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Journal articles on the topic 'In-situ electrokinetics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Lukman, Salihu, Mohammed Hussain Essa, Nuhu Dalhat Mu'azu, and Alaadin Bukhari. "Coupled Electrokinetics-Adsorption Technique for Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Organics from Saline-Sodic Soil." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/346910.

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In situ remediation technologies for contaminated soils are faced with significant technical challenges when the contaminated soil has low permeability. Popular traditional technologies are rendered ineffective due to the difficulty encountered in accessing the contaminants as well as when employed in settings where the soil contains mixed contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and polar organics. In this study, an integrated in situ remediation technique that couples electrokinetics with adsorption, using locally produced granular activated carbon from date palm pits in the treatment zones that are installed directly to bracket the contaminated soils at bench-scale, is investigated. Natural saline-sodic soil, spiked with contaminant mixture (kerosene, phenol, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg), was used in this study to investigate the efficiency of contaminant removal. For the 21-day period of continuous electrokinetics-adsorption experimental run, efficiency for the removal of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, phenol, and kerosene was found to reach 26.8, 55.8, 41.0, 34.4, 75.9, 92.49, 100.0, and 49.8%, respectively. The results obtained suggest that integrating adsorption into electrokinetic technology is a promising solution for removal of contaminant mixture from saline-sodic soils.

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2

Mohamedelhassan, E., and J. Q. Shang. "Electrokinetics-generated pore fluid and ionic transport in an offshore calcareous soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 1185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-060.

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In this study, the electrokinetics-generated pore fluid transport in an offshore calcareous soil is investigated in three steps. The pore fluid of the soil specimen tested has a salinity equivalent to that of seawater (artificial or A-seawater). The electroosmotic flow rates are measured for the A-seawater and two stabilizing permeating solutions, i.e., 15% CaCl2 and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions. The results show that electroosmosis generated significant flow in the soil and can effectively transport the two permeating solutions through soil pores filled with A-seawater. The maximum flow rate is observed in the test conducted with 15% CaCl2 solution, followed by those of A-seawater and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions, respectively. The results also show the significant role of electromigration in transporting the cations in the permeating solutions from the anode to the cathode. In particular, it is found that the electrokinetics-generated ionic transport for calcium (Ca2+) is 6.3 times faster than that for aluminum (Al3+). The surface charge properties of the calcareous soil are studied by measuring the zeta potentials of the soil solids suspended in electrolyte solutions of various types, concentrations, and pH values. The relationship between the experimental and theoretical coefficients of electroosmotic permeability, ke, is examined based on the results from the electrokinetic experiments and the HelmholtzSmoluchowski model. It is concluded that the effectiveness of electroosmosis in transporting water can be predicted qualitatively or semiquantitatively from the zeta potential of the soil solids suspension. The influence of pore fluid pH on the zeta potential of the soil is also investigated. The study provides important information for the use of electrokinetics to facilitate in situ artificial cementation of calcareous soils for offshore foundation applications.Key words: calcareous soil, electrokinetics, electroosmosis, electromigration, zeta potential, soilwaterelectrolyte system.

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3

Li, Shanshan, Yukun Ren, Haochen Cui, Quan Yuan, Jie Wu, Shigetoshi Eda, and Hongyuan Jiang. "Alternating current electrokinetics enhanced in situ capacitive immunoassay." ELECTROPHORESIS 36, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201400284.

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4

Safdar, Muhammad Umair, Maria Mavroulidou, Michael J. Gunn, Christopher Gray, Diane Purchase, Jonathan Garelick, and Ian Payne. "Implementation of biocementation for a partially saturated problematic soil of the UK railway network." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019505006.

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This paper refers to biocementation of a problematic soil of the UK railway network as a potential stabilisation technique of this soil using indigenous ureolytic bacteria. The soil is peat, a soft foundation soil also subject to oxidation wastage. As the peat is under existing embankments, electrokinetics (EK) is proposed as a promising technique to implement treatments. In the context of unsaturated soils the paper thus focuses on two particular aspects relevant for the implementation of treatments and the stability of this soil, namely: a) the effect of degree of saturation of the peat on the bio-electrokinetic treatment ; b) the soil water retention curve of the soil affecting flow and transport; these are relevant as we focus on understanding and modelling the implementation of treatments through electrokinetics; moreover for the peat it is of importance to understand moisture exchange in the vadose zone and control groundwater table levels (e.g. during electrokinetics) in order to prevent further oxidation. After isolation and screening of indigenous microorgansisms Bacillus licheniformis was selected for further testing. The results in terms of unconfined compressive strength, CaCO3 content, swelling and compression behaviour and water retention proved the feasibility of biocementation using this indigenous microorganism. Ongoing work is assessing the required treated soil characteristics and related required biocementation degree to solve UK rail's peat foundation problems. Upscaling of the techniques towards in situ implementation is also planned in the next stage of the research.

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5

Chew, Chin F., and Tian C. Zhang. "In-situ remediation of nitrate-contaminated ground water by electrokinetics/iron wall processes." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0286.

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The feasibility of using electrokinetics coupled with a zero valent iron (Fe0) treatment wall to abiotically remediate nitrate-contaminated soils was investigated. Upon completion of each test run, the contaminated soil specimen was sliced into five parts and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen. Nitrogen mass balance was used to determine the major transformation products. In control experiments where only electrokinetics was used at various constant voltages, 25 to 37% of the nitrate-nitrogen was transformed. The amount of nitrate-nitrogen transformed improved when a Fe0 wall (20 g or about 8-10% by weight) was placed near the anode. For test runs at various constant voltages, the amount of nitrate-nitrogen transformed ranged from 54 to 87%. By switching to constant currents, the amount of nitrate-nitrogen - transformed was about 84 to 88%. The major transformation products were ammonia-nitrogen and nitrogen gases. Nitrite-nitrogen was less than 1% in all experimental runs. Two localized pH conditions exist in the system, a low pH region near the anode and a high pH region near the cathode. Placing of an iron wall near the anode increases the pH in that area as time increases. Movement of the acid front did not flush across the cathode. This research has demonstrated that the electrokinetics/iron wall process can be used to remediate nitrate-contaminated groundwater.

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6

Choi, Eunpyo, Kilsung Kwon, Daejoong Kim, and Jungyul Park. "An electrokinetic study on tunable 3D nanochannel networks constructed by spatially controlled nanoparticle assembly." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 2 (2015): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc00949e.

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We present a thorough experimental and theoretical analysis of nanoscale electrokinetics using ion-selective nanochannel networks formed by geometrically controlled in situ self-assembled nanoparticles.

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7

Ahualli, Silvia, Sara Bermúdez, Félix Carrique, María L. Jiménez, