Journal articles: 'In situ injection'

1

Reddy, Ramana G., and V. Kumar. "Chemical In Situ Synthesis of Aluminum Alloy Composites." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.701.

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Aluminum alloys were reinforced with AlN particles using a novel chemical in situ technique. Thermodynamic analyses were made to identify the conditions for the in situ formation of the AlN in Al alloys. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 1173-1473 K by injecting ammonia gas. The composites with AlN quantity varying from 5 to 51 wt % were produced. Effect of process variables such as gas injection time, flow rate of ammonia gas and temperature of the alloy melt on the formation of AlN was studied. Increase in either injection time or flow rate of the ammonia gas increased the nitride content. AlN particles with an average size of 500 nm were produced. The measured Vickers hardness of the composites formed increased with increasing AlN content. The amount of AlN experimentally formed is in good agreement with the thermodynamically predicted data.

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Shin, Gi Ru, Hee Eun Kim, Jae Ho Kim, Sangdun Choi, and Moon Suk Kim. "Advances in Injectable In Situ-Forming Hydrogels for Intratumoral Treatment." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111953.

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Chemotherapy has been linked to a variety of severe side effects, and the bioavailability of current chemotherapeutic agents is generally low, which decreases their effectiveness. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to develop drug delivery systems to increase the bioavailability of these agents and minimize their side effects. Among these, intratumoral injections using in situ-forming hydrogels can improve drugs’ bioavailability and minimize drugs’ accumulation in non-target organs or tissues. This review describes different types of injectable in situ-forming hydrogels and their intratumoral injection for cancer treatment, after which we discuss the antitumor effects of intratumoral injection of drug-loaded hydrogels. This review concludes with perspectives on the future applicability of, and challenges for, the adoption of this drug delivery technology.

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Germanovich, Leonid N., and Lawrence C. Murdoch. "Injection of solids to lift coastal areas." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2123 (May 28, 2010): 3225–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0033.

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Catastrophic flooding in coastal areas is an ongoing problem that may be aggravated by projected sea-level rise. We present a method of flood protection called SIRGE (solid injection for raising ground elevation), where the ground surface is raised by injecting sediment-laden slurry into hydraulic fractures at shallow depths. The injection process is repeated at adjacent locations to create a network of sub-horizontal, overlapping injections of solid material (hydraulic fractures). We argue that injecting sediment over large lateral distances would cause a lasting surface uplift that scales with the thickness of injected sediment at depth. We support this concept by an analysis showing that, in contrast to hydraulic fractures in petroleum reservoirs, hydraulic fractures in soft, shallow formations would typically grow in the toughness-dominated regime. It appears that the SIRGE process could be implemented to lift ground elevations in places such as Venice or New Orleans. Experimental and geological examples indicate that hydraulic fractures of suitable orientation and size can be created in areas with appropriate in situ stresses.

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Jerger, Douglas E., and Patrick M. Woodhull. "IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUND WATER." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-910.

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ABSTRACT OHM designed and installed an in situ bioremediation system with an above ground water treatment system at a petroleum hydrocarbon distribution and fuel facility. The remediation system consists of an infiltration trench system to deliver treated, amended ground water to the upper silty lens, and an injection well system to deliver water to the lower sand and gravel lens. A French drain is located downgradient of the groundwater injection systems to provide hydraulic control of the site. Recovered ground water is pumped to an on-site treatment system prior to re-injection.

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Vojinovic, Vojislav, J. M. S. Cabral, and L. R. Fonseca. "Ex situ bioprocess monitoring techniques." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 13, no. 2 (2007): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0702103v.

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Rapid development of biotechnology resulted in increasing need for bioprocess monitoring and control. Efficient process control allows optimization of process efficiency and productivity, reduction of costs and pollution, and quality control. In situ sensors for real-time bioprocess monitoring have been recently reviewed. In this paper the use of ex situ techniques for real time (or quasi real time) monitoring methods is reviewed. These include mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, methods based on semiconductor gas sensors and electronic noses for the analysis of dissolved gas and bioreactor head-space, and on-line liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, spectroscopy and biosensors for monitoring of the bulk process media. Flow techniques allow for the analysis to be carried out ex situ, out of the reactor reintroducing various detection methods that are impossible to implement in an in situ set-up. Because of their versatility flow analysis techniques (continuous and segmented flow analysis, flow injection analysis, sequential injection analysis and bead injection analysis) are broadly used for sample handling and analysis of the bulk media, and their applications in bioprocess monitoring are discussed.

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Liu, Mingyang, Hu Wen, Shixing Fan, Zhenping Wang, Jinbiao Fei, Gaoming Wei, Xiaojiao Cheng, and Hu Wang. "Experimental Study of CO2-ECBM by Injection Liquid CO2." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030297.

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Coal mine gas disasters have severely restricted production safety. Improving gas extraction efficiency can effectively reduce disasters. Scholars have confirmed that CO2 successfully displaces coal seam CH4. This study conducted displacement and in situ experiments and compared gas drainage under different injection pressures. The displacement experiments indicated that CH4 production rates increased under increased pressures while the displacement ratios decreased. The pressure had a positive effect on sweep efficiency. The in situ experiment showed that CH4 and CO2 concentration trends in the inspection hole remained consistent. Through observing the data of the original and inspection holes, the average gas drainage concentration during low- and medium-pressure injections increased by 0.61 times and 1.17 times, respectively. The low-pressure average gas drainage scalar was increased by 1.08 times. During the medium-pressure injection, the average gas drainage purity increased by 1.94 times. The diffusion ranges of CO2 under low- and medium-pressure injections were 20–25 m and 25–30 m, respectively. The sweep efficiency of medium-pressure injection was 26% better than that of the low-pressure injection, with average pressures of 2.8 MPa and 1.4 MPa, respectively, for sweep efficiency. This study proposes an effective method for improving coal mine gas drainage efficiency.

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Liu, C. S., M. C. Tom Kuo, C. Y. Su, Y. C. Chen, W. C. Cheng, C. Y. Chou, K. F. Liang, Y. L. Han, and C. H. LIN. "A bacteria injection scheme for in situ bioaugmentation." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 48, no. 9 (July 15, 2013): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.774601.

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Shouche, M. S., J. N. Petersen, R. S. Skeen, and B. S. Hooker. "Alternating extraction/injection well interactions forin situ bioremediation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 45-46, no. 1 (March 1994): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02941848.

