Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'In situ MEB caractérisation'
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Comby, Dassonneville Solène. "Développement et application d'un nanoindenteur in situ MEB couplé à des mesures électriques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI047/document.
Full textThe increasing demand for multifunctional materials has become a recurrent challenge for a wide panel of application fields such as microelectronics and structural applications. Within the frame of this project, a multifunctional characterisation set-up has been developed at SIMaP lab, mainly based on the electrical / mechanical coupling. The heart of this device is an in situ FEG-SEM (Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope) nanoindenter coupled with an electrical measurement apparatus. This work has threefold objectives: (1) The investigation of mechanical behavior of small scale systems, (2) The input of electrical data to the quantitative analysis of mechanical behavior during indentation, in particular to obtain a better estimation of the contact area (3) The local study of electronic properties of thin film stacks. SEM integration of the device has been validated and indent positioning with a precision better than 100 nm is successfully obtained. This performance allows the studies of mechanical properties at submicrometric length scale, with a high throughput allowing statistical measurements. Various bulk composite materials have been characterized as well as submicrometric gold islands on sapphire. In the latter case, despite the stochastic nature of their mechanical behavior, a deterministic law has been extracted. 3D-BCDI (Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging) experiments have been performed on a few islands at synchrotron facility to investigate the crystal state before and after mechanical loading. These experiments reveal initial dislocation nucleation prior to large deformation bursts. In parallel to this study, electrical measurements have been performed during indentation on various cases. Resistive-nanoindentations have been performed on noble metals (Au) and natively oxidized metals (Cu, Al), either as bulk single crystals or as polycrystalline thin films. Qualitative results emphasize the importance of the oxide layer on the electrical response. In the presence of an oxide layer, strong electrochemical reactions seem to occur at the tip-to-sample interface. When no oxide is involved, the measured resistance can be fully described by an analytical model and the computed electrical contact area is successfully validated with residual areas measurements. Finally, capacitive measurements have been performed on MOS structures with various oxide thicknesses. Experimental results have been well described by analytical modelling, which paves the way for quantitative local dielectric permittivity measurements under mechanical loading
El, sabbagh Alexandre. "Caractérisation du mécanisme de glissement aux joints de grains dans l’aluminium à haute température par mesures de champs in situ MEB." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX098/document.
Full textIn many industrial applications, polycrystalline materials are subjected to high temperatures at which grain boundary sliding (GBS) plays an essential part. It is however strongly coupled with intracrystalline plasticity, but very few models account for this coupling. GBS is not well understood and poorly quantified experimentally. To do so we have developed a set-up to perform in-situ compression experiments inside a scanning electron microscope, with a contactless temperature measurement. The tests have been done with large grained aluminium samples (0.1 % wt Mn) at several temperatures between 25°C and 400°C and a low strain rate. The kinematic fields measured by digital image correlation (DIC) have allowed the analysis of the start and development of plasticity mechanisms during deformation and their evolution with temperature. We have shown a strong coupling between intragranular plasticity and GBS. At higher temperature, the deformation is more concentrated at the grain boundaries while intragranular slip gets more complex, involving more glide systems. A DIC method has been used to measure the discontinuities at the grain boundaries and thus quantify the part of GBS with respect to the total plastic deformation at 200°C. Despite a large grain size, GBS contributes significantly to the deformation. GBS appears from the start of the deformation process, then reaches a limit. A local approach has been developed to quantify the local amplitude of GBS. This has allowed to weigh the influence of some geometrical parameters, such as grain misorientation, a coefficient which measures the transfer of intragranular sliding across the grain boundary and the orientation of the grain boundary with respect to the direction of solicitation. This last parameter seems to be the most relevant, but does not suffice to characterize the amplitude of the slip. The local properties of the microstructure cannot be neglected
Ramarozatovo, Vonjy. "Élaboration in-situ et caractérisation de nanotubes hétérogènes par plasma d'arc électrique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1948/.
Full textFor about ten years, the world research activities concerning carbon nanotubes (NTCs) synthesis are focused on NTCs transformation for elaborating the new generation of NTCs that are hetero-NTC-s or meta-nanotubes. Hetero-NTCs consist in partial or complete substitution of carbon atoms by hetero-atoms, typically N and/or B, leading to a modification of the electronic structure and then a new behavior. These new nano-objects appear as very promising for numerous applications. Indeed the use of this new family of nano-objects allows considering access to properties unobtainable with generic NTCs, or solving some recurring process problems such as the lack of selectivity of today's synthesis methods concerning the type of electronic behavior (metallic versus semi-conductor) of single wall NTCs (SWNTs) formed in the same batch. As example, partial substitution by N atoms on a SWNT (N*NTCs) provides it a metallic behavior no matters the helicity. Besides, the N*NTCs have increased electronic emission properties, increased magnetic behavior, greater hardness, significantly modified chemical reactivity,. . . The aim of the study developed in this thesis is then to synthetize these heterogeneous nanotubes by the electric arc method. Since the EELS analysis (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy), process allowing estimating the substitution rate of carbon atoms by other atoms (nitrogen or boron) needs a large quantity of single wall NTCs, the first essential step for developing our study consisted in notably increasing the pure SWNTs yield. In addition to the usually studied parameters we did consider a new one: the reactor chamber volume. The second step of our study was dedicated to identify the favorable operating conditions for nitrogen doped heterogeneous nanotubes synthesis. Two different techniques were then employed for nitrogen input: i) filling the anodes with melamine (C3H6N6) powders and Nickel and Yttrium powders, ii) use of Helium and Nitrogen (He+N2) mixtures as plasmagen gas. The plasma diagnostic is developed by optical emission spectroscopy. The excitation temperature (Te) and the heavy particles temperature (Th) have been obtained using the Boltzmann plot method applied to the metallic elements lines as well to the rotational lines of Swan band C2(0,0). The concentration ratio [CI]/[NI] was then estimated for each studied condition. The influence of departure from LTE on heterogeneous NTCs synthesis is also discussed in this study. In parallel to the plasma characterization we also proceed to measurements of temperature in the close vicinity of the plasma periphery using thermocouples and infrared camera in order to define the heterogeneous nanotubes growth zone. The characterization of obtained heterogeneous nanotubes was systematically performed using different techniques: TEM analysis (Transmission Electron Microscopy) for NTCs characterization, EDS-X analysis (Energy Dispersive X-rays Spectroscopy) supported by the EELS process for estimating the substitution rate of the carbon atoms by nitrogen. The established correlation between the plasma characteristics and the nanotubes growth zone temperature allowed us to identify the favorable conditions for heterogeneous nanotubes synthesis
Fassi, Fihri Omar. "Caractérisation à l'échelle du pore de la mouillabilité des roches réservoirs : influence de la minéralogie et de la géométrie des parois de pores." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10398.
Full textBignoli, Francesco. "Tailoring mechanical behavior of metallic thin films through nanoengineering design strategies : investigation of metallic glass and high entropy alloy films." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA131031.
