively enhance the TPA of the system, allowing efficient sensitivity towards oxygen
Gasecka, Alicja. "Polarimetric multiphoton fluorescence microscopy in molecular and biological media." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30068.
Full textLight-matter interaction in molecular and bio-molecular media can lead to complex processes where optical fields polarizations couple to an assembly of molecular transition dipoles. The manipulation of the optical fields polarization in fluorescence microscopy can in particular give access to fine changes occurring in molecular arrangements. In this PhD thesis we report a method based on a tuneable excitation polarization state complemented by a polarized read-out, applied to polarization-resolved multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Two-photon fluorescence polarimetry allows to retrieve a quantitative information on the static molecular distribution shape and orientation in different environments such as model lipid membranes, cell membranes, and molecular inclusion compounds that can be strongly heterogeneous. Three-photon fluorescence polarimetry has been furthermore applied in bio-molecular media in order to provide a diagnostics for crystallinity in protein crystals with high sensitivity to their structure and symmetry. The experimental implementation of polarimetric multi-photon microscopy requires to quantify possible polarization distortions originating from the experimental set-up or sample itself, which are thoroughly analyzed
Ashok, Mahima. "Analysis of HER2 testing in breast cancer." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29711.
Full textCommittee Chair: Griffin, Paul; Committee Member: Butera, Robert; Committee Member: Halpern, Michael; Committee Member: Nichols, Richard; Committee Member: Vidakovic, Brani. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
Fiole, Daniel. "Apports de la microscopie biphotonique intravitale pulmonaire à l'étude de la physiopathologie de la maladie du charbon." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952722.
Full textEmad, Ahmed Anwar Hasanin. "Development and assessment of strategies for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells in maternal blood." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5855.
Full textMonier, Karine. "Cartographie linéaire et tridimensionnelle du génome humain par hybridation in situ fluorescente et imagerie microscopique digitale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19013.
Full textYara, Ricardo. "Localização in situ e caracterização molecular da bactéria endossimbionte de Pleurotus ostreatus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-21082006-150238/.
Full textThe fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, which belongs to white rot basidiomycete group, is a widely cultivated mushroom; this species has high productivity and rusticity, besides its use in biobleaching and bioremediation processes. This biotechnological potential justifies microbial interaction studies between this fungi and others microorganisms. In P. ostreatus mycelia, it has been observed pleomorphic bacteria growing on agar media. This research describes several assays to confirm bacterial presence in this sample. Therefore, the full-cycle rRNA analysis (described for unculturable or fastidious microorganism), ultrastructure and basic microbiology approaches were employed. Basic microbiology approaches indicated slow growing bacteria, which grown faster near to fungi colonies in solid media amended with Tween 80 or Tween 20 (co-culture system). Ultrastructure studies confirm the presence of intracellular and extracellular pleomorphic bacteria. The full-cycle rRNA analysis started with 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing. This approach demonstrated a relation between these bacteria with Burkholderia cepacia complex. By bioinformatics analysis was determinate which DNA probes can be use to identified this bacterial group. The last step for full-cycle rRNA analysis was applying fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This technique confirmed the relationship between 16S rDNA bacterial sequence and bacterial forms. This is the first time that a pleomorphic bacteria from B. cepacia complex is found associated with P. ostreatus.
Nguyen, Anh Dung. "Amélioration de la résolution spatiale en microscopie multiphotonique par saturation de la fluorescence." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221923.
Full text-----------------------Résumé-----------------------Depuis la prédiction de Maria Göppert-Mayer dans les années 30 de la possibilité pour une molécule fluorescente d'être excitée simultanément par plusieurs photons et, plus récemment, depuis le développement des lasers pulsés, la microscopie multiphotonique s'est peu à peu développée pour finalement s'imposer aujourd'hui comme un des outils d'observation par fluorescence les plus performants pour les études de tissus épais diffusants, ou encore pour l'observation in vivo d'animaux. Que ce soit pour des études neurologiques, physiologiques ou morphologiques, l'aspect non invasif et la limitation du volume excité au volume focal ont rendu cet outil de microscopie indispensable aux biologistes.Cependant, dans un monde où les études biologiques nécessitent toujours de meilleurs microscopes et où la résolution spatiale en particulier doit toujours être améliorée, il convient de proposer des techniques permettant d'obtenir une meilleure résolution dans les trois dimensions et d'aller au-delà de la limite de diffraction définie par Ernst Abbe il y a plus d'un siècle.Dans cette thèse, la technique de saturation de l'excitation de la fluorescence est adaptée à la microscopie multiphotonique. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir des images de superrésolution en modulant temporellement l'intensité laser d'excitation et en démodulant les harmoniques supérieures présentes dans le signal saturé de fluorescence. La démonstration de principe sur des microsphères fluorescentes a été réalisée montrant une amélioration de la résolution latérale et axiale. Alors que l'utilisation de la troisième harmonique produit déjà une meilleure résolution, ce travail de thèse montre qu'une amélioration supplémentaire peut être obtenue en utilisant une combinaison linéaire particulière des harmoniques démodulées.Au final, un quasi doublement de la résolution a pu être observé tant dans les directions latérales que dans la direction axiale. Cette amélioration correspond à l'amélioration prédite dans l'analyse théorique et mathématique réalisée également dans ce travail.De plus, le passage aux études in vitro a été réalisé avec succès en observant des microsphères fluorescentes incorporées dans des cellules HeLa. Des améliorations de la résolution latérale et axiale ont également été observées montrant que cette technique de superrésolution peut être appliquée à l'étude d'échantillons biologiques. Les forces et les faiblesses de cette méthode sont également analysées et détaillées afin de voir dans quel créneau d'études biologiques la technique de saturation de l'excitation de fluorescence pourrait se faire une place. A cette fin, ses caractéristiques sont comparées aux autres méthodes de superrésolution et de superlocalisation détaillées dans la première partie de ce travail.Il en resort que l'importante profondeur d'imagerie, l'aspect non invasif et la limitation du volume excité de la microscopie multiphotonique couplés à la simplicité d'implémentation et les relativement faibles puissances utilisées pour saturer l'excitation font de cette technique un excellent candidat pour des études in vivo dans des zones en profondeur dans des milieux diffusants comme la peau.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Manandhar, Sandeep. "3D motion estimation and assessment in fluorescence microscopy volume sequences." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S096.