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Zhao, Peng, Yao Zhao, Hrishikesh Kharbas, Jianfeng Zhang, Tong Wu, Weimin Yang, Jianzhong Fu, and Lih-Sheng Turng. "In-situ ultrasonic characterization of microcellular injection molding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 270 (August 2019): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.03.012.

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Janda, V., J. Rudovský, J. Wanner, and K. Marha. "In situ Denitrification of Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0101.

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Pilot-plant and full scale studies of the in-situ biological denitrification of drinking water form the subject of this paper. Ethyl alcohol as a source of organic carbon was used in both cases. Good results were obtained during the pilot-plant study. The full-scale experiment was carried out as a system of four injection wells and one central collection well. Promising results were obtained when diluting water was recirculated into the injection wells to improve mixing of substrate in ground water. The efficiency of nitrate removal was about 50%.

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Isaacman, G., N. M. Kreisberg, D. R. Worton, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein. "A versatile and reproducible automatic injection system for liquid standard introduction: application to in-situ calibration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 4, no. 3 (May 25, 2011): 3233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-4-3233-2011.

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Abstract. The quantitation of trace organic compounds in ambient organic aerosol is difficult due to the chemical complexity of these mixtures, but is needed to provide insight into their sources and formation processes. Compound-level characterization of organic aerosols is typically performed through sample collection followed by gas or liquid chromatography. With these methods, introduction of liquid standards has long been used as an effective means of quantifying trace compounds, but automating this technique for use with in-situ instrumentation has not previously been achieved. Here we develop an automatic injection system (AutoInject) for the introduction of liquids into a custom collection and analysis cell for improved quantitation in chromatographic measurements. The system consists of chilled reservoirs containing liquid standards from which a sample loop is loaded and then injected into the cell. The AutoInject is shown to have reproducibility over 106 injections with a relative standard deviation of 1.5 %, and have negligible injection-to-injection carryover. A 6-port selector allows injection of different liquid standards separately or simultaneously. Additionally, automatic injection of multiple sample loops is shown to generate a linear multi-point calibration curve. Tests conducted in this work focus on use with the Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (TAG), but the flexibility of the system allows it to be used for a variety of applications.

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Isaacman, G., N. M. Kreisberg, D. R. Worton, S. V. Hering, and A. H. Goldstein. "A versatile and reproducible automatic injection system for liquid standard introduction: application to in-situ calibration." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 9 (September 19, 2011): 1937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1937-2011.

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Abstract. The quantitation of trace organic compounds in ambient organic aerosol is difficult due to the chemical complexity of these mixtures, but is needed to provide insight into their sources and formation processes. Compound-level characterization of organic aerosols is typically performed through sample collection followed by gas or liquid chromatography. With these methods, introduction of liquid standards has long been used as an effective means of quantifying trace compounds, but automating this technique for use with in-situ instrumentation has not previously been achieved. Here we develop an automatic injection system (AutoInject) for the introduction of liquids into a custom collection and analysis cell for improved quantitation in chromatographic measurements. The system consists of chilled reservoirs containing liquid standards from which a sample loop is loaded and then injected into the cell. The AutoInject is shown to be reproducible over 106 injections with a relative standard deviation of 1.5%, and have negligible injection-to-injection carryover. A 6-port selector allows injection of different liquid standards separately or simultaneously. Additionally, automatic injection of multiple sample loops is shown to generate a linear multi-point calibration curve. Tests conducted in this work focus on use with the Thermal desorption Aerosol Gas chromatograph (TAG), but the flexibility of the system allows it to be used for a variety of applications.

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Jiang, Haiyan, Shibao Yuan, Lehong Li, Jiao Wang, Hao Wang, and Tianyue Li. "Operation Control of In Situ Combustion Based on the Material Balance Equation." Geofluids 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8898054.

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The stability of combustion in the process of fire flooding requires not only a reasonable gas injection rate but also a matching exhaust rate. A reasonable injection-production balance system is very important. Based on the material balance of injection-production, the expression of injection-production ratio suitable for normal fire flooding production is established. The air injection rate of fire flooding combustion and oxygen consumption of formation pressurization is analyzed by this formula to calculate the gas production and liquid production in combustion. The reasonable injection and production parameters for the oilfield are calculated by using the oilfield parameters. It can be seen that the calculated value of injection-production ratio is consistent with the actual value, which shows that the injection-production ratio is reasonable and can guide the adjustment of production parameters in the oilfield.

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Ross, Andrew R., Dalia G. Said, Abdalla El-Amin, Saif Altaan, Javier Cabrerizo, Mario Nubile, Emily Hogan, Leonardo Mastropasqua, and Harminder Singh Dua. "Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: dissection plane with viscoelastic and air can be different." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 12 (April 3, 2018): 1646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311349.

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AimsTo investigate and define the nature of big bubbles (BB) formed by injection of viscoelastic in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.MethodsIntrastromal injections of 0.1 and 0.3 mL of sodium hyaluronate 1.2% and 0.6% were made into sclera-corneal discs (n = 32) at superficial (anterior-third), midstromal (middle-third) and deep (posterior-third) levels to simulate deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. Postinjection optical coherence tomograms (OCT) were obtained with the needle in situ. The samples were sectioned and examined histologically. Twelve control samples were injected with air.ResultsWith superficial injections (n=8) only intrastromal accumulation of viscoelastic was noted. With midstromal injections (n=10) intrastromal accumulation of viscoelastic (n=6) and intrastromal big bubbles (IBB) (n=4) with substantial and variable stromal tissue in the walls were noted. No type 1, type 2 or mixed BB were noted. With deep injections (n=14), type 1 BB (n=4), IBB (n=4) and mixed BB (n=6) were obtained.There was no difference in the results with the two different concentrations of viscoelastic used. With air injection (n=12), 10 type 1 and 1 type 2 BB and 1 mixed BB were obtained. No IBB was noted.ConclusionsBB obtained by injection of viscoelastic and air can be different. The former tends to occur at the site of injection, especially with midstromal injections, takes the form of tissue separation by stretch and tearing and does not cleave in a consistent plane like air. Surgeons should be aware of IBB created by viscodissection and not confuse it for a type1 BB. Intraoperative OCT should help identify IBB.

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Kakurina, Maria, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, and Benoît Valley. "In Situ Direct Displacement Information on Fault Reactivation During Fluid Injection." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 53, no. 10 (August 10, 2020): 4313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02160-w.