Full textMetallic thin films have become object of intense research in recent years due to the activation of mechanical size effects improving strength and plasticity.However, the study of the connection between the local structure and the mechanical behavior of a thin film is not fully understood yet and the research for new nanostructures capable to further improve and tailor their mechanical properties is still an open subject.In this PhD project, we exploit the potential of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) to synthetize novel thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) and high entropy alloys (TFHEAs) with unique and tailored composition-microstructure including cluster-assembled, nanolaminate, while tuning local chemistry (especially with O incorporation) to produce thin films with improved strength and plasticity.For the case of TFMGs the control of the local structure allows the delay and suppression of shear bands and improvement of the strength resulting in films with yield strength > 3 GPa and 15% homogeneous deformation.For the case of TFHEAs, PLD can control the grain size obtaining large values of hardness (11 GPa) and have improved crack resistance on tensile tests on Kapton® (3.44%) with respect to sputtered samples (8.3 GPa and 2%).Overall, within this thesis we open the way to the use of PLD as a new technique to synthetize metallic films with unique nanostructure and composition and large mechanical properties for applications as high-performance structural coatings
Thiébaut, Maxime. "Énergie marine renouvelable : caractérisation des ressources hydrocinétiques en Manche et étude d'impact de la turbulence sur l'efficacité de systèmes de récupération d'énergie tidale." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0457/document.
Full textDespite the growing interest , the use of tidal energy still lags far behind other renewable resource. This delayed development can be explained, on the one hand, by the absence of a relevant methodology for quantifying the hydrokinetic potential and, on the other hand, by the hostile marine environment, in which turbulent phenomena apply constraints on the structure of marine current turbines. The use of High Frequency Radar, presented in the first part of this thesis, provides a powerful tool for analyzing tidal dynamics and its spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Never used in the fields of renewable marine energy, it offers a convincing alternative to numerical modeling which is often chosen although generating questionable results because of simplistic conceptualization of real phenomena. The second part of this thesis is the study of the impact of a fully developed turbulent flow on the performance of a Darrieus-type turbine prototypes. The spectral analysis of the current velocity time series revealed the scalar properties of the flow. Multiscale characterization showed that the flow is driven by a dynamic process of successive breaks of fluid structures of size ranging from the injection scale to the molecular diffusion scale. Finally, the dynamical scaling of the turbulence of the velocity and power spectra generated by the marine current turbine has revealed a certain similarity between the size of the eddies structures that govern the flow and the dimensions of the turbine
Brevet, Aude. "Les premiers instants de la croissance de films minces d'oxydes métalliques par MOCVD : caractérisation physico-chimique de l'interface film/substrat." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011989.
Full textLa formation d'une couche interfaciale de SiOy<2, par interaction du précurseur Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4 avec le substrat, précède la formation de TiO2 et conduit à la présence de carbone à l'interface. La diffusion de silicium au sein de la couche superficielle de TiO2 a été constatée à la température de dépôt de 675 °C. Dès les premiers instants de la croissance, des cristallites de structure anatase et rutile se forment au sein de la couche de TiO2 amorphe. La croissance des grains de rutile s'arrête en cours de dépôt. Celle des grains d'anatase se poursuit sous forme de colonnes monocristallines.
Jacob, Paul. "Détection et compréhension des mécanismes de mouillage en distillation membranaire sous vide appliquée au dessalement d'eau de mer." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0036.
Full textWith an ever-increasing population and the growing disparity in potable water resource, humanity has turned its attention to the oceans for its potable water needs. To overcome the current limitations in current desalination technologies, membrane distillation (MD) is actively being developed. The interest of MD for seawater desalination was established in the last decades but today the risk of membrane wetting is one of the major barrier for industrial implementation of MD. Under the framework of the ANR project “WETMEM”, the issue of this thesis was to develop tools for better understanding wetting mechanisms in vacuum membrane distillation. Several fabricated (WETMEM partners) and commercial membranes were studied to understand the influences of membrane properties on wettability. Therefore, a definition and classification on wetting were formulated. After that two wetting indicators were developed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray dispersion spectroscopy under a method called “Detection of Dissolved Tracer Intrusion”. A proof of concept was provided with various wetting mechanisms visualized and interpreted. These ex-situ indicators were used with wettability tools (Contact Angle, Liquid Entry Pressure) to understand the influence of temperature (35-50°C), salinity (22-310 g/L NaCl sol.) and flow rate (400 – 4000 Re) on wetting and wettability of a PVDF membrane under vacuum membrane distillation. Indeed, it was found that salinity has a greater impact on wetting than the other operating parameters. Additionally, a proof of concept was provided for non-invasive in-situ optical method for visualizing wetting in membrane distillation. Progression of in-situ wetting visualization was validated at different scales for various saline solutions and seawaters
JOURNEL, BLANDINE. "Apports atmosphériques de métaux en mer Ligure : caractérisation géochimique et devenir dans la colonne d'eau (site Dyfamed)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30104.
Full textMagnan, Denis. "Caractérisation in-situ des sols gonflants : l'essai expansol." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10157.
Full textFlecheux, Cédric. "Développement d'un carottier pour la caractérisation in situ du pergélisol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25776.
Full textIn permafrost areas, environmental changes such as infrastructure building and climate change have effects on the thermal regime of soil and can prompt unusual permafrost melt. As a consequence, this will lead to degradation of the mechanical properties of the soil. Thus, good knowledge about permafrost characteristics is essential to make right decisions during building projects. The goal of this project is to facilitate the execution of campaigns related to thaw settlement assessment of frozen soils. This can be achieved by developing a drilling tool that is able to carry out these in situ tests. A prototype was built. From the outside, the invention looks like an ice coring auger. Laboratory tests were made in pure ice and synthetic permafrost barrels. The coring ability and the reliability of the thaw settlement tests were appreciated for different kind of soils, fine and coarser.
Verdet, Cecile. "Caractérisation multi-échelle du milieu karstique non saturé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0047/document.