Full textThe thesis work deals with the computation and the assessment of 3D motion fields in 3D fluorescence microscopy image sequences. We have investigated 3D matching and variational methods for 3D flow field estimation between two consecutive volumes. For matching, we have developed two original 3D extensions of PatchMatch both involving the discrete Census similarity measure: a super-pixel based method that proceeds slice by slice, and a coarse-to-fine method directly applied to the volumes. We have also designed a protrusion segmentation method on the cell surface along with a matching stage relying on a triangular mesh-based representation. Regarding the dense estimation of 3D flow fields, we have adopted a variational approach, while exploiting the continuous Census signature of voxels in the data term. We have tested three regularization terms: L2, L1, and TV-based regularization. We have also combined the 3D PatchMatch method with the variational method to be able to handle simultaneously large and small motion magnitude. For visual assessment, we have proposed three different color-coded visualization techniques of 3D flow fields. They offer 2D summaries of the 3D flow field, respectively, slice-by-slice, with tri-planar projections, and after maximum intensity point projection. In addition, we have defined a new quantitative error measure for assessing the accuracy of the estimated flow field when no ground truth is available. It involves the angular difference between the local principal orientation of the original source volume and the corresponding one in the volume backward-warped with the 3D computed flow field. We have tested our methods on real microscopy image sequences containing MV3 melanoma cells in collagen environment. When comparing with the state-of-the-art method of Amat et al., and our 3D extension of the classical Horn-and-Schunck method, we found our proposed methods to be the best performing ones
Fournier, Clément. "Monitorep monitorage intra-thoracique optique de la réparation pulmonaire in vivo." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1514.
Full textBourges, Anaïs. "Molecular mechanisms of the pressure-activation of Mrr, a Type IV restriction endonuclease, and induction of SOS response in Escherichia coli." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT051/document.
Full textThe pressure encountered by organisms on Earth varies from the atmospheric pressure to 110 MPa as reached in the deepest trench of the ocean. Although Escherichia coli is not naturally resistant to high pressure, it is capable of acquiring pressure resistance and withstanding a pressure shock up to 2 GPa (~20,000 atm). When exposed to a sub-lethal pressure shock (100 MPa) E. coli induces a RecA-dependent SOS response due to DNA double strand breaks. Pressure itself is not capable of compromising the covalent integrity of the DNA. Instead, screens for pressure-resistance E. coli mutants have revealed that a Type IV restriction endonuclease, Mrr is the only factor responsible for DNA cleavage. This enzymes targets only methylated DNA and expression of a foreign methyltransferase, M.HhaII, is also capable of inducing an SOS response in strains harboring Mrr. Here, we demonstrate using fluorescence fluctuation techniques in vivo and in vitro that Mrr is present as a tetramer in unstressed cells and that pressure dissociates Mrr into active dimers that can bind DNA and cleave at some cryptic sites. In contrast, the M.HhaII MTase pulls the Mrr tetramer-dimer equilibrium to the dimer-bound DNA form probably due to the methylation of many high-affinity sites. Mutational analysis associated with a 3D homology model of the full-length protein reveals the probable structural basis for the switch from an inactive tetramer to an active dimer. We set up a system that allows microscopy experiments (in vitro and in vivo) under pressure and preliminary results have confirmed our model of Mrr activation
Beaufort, Sandra. "Développement d'outils et de méthodologies pour l'étude de l'organisation et de la localisation in vivo de micro-organismes dans des structures biologiques complexes." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0037/document.
Full textThe aim of this project deals with the analysis of both the local localization and organization of microbialpopulations in complex structures such as deposits or biofilms. Different methods are currently used to study theglobal structure or the local organization of biological aggregates but only few ones allow a combined approachand require ex-vivo analyses.The proposed strategy uses home-designed model auto-fluorescent microorganisms (yeasts and bacteria) whichcan be observed directly by microscopy without any dying treatment. Same kinetic behaviours between the wildstrains and their recombinant ones were demonstrated. The confocal microscopy conditions were optimised.Specific devices were developed to generate deposits or biofilms under controlled and known hydrodynamic orbiochemical environment conditions to analyse their structure characteristics linked to the bioprocessperformances.Based on the proposed strategy, microbial deposits modifications due to pressure constraints were observed invivo in a specifically designed flow cell equipped with a microscope glass coverslip. A mixed biofilm composedby our auto-fluorescent yeasts and bacteria was carried out in a specific bioreactor allowing the sampling ofbiofilms during their development to be analysed by confocal microscopy. Both studies have shown specificorganisations between yeasts and bacteria mainly depending on their size and on the environment conditions(pressure or dilution rate).These studies of both local and global structure of biological aggregates and 3D-organisation of themicroorganisms within theses structures demonstrated the relevance of the proposed strategy defining the limitsof the method and proposing various perspectives for further characterizations and applications
Mongelard, Fabien. "Apport des approches in situ pour l'analyse du phénomène d'inactivation du chromosome X chez les mammifères." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10261.
Full textPedrazzani, Mélanie. "Microscopie de fluorescence rapide et optique adaptative pour l'étude fonctionnelle tridimensionnelle in vivo des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans la mémoire chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS226/document.
Full textCellular and neural network dynamics involved in memory formation remain poorly known despite the progress brought by advanced optical microscopies to neurobiology. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism constitute one of the most promising approaches due to its unique features: a small brain size, outstanding learning capabilities, very powerful genetic tools and the possibility to analyze a whole neural network with a cellular resolution. To this aim, we implemented two types of optical fluorescence microscopes coupled to cutting-edge fluorescent biosensors, calcic G-CaMP6f and voltage ArcLight probes. We used HiLo structured illumination, a technique able to provide axial optical sectioning, deep in the brain, to study the role of dopaminergic and gabaergic molecular receptors in the transmission of aversive stimulus to mushroom bodies neurons. We also evidenced a non-uniform response of type α/β mushroom bodies neurons under electrical stimulation at 10 to 20 µm depth of analysis. To penetrate deeper in the brain, we added an adaptive optics feedback loop into our microscope in order to overcome aberrations issues. We were then able to rebuild optical sections down to 50 µm depth. The second type of microscopy we developed is a multiconfocal microscope using spinning disk. The aim was to image all the mushroom bodies neurons, at the level of their cell bodies, with a cellular resolution. Since this project is at its beginning, it did not allow us to answer to advanced biological questions yet
Leroy, Magali. "Genome-wide approach to vaccine target candidates identification against otitis media causing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112260.