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Abstract The three dimensional (3D) displacement induced by fluid injection was measured during two fault reactivation experiments conducted in carbonate rocks at the Rustrel Low Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB URL), France, and in shale rocks at the Mont Terri Rock laboratory, Switzerland. The faults were activated by injecting high pressure fluid and using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties, which allows a coupled pressure-flowrate-3D displacement monitoring in boreholes. Both experiments mainly show complex aseismic deformation of preexisting fractures that depend on (1) the fluid pressure variations related to chamber pressurization and leakage into the formation and (2) irreversible shear slip and opening of the reactivated fractures. Here we detail the processing of the 3D displacement data from both experiments to isolate slip vectors from the complex displacement signal. Firstly, we explain the test protocol and describe the in situ hydromechanical behavior of the borehole/fault system. Secondly, we define the methodology of the displacement data processing to isolate slip vectors with high displacement rates, which carry information about the key orientation of fault reactivation. Finally, we discuss which slip vectors can potentially be used to solve the stress inversion problem.

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Möri, Andreas, Martin Mazurek, Kunio Ota, Marja Siitari-Kauppi, Florian Eichinger, and Markus Leuenberger. "Quantifying the Porosity of Crystalline Rocks by In Situ and Laboratory Injection Methods." Minerals 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101072.

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The porosity and pore geometry of rock samples from a coherent granodioritic rock body at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland was characterised by different methods using injection techniques. Results from in situ and laboratory techniques are compared by applying innovative in situ resin impregnation techniques as well as rock impregnation and mercury injection under laboratory conditions. In situ resin impregnation of the rock matrix shows an interconnected pore network throughout the rock body, consisting mainly of grain-boundary pores and solution pores in magmatic feldspar, providing an important reservoir for pore water and solutes, accessible by diffusion. Porosity and pore connectivity do not vary as a function of distance to brittle shear zones. In situ porosity was found to be about 0.3 vol.%, which is about half the porosity value that was determined based on rock samples in the laboratory. Samples that were dried and impregnated in the laboratory were affected by artefacts created since core recovery, and thus showed higher porosity values than samples impregnated under in situ conditions. The extrapolation of laboratory measurements to in situ conditions requires great care and may not be feasible in all cases.

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Huston, Nathaneal J., Lynne A. Brenner, Zachary C. Taylor, and Robert C. Ritter. "NPY2 receptor activation in the dorsal vagal complex increases food intake and attenuates CCK-induced satiation in male rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 316, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): R406—R416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00011.2019.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide YY (PYY), and their cognate receptors (YR) are expressed by subpopulations of central and peripheral nervous system neurons. Intracerebroventricular injections of NPY or PYY increase food intake, and intrahypothalamic NPY1 or NPY5 receptor agonist injections also increase food intake. In contrast, injection of PYY in the periphery reduces food intake, apparently by activating peripheral Y2R. The dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the hindbrain is the site where vagal afferents relay gut satiation signals to the brain. While contributions of the DVC are increasingly investigated, a role for DVC YR in control of food intake has not been examined systematically. We used in situ hybridization to confirm expression of Y1R and Y2R, but not Y5R, in the DVC and vagal afferent neurons. We found that nanoinjections of a Y2R agonist, PYY-(3–36), into the DVC significantly increased food intake over a 4-h period in satiated male rats. PYY-(3–36)-evoked food intake was prevented by injection of a selective Y2R antagonist. Injection of a Y1R/Y5R-preferring agonist into the DVC failed to increase food intake at doses reported to increase food intake following hypothalamic injection. Finally, injection of PYY-(3–36) into the DVC prevented reduction of 30-min food intake following intraperitoneal injection of cholecystokinin (CCK). Our results indicate that activation of DVC Y2R, unlike hypothalamic or peripheral Y2R, increases food intake. Furthermore, in the context of available electrophysiological observations, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that DVC Y2R control food intake by dampening vagally mediated satiation signals in the DVC.

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Yan, Xinjiang, Zehao Zhang, Jifei Yu, Yanfeng Cao, and Yanguang Yuan. "High In Situ Stress Anisotropy Lead to Formation of Complex Fracture Patterns." Geofluids 2021 (January 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8823212.

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During the process of water injection, due to solid particle deposition and foreign liquid intrusion, the formation near the wellbore was contaminated and blocked. As a result, water injection rate reduced and failed to meet the injection requirements. In order to improve water injection rate and improve oil recovery of offshore oilfields, hydraulic injection tests were carried out in controlled laboratory conditions. In general, the formation of complex fracture patterns is an ideal outcome of the hydraulic fracturing stimulation seeks to achieve. In situ stress condition is an inherited geological condition one can only adopt to. By comparing test results of different experiments that had varied stress and hydraulic injection conditions imposed, we can investigate their impact on the fracture patterns created. This paper presents laboratory evidences to support that if the hydraulic injection condition is managed properly, a complex fracture pattern is possible even under a high in situ stress anisotropy. Even if the in situ stress condition has a large anisotropy, proper hydraulic stimulation operations can still cause complex fracture patterns and thus provide good stimulation efficiency.

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Tao, Shilin, Xueqi Cen, Xiaocong Yu, Junqing Hu, and Changbin Kan. "Study on Critical Parameters of Nitrogen Injection during In Situ Modification in Oil Shale." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 8034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218034.

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During in situ modification, inappropriate thermal insulation measures applied in annulus of injection wells will cause injection technical problems such as tremendous heat loss, wellhead lifting, serious casing damages, and corrosion. Continuous nitrogen injection into annulus is an effective measure to realize thermal insulation of injection wells. The critical displacement parameters of nitrogen injection in annulus are a key factor in the process of continuous nitrogen injection. However, the critical nitrogen injection rate under various working conditions, such as different well types, different wellhead steam parameters, and insulation pipe parameters, was not fully considered and studied. In this paper, the annular critical nitrogen injection displacement model was established based on the completion structure of injection well by applying the basic principles of heat transfer and fluid mechanics comprehensively. The influencing factors of critical nitrogen injection displacement were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the annular thermal resistance of horizontal wells is larger than that of directional wells for different well types, and the critical nitrogen injection displacement required is higher. The parameter sensitivity analysis shows that with the increase of pressure, steam displacement, and steam dryness, the required critical nitrogen injection displacement rate increases nearly quadratically. However, with the increase of the length and thermal conductivity of insulation pipe, the critical nitrogen injection displacement decreases cubically. The critical nitrogen injection can be reduced by reducing the annular area of the casing annulus and lowering the string deeply. The research results can provide key basic theoretical guidance for improving the heat utilization efficiency of in situ modified wells and reducing the casing damage rate for hot injection wells.