Full textThe karst environment and especially its superficial part is typified by an important alteration. At the Lascaux site, alteration is responsible for plate limestone and also detrital clayey-sands soils due to dissolution of limestones. The presence of painted caves in this altered environment raises the need to characterize the karst environment in order to protect the caves and contribute to mural paintings conservation. The aim of this PhD thesis is to characterize the karst environment at different scales using two main methods: (1) geophysics and in particular Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and (2), petrophysics at the Lab scale, including microscopy, mercury porosimetry and electrical measurements. At the field scale, we characterized the calcareous surroundings of the Lascaux cave relying on a 6 years-long time-lapse monitoring by ERT complemented by geostatistical 3D reconstructions of the resistivity values. The time-lapse monitoring permitted a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the site. Combining ERT time-lapse monitoring, 3D models of the resistivity distribution and additional measurements on samples allowed to identify a drain within the epikarst, which is most likely responsible for the emergence of water at the Lascaux cave entrance. The 3D modelling of the resistivity values also allowed to identify a scarp of unaltered limestones, northeast of the Lascaux cave, leaving room for clayey-sand detrital formations. In relation to a current research program on the Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave, an original micro-ERT acquisition layout was fitted on the wall of an underground quarry, allowing measurements at a sub-metric scale with a centimetric resolution. At such a fine resolution, an unwanted electrode effect appeared. We remedied this electrode effect by inverting ERT data with an Equivalent Electrode Point (EEP) buried in the ground at a characteristic depth. The quarry wall was subjected to fires. Relying on a micro-ERT time-lapse monitoring during few months complemented by petrophysical analyses, we showed that the fires impacted the first centimeters of the quarry wall whose porosity and connectivity were modified. We also showed that seasonal water saturation variations could be detected at such a small scale. Thus, this small scale acquisition layout may ultimately be used at Lascaux to measure and predict water intakes directly at the cave walls in relation, or not, with the water flow modelled at the field scale. Such an approach may become a new tool for the conservation of painted cave walls
Fortineau, Julien. "Caractérisation et contrôle ultrasonore in situ de membranes échangeuses de protons." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4004/document.
Full textNo summary available
Lemarié, Quentin. "Développement et caractérisation in situ d'électrodes positives pour batteries Lithium/soufre." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI041.
Full textEven though the Li-ion technology is dominating nowadays battery market, it is suffering from the high cost and toxicity of some of its materials as well as struggling to reach the performance goals set by always more demanding hybrid and electric vehicles. Facing the need for a new battery generation, the lithium/sulfur (Li/S) technology stands as a promising candidate for a medium term industrialization and commercialization. Based on an abundant and low-cost active material, elemental sulfur, it enables practical energy densities two to three times higher than current Li-ion batteries. However, the intermediate electrochemical reactions of this system imply many dissolutions/depositions of the active material, causing important morphological variations at the positive electrode which have a major impact on the capacity and cycling performance of the batteries. Hence a better comprehension of those degradation mechanisms is required in order to develop new and innovating electrode materials enabling an optimization of the performance of the system. Therefore, the first goal of the thesis was to employ innovative in situ characterization techniques in order to develop tools allowing to link the properties of the different electrode materials to the performance of the batteries. To do so, three techniques were used: acoustic emission, X-ray tomography and dilatometry. Then, the conclusions drawn from the observations made from the characterization tools enabled us to focus the conception of the electrodes on using a new binder based on a polyelectrolyte material. In this work, we were in particular able to demonstrate a relationship between the measured acoustic activity during the first charge/discharge cycles of different electrode formulations to their mechanical properties. Then, coupling in situ X-ray tomography and diffraction enabled us to shed light on new phenomena linked to the dissolution and deposition of sulfur during the 1st cycle. Finally, the combination of the study of thickness variation via dilatometry, of the monitoring of the acoustic activity and of tomographic observations was the key to prove the better mechanical properties of the polyelectrolyte binder. Together with its properties of regulation of the sulfur species, our conclusions strengthen the certain interest in the family of materials as a binder of positive electrodes for Li/S batteries
Étienne, Marc. "Caractérisation in situ des milieux fracturés à l'aide des diagraphies géophysiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35030.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Renaux, Thibault. "Caractérisation des alliages d'aluminium après refusion in situ : application au soudage." Valenciennes, 2005. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c3a15612-7d6a-4552-9cc9-178ac3e95441.
Full textAluminium alloys arc welding under gas protection diversified in particular for transport industries applications. The effects of welding parameters could be achieved so much experimental determination remains incomplete. This study deals with the development of an experimental and numerical protocol able to reproduce the processing conditions of the welded joint. The complementarity of these two aspects allows interpretation to local and global scale of the noted phenomena. The test, based on various hot trials developed in the laboratory, is supplemented by a device restoring cooling speeds comparable with those observed in welding. The tensile mechanical characteristics of the studied alloys are determined by reverse method and implemented within the finite elements representation of the test. The objective of present works is to answer to the problems linked on the processing mode of the joint and to approach the clamping effects during cooling. The results are braced by the numerical approach. The influences of the parameters of preparation, protective flow and pre-heating are quantified in glance of an assembly obtained under normal conditions. Not preheated specimens, or not pickled surfaces, penalize the tensile strength of the welded joint. Mechanical strength of the assembly is expressed according to the variations of the heating rate and of the holding period to weld metal melting. The analysis of these two aspects reveals that they aren’t determining as for the optimization of the strength of the welded joint. This strength is indeed more affected by the cooling mode and can be improved by rising the cooled argon flow. Clamping effects are quantified to comparison of the global internal stresses of assemblies. They take part mainly in the evolution of internal stresses observed during cooling
Nisr, Carole. "Caractérisation des dislocations in situ dans les minéraux sous haute pression." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10114/document.
Full textThe Earth mantle and inner core are submitted to large scale movements of solid materials. The physical process allowing the flow of solid materials is connected to plastic properties and, in particular, dislocations. It is the source of seismic wave velocities anisotropy. However, the deformation mechanisms of deep Earth minerals are poorly understood. Deep in the Earth’s interior, minerals are under extreme conditions; the temperature reaches several thousand degrees and the pressure is more than one million times the atmospheric pressure. The experimental study of the plasticity of those minerals requires deformation experiments under high pressure and temperature. High pressure phenomena are often determined from experiments using diamond anvil cell to reach the conditions of pressure and temperature of the mantle. The objective of this thesis was to develop a new technique for studying dislocations in situ in grains inside a polycrystal under high pressure, directly from their effect on the X ray diffraction profiles. To do so, we combine three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3D-XRD) to X ray Line Profile Analysis method (XLPA). The development done in this thesis was applied to post-perovskite, the main constituent of the D'' layer at the core-mantle boundary and to stishovite, present mainly in subducting slabs. The results obtained are useful for understanding and modeling of convection and the development of seismic anisotropy in the mantle
Nisr, Carole. "Caractérisation des dislocations in situ dans les minéraux sous haute pression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10114.