Full textWhile a successful capsular vaccine has been developed for encapsulated serotype b haemophilus influenzae (hi), no vaccine exists for unencapsulated hi responsible for respiratory tract infections. These include otitis media that can result in sequelae in 20% of cases and remains a primary reason for pediatrician visits in developed countries. The goal of this study was to develop a system to analyze hi genes expression genome-wide during the different stages of disease. Successful comprehensive analysis at this level would provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of nthi during the course of otitis media as well as in vivo expression of particular surface antigens and thus potential candidate vaccine targets associated with infection. An initial screen of all publicly available nthi genes was carried out and conserved sequences then referenced in a database: called the hi genomic master key database. This database allows for subsequent screening of vaccine target candidates in any nthi isolate of unknown genomic sequence. All rna procedures and protocols needed for gene expression analyses were developed and adapted to the specific experimental conditions of this study. Additionally, the novel multiple consecutive lavage sampling methodology was developed to increase the amount of ex vivo bacterial mrna available for microarray analysis. This sampling method also provided insights into nthi induced otitis media with resulting clinical implications. Finally, microarray ex vivo gene expression analyses were used here for the first time to study nthi in vivo transcriptional profile genome-wide during the course of nasopharyngeal colonization and middle ear infection
Liu, Xiaoqing. "More transparency in bioanalysis of exocytosis : application of fluorescent false neurotransmitters in coupling methodology of electrochemistry with fluorescence microscopy at ITO microelectrodes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066415/document.
Full textVesicular exocytosis is a ubiquitous way for intercellular communications. TIRFM (total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy) and amperometry are nowadays the two most frequently used analytical methods with complementary features for its investigation. The combination of these two analytical techniques to track exocytotic secretions was firstly achieved by our group in 2011 and this new technique was demonstrated to show both high temporal and spatial resolutions by simultaneously recording the fluorescent and amperometric signals. The major disadvantage of this former work was the independent loading of optical and electrochemical probes to the secretory vesicles, which resulted in 'sightless' amperometric or optical signals as well as low coupling efficiency. Therefore, in this thesis, we attempted to develop a unique probe with dual fluorescent/electrochemical characteristics to track exocytotic process by TIRFM/amperometry coupling technique. This is why an analog of biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters, 4-(2-aminoethyl)-6-chloro-7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one hydrochloride (named as 1 in this work) was synthesized. 1 exhibited bright, stable, pH-dependent fluorescence. When excited at 405 nm, its fluorescence intensity was almost doubled with the increase of pH values from 5 (similar to that in the vesicular lumen) to 7 (similar to the extracellular medium). Furthermore, in voltammetry, 1 was demonstrated to be easily electrooxidized on GCE (glassy carbon electrode), CFE (carbon fiber electrode) and ITO (indium tin oxide) electrodes surfaces, showing good electroactivity. 1 was also shown to penetrate easily into the vesicles of BON N13 cells within 1 hour incubation, testifying its specific affinity with these VMAT-equipped (vesicular monoamine transporter) vesicles. The applications of 1 as optical and electrochemical probes for exocytosis monitoring were then separately validated in BON N13 cells by TIRFM and amperometry measurements, respectively. Simultaneous recording of fluorescent and amperometric information by using 1 dual probes loaded cells was subsequently acquired in a microfabricated device constituted by conductive and transparent ITO electrodes. Our results based on the unique probe 1 for electrochemical and fluorescent detection of exocytotic release seemed more adapted than all the previous works involving independent probes. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of this combined method also allowed analyzing consecutive exocytotic secretions as well as overlapped events in 1-stained cells. Further analysis of these two signals with complementary information will shed more light on the correlation of the fusion pore behavior (opening/closure dynamics, stability…) measured by amperometry and the motion of a secretory vesicle in three dimensions (tethering, docking, fusion and retrieval) detected by TIRFM
Bertherat, Julien. "Etude en microscopie de fluorescence à deux photons in vivo de l'intégration multi vibrissale chez le rat." Phd thesis, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789937.
Full textBouccara, Sophie. "Time-gated detection of near-infrared emitting quantum dots for in vivo cell tracking in small animals." Paris 7, 2014. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01083824.
Full textIn vivo cell tracking is a promising tool to improve our understanding of certain biological processes (circulating tumour cells migration, immune cells activity). Fluorescence microscopy ensures a high resolution and a good sensitivity. The latter is however limited by the high tissue autofluorescence and poor visible light penetration depth. We present the synthesis and characterization of Zn-Cu-In-Se / ZnS (core/shell) QDs made of low toxicity materials. These QDs exhibit a bright emission centred around 800 nm, where absorption and scattering of tissues are minimal. These nanocrystals are coated with a new surface chemistry, which yields small and bright probes in the cell cytoplasm for several days after labelling. These QDs also present a fluorescence lifetime much longer (150 ns) than the tissue autofluorescence (<5 ns). By combining a pulsed excitation source to a time-gated fluorescence imaging system, we show that we can efficiently discriminate the intracellular QDs signal from autofluorescence in an ex vivo sample and thus increase the detection sensitivity of labelled cells into tissues. We also report preliminary results obtained in an in vivo sample
Halary, Sébastien. "Etude des symbioses de mytilidés des écosystèmes marins profonds à base chimiosynthétique par des techniques de FISH, de microscopie et de traitement d'images." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066057.
Full textRoudot, Philippe. "Image processing methods for dynamical intracellular processes analysis in quantitative fluorescence microscopy." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S025/document.
Full textWe propose in this manuscript a study of the instrumentation required for the quantification in frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD FLIM). A FD FLIM measurement is defined as a series of images with sinusoidal intensity variations. The fluorescence lifetime is defined as the nanosecond-scale delay between excitation and emission of fluorescence. We propose two main contributions in the area: a modeling of the image process and noise introduced by the acquisition system (ICCD sensor); a robust statistical method for lifetime estimation on moving structures and intracellular vesicles. The second part presents a contribution to the tracking of multiple particles presenting heterogeneous transports in dense conditions. We focus here on the switching between confined diffusion in the cytosol and motor-mediated active transport in random directions. We show that current multiple model filtering and gating strategies fail at estimating unpredictable transitions between Brownian and directed displacements. We propose a new algorithm, based on the u-track algorithm [Jaqaman et al., 2008], based on a set of Kalman filters adapted to several motion types, for each tracked object. The algorithm has been evaluated on simulated and real data (vimentin, virus) data. We show that our method outperforms competing methods in the targeted scenario, but also on more homogeneous types of dynamics challenged by density
Perez, Jimenez Ana Isabel. "Development of original strategies for the electrochemical detection of cell-penetrating peptides and for the electrochemical bleaching of fluorescent probes : an entry to the monitoring of translocation in phospholipid membranes." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEE030/document.