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Gabr, M. A., J. J. Bowders, J. Wang, and J. Quaranta. "In situ soil flushing using prefabricated vertical drains." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 25, 1996): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-026.

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The use of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) for enhanced soil flushing was investigated using a bench scale experimental setup. Soil samples were prepared and saturated in contaminant recovery cells (CRC). The PVDs were installed in rectangular and circular configurations, and a vacuum was applied to recover subsurface water. A predictive model for contaminant transport using the PVD-enhanced soil flushing was developed and presented. Results from the CRC tests using four PVDs in a rectangular arrangement indicated that the volume of the retrieved fluid increased as a function of the vacuum level and was approximately 0.55 mL/s at a vacuum level of 9.0 kPa. This represented a recovery efficiency of approximately 100%, since the base inflow through the sample was 0.55 mL/s. Using six PVDs in a circular configuration with a spacing of 14 mm from the center of the circle, a flow rate of approximately 6 mL/s was recovered under 6.8 kPa of vacuum. The average drawdown under a vacuum of 8.6 kPa ranged from 15 to 45 mm, and the zone of effective drawdown was measured to be approximately 200 mm in diameter. This value is approximately 10 times the effective diameter of the PVDs. An injectionextraction test indicated that, under an applied injection pressure of 3.5 kPa, an injection flow rate of approximately 6.5 mL/s was measured. At a vacuum pressure of 6 kPa and using the cicular configuration, the injection and recovery flow rates were approximately balanced. Such balance is essential to avoid decreasing the flushing rate due to the compression of the soil voids as well as to avoid the desaturation of soil profile. Key words: contaminant transport, injection, model, prefabricated vertical drains, retardation, soil flushing, vacuum.

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Steyn, Ruhann, Du Toit Strauss, Frederic Effenberger, and Daniel Pacheco. "The soft X-ray Neupert effect as a proxy for solar energetic particle injection." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 10 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2020067.

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The acceleration and injection of solar energetic particles (SEPs) near the Sun is one of the major unsolved problems in contemporary SEP transport modeling efforts. Here, we establish a new approach to the injection problem by utilizing a correlation between the soft X-ray thermal emission in solar flares, and their hard X-ray counterpart, the so-called Neupert effect, which is indicative of the presence of non-thermal particles. We show that the resulting injection function, in the initial phase of the flare, is similar to those inferred from inverting the transport problem based on in-situ observations. For few cases, we find early injections with no in-situ correspondence, that can be caused by particles accelerated before there is a magnetic connection between the source and the spacecraft. The method has limitations for long-duration injections, since it is not applicable to the decay phase of the flare where particle trapping might play a role. For a sample of SEP events in 1980, observed with the Helios-1 and IMP8 spacecraft, we show the results of a 2D SEP transport model based on this approach. We discuss that, with this method, a physics-based, real-time operational SEP now-cast model for the heliosphere is feasible.

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Al-Mahasneh, Mehaysen Ahmed. "TOE-TO-HEEL AIR INJECTION IN-SITU COMBUSTION PROCESS: CASE STUDY FROM THE AZRAQ BASIN, JORDAN." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 35, no. 3 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2020.3.8.

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Zhang, Chong, Tingting Xie, Kaixuan Tan, Yixuan Yao, Yaan Wang, Chunguang Li, Yongmei Li, Ying Zhang, and Hui Wang. "Hydrodynamic Simulation of the Influence of Injection Flowrate Regulation on In-Situ Leaching Range." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070787.

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Reasonable control of the leaching range is one of the critical indicators of the in-situ leaching uranium mining process. However, there is currently no mature control technology. To verify and improve the current control technology of the leaching range in the industry, this work proposes an injection control mode for a small flow around the well-site and establishes a hydrodynamic model of the leaching range under eight different pumping and injection conditions by using the groundwater modeling system (GMS). The model calculation, range prediction, comparative analysis, and on-site SO42− and S isotope verification tests were carried out. Results show that with the change of liquid injection ratio, the area ratios of fixed pumping injection ratio (total pumping flowrate is greater than 0.3% of the total injection flowrate) and model leaching range under four pumping injection equilibrium conditions were 99.10%, 99.99%, 98.30%, and 97.95%, respectively. The farthest migration distance ratios of the leaching solution were 99.37%, 100%, 98.02%, and 97.58%, respectively. It is considered that the operation mode with a fixed pumping injection ratio has no noticeable control effect on the leaching range; selecting a reasonable proportion to regulate the flowrate of injection wells at different positions can effectively reduce the area of the groundwater flow field and realize the effective control of the leaching range. The research results are conducive to saving a lot of evaporation pool construction, land acquisition, human and material resource investment, and environmental policy pressure.

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Lin, C. H., M. C. Tom Kuo, C. Y. Su, K. F. Liang, and Y. L. Han. "A nutrient injection scheme for in situ bio-remediation." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 47, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.640907.

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Xu, Qianwei, Yang Leng, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Injection molding of PC/PBT/LCP ternaryin situ composite." Polymer Engineering & Science 36, no. 6 (March 1996): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.10464.

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Rabbi, M. F., B. Clark, R. J. Gale, E. Ozsu-Acar, J. Pardue, and A. Jackson. "In situ TCE bioremediation study using electrokinetic cometabolite injection." Waste Management 20, no. 4 (July 2000): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(99)00329-3.

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Na, Zhou, Tetsuya Suekane, Takahiro Hosokawa, Sadamu Inaoka, and Qiuwang Wang. "In-Situ Capillary Trapping of CO2 by Co-Injection." Transport in Porous Media 90, no. 2 (July 13, 2011): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-011-9800-3.

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Самохвалов, Михаил, Mikhail Samokhvalov, Яков Пронозин, Yakov Pronozin, Валентина Ращупкина, and Valentina Rashchupkina. "IN-SITU TESTS FOR BEHAVIOR OF DRILLINJECTIONHON PILES WITH CONTROLLED WIDENING IN PULVERESCENT–CLAY SOILS OF FLEXIBLE CONSISTENCY." Construction and Architecture 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19917.

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the paper discusses the results of in-situ tests for behavior of the drill injection pile with controlled widening at its end in pulverescent – clay foundation soil of flexible consistency carried out at an experimental site in Tyumen. The results make of possible to determine the radius of the consolidation zone, its tress – strain condition and physical – mechanical properties. He soil bed in its active zone changed in the area of the drill – injection pile. The comparative analysis has been carried out to reveal the behavior of the drill – injection pile with controlled widening and without it with single and repeated injection grout under vertical static loading.