Full textThe Earth mantle and inner core are submitted to large scale movements of solid materials. The physical process allowing the flow of solid materials is connected to plastic properties and, in particular, dislocations. It is the source of seismic wave velocities anisotropy. However, the deformation mechanisms of deep Earth minerals are poorly understood. Deep in the Earth’s interior, minerals are under extreme conditions; the temperature reaches several thousand degrees and the pressure is more than one million times the atmospheric pressure. The experimental study of the plasticity of those minerals requires deformation experiments under high pressure and temperature. High pressure phenomena are often determined from experiments using diamond anvil cell to reach the conditions of pressure and temperature of the mantle. The objective of this thesis was to develop a new technique for studying dislocations in situ in grains inside a polycrystal under high pressure, directly from their effect on the X ray diffraction profiles. To do so, we combine three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3D-XRD) to X ray Line Profile Analysis method (XLPA). The development done in this thesis was applied to post-perovskite, the main constituent of the D'' layer at the core-mantle boundary and to stishovite, present mainly in subducting slabs. The results obtained are useful for understanding and modeling of convection and the development of seismic anisotropy in the mantle
Ben, Romdhane Ferdaous. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nouvelles phases bidimensionnelles par microscopie électronique in-situ." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE001/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the synthesis and characterization of new two-dimensional phases in an in-situ transmission electron microscopy experiment. These studies concerned the nucleation and growth of three deferent materials: quasi-two-dimensional silica (SiO2), the smallest possible carbon cages with the size of C20, and two-dimensional chalcocite (β-Cu2S). The characterization of these structures has been performed using high resolution imaging (HRTEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the nucleation and growth of an ordered or disordered 2D crystalline phase of silica on different substrates (Co, Ru, Fe) and a 1D silica phase grown at atomic steps of a metal surface. The second part illustrates the in-situ growth of the smallest possible carbon cages with a diameter of about 0.36 nm on catalytically active metal surfaces such as Co, Fe, or Ru. The last part is devoted to the growth of the thinnest stable layer of β-Cu2S on a graphene surface. All these studies were accompanied by image simulations
Revaux, Thierry. "Essais de caractérisation mécanique d'alliages métalliques après refusion et solidification in situ." Valenciennes, 1997. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/6951ee34-db16-4128-a234-31197a341776.
Full textChaffar, Khaled. "Thermographie active appliquée à la caractérisation in situ de parois de bâtiment." Thesis, Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0204/document.
Full textCurrent environmental concerns are intended to reduce energy consumption. In a process of improving existing buildings, the study of the thermal behavior of a wall is not easy because of the ignorance of its real thermophysical properties. These parameters are yet to dominate the economic optimization phase of the rehabilitation or to check its performance in situ. It therefore appears important to characterize the walls of existing building. Our work aims to develop a method of thermal characterization of a wall suitable for in situ applications based on an active approach. The principle of identification is to apply a heat-face access by imposing a heat flux in the form of a pulse and to study the temperature response recorded by infrared thermography on the other side. From signal flow and temperature measured at the limits of the wall, the thermophysical properties of the wall will be estimated by inverse method. We are at present interested in homogeneous walls. The inversion scheme is built around a digital model describing the response of the wall following the finite difference method in 1D. The identification of the thermal conductivity and heat volume of the wall is achieved by optimizing the group of parameters which minimizes the normalized difference between the temperature measured and the temperature standard simulated. The overall Global exchange coefficient is also identified from the same test. In this work, the method was applied to a homogeneous wall tile plaster introduction to the laboratory. It has a thickness of 6.5 cm. This technique was used for multilayer walls of buildings. The results of this inversion procedure were compared with reference values obtained from a standard procedure (DIN EN 12664-flow meter methods). A good agreement is obtained. Another part is the in situ tests
Le, Lu Tuan. "Etude par essais in situ MEB et AFM sur monocristaux des mécanismes de glissement à température ambiante de la ferrite de pureté commerciale." Paris 13, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01725850.
Full textKbibou, Mohamed. "Caractérisation in situ de la transition liquide solide par diffusion des rayons X." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0068.
Full textCasting is a process widely used in the industry. Usually the characterization of casting parts is performed aftersolidification and extraction from the mold. This study aims to develop an in-situ characterization of the solidificationof alloys using a laboratory source, which makes it possible to characterize the evolutions and phase transformationstaking place during solidification by X-ray diffraction and scattering. A diffraction cell, allowing an in-situcharacterization of this solidification by X-ray diffraction, was instrumented and fixed on the Seifert 3000 goniometerof MSMP laboratory. This study was conducted on low-melting Bi-Sn eutectic and hypoeutectic binary alloys, whichare used, at lower temperatures, to describe the behavior of Al-Si type casting alloys. Optical and electronicalmicrostructural analyzes were performed to describe the microstructure of the two alloys at room temperature and athermal analysis allowed to define their solidification temperatures. The diffraction spectra obtained in the crystallinesolid state were analyzed in order to determine the changes in the crystal lattice parameters as well as the fractions ofthe phases constituting the alloys. Lattice parameters vary considerably with increasing temperature. In both phasesthe effect of thermal expansion tends to dilate the crystal lattice. In (β-Sn) phase, which is a solid solution whosechemical composition in Bi varies significantly depending on the temperature, the effect of composition and thermalexpansion are simultaneous, they combine to cause important dilation of the lattice below eutectic temperature thenoppose when the composition in Bi decreases causing a contraction of the (β-Sn) lattice above the eutectic. In theliquid state, the reduced radial distribution function made it possible to determine the local atomic distribution. Thepositions of the first close neighbors have been identified and compared to the crystalline order of the solid alloy. Thestudy presented here was carried out on model alloys with a low melting point, which could be pursued by an in-situanalysis of the evolution of the state of mechanical stresses in the alloy during its solidification. Subsequently, thestudy can be carried out on Al-Si type casting alloys using a mobile and miniaturized system, mounted on realfoundry molds under controlled kinetics of solidification
Rocha, Filho Francisco. "Caractérisation in situ des populations lymphocytaires de la moelle osseuse normale et pathologique." Paris 12, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA120039.
Full textMansour, Haithem. "Caractérisation des défauts cristallins au MEB par canalisation d’électrons assistée par diagrammes pseudo-Kikuchi haute résolution : application à l’acier IF, UO2 et TiAl." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0311/document.
Full textElectron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique used to observe and characterize crystallographic defects. ECCI requires the crystal to be oriented relative to the electron beam with high accuracy (0.1°) in order to control the electron channeling conditions. The SEM techniques used to determine the crystallographic orientation, such as conventional Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD) or Rocking Beam, don’t satisfy the high accuracy required for ECCI. Therefore, the characterization of crystallographic defects by ECCI is used only in single crystals or polycristals with large grains and channeling conditions are not always satisfied. In this thesis, a development of a new Rocking Beam mode in SEM is presented. It allows the collection of High spatial (500nm) and angular (0.04°) Resolution Selected Area Channeling Pattern (HR-SACP) and the control of channeling conditions required for ECCI with high accuracy (Accurate ECCI A-ECCI). In a second phase of this thesis, A-ECCI assisted by HR-SACP is used to characterize crystallographic defects like dislocation, sub-grains and order domains in fine grained bulk materials (IF-Steel, UO2, TiAl). In order to achieve this, several procedures (invisibility criteria) normally used in Transmission Electron Microscopy are applied. Using A-ECCI in SEM has many advantages over TEM such as the possibility of analyzing large areas and the relative easiness in sample preparation
Corratgé, Claire. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle d'un transporteur de potassium chez le champignon ectomycorhizien Hebeloma cylindrosporum." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20121.
Full textMarchand, Mickaël. "Synthèse in-situ et caractérisation de nanotubes de carbone individuels sous émission de champ." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466604.