Full textThis PhD work was aimed at introducing electrochemical strategies in the general topic devoted to the characterization of the passage of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) across phospholipidic membranes. Although positively charged, CPPs are prone to cross lipidic bilayers of real and artificial cells (liposomes) and there is no commonly admitted internalization mechanism so far. Therefore, we first developed electrochemical setups aimed at improving the amperometric detection of redox-taggedCPPs, through optimization of volume and confinement. Additionally, we have made attempts to use patch-clamp inspired setups to monitor the passage of CPPs across a membrane patched from a giant vesicle using ultramicro-electrodes in the close vicinity of the patched membrane. Since the amperometric technique displayed poor sensibility and the flux of CPP was too narrow, we changed our strategy for a methodology coupling fluorescence (for the sensitivity) and an electrochemical command (to achieve fluorescence extinction). Considering that phospholipids are forefront actors of CPP internalization, we first focused on the electrochemical quenching of phospholipids tagged with a probe displaying both redox and fluorescent properties (NBD). Observed on giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with confocal microscopy, the electrochemical reduction of the NBD probe led to the selective extinction of the phospholipids located on the outer leaflet of the vesicle, a selectivity which is not observed using chemical quenchers such as dithionite or photobleaching methods. That property was extended to NBD-tagged CPPs, previously incubated with unlabeled Guvs and that preliminary experiment confirmed that the electrochemical extinction mostly concerned peptides associated to the outer leaflet of the liposome
Challita, Jihane. "Study of the mechanisms reponsible for the cohesion of sister chromosomes in bacteria." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL038.
Full textDuring cell proliferation, the maintenance of genetic information is essential. In bacteria, replication and segregation are concomitant. Replication starts at the single, bidirectional origin of replication of bacterial chromosomes. Two replication arms are then defined, and replication ends in a region diametrically opposite to the origin, the terminus. As replication progresses, the newly replicated sister chromosomes migrate to opposite cell compartments. However, microscopic observations suggest that there is a delay between replication and segregation, and that this delay varies along the length of chromosomes. The delay between replication and segregation of the sister copies of a genomic position is referred to as sister chromatid cohesion. During my PhD, I used the high-resolution tool that allows for a genome-wide analysis of Sister Chromatid Cohesion (High-SC2) and studied the cohesion profile of the model organism Vibrio cholerae. It has been shown in E. coli that the cohesion responsible for the variation of segregation speed is modulated by Topoisomerase IV, a major decatenating enzyme. One of the identified partners of this decatenase is an SMC complex, MukBEF. Cells carrying a mukB deletion show a production of anucleate cells, and a mispositioned origin of replication. Chromosome segregation is impaired, and therefore sister chromatid cohesion is increased overall. The Topo IV-MukBEF interaction is regulated by MatP, which seems to displace MukBEF from the terminus of replication, facilitating the association of the MukBEF complex with the origin of replication. I therefore decided to investigate the role of MukB, in the formation of the long-range patterns of cohesion in V. cholerae. Using genetic approaches coupled with the High-SC2 assay, I demonstrated that the deletion of mukB leads to an increase in cohesion on Chr1, especially on its left replication arm, far from the origin. These results suggested that MukB does not preferentially act on specific regions and that the differential effect of the mukB deletion on Chr1 and Chr2 is probably linked to differences in their origin of replication and/or partition systems. Previous observations in the lab have in fact shown that a double deletion of MukB and ParAB1 leads to a strong phenotype, thus I investigated its effect on the cohesion profile. My results show an additional increase of cohesion in Chr1 near the ori, suggesting that the partitioning system acts on the decohesion of the ori domain while MukB acts on the chromosomal arms. In addition, it has been shown that MatP kept the sister-copies of the ter domain of Chr1 together until cell division. I used the Hi-SC2 assay to study its role in the increased cohesion of this region. I showed that MatP was responsible for the cohesion of the ter1 domain at cell division not behind the replication fork, unlike MukB. My results have also shown that it is the density of the matS sites located on the ter domain of each chromosome that influence the level of cohesion of these domains
PERRIN, CHRISTELE. "Methodologie pour l'analyse quantitative en imagerie microscopique conventionnelle et a fluorescence. Application a l'etude de la proliferation et de l'expression du recepteur a l'egf dans des cellules tumorales mammaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10198.
Full textSoussi, Jordane. "Contribution to the study of heat relaxation in nanostructures of biological interest." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC013/document.
Full textIn medicine, nanotechnologies give the opportunity to create new care practices such as local hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery. These applications imply new scientific challenges concerning the design of nanodevices and the properties of their biological environment. In this thesis, we have analysed several aspects of heat relaxation of such systems. We have used both Molecular Dynamics numerical simulations and Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy experiments. We present a study of heat transfer from a solvated nanoparticle and show that attaching a polymer on its surface reduces the thermal resistance between the particle and its aqueous environment. We have modelled lipid bilayers to compute their dielectric properties and their viscosity have been investigated by fluorescence imaging. The experiments conducted on both suspended lipid membrane and giant unilamellar vesicles show that the viscosity decreases when the temperature increases and when a transmembrane voltage is applied to inducing a structural change
King, Mathias. "Development of new bioorthogonal ligation reactions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAF021.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis was the development of a screening method for the discovery of new bioorthogonal ligation reactions as well as its application on a self‐designed library. Therefore we designed a three step screening system consisting of a preliminary HPLC assay, a high resolution fluorescence based assay and a final in cellulo confocal microscopy assay.Subsequently we standardized all assays with the highly established CuAAC and SpAAC. Furthermore, we successfully synthesized 18 reagents of interest and screened 58 ligation experiments with the help of the HPLC setup. The 9 positive hits from this screening contained 6 reactions involving novel reagents and LCMS analysis was able to validate all but one as straight forward cycloaddition reaction. Finally we were able to apply the newly developed in cellulo assay to assess the suitability of chelating CuAAC for in cell application
Pucihar, Gorazd. "Induced transmembrane voltage and electropermeabilization of cells in cultures in vitro." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1038/.