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Joiner, Jordan B., Jasmine L. King, Roopali Shrivastava, Sarah Anne Howard, Mackenzie L. Cottrell, Angela D. M. Kashuba, Paul A. Dayton, and Soumya Rahima Benhabbour. "Effects of Injection Volume and Route of Administration on Dolutegravir In Situ Forming Implant Pharmacokinetics." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030615.

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Due to the versatility of the in situ forming implant (ISFI) drug delivery system, it is crucial to understand the effects of formulation parameters for clinical translation. We utilized ultrasound imaging and pharmacokinetics (PK) in mice to understand the impact of administration route, injection volume, and drug loading on ISFI formation, degradation, and drug release in mice. Placebo ISFIs injected subcutaneously (SQ) with smaller volumes (40 μL) exhibited complete degradation within 30–45 days, compared to larger volumes (80 μL), which completely degraded within 45–60 days. However, all dolutegravir (DTG)-loaded ISFIs along the range of injection volumes tested (20–80 μL) were present at 90 days post-injection, suggesting that DTG can prolong ISFI degradation. Ultrasound imaging showed that intramuscular (IM) ISFIs flattened rapidly post administration compared to SQ, which coincides with the earlier Tmax for drug-loaded IM ISFIs. All mice exhibited DTG plasma concentrations above four times the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration (PA-IC90) throughout the entire 90 days of the study. ISFI release kinetics best fit to zero order or diffusion-controlled models. When total administered dose was held constant, there was no statistical difference in drug exposure regardless of the route of administration or number of injections.

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Patel, Ravi B., Luis Solorio, Hanping Wu, Tianyi Krupka, and Agata A. Exner. "Effect of injection site on in situ implant formation and drug release in vivo." Journal of Controlled Release 147, no. 3 (November 2010): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.020.

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Yang, Han, and Liu. "Numerical Simulation Study of Heavy Oil Production by Using In-Situ Combustion." Processes 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090621.

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An in-situ combustion method is an effective method to enhance oil recovery with high economic recovery rate, low risk, fast promotion and application speed. Currently, in-situ combustion technique is regarded as the last feasible thermal recovery technology to replace steam injection in the exploitation of bitumen sands and heavy oil reservoirs. However, the oil-discharging mechanism during the in-situ combustion process is still not clearly understood. In this paper, the in-situ combustion process has been numerically simulated based on the Du 66 block. The effect of production parameters (huff and puff rounds, air injection speed, and air injection temperature) and geological parameters (bottom water thickness, stratigraphic layering, permeability ratio, and formation thickness) on the heavy oil recovery have been comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the flooding efficiency is positively correlated with the thickness of the bottom water, and negatively correlated with the formation heterogeneity. There exist optimum values for the oil layer thickness, huff and puff rounds, and air injection speed. And the effect of air injection temperature is not significant. The results of this paper can contribute to the understanding of mechanisms during in-situ combustion and the better production design for heavy oil reservoirs.

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Faria, Juliana A., Andrezza Kinote, Letícia M. Ignacio-Souza, Thiago M. de Araújo, Daniela S. Razolli, Diego L. Doneda, Lívia B. Paschoal, et al. "Melatonin acts through MT1/MT2 receptors to activate hypothalamic Akt and suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 305, no. 2 (July 15, 2013): E230—E242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2013.

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Melatonin can contribute to glucose homeostasis either by decreasing gluconeogenesis or by counteracting insulin resistance in distinct models of obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which melatonin controls glucose homeostasis is not completely understood. Male Wistar rats were administered an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of melatonin and one of following: an icv injection of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, an icv injection of a melatonin receptor (MT) antagonist, or an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Anesthetized rats were subjected to pyruvate tolerance test to estimate in vivo glucose clearance after pyruvate load and in situ liver perfusion to assess hepatic gluconeogenesis. The hypothalamus was removed to determine Akt phosphorylation. Melatonin injections in the central nervous system suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased hypothalamic Akt phosphorylation. These effects of melatonin were suppressed either by icv injections of PI3K inhibitors and MT antagonists and by ip injection of a muscarinic receptor antagonist. We conclude that melatonin activates hypothalamus-liver communication that may contribute to circadian adjustments of gluconeogenesis. These data further suggest a physiopathological relationship between the circadian disruptions in metabolism and reduced levels of melatonin found in type 2 diabetes patients.

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Palizdan, Sepideh, Hossein Doryani, Masoud Riazi, and Mohammad Reza Malayeri. "Experimental study of in-situ W/O emulsification during the injection of MgSO4 and Na2CO3 solutions in a glass micromodel." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2020072.

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In-situ emulsification of injected brines of various types is gaining increased attention for the purpose of enhanced oil recovery. The present experimental study aims at evaluating the impact of injecting various solutions of Na2CO3 and MgSO4 at different flow rates resembling those in the reservoir and near wellbore using a glass micromodel with different permeability regions. Emulsification process was visualized through the injection of deionized water and different brines at different flow rates. The experimental results showed that the extent of emulsions produced in the vicinity of the micromodel exit was profoundly higher than those at the entrance of the micromodel. The injection of Na2CO3 brine after deionized water caused the impact of emulsification process more efficiently for attaining higher oil recovery than that for the MgSO4 brine. For instance, the injection of MgSO4 solution after water flooding increased oil recovery only up to 1%, while the equivalent figure for Na2CO3 was 28%. It was also found that lower flow rate of injection would cause the displacement front to be broadened since the injected fluid had more time to interact with the oil phase. Finally, lower injection flow rate reduced the viscous force of the displacing fluid which led to lesser occurrence of viscous fingering phenomenon.

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Samaroo, Mahendra, Rick Chalaturnyk, Maurice Dusseault, Judy F. Chow, and Hans Custers. "Assessment of the Brittle–Ductile State of Major Injection and Confining Formations in the Alberta Basin." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 6877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196877.