Full textTassius, Chantal. "Modèles et méthodes expérimentales pour la caractérisation in situ de la dynamique d'enzymes immobilisés." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR12960.
Full textAbdary, Hamid el. "Imagerie in situ et caractérisation par électrons rétrodiffusés. Amélioration du rapport signal sur bruit." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30228.
Full textRamaël, Bruno. "Caractérisation in situ des propriétés mécaniques des parois vasculaires par une technique non invasive." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2314/document.
Full textThis thesis is based on identifying the mechanical properties of facial arteries. It is part of FlowFace project, which focuses on the study of the facial arterial system by MRI imaging. It is based on a measurement campaign conducted on a sample of 30 people at the Hospital of Amiens, which allowed obtaining noninvasively the evolution of the blood vessel deformation and the measurement of the flow. Diastolic and systolic pressures were measured at the arm independently of the MRI measurements. The aim of the thesis was to model the deformation of blood vessels and to implement an optimization technique to determine their mechanical properties by inverse analysis using MRI measurements of deformation. Simulations of the behavior of the blood vessels were performed, using ANSYS Inc. software, modeling fluid-structure interactions both strong and weak coupling. The objective was to determine the parietal deformations induced by hemodynamic conditions and pressure drops in the vessels concerned. The simulations involved hyperelastic and large deflection models to simulate the behavior of the wall. They allow calculate the numerical displacements that we compared with experimental displacements measured by MRI, the aim is that the difference between numerical and experimental be as low as possible to deduce the adequate mechanical parameters for the artery. To identify the mechanical properties of the vessels, the optimization technique proposed in ANSYS based on genetic algorithms or gradient algorithms was used. The identification method was validated on cylindrical tubes (elastomer), for which deformation measurements were acquired by MRI imaging under pulsating flow. The values of mechanical properties determined were compared with those obtained by traction tests and dilatation tests. One of the crucial points of identification involves the determination of the non-stress state. If it is a known parameter for the elastic tube, it has to be determining for blood vessels. The challenge of this thesis is to determine from a "minimum" quantity of pressure and deformation information, the hyper-elastic properties of blood vessels. The method based on a patient-specific geometry deformation concluded that the tangent modulus in diastole is approximately 200kPa while that in systole is in a range of 300 kPa to 1 MPa
Deschamps, Fabien. "Caractérisation in situ des serpentines en contexte de subduction : de la nature à l'expérience." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU002.
Full textSerpentinites (hydrated ultramafic rocks, 13 wt. % water) are particularly abundant in the oceanic lithosphere formed at slow-spreading ridges. Additionally, it is assumed that serpentinites are also present along the subduction plane, and in the hydrated part of mantle wedge. In this context, they are stable until depths of 100 to 170 km, corresponding to their destabilization at 650-700 °C (“antigorite breakdown”). Previous studies have shown that the serpentinites from oceanic and subduction environments could be significantly enriched in fluid-mobile elements (eg As, Sb, B, Li, Ba, Sr, U, Pb, and Cs). The aim of this Ph-D thesis is to identify the hosting phases for these elements into serpentinites, and to evaluate the behavior of trace and Rare Earth elements during serpentinization. In situ geochemical study of serpentine phase (chrysotile, lizardite and antigorite) using a LA-HR-ICP-MS allows us to demonstrate the no mobility of Rare Earths elements during serpentinization of olivine and pyroxene. Additionally, we observe a systematic enrichment in fluid-mobile elements (As, Sb, B, Li, Ba, Sr, U, Pb, and Cs) into serpentine minerals. A comparative study between subducted and exhumed abyssal serpentinites from Greater Antilles accretionary prism (Cuba and Dominican Republic) and abyssal serpentinites (MARK area) demonstrate that fluid-mobile elements incorporated into serpentines are not remobilized then during subduction prograde metamorphism. Serpentine phases can transfer these elements at great depths superior than 150 km. During the study of the Tso Morari serpentinitites (Ladakh, Himalaya), which are derived from the hydration of the mantle wedge, we observed also an enrichment in fluid-mobile elements (Sb, As, B, U, Pb, Cs, Li). Boron and uranium are enriched without relation with primary minerals whereas Sb and As are preferentially enriched in serpentinized olivines and Pb, Cs, and Li are enriched in serpentinized orthopyroxenes. This differential enrichment reflects the gradual dehydration of subducting sediments and the successive incorporation of fluid-mobile elements depending on the temperature of serpentinization of olivine (< 300°C) and pyroxene (> 300°C). Additionally, an experimental study using cold-seal hydrothermal vessels (2
Deschamps, Fabien. "Caractérisation in situ des serpentines en contexte de subduction : de la nature à l'expérience." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464129.
Full textBrandelet, Benoît. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des particules issues du chauffage domestique au bois." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0287/document.
Full textThe issue of the emissions of fine particles, known for their health and environmental hazards, has been significantly covered in recent years. The governments made the decision to help mainly financially the private individuals in order to renew the domestic appliances stock. However, a non-optimized use of an energy-efficient appliance can degrade system performances. In order to solve this issue, many experimental campaigns have been achieved through complete and innovative physicochemical characterizations of the smoke, especially of the fine particles : Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray microanalysis and assessment of the constitutive Carbon (Elemental Carbon, Organic Carbon). First of all, the definition of the use parameters for the appliance and their impacts allowed offering a significant reduction of the fine particles emissions. In this work, the influences of the parameters such as the nature of the fuel, the ignition mode and the air secondary injection were in this way quantified. In order to better understand the origin of these emissions produced regardless of the combustion quality, the mechanisms of formation of all kinds of particles were defined. In a second phase, this work paid attention to the evolution of the characteristics of particles from the combustion room to the near-field. This enabled to go over the classic normative study. New knowledge on particles was brought to light, helping to better know the particles generation from domestic wood appliances. This could allow in the future to create some specific and efficient treatment systems
Herin, Philippe. "Conception et caractérisation de capteurs de flux radiatif et convectif : application aux mesures "in situ"." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10051.
Full textGaillard, Olivier. "Caractérisation in situ des réservoirs en roches massives fracturées : écoulement, transport et acidification des eaux." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2254.
Full textCappa, Frédéric. "Processus hydromécaniques couplés dans les réseaux de fractures hétérogènes : caractérisation in situ et simulations numériques." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE4096.
Full textPassicousset, Joël. "Descripteurs physico-chimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique en hydrolyse enzymatique : vers une caractérisation in-situ." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0004.