Full textWhen a biological cell is exposed to an external electric field, induced transmembrane voltage (ITV) forms on its membrane. During the exposure, ITV superimposes to the native or resting transmembrane voltage (RTV) and when the sum of both voltages exceeds some threshold value, the permeability of the cell membrane in these regions transiently increases. This phenomenon is termed electropermeabilization. In many applications of electropermeabilization an efficient and at the same time reversible permeabilization is essential (e. G. DNA electrotransfer). Thus, a careful planning of the experiment, which involves the estimation of the amplitude of ITV leading to cell permeabilization, is required. The problem arises in case of tissues, where cell geometry is more complicated, cells are close enough to affect the electric field around each other, and they are often connected with pathways between them. In all these cases, an analytical description of ITV is in general not attainable and numerical methods are often the only feasible approach. Due to the complexity of tissue structure, numerical models are either macroscopic, where detailed cell structure is notconsidered, or in case of microscopic models, the models are constructed using simple geometrical shapes (semi-spheres, cubes). To better understand how the electric field interacts with tissues on a microscopic (single cell) level, which in turn determines the macroscopic behavior of the tissue, we constructed realistic microscopic models of irregularly shaped cells, clusters of such cells, and dense suspensions. Regarding the shape, density and connections between cells, these cell assemblies are in their complexity close to tissues. First, the amplitude of resting transmembrane voltage of cells used in the study was determined. Next, calculations of ITV were performed on models of single spherical, single attached cells, and cell clusters and they were compared to measurements of ITV on the same cells, from which the models were constructed. The course of electropermeabilization of these cells was then monitored and the results were compared with measurements and calculations of ITV. In a separate experiment, a detailed investigation of kinetics of molecular transport into cells after permeabilization was performed. Similarly, for dense cell suspensions, the ITV calculated on a model of suspension was compared with the fraction of permeabilized cells measured in suspensions with increasing cell densities. Measurements of resting transmembrane voltage (RTV) were performed by means of a slow potentiometric fluorescent dye TMRM on different cell lines in culture media and media with progressively decreasing conductivities. ITV was measured on single spherical cells, single irregularly shaped cells, and cell clusters with a fast potentiometric fluorescent dye di-8- ANEPPS. The cross-section fluorescence images of the same cells on which the measurements of ITV were performed, were used to construct realistic numerical models of cells and the ITV on these models was then calculated with finite elements method. Finitethickness, nonzero conductivity cell membrane in the model was replaced by a boundary condition in which a specific surface conductivity was assigned to the interface between the cell interior and the exterior. Electropermeabilization of cells was followed by monitoring thechanges in intracellular fluorescence of membrane-impermeant fluorescent dye Propidium Iodide. Measurements of RTV showed that in physiological conditions (cells in culture medium) and in the presence of pulsing buffer, RTV on investigated cell lines is low (between -4 and -35 mV for suspended cells and between -18 and -27 mV for attached cells). Therefore, in experiments involving electropermeabilization ITV can be used as a rough approximate of the total voltage on the membrane, while RTV can be neglected. RTV in cells in media with decreasing conductivities gradually decreased, but less than expected from theoretical calculations. This was partly attributed to overestimated intracellular concentration of potassium. However, it is also possible that the method for measuring RTV, although reported as efficient, was not suitable for these experiments. Measurements of ITV on single spherical cells, single attached cells, and cell clusters were in qualitative agreement with results of numerical calculations, while in some cases discrepancies in measured and calculated amplitudes could be observed. This was attributed to variations of the slope of calibration curve, the differences between the actual and implemented parameters of the model, physiological state of cells, and experimental setup. In addition, we observed that at pulse parameters used in measurements of ITV, cells in clusters behaved as electrically connected, i. E. A cluster acted as one giant cell. Numerical calculations on models of cells where cell membrane was replaced with a boundary condition resulted in considerably lower number of mesh elements and consequently shorter time needed to solve the problem. We also demonstrated that calculations of ITV on simplified models of irregularly shaped cells can lead to considerable deviations from ITV calculated on a realistic model. Electric field orientation affects the amplitude and distribution of calculated ITV and consequently permeabilization. Namely, cells oriented with their longer axis parallel to the field are more likely to get permeabilized than the same cells oriented perpendicularly to the field. Comparison of measured and calculated ITVs with observations of electropermeabilization on single spherical and single attached cells confirmed that permeabilization occurs in those regions of the membrane, where the absolute value of ITV is the highest (the regions facing the electrodes). Additional experiments performed on single spherical cells showed that during and immediately after the pulse, the fluorescence from cells increases asymmetrically if unipolar pulses were delivered, while symmetrical fluorescence was observed for bipolar pulses. These observations were attributed to electrophoretical effect of the pulse. On a longer time scale, asymmetry in fluorescence was still observed, even for bipolar pulses, and we did not find any reasonable explanation for that. Critical value of ITV, at which permeabilization occurs, was calculated from the polar angle of permeabilization measured immediately after the pulse and was found to be approximately 450 mV, in agreement with reported critical thresholds. Permeabilization results obtained on cell clusters showed that cells in clusters, atpulse parameters used in these experiments, behaved as electrically insulated and were permeabilized individually. This is in contradiction to what we observed during measurements of ITV (i. E. With longer, low voltage pulses), where cells in clusters behaved as electrically connected, and was assumed to be the result of opening and closing of gap junctions at different pulse parameters. Measurements of kinetics of membrane transport showed that electropermeabilization with progressively increasing pulse amplitudes or pulse durations results in increased dye transport into cells. A sharp increase was observed miliseconds after the onset of a pulse, followed by a moderate additional fluorescence increase. Results measured on a time interval of 400 µs revealed that the transport across the permeabilized membrane can be detected within 100 µs after the onset of the pulse. Besides, different dynamics of fluorescence increase was observed during and immediately after the pulse. Experiments carried out on dense cell suspensions showed that with increasing cell density (from 10×106 cells/ml to 400×106 cells/ml) the fraction of permeabilized cells decreased by approximately 50%. We attributed this to the changes in the local electric field, which lead to a decrease in the amplitude of ITV. The uptake of Propidium Iodide also decreased with cell density, but by a larger amount than expected from permeabilization results. We supposed that the additional decrease in fluorescence was mainly due to cell swelling after permeabilization, which reduced extracellular dye availability to the permeabilized membrane and hindered the dye diffusion into the cells. Resealing of cells appeared to be slower in dense suspensions, which can also be attributed to cell swelling resulting from electropermeabilization
He, Susu. "Functional localization study of acid trehalase (Ath1) and its secretion mechanism in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000334/.