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Subsurface interaction between critically stressed seismogenic faults and anthropogenic fluid injection activities has caused several earthquakes of concern over the last decade. Proactive detection of the reverse and strike-slip faults inherent in the Alberta Basin is difficult, while identification of faults likely to become seismogenic is even more challenging. We present a conceptual framework to evaluate the seismogenic potential of undetected faults, within the stratigraphic sequence of interest, during the site-selection stage of fluid injection projects. This method uses the geomechanical properties of formations present at sites of interest and their current state of stress to evaluate whether hosted faults are likely to be brittle or ductile since the hazard posed by faults in brittle-state formations is generally significantly higher than that of faults in ductile-state formations. We used data from approximately 3100 multi-stress triaxial tests to calculate the Mogi brittle–ductile state line for 51 major injection and confining formations in the Alberta Basin and in situ stress and pore pressure data from approximately 1200 diagnostic fracture-injection tests to assess the last-known brittle–ductile state of each formation. Analysis of these data shows that the major injection formations assessed in the Alberta Basin were in a ductile state, with some confining (caprock) formations in a brittle state at the time of the stress measurements. Once current site-specific in situ stress data are available, our method enables site-specific assessment of the current brittle–ductile state of geologic formations within the zone of influence of large-volume fluid-injection projects and an evaluation of the associated potential for fault seismogenesis.

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Zhang, Xu, Weihua Liu, Lilong Yang, Xiang Zhou, and Ping Yang. "Experimental Study on Water Shutoff Technology Using In-Situ Ion Precipitation for Gas Reservoirs." Energies 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203881.

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Once a gas well begins to produce water, gas production will be seriously affected. If no effective measures are taken, the gas well will be shut down. Although some methods can be adopted to limit the production of unwanted water in gas reservoirs, they do not radically solve the problem of excessive water production, which may cause gas shutoff and dramatically increase the cost of dealing with disposing of the unwanted water. In this study, water shutoff technology with in-situ ion precipitation was tested for a gas well in southwest China, with results demonstrated through experiments of ion precipitation distribution and core displacement. The results of the ion precipitation distribution experiments show that it can be artificially controlled to produce ion precipitation blocking the water layer. The distribution of ion precipitation depends on influencing factors including injection flow rate, injection height, and ion concentration, which is generally hill-shaped. Dynamic displacement experiments through two types of cores (matrix core and fracture core) show that during the process of injecting gas-field water into the core, the ion precipitation caused by the in-situ reaction constantly blocked the seepage channel, resulting in a significant decrease in the injection rate. After injection of the gas-field water, the permeability of the core decreased, the starting pressure gradient increased, and the effect of water shutoff was remarkable. Given the experimental results, the in-situ ion precipitation water-plugging technology for gas reservoirs can directly solve the problem of water production in gas wells in the water layer because it can block the water layer by using formation water itself. This technology has promise for use in southwest China and can provide technical guidance for other gas reservoirs.

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Rummel, Christoph, Stephan W. Barth, Thilo Voss, Stefan Korte, Rüdiger Gerstberger, Thomas Hübschle, and Joachim Roth. "Localized vs. systemic inflammation in guinea pigs: a role for prostaglandins at distinct points of the fever induction pathways?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 2 (August 2005): R340—R347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00104.2005.

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In guinea pigs, dose-dependent febrile responses were induced by injection of a high (100 μg/kg) or a low (10 μg/kg) dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into artificial subcutaneously implanted Teflon chambers. Both LPS doses further induced a pronounced formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at the site of localized subcutaneous inflammation. Administration of diclofenac, a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, at different doses (5, 50, 500, or 5,000 μg/kg) attenuated or abrogated LPS-induced fever and inhibited LPS-induced local PGE2 formation (5 or 500 μg/kg diclofenac). Even the lowest dose of diclofenac (5 μg/kg) attenuated fever in response to 10 μg/kg LPS, but only when administered directly into the subcutaneous chamber, and not into the site contralateral to the chamber. This observation indicated that a localized formation of PGE2 at the site of inflammation mediated a portion of the febrile response, which was induced by injection of 10 μg/kg LPS into the subcutaneous chamber. Further support for this hypothesis derived from the observation that we failed to detect elevated amounts of COX-2 mRNA in the brain of guinea pigs injected subcutaneously with 10 μg/kg LPS, whereas subcutaneous injections of 100 μg/kg LPS, as well as systemic injections of LPS (intra-arterial or intraperitoneal routes), readily caused expression of the COX-2 gene in the guinea pig brain, as demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Therefore, fever in response to subcutaneous injection of 10 μg/kg LPS may, in part, have been evoked by a neural, rather than a humoral, pathway from the local site of inflammation to the brain.

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Yu, Guang Wei, Pei Zhen Lin, Yun Xiao Chong, Zhong Bin Shang, and Ran Wei. "Release and Transformation of Nitrogen from Sediments during In Situ Treatment with Calcium Nitrate Injection for Odor Control." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1396.

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Sediments sampled from the Pearl River tributary inlet, with seriously black and odor problem, was treated with calcium nitrate injection in the river simulator. During the course, release and transformation of nitrogen from sediments was investigated. The results showed that calcium nitrate injection is one kind of feasible approaches for sediments odor control. Removal rate of sulfide in sediments reached up to 99% in a month, the color of sediments turned to light brown from black, and the odor disappeared. However, release of NH4+-N and NO3--N was accelerated with calcium nitrate injection, the maximum release concentration of NH4-N and NO3-N was close to 48 mg/L and 417.4 mg/L with injecting dosing of 8%(W/W, dry-weight). Furthermore, continued aeration to overlying water seemed not to be a good way for NO3-N removal. Contrastively, under low DO condition, both concentration of NH4-N and NO3-N took increasing-decrease trends. In this work, TN concentration decreased from 97.7 mg/L to 27.4 mg/L. That is, by maintaining low DO concentration in sediment-water interface, the extra release of nitrogen caused by calcium nitrate injection could be well controlled.

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38

Eschenbach, W., R. Well, and W. Walther. "Predicting the denitrification capacity of sandy aquifers from in situ measurements using push–pull <sup>15</sup>N tracer tests." Biogeosciences 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2015): 2327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2327-2015.