Full textOne of the paths that are envisioned to reduce the environmental footprint of human’s activities in the field of the transportation is about ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Amongst all the different processes that are projected to convert such substrates made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the bioconversion process into ethanol represents a promising option since it is quite mature, and ethanol is readily usable in the current gas-cars fleet. The pretreatment step that aims at making cellulose more accessible and more digestible to the enzymatic hydrolysis still needs improvements in order to make this process economically viable. To study the relations between operating conditions, physicochemical modifications, and their effects on substrates’ digestibility, a wide range of samples with a high variability of their physicochemical parameters was needed. Samples were produced from a wheat straw that was dilute-acid and steam exploded with a wide range of operating conditions. Multi-technique and multi-scale analyses led to a precise characterisation of the physicochemical effects provoked by the pretreatment. These results also allowed identifying key substrate parameters that are responsible for the substrate enzymatic digestibility. Based on the observations, an empirical model was proposed to express the substrate digestibility as a function of these critical parameters. Finally, in situ monitoring of tissue degradation and enzyme adsorption-desorption on plant tissues during saccharification was carried using UV-autofluorescence microscopy. Thanks tothese experiments, hydrolysis mechanisms on pretreated matrices are now better understood, and depend upon pretreatment operating conditions
Cassel, Mathieu. "Caractérisation des particules dans les lits à galets : expérimentation, développements, méthodologiques et applications in situ." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN087/document.
Full textThe influence of fluvial systems dynamics on riverine landscape patterns is the consequence of complex ecosystem dynamics. These driving factors can be analysed at different spatiotemporal scales of the fluvial system (for example: river basin, functional units, alluvial megaforms or sedimentary particles). The dynamic of fluvial systems depends on the equilibrium between solid and liquid fluids. For this reason, the geomorphological status of watercourses can be described from a sedimentary perspective taking into account general trends at large scale, local characteristics such as incision, aggradation, sedimentary migration or the alteration of particles’ geometrical properties that constitute bed load. Thus, a better understanding of the influence of past and present sedimentary flows on the geomorphological status of watercourses has at the same time an ecological impact (permeability of both the alluvial layer and the hyporheic zone and its self-filtration function (Datry et al., 2008)), a political impact (related to flood management, erosion risks and issues or hydraulic facilities) or even a philosophical issue (what is the appropriate reference for what fluvial system? What is the role of Humanity on these anthropized environments and at what extent?).Thus, the development of methodological tools to characterize sedimentary flows or the observed dynamics on rivers, is considered a major and rising research issue. The research studies described in this thesis are structured in three distinct topics: (1) physical properties of sedimentary particles; (2) their mobility; (3) their transformation as a consequence of abrasion.In this context, we have analysed the relationship between breakage and low recovery rates for natural tracers (limestone pebbles) equipped with low frequency passive transponders (PIT-tag). In addition, we have tested the use of synthetic pebbles to create new tracers equipped with high frequency active transponders (a-UHF), more performant than PIT-tags. Secondly, we have developed a new search and location field methodology specially, adapted to these new transponders. Thirdly, we have tested the sensibility of the toolbox developed by Roussillon et al. (2009), design to measure the roundness of coarse sedimentary particles, to different entry parameters. We have confirmed its interest to (1) analyse the relationship between particles normalized abrasion and its roundness trends; (2) analyse the hydrosedimentary dynamics at a river basin scale. We have included several recommendations to apply this toolbox in the appropriate conditions. Finally, we have performed a comparative analysis between particles’ density and shape and its influence on bedrock transport. These results highlight the significant influence of shape on travelled distance in comparison with density
Bertaux, Joanne. "Détection et caractérisation des bactéries intracellulaires associées au champignon ectomycorhizien Laccaria bicolor S238N." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10165.
Full textLaccaria bicolor S238N is an ectomycorrhizal fungus used commercially in France for controlled mycorrhization. During the production of the inoculum in fermentor, bacterial contaminations occur recurrently. Fluorescent in situ hybridization associated with confocal microscopy has allowed to detect several types of intracellular bacteria in the pure cultures of the fungus. Most of these endobacteria belong to the Firmicutes. Some have been identified as Paenibacilli, and belong to the same species as bacteria isolated from a L. Bicolor S238N culture in fermentor. In contrast, in non axenic mycelium samples such as mycorrhizas, endobacteria affiliated to the a-proteobacteria were detected. Since some observations suggest that the endobacteria sometimes colonize live fungal cells, it could be a case of bacterial endosymbiosis
Clauzon, Victor. "Caractérisation in situ multi-échelles des transferts de fluide en zone de faille en milieu carbonaté." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG075.
Full textFault zone can strongly impact the fluid flows in underground reservoirs. However, their hydraulic impact is variable (conduct and/or barrier), poorly known and poorly quantified. In carbonated reservoirs, faults are numerous and the insufficient knowledge of their hydrodynamic properties leads to strong uncertainties in the oil and groundwater exploitation operations. To optimize these operations, this study aims to characterize the qualitative and quantitative hydrodynamic impact of the fault zone structures. The working approach is based on in situ investigations at the fault scale, via some hydraulic tests in a well field in fault zone. This study took place North of Montpellier, on Mesozoic carbonates (France), and more specifically in the Lez hydrosystem. The study’s first objective was to prospect for experiment site, composed of five boreholes in a fault zone meeting specific requirements. The most important requirement was to limit the probability of karst development in the fault zone, which can hide the hydrodynamics properties of the fault zone itself. Thus, in order to avoid the presence of karst, its distribution and its functioning have been studied during this prospecting phase at the reservoir scale. The NE-SW major faults of the Lez hydrosystem are strongly karstified. Additionally, these faults have a flow channel behavior, which is characterized by a strong pressure and mass transfer, which enables the hydraulic connection (or disconnection) between compartments, depending of the hydrologic context. At the end of this first study step, the Rieu Coullon dextral strike-slip secondary fault was selected for the boreholes implantation. This 500 m NW-SE fault was then characterized by an accurate geological multi-scales and multi-methods study (geological mapping, geophysics ERT, micro tectonic, etc.) to evaluate the fault dimensions and architecture. Finally, investigations in wells (such as logging and pumping) were carried out. The results of this study show that, in a hydrologic context characterized by a slight decrease of water table during the low-water period, the karstic hydraulic influence could not be avoided. The impermeable behavior of the Rieu Coullon fault was revealed but not quantified. Nevertheless, the investigations at the fault scale associated to the investigations at the regional scale show that (1), the karstic network has a hierarchical and tree-like structure where the major faults represent the main network, (2) the Rieu Coullon well field is located on a secondary karstic network (which is connected to the main one) with a transmissivity of 10-5 m2/s in low-water periods and, (3), the progressive decrease of the water table leads to a progressive aquifer compartmentalization (at all scales) and therefore to decreased productivity and transmissivity of the aquifer. The knowledge brought by this study can contribute to improve the management and protection of the groundwater resource in the Lez aquifer, and at larger scale, in low-porosity carbonated aquifers
Péniguet, Olivier. "Contribution à la caractérisation d'alliages métalliques à faible ductilité après re-fusion et solidification in situ." Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/46a8f44f-81d6-4886-8a29-e188ae788a43.