Full textTrehalose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl (1→1) alpha-D-gluocopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide found in many organisms including yeasts, fungi, bacteria, plants and insects. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, trehalose is one of the major storage carbohydrates, accounting for more than 25% of cell dry mass depending on growth conditions and stage of the yeast life cycle (Hottiger et al. , 1987a; Jules et al. , 2008; Lillie and Pringle, 1980). The accumulation of intracellular trehalose has two potential functions. First, it constitutes an endogenous storage of carbon and energy during spore germination and in resting cells. Second, trehalose acts as a stabilizer of cellular membranes and proteins (Francois and Parrou, 2001; Simola et al. , 2000; Singer and Lindquist, 1998). In the yeast S. Cerevisiae, trehalose is hydrolyzed into glucose by the action of two types of trehalases: the ‘neutral trehalases’ encoded by NTH1 and NTH2 (Jules et al. , 2008; Mittenbuhler and Holzer, 1988), which are optimally active at pH 7, and the ‘acid trehalase’ encoded by ATH1, showing optimal activity at pH 4. 5 (Destruelle et al. , 1995). Neutral trehalase has been well studied and is known to hydrolyze trehalose in the cytosol. While fungal acid trehalases, including the yeast Candida albicans (Pedreno et al. , 2004) and Kluyveromyces lactis (Swaim et al. , 2008) enzymes, have been reported to be localized at the cell surface, the localization of the S. Cerevisiae acid trehalase is still a matter of controversy. In 1982, Wiemken and coworkers (Keller et al. , 1982) first identified this protein in vacuole-enriched fraction obtained by density gradient centrifugation of a yeast protoplast preparation. Vacuolar localization of acid trehalase was very recently supported by in vivo imaging analyses using GFP-Ath1 fusion constructs under the strong and constitutive TPI1 promoter (Huang et al. , 2007). Furthermore, these authors employed various trafficking mutants to show that this acid trehalase reaches its vacuolar destination through the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. However, this localization contrasts with the fact that this enzyme allows yeast to grow on exogenous trehalose (Nwaka et al. , 1995b), and with a measurable Ath1 activity at the cell surface (Jules et al. , 2004)
Triffaux, Eleonore. "Interfacial study of a sensing platform for MDM2, based on the self-assembly of a p53 peptide on a gold electrode." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/217746.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Crépeau, Joël. "Development of a single-mode interstitial rotary probe for In Vivo deep brain fluorescence imaging." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29428/29428.pdf.
Full textThis thesis documents the expertise developed by the author at the Centre de recherchede l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ) in fibered endoscopy,particularly the design and construction of a new kind of optical microscope: ThePanoramic Interstitial Microscope (PIM). Through the juxtaposition of a short piece ofGraded-Index fibre and a prism at the end of a single-mode fibre, laser light is focussedon the side of the probe. To form an image, the latter is quickly spun around its axiswhile it is being pulled vertically by a piezoelectric actuator. This minimally invasivefluorescence rotary interstitial imaging system is an endeavor to limit the damage causedby the probe while imaging enough tissue to provide good context to the user in deep brain optical imaging.
Chen, X. "TAGGING BIOCONTROL STREPTOMYCES TO STUDY LETTUCE COLONIZATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/345187.
Full textSpiluttini, Béatrice. "Interaction du snARN U1 de l'épissage avec l'ARN polymérase II." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814598.
Full textBarulin, Aleksandr. "Label-free single protein fluorescence detection in the UV enhanced by aluminum plasmonic nanostructures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/201204_BARULIN_360oitqab739occoku598wcb932u_TH.pdf.
Full textSingle molecule fluorescence techniques enable to monitor the molecular dynamics and interactions in the biological processes. Nowadays, the molecular dynamics of proteins is principally accompanied by external fluorescent labeling. However, an attached molecule might perturb the protein dynamics. Fortunately, a vast majority of proteins contain tryptophan and tyrosine that absorb and emit light in the UV range of 260-400 nm. These intrinsically fluorescent amino acids yield limited absorption cross-section, quantum yield, and photostability in the UV range, which hampers single protein UV autofluorescence detection. In order to reach single molecule sensitivity of protein UV autofluorescence, we develop a time-resolved UV confocal microscope with 266 nm and 295 nm excitations and the detection optics in the near UV. Based on the total fluorescence time traces, we quantify the single molecule sensitivity, the effect of photostabilization techniques on the protein autofluorescence. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurements provide quantitative information on the detection volume, the fluorescence enhancement factors, and the accelerated photokinetics of the UV emitting molecules in the presence and absence of the aluminum (Al) nanostructures. Using p-terphenyl as a bright UV emitting molecule, we optimize the Al plasmonic nanostructures to enhance the single molecule fluorescence. Under certain conditions, the light confinement and fluorescence enhancement in the aluminum nanostructures enable to apply the UV plasmonics for the single molecule detection of label-free beta-galactosidase protein
Anquez, François. "Mort cellulaire induite in vitro par activation directe à 1270 nm de l'oxygène singulet." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10154/document.
Full textSinglet oxygen is the first electronically excited state of molecular oxygen. This specie is considered as the main cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. In PDT, singlet oxygen is produced via the activation by light of a photosensitizer molecule which will transfer its energy to molecular oxygen. This process leads to the excitation of molecular oxygen into the excited singlet state.In our study we have shown that it is possible by direct optical activation at 1270 nm (without a photosensitizer) of singlet oxygen to obtain oxidative stress that leads to cell death in vitro. This was done throught the developpement of a time-lapse experiment and the creation of high power tunable laser around 1270 nm and the in situ measurement of laser-induced temperature increase. These three points will be described. Then the prooves of the implication of singlet oxygen in cell death induced by 1270 nm irradiation will be exposed.In a second part of this work we studied optical methods for the detection of singlet oxygen directly, created by light absorption at 1270 nm, that could be exported to microscopy
Ait, el Madani Hassan. "Microscopie multiphotonique in vivo chez l'homme : application à l'analyse dynamique des modifications structurales et fonctionnelles cutanées et à l'évaluation de la réponse thérapeutique." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077214.