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Abstract. Knowledge about the spatial variability of in situ denitrification rates (Dr(in situ)) and their relation to the denitrification capacity in nitrate-contaminated aquifers is crucial to predict the development of groundwater quality. Therefore, 28 push–pull 15N tracer tests for the measurement of in situ denitrification rates were conducted in two sandy Pleistocene aquifers in northern Germany. The 15N analysis of denitrification-derived 15N-labelled N2 and N2O dissolved in water samples collected during the push–pull 15N tracer tests was performed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in the lab and additionally for some tracer tests online in the field with a quadrupole membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) in order to test the feasibility of on-site real-time 15N analysis. Aquifer material from the same locations and depths as the push–pull injection points was incubated, and the initial and cumulative denitrification after 1 year of incubation (Dcum(365)) as well as the stock of reduced compounds (SRC) was compared with in situ measurements of denitrification. This was done to derive transfer functions suitable to predict Dcum(365) and SRC from Dr(in situ). Dr(in situ) ranged from 0 to 51.5 μg N kg−1 d−1. Denitrification rates derived from on-site isotope analysis using MIMS satisfactorily coincided with laboratory analysis by conventional IRMS, thus proving the feasibility of in situ analysis. Dr(in situ) was significantly higher in the sulfidic zone of both aquifers compared to the zone of non-sulfidic aquifer material. Overall, regressions between the Dcum(365) and SRC of the tested aquifer material with Dr(in situ) exhibited only a modest linear correlation for the full data set. However, the predictability of Dcum(365) and SRC from Dr(in situ) data clearly increased for aquifer samples from the zone of NO3−-bearing groundwater. In the NO3−-free aquifer zone, a lag phase of denitrification after NO3− injections was observed, which confounded the relationship between reactive compounds and in situ denitrification activity. This finding was attributed to adaptation processes in the microbial community after NO3− injections. It was also demonstrated that the microbial community in the NO3−-free zone just below the NO3−-bearing zone can be adapted to denitrification by NO3− injections into wells for an extended period. In situ denitrification rates were 30 to 65 times higher after pre-conditioning with NO3−. Results from this study suggest that such pre-conditioning is crucial for the measurement of Dr(in situ) in deeper aquifer material from the NO3−-free groundwater zone and thus for the prediction of Dcum(365) and SRC from Dr(in situ).

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Sairam, D., G. Reshma, Arjun P, and Y. Deepu. "Performance Evaluation of Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery by In-situ Combustion." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.11750.

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Thermal methods of enhanced oil recovery and especially the in-situ combustion known to the efficient methods among the known enhanced oil recovery methods. In this method heat is added to the reservoir to reduce the oil viscosity. So, that it can be more efficiently driven to the producing well. However the experimental analysis of ISC to understand its operation is known to be expensive. Therefore we have developed a 1D model using STARS module of CMG where in we have Cartesian grid. To this we have given and given i, j, k values. Later porosity, Temperature and initial pressures are given. For setting the well we have used injector and producer. After checking errors we have validated the model. It is evident from the performance plots that the temperature along the core is a function of the gas injected and the oil saturation. However the as the temperature moves along the reservoir from injection well the oil saturation is observed to decrease in the vicinity of the well and start to build away from the injection well towards the production well. This is work provides a platform to understands the combustion propagation and its role in improving the oil recoveries

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Vrionis, Helen A., Robert T. Anderson, Irene Ortiz-Bernad, Kathleen R. O'Neill, Charles T. Resch, Aaron D. Peacock, Richard Dayvault, David C. White, Philip E. Long, and Derek R. Lovley. "Microbiological and Geochemical Heterogeneity in an In Situ Uranium Bioremediation Field Site." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (October 2005): 6308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.10.6308-6318.2005.

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ABSTRACT The geochemistry and microbiology of a uranium-contaminated subsurface environment that had undergone two seasons of acetate addition to stimulate microbial U(VI) reduction was examined. There were distinct horizontal and vertical geochemical gradients that could be attributed in large part to the manner in which acetate was distributed in the aquifer, with more reduction of Fe(III) and sulfate occurring at greater depths and closer to the point of acetate injection. Clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes derived from sediments and groundwater indicated an enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the order Desulfobacterales in sediment and groundwater samples. These samples were collected nearest the injection gallery where microbially reducible Fe(III) oxides were highly depleted, groundwater sulfate concentrations were low, and increases in acid volatile sulfide were observed in the sediment. Further down-gradient, metal-reducing conditions were present as indicated by intermediate Fe(II)/Fe(total) ratios, lower acid volatile sulfide values, and increased abundance of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the dissimilatory Fe(III)- and U(VI)-reducing family Geobacteraceae. Maximal Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction correlated with maximal recovery of Geobacteraceae 16S rRNA gene sequences in both groundwater and sediment; however, the sites at which these maxima occurred were spatially separated within the aquifer. The substantial microbial and geochemical heterogeneity at this site demonstrates that attempts should be made to deliver acetate in a more uniform manner and that closely spaced sampling intervals, horizontally and vertically, in both sediment and groundwater are necessary in order to obtain a more in-depth understanding of microbial processes and the relative contribution of attached and planktonic populations to in situ uranium bioremediation.

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Hammerich, Linda, Thomas A. Davis, Tibor Keler, Andres M. Salazar, and Joshua Brody. "Combining In Situ Vaccination with Immune Checkpoint Blockade Induces Long-Term Regression of Lymphoma Tumors." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.465.465.

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Abstract Background Low-grade non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas are generally incurable, with standard therapies inducing only temporary remissions. Preliminary results with anti-PD-1 therapy have yielded low response rates, though tumor-targeted vaccines represent promising, novel treatment strategies. In a pre-clinical mouse model, we attempt to develop and optimize an in situ vaccine combining recruitment of dendritic cells (DC) and low-dose local radiotherapy (XRT) with intratumoral (i.t) administration of a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist Methods A20 lymphoma-bearing mice were injected i.t. with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) daily for 9 days (30ug/mouse), followed by local XRT (9Gy) and i.t. injections of poly-ICLC (50ug/mouse) for 5 days. Leukocyte accumulation in tumors, lymph nodes, and spleens was analyzed by flow cytometry and animals were monitored for tumor growth and survival. To assess uptake of tumor antigens by DC, mCherry-expressing A20 cells were used. For assessment of systemic anti-tumor response tumors were inoculated on both flanks, but only one site was treated as described before. In some groups, anti-PD-1 blocking antibody was injected systemically during vaccination. Results Injection of Flt3L induced potent accumulation of DC at the tumor site, tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) and the spleen, with intratumoral injection being superior to systemic injection in increasing intratumoral and TDLN DCs. Interestingly, Flt3L-treatment led to an 8-fold increase in TLR3+ DC in the tumor. Local XRT increased the amount of mCherry+ DC in the tumor, indicating enhanced uptake of dying tumor cells. XRT of A20 cells also induced activation of Flt3L-treated splenic DC in vitro. While combination of FLt3L and local XRT was not able to cure established tumors, the combination of Flt3L and XRT with poly-ICLC induced long-lasting tumor regression in 40% of mice as well as regression of untreated tumors. This was accompanied by induction of tumor-reactive, Interferon γ (IFN γ)-producing T cells. Of note, the combination of Flt3L and XRT increased expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on tumor infiltrating T cells and tumor cells, respectively. Consistently, systemic treatment with a PD-1 blocking antibody significantly enhanced the efficacy of the Flt3L-primed in situ vaccine leading to complete tumor regression at the treated site and a significant survival benefit compared to the in situ vaccine without PD-1 blockade. PD-1 blockade also increased the number of tumor-reactive T cells. Conclusions In situ vaccination combining intratumoral Flt3L injection with local XRT, poly-ICLC and anti-PD-1 induces a potent anti-tumor immune response able to induce long-term regression of established lymphoma tumors. Disclosures Davis: Celldex Therapeutics: Employment. Keler:Celldex Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Salazar:Oncovir Inc: Employment. Brody:Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses, Speakers Bureau; Acerta Pharma: Research Funding; Immunogen: Equity Ownership; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses, Speakers Bureau; Novavax: Equity Ownership; Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy; Synergy Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership.