Full textIn the field of metallic alloys melting processing, the use of new technologies aiming at improving productivity generally increases structural defects occurrences, which are often related to the cooling from liquid state. Identification and prediction of those defects, mainly internal or superficial cracks, need the development of specific analysis tools. The LAMIH developed original tests based on the possibility to re-melt an alloy before its characterization, with the possibility to respect its thermo-mechanical history and to reproduce conditions close to the studied industrial applications. In this memoir, the studies presented bring a significant asset to this theme by proposing numerical models and simulations which give a realistic representation of the phenomena occurring during shrinkage tests and in other thermo-mechanical and metallurgical applications. This means to define, through a study on a carbon steel, the potential and capability of this particular type of tests to answer problems of hot rheology. The test called “shrinkage test” is specifically developed for the experimental study of low ductility metal alloys and embedded structures. It has been the subject of a thorough phenomenological analysis. An identification method for viscoplastic mechanical behaviour of the studied alloy was then proposed. Analyses carried out with the developed thermo mechanical models and simulations allow to better identify the key parameters of this kind of test and to establish their capacities of prediction regarding the characterization of interfaces and areas with strong gradients of structure, of temperature and of stresses distribution (Heat affected zone, tool/part interfaces,…)
Yang, Yao-Hua. "Croissance du silicium polycristallin à basse température assistée par laser excimère : caractérisation in-situ par ellipsométrie." Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPG0139.
Full textElahi, Seyed Ali. "Vers la caractérisation In-vivo et In-situ des propriétés mécaniques des tissus mou du vivant." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI059/document.
Full textIn-vivo characterization of biological soft tissues is a key step toward patient-specific biomechanical simulation and planning of intra-operative assisted surgery. These tissues’ structures are usually highly heterogeneous due to the variety of their constituents (skin, mucosa, muscle fibers, fat, fascia, vascularization, etc.). In particular, their local mechanical properties may change with depth.Among various characterization techniques, aspiration method is a standard due to its simplicity: tissue is aspirated through a hole while measuring the negative pressure and the associated apex height. An inverse problem is then solved to identify the material mechanical properties. In the literature, the apex height was usually measured using a camera, which induced design difficulties, in particular regarding the required sterilization process for in-vivo measurements.This thesis aims at developing new practical aspiration techniques and inverse analyze techniques to deal with these challenges.First, the aspiration method is revisited, replacing the apex height optical measurement by the measurement of the aspirated tissue volume. In the proposed method the system head was reduced to a simple tube: sterilization becomes easy and the aspiration aperture diameter can be changed according to experimental requirements. The proposed system is thus probably among the simplest, lightest and most inexpensive devices one could achieve.Then, many studies are developed: (i) a comparison of this volume-based method with classical techniques based on optical measurements, (ii) the validation of the volume-based aspiration device and inverse identification on soft homogeneous synthetic materials, (iii) the development of a method for in-vivo identification of multi-layered soft tissues and its validation on two-layer synthetic samples, and (iv) a method for real-time inverse mechanical identification of constitutive materials using the aspiration results.The experimental signal-to-noise ratio in raw volume measurements obtained either optically or by the volume-based method were compared. The effects on the accuracy of various experimental parameters were investigated and quantified: the volume measurement was proved to present the same order or even better accuracy compared to optical measurements.To validate the inverse identifications using the volume-based aspiration method, silicone samples were then made and characterized using (1) aspiration, and, as references, two standard tests such as (2) uniaxial and (3) equibiaxial extension tests. Performing a Finite Element (FE) inverse identification on the experimental results provided Young’s moduli similar to classical tests with about 7% maximum overestimation for the silicones. This underlines a significant improvement of the measurement method accuracy compared to the literature (about 30% relative overestimation).In the proposed device, the aspiration aperture diameter can be easily changed. This feature was used to develop a new method to characterize the mechanical properties as well as the superficial layers’ thicknesses in multi-layer soft tissues. A proof of concept was experimentally validated on two-layer artificial soft silicone specimens. As a conclusion, the superficial layer thicknesses and the materials Young’s moduli were identified with a maximum error of 4 and 8%, respectively. Such results thus provide encouraging perspectives for the in-vivo characterization of two-layer anatomical structures such as skin and sub-dermal tissues.Eventually, a Design Of Experiment (DOE) method was applied to drastically decrease the computation time involved during the inverse identification step, which is a prerequisite for any use in a clinical routine. The identifications using the DOE method were compared with the reference characteristics of the investigated silicones and maximum errors of 10 and 12% were obtained for the homogeneous and two-layer samples, respectively
Brahim, Mohamed-Nadjib. "Utilisation de la spectrométrie Raman in situ pour la caractérisation de la carbonatation de liants cimentaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0069.
Full textPortland cement is a commonly used cement in construction. Despite its advantages, its production releases high amounts of CO₂. To reduce the environmental impact of this material, many solutions were proposed. Among these, calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement. It can be considered as a sustainable alternative to the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), as CSA clinker production requires a lower firing temperature and produces less CO₂ than the OPC clinker. As with OPC, CSA cement is also concerned by carbonation. This reaction, which is one of the major causes of reinforcement corrosion, is one of the phenomena studied in order to predict the service life of a reinforced concrete structure. Many techniques can be used for the characterisation of cementitious materials carbonation, such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and measurement of carbonation depth using phenolphthalein indicator. However, these techniques can sometimes be destructive and some of them cannot be used for in situ measurements. The aim of this work is to study the carbonation of OPC and CSA cements by means of Raman spectroscopy, which is an unconventional technique in civil engineering. This is a non-destructive molecular characterisation technique, suitable for in situ measurements, and allowing the monitoring of reactions over time. This technique was used for the study of pastes made of these cements and pastes made of some cementitious phases, during their carbonation, using devices that allowed in situ and non-destructive monitoring of the core of the material. Thanks to this approach, the detection of the beginning of carbonation at a given depth of the material as well as some corresponding mineralogical changes was possible. It was also possible to measure the kinetic of this reaction experimentally, in the case of calcium sulfoaluminate cements. Results were compared to those obtained by conventional approaches
Nguyen, Duc Manh. "Méthode Hydro-Géomécanique de caractérisation de la susceptibilité des sols à l'érosion interne." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI052.