Full textInvestigation of the 3D structure of human skin with a sub-cellular resolution. Multiphoton microscopy imaging has generated new qualitative information in dermatology. However, only very few published data deal with quantitative analysis from multiphoton images. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the developpement of multiphoton images analysis, by a rationalization of the visual approach and the validation of new quantitative parameters. Two clinical approaches were performed. The first one addressed the assessment and the monitoring of cutaneous side effects induced by topical corticotherapy. A preliminary pilot study allowed demonstration that multiphoton microscopy was able to objectivate morphological and pigmentary modifications in epidermis in a non invasive way. A more comprehensive second study focusing on two age groups showed that multiphoton microscopy could objectivate age-related cutaneous modifications. Differences in the effect induced by the corticoids were characterized between young and old volunteers. Quantitative parameters were validated by comparison to already known histological features. The second clinical approach dealt with a physiological situation: analysis of different skin color typologies. This study comforted the pertinence of quantitative parameters related to pigmentation assessment. Discrimination of various skin color typologies was performed thanks to quantitative methods based on use of the specific fluorescence lifetime of the melanin or its high fluorescence signal
Gozhyk, Iryna. "Polarization and gain phenomena in dye-doped polymer micro-lasers." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063044.
Full textTraoré, Mariama. "Interactions des lipoprotéines de faible densité avec les cellules endothéliales vasculaires humaines : influence des contraintes de cisaillement : étude in vitro par microscopie de fluorescence confocale." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10123/document.
Full textNumerous studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis suggest that several steps are involved, such as lipid accumulation in the artery wall resulting from transendothelial uptake of LDL-Cholesterol, followed by LDL oxidation. In this work, we developed spectroscopic and microscopic methods to study the effect of shear stress on the kinetics of internalization and degradation of native LDL in human vascular endothelial cells. FRET and FCS techniques were performed by using confocal microscopy. Native LDL were labeled with two carbocyanine dyes, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) as donor and 3,3’- dioctadecyloxa-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) as receptor. FCS techniques allowed us to evaluate the yield of the double labeling of the LDL with DiI and DiO, where as the average lifetime of the both fluorophore was determined by FLIM techniques, and the FRET measurements enable us to follow the degradation of the LDL in the living single cells. Our studies show: 1) – that the yield of the LDL double-labeling with DiI and DiO was about 30%, and 82,84% of DiI carried by LDL are subject in FRET process with DiO. 2) – the average lifetime of DiO coupled with LDL in HUVEC was about 2 100 ps ??800 by adjustment of order 1 following the excitation of molecules in multiphoton mode (??ex = 800 nm), whereas the average lifetime of DiO coupled with DiI-LDL measured under the same conditions was about 320 ps ??400, this decreasing of the lifetime of the donor DiO (from 2 100 ps to 320 ps) in the presence of DiI reflects the energy transfer dependent on the molecular proximity of the two partners (DiO, DiI) on LDL molecules ; 3) – the possibility to evaluate the kinetics of LDL endocytosis in living single cells and the degradation of LDL was depending on the shear conditions (shear stress induced changes in the kinetics of uptake and degradation). In accordance with increasing knowledge and understanding, and regarding all available data, we conclude that confocal microscopic study, FRET, FCS and FLIM could be useful methods to establish the basic and clinical studies of LDL uptake in atherosclerosis. However, further studies need to be performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which shear stress modulates the expression of LDL receptors
Sellou, Hafida. "Role of Poly-(ADP-ribose)-ylation signaling pathway in the chromatin remodeling after DNA damage." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B029/document.
Full textIn each human cell, many thousands of DNA lesions arise every day, challenging continuously the genome integrity. The majority of these lesions results from byproducts of normal cell metabolism or DNA replication, but they are also induced by exposure to radiations and genotoxic chemicals. The integrity of the genome is preserved by a plethora of different DNA damage signalling and repair machinery arranged by the cells. In the cell nucleus, DNA associates with scaffolding proteins to form the chromatin. The chromatin is tightly packed in the nucleus through several levels of organization. Such high-packing state poses a significant challenge for the repair machinery. Indeed, the damaged DNA needs to be accessible to repair proteins, and for that, cells have developed several mechanisms to allow the access to the damaged chromatin. The early steps of the DNA damage response involve the activation of proteins that are part of signalling pathways. One of the proteins activated upon DNA damage is PARP1, which synthetizes long and branched chains of ADP-ribose (poly-ADP-ribose or PAR) on itself and other chromatin factors, including histones. The activation of PARP1 leads to the recruitment of several effectors involved in DNA repair and chromatin remodeling. However the exact function of the PAR-signalling during early DNA damage response and in particular during chromatin remodeling at DNA breaks remains unclear. During my PhD, I used advanced fluorescent imaging tools to study in living cells the dynamics of chromatin in the nucleus at a local scale upon DNA damage. I used these tools to study PAR-dependent chromatin relaxation after DNA damage and to screen factors that selectively alter the dynamic behaviour of the damaged chromatin. This methodology allowed us to identify PAR-dependent factors involved in the local chromatin remodeling upon DNA damage
Mettra, Bastien. "Ingénierie, photophysique et fonctionnalisation de chromophores pour la bio-photonique non linéaire in-vivo." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1038/document.
Full textThe use of two-photon absorbing (TPA) chromophore for applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence imaging provides many advantages. The non-linear properties make it possible to increase both observation depth in animals and 3D resolution. Nevertheless, for in-vivo applications, improving bio-compatibility of these inherently lipophilic chromophore is a challenge. The development of new chromophores for PDT-TPA using a molecular engineering approach using bromide substituents as singlet oxygen generators is described. Parameters like position and number of bromide, the conjugated length and chromophore symmetry are studied. The study shows the importance of bromide atom position and of the symmetry on the inter system crossing efficiency. During the engineering study, spectroscopic observation and rationalization permit to envision the design of new chromophores for two photon laser scanning fluorescent microscopy. Bio-compatibility of these chromophores is provided by (hydroxyethyl)acrylate polymer, which provides a covalent water-soluble shell. These chromophores are used to make high resolution image of cerebral vascularization. One of these chromophores shows intravital specific interaction with endothelial cells in blood vessels. Some applications of the chromophore are described. Strategies to increase the intravital selectivity of polymer/chromophores units towards cancer cells and tumor are presented. A modification of hydroxyl function by imidazolium group is described. This new chromophore is evaluated towards its complexation properties with DNA and in cellulo spectroscopic studies
Schoutteten, Laetitia. "Photophysique et photochimie du calcium green in vitro et ex vivo." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DENS0022.