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Zhao, Peng, Kaipeng Ji, Jianfeng Zhang, Yuhong Chen, Zhengyang Dong, Jianguo Zheng, and Jianzhong Fu. "In-situ ultrasonic measurement of molten polymers during injection molding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 293 (July 2021): 117081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117081.

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Krizsma, Sz, N. K. Kovács, J. G. Kovács, and A. Suplicz. "In-situ monitoring of deformation in rapid prototyped injection molds." Additive Manufacturing 42 (June 2021): 102001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102001.

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Cohen, Jonathan, Kamila Kolanska, Anne-Sophie Zanini-Grandon, Jeremie Belghiti, Isabelle Thomassin-Naggara, Marc Bazot, Marie Bornes, and Emile Daraï. "Treatment of Intramyometrial Pregnancy by In Situ Injection of Methotrexate." Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 24, no. 3 (March 2017): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2016.05.007.

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Devlin, J. F., and J. F. Barker. "A Semipassive Nutrient Injection Scheme for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation." Ground Water 32, no. 3 (May 1994): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1994.tb00654.x.

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Bloxham, Martin J., Michael H. Depledge, and Paul J. Worsfold. "In situ flow-injection monitoring of ammonia in landfill leachate." Laboratory Robotics and Automation 9, no. 4 (1997): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2728(1997)9:4<175::aid-lra3>3.0.co;2-y.

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Agostini, Aubert, Thomas De Lapparent, Emmanuelle Collette, Mariane Capelle, Ludovic Cravello, and Bernard Blanc. "In situ methotrexate injection for treatment of recurrent endometriotic cysts." European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 130, no. 1 (January 2007): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.01.015.

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Hubbard, M., D. K. Krehbiel, and S. R. Gollahalli. "A Laboratory-Scale Experimental Study of In-Situ Combustion Processes." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 116, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906439.

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A laboratory-scale experimental study of in-situ combustion for enhanced oil recovery is presented. The effects of oil saturation, preheating of the oil-sand bed, porosity of sand, and air-injection rate on both the time history of liquid yield and the total liquid yield have been determined. From the measured temperature profiles and charred length of oil-sand bed, the propagation rate of combustion front has been deduced. The volumetric concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the effluent gas have been measured. The rate of liquid yield is highest in the initial periods of insitu heating or combustion. Air-injection rate, although it has an indirect influence on the temperatures achieved in the bed, exerts only a weak effect on the liquid yield. The increase in porosity of sand increases the liquid yield rate. The relative effects of air injection rate, oil saturation, and the porosity of sand under combustion conditions are simulated well by preheating the bed.

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Medina, Oscar E., Yira Hurtado, Cristina Caro-Velez, Farid B. Cortés, Masoud Riazi, Sergio H. Lopera, and Camilo A. Franco. "Improvement of Steam Injection Processes Through Nanotechnology: An Approach through in Situ Upgrading and Foam Injection." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244633.

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This study aims to evaluate a high-performance nanocatalyst for upgrading of extra-heavy crude oil recovery and at the same time evaluate the capacity of foams generated with a nanofluid to improve the sweeping efficiency through a continuous steam injection process at reservoir conditions. CeO2±δ nanoparticles functionalized with mass fractions of 0.89% and 1.1% of NiO and PdO, respectively, were employed to assist the technology and achieve the oil upgrading. In addition, silica nanoparticles grafted with a mass fraction of 12% polyethylene glycol were used as an additive to improve the stability of an alpha-olefin sulphonate-based foam. The nanofluid formulation for the in situ upgrading process was carried out through thermogravimetric analysis and measurements of zeta potential during eight days to find the best concentration of nanoparticles and surfactant, respectively. The displacement test was carried out in different stages, including, (i) basic characterization, (ii) steam injection in the absence of nanofluids, (iii) steam injection after soaking with nanofluid for in situ upgrading, (iv) N2 injection, and (v) steam injection after foaming nanofluid. Increase in the oil recovery of 8.8%, 3%, and 5.5% are obtained for the technology assisted by the nanocatalyst-based nanofluid, after the nitrogen injection, and subsequent to the thermal foam injection, respectively. Analytical methods showed that the oil viscosity was reduced 79%, 77%, and 31%, in each case. Regarding the asphaltene content, with the presence of the nanocatalyst, it decreased from 28.7% up to 12.9%. Also, the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity values increased by up to 47%. It was observed that the crude oil produced after the foam injection was of higher quality than the crude oil without treatment, indicating that the thermal foam leads to a better swept of the porous medium containing upgraded oil.

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Mackay, Gary F., Brendon M. Manning, and N. Garry Tarr. "Rapid thermal annealing of in situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon emitters." Canadian Journal of Physics 70, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1992): 1109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p92-179.

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Rapid thermal annealing of in situ phosphorus-doped polysilicon emitter transistors in the temperature range 850–1000 °C greatly reduces the emitter resistance RE at the cost of a slight increase in hole back injection, seen as a decrease in emitter Gummel number GE. Annealing at 1000 °C for 5 s gives low emitter resistance (RE ≈ 100 Ω μm2) while maintaining good suppression of back injection (GE ≥ 1014 scm−4). Annealing at temperatures below 1000 °C fails to reduce RE sufficiently for use in high-speed devices.

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Journal articles on the topic 'In situ injection'

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