Full textInternal erosion is the displacement of the fine particles of a soil under the action of an internal flow. This mechanism could be the origin of the damage on embankments and earth dams. In the word, 46% of failure observed on earthwork, are caused by internal erosion. In France, 70 critical cases have been detected. Unfortunately, due to internal erosion, the prediction of risk remains difficult. The understanding of this phenomenon of internal erosion appears as a major scientific challenge. The aim of this thesis is to develop a diagnostic method of internal erosion in dams and other earthworks. We seek to establish a protocol that will guide us to the test and help us to interpret the results. This method allows concluding about the risk of internal erosion appearance. (i) Initially, the main results of geotechnical survey allow identifying the layers of homogeneous characteristics of soil which are measured by the pressuremeter test. The results of cluster analysis of pressuremeter tests allow determining the localisation, the nature and the mean geotechnical characteristics of the soil. (ii) The results are used to determine the threshold of sensibility to internal erosion with the help of expert software. This software allows to calculate the criteria of internal erosion and to describe the sensitivity of the soil to internal erosion. (iii) A new experimental device is developed in our laboratory. This experiment called “Cross Erosion Test" (CET) allows determining the experimental resistance of the soil to the risk of internal erosion. The test consists of the injection, in a first drilling, of clear water and of the recovery, in another drilling, of water charged with eroded particles. For different initial state of the soils, it is possible to measure and to characterize the internal erosion by visualisation of the water flow and the measurement of the weight of the extracted eroded particles. The results show that this experience allows characterizing the internal erosion in a specific soil. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used in situ to predict the risk of suffusion in dams and dikes. (iv) A validation of experiences, with a 3D finite element method is carried out with the help of the Comsol Multiphysics 4.3b software. This model shows that under experiment hydraulic conditions, the hydraulic gradient is concentrated around the injection and the pumping. A finite element 2D model is developed to simulate erosion process. This approach describes the phenomenon of internal erosion and transport of fines particles in the porous medium of soils tested
Thany, Steeve Hervé. "Caractérisation des différentes sous-unités des récepteurs nicotiniques neuronaux chez l'abeille Apis mellifera." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30117.
Full textWe have cloned five neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits from the honeybee brain Apis mellifera. According to theirs homologies with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor a-subunits of Homo sapiens, we have named these subunits: Apisa2, Apisa3, Apisa4, Apisa7-1 and Apisa7-2. Comparison of these subunits with all cloned nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits show that: (1) the nomenclature of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits is not consistent with theirs homologies. (2) We could differentiate these subunits in different subfamilies according to theirs homologies. We have study by in situ hybridization, the expression patterns of these five subunits during the development. Our results show that the expression of at least four of these five subunits is regulated during the development. In the adult stage we found a strong labelling of the five mRNA in different brain structures. According to both the number of nicotinic acetylcholine subunits that we have cloned and the number of combination to form a functional receptor, our results suggest strongly that different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes exist in the honeybee. Moreover, analysis of honeybee genomic database suggest that at least ten genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits exist. From the molecular characterization of these subunits, we have used antisense inhibition to block expression of Apisa2 or Apisa3 subunit, in honeybee during olfactory learning. Our preliminary results show that twenty four and forty eight hours after injection of antisense Apisa2 and Apisa3 respectively, honeybees show impairment of recall. These preliminary studies show that this method could be useful to study the involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in learning and memory process
Arnould, Amandine. "Caractérisation de nanoparticules en milieux complexes : Applications à des nanoparticules organiques et métalliques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI098/document.
Full textThe extensive use of nanomaterials has raised awareness about health issues and their fate in the environment. That is why they are now subject to regulation that has imposed their traceability from their manufacturing to their distribution as the establishment of their characteristics (chemical composition, size, agglomeration state, shape ...). A characterization routine for nanoparticles in suspension was developed. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) fulfills most of the criteria cited before by combining imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Three sample preparation methods were optimized to ensure high quality results : a dry process, rapid freezing to vitrify the sample and the use of an textit{in-situ} liquid TEM holder to prevent any preparation artefact (no phase change). To obtain quantitative analysis, a comparison was made between Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS), with and without a fractionation system (AF4), and TEM. To support this work, two nanomaterials were analyzed. The first one is a nanoemulsion composed of lipid nanoparticles stabilized by surfactants used as nanocarriers for drug delivery. Their stability after protein interaction was investigate and some size variations were observed. The second material is a powder composed of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used as UV filters in sunscreens. These nanoparticles were analyzed before and after interaction with UV radiation in a climatic chamber to confirm their stability. The different protocols developed in this PhD may be used for the analysis of other nanomaterials
Eeckman, Judith. "Caractérisation des systèmes hydro-climatiques à l'échelle locale dans l'Himalaya népalais." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT103/document.
Full textThe central part of the Hindukush-Himalaya region presents tremendous heterogeneity, in particular in terms of topography and climatology. The representation of hydro-climatic processes for Himalayan catchments is limited due to a lack of knowledge regarding their hydrological behavior. Local variability is thus difficult to characterize based on modeling studies done at a regional scale. The proposed approach is to characterize hydro-climatic systems at the local scale to reduce uncertainties associated with environmental heterogeneity.The integration of locally reliable data is tested to model sparsely instrumented, highly heterogeneous catchments. Two sub-catchments of the Dudh Koshi River basin (Nepal) are used as representative samples of high and mid-mountain environments, with no glacier contribution. The ISBA surface scheme is applied to simulate hydrological responses of the surfaces that are described based on in-situ observations. Measurements of physical properties of soils are integrated to precise surface parametrization in the model. Necessary climatic data is interpolated based on available in-situ measurements. A non deterministic approach is applied to quantify uncertainties associated with the effect of topography on precipitation and their propagation through the modeling chain. Finally, uncertainties associated with model structure are estimated at the local scale by comparing simulation methods and results obtained on the one hand with the ISBA model, coupled with a reservoir routing module, and on the other hand, with the J2000 hydrological model
Rodrigues, Anthony. "Caractérisation des interactions entre un plasma non-thermique et des matériaux." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2288.
Full textThe interactions between the active species generated by a non thermal plasma and various material surfaces have been studied in this work. In a first part, biopolymers coming from biomass have been the subject of our investigations as they offer a great reservoir for a platform molecule, glucose, from which valuable chemicals can be generated. More specifically, the effects of a dielectric barrier discharge plasma on the structure and depolymerization of inulin, cellulose and starch were evaluated. For that purpose, the electrical and chemical characteristics of the plasma discharge were varied and their effects on the biopolymers evaluated in order to understand the reaction mechanisms. Our results showed that a plasma pre-treatment increased considerably the final monomer yield (in glucose and fructose) compared to the untreated starting material (84 and 54 % yield in glucose from plasma treated starch and cellulose, instead of 65 and 1 % for the same untreated samples). This effect could be partly explained by the depolymerization of the amorphous areas of the polymers by and acid attack within the plasma discharge.In a second part, the study focused on the removal of VOCs by coupling non-thermal plasma and inorganic materials. For this purpose, we designed and implemented an innovative apparatus. It consists of a plasma-catalyst reactor with controlled atmosphere that allows the analysis of the catalyst surface by IR spectroscopy (DRIFT). The decomposition of four VOCs (isopropanol, acetone, ethanol and toluene) adsorbed on different metallic oxides (y-Al2O3, CeO2 and TiO2) placed within the discharge area have been studied in situ using this method. The first results have enlightened the decomposition pathways of the different VOCs
Bouhrara, Mustapha. "Caractérisation locale des déformations et des transferts de matière dans le muscle sous contraintes thermiques par imagerie RMN." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00777881.
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