Full textNasser, Khalafallah Mahmoud Lamees. "A dictionary-based denoising method toward a robust segmentation of noisy and densely packed nuclei in 3D biological microscopy images." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS283.pdf.
Full textCells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms. All living organisms share life processes such as growth and development, movement, nutrition, excretion, reproduction, respiration and response to the environment. In cell biology research, understanding cells structure and function is essential for developing and testing new drugs. In addition, cell biology research provides a powerful tool to study embryo development. Furthermore, it helps the scientific research community to understand the effects of mutations and various diseases. Time-Lapse Fluorescence Microscopy (TLFM) is one of the most appreciated imaging techniques which can be used in live-cell imaging experiments to quantify various characteristics of cellular processes, i.e., cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In TLFM imaging, not only spatial information is acquired, but also temporal information obtained by repeating imaging of a labeled sample at specific time points, as well as spectral information, that produces up to five-dimensional (X, Y, Z + Time + Channel) images. Typically, the generated datasets consist of several (hundreds or thousands) images, each containing hundreds to thousands of objects to be analyzed. To perform high-throughput quantification of cellular processes, nuclei segmentation and tracking should be performed in an automated manner. Nevertheless, nuclei segmentation and tracking are challenging tasks due to embedded noise, intensity inhomogeneity, shape variation as well as a weak boundary of nuclei. Although several nuclei segmentation approaches have been reported in the literature, dealing with embedded noise remains the most challenging part of any segmentation algorithm. We propose a novel 3D denoising algorithm, based on unsupervised dictionary learning and sparse representation, that can both enhance very faint and noisy nuclei, in addition, it simultaneously detects nuclei position accurately. Furthermore, our method is based on a limited number of parameters, with only one being critical, which is the approximate size of the objects of interest. The framework of the proposed method comprises image denoising, nuclei detection, and segmentation. In the denoising step, an initial dictionary is constructed by selecting random patches from the raw image then an iterative technique is implemented to update the dictionary and obtain the final one which is less noisy. Next, a detection map, based on the dictionary coefficients used to denoise the image, is used to detect marker points. Afterward, a thresholding-based approach is proposed to get the segmentation mask. Finally, a marker-controlled watershed approach is used to get the final nuclei segmentation result. We generate 3D synthetic images to study the effect of the few parameters of our method on cell nuclei detection and segmentation, and to understand the overall mechanism for selecting and tuning the significant parameters of the several datasets. These synthetic images have low contrast and low signal to noise ratio. Furthermore, they include touching spheres where these conditions simulate the same characteristics exist in the real datasets. The proposed framework shows that integrating our denoising method along with classical segmentation method works properly in the context of the most challenging cases. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, two datasets from the cell tracking challenge are extensively tested. Across all datasets, the proposed method achieved very promising results with 96.96% recall for the C.elegans dataset. Besides, in the Drosophila dataset, our method achieved very high recall (99.3%)
Sipieter, François. "Development and validation of kinase activity reporters for the dynamical study of cell response modalities by microscopy : Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase / Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase in necroptosis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10167.
Full textNecroptosis is defined as a caspase-independent programmed cell death and relies on a signaling pathway involving two serine-threonine kinases: Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3) and the pseudo-kinase Mixed-Lineage Kinase Like (MLKL). Activation of Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) was reported to be involved in different modes of programmed cell death. It is now accepted that the regulation of the duration, magnitude and subcellular compartmentalization of ERK1/2 activity by specific spatio-temporal regulators is interpreted by the cell towards cell fate determination. ERK1/2 inhibition delays TNFα-induced necroptosis in L929 cells in a dose dependent manner but did not block it, providing arguments for a pro-necrotic function of ERK1/2. In this context, a compartmentalized biphasic phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was observed. Our results indicate a RIPK1-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Owing to the importance of ERK1/2 spatio-temporal dynamics in determining cellular responses, we developed a new reporter of ERK2 localization named ERK2-LOC. We observed a transient translocation of ERK2 when necroptosis was triggered in L929 upon TNFα stimulation, followed by progressive ERK2 accumulation in the nucleus. ERK1/2 activities were monitored during necroptosis using a FRET-based kinase biosensor for ERK1/2 (ERK1/2-ACT). Using ERK1/2-ACT, a dedicated spatio-temporal signature of ERK1/2 activity was recorded during necroptosis. Finally, to correlate ERK1/2 activity code with necroptosis occurrence, we also engineered a first generation of FRET biosensors to report on both RIPK1 and RIPK3 activities during necroptosis
Woringer, Maxime. "Tools to analyze single-particle tracking data in mammalian cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS419.
Full textThis work aims at providing tools to dissect the regulation of transcription in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on single-particle tracking of transcription factors in mammalian cells. The nucleus of an eukeryotic cell is an extremely complex medium, that contains a high concentration of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) and other small molecules (ATP, etc). How these molecules interact with transcription factors, and thus influence transcription rates is an area of intense investigations. Although some of these interactions can be captured by regular biochemistry, many of them, including weak, non-covalent interactions remain undetected by these methods. Live-cell imaging and single-particle tracking (SPT) techniques are increasingly used to characterize such effects. The inference of biophysical parameters of a given transcription factor (TF), such as its diffusion constant, the number of subpopulations or its residence time on DNA, are crucial to understanding how TF dynamics and transcription intertwine. Accurate and validated SPT analysis tools are needed. To be used by the community, SPT tools should not only be carefully validated, but also be easily accessible to non-programmers. They should also be designed to take into account known biases of the imaging techniques. In this work, we first propose a tool, accessible through a web interface, based on the modeling of the diffusion propagator. We validate it extensively and show that it exhibits state-of-the art performance. We apply this tool to two experimental settings: (1) the study of catalysis-enhanced diffusion in-vitro and (2) the analysis of the dynamics of the c-Myc transcription factor in mammalian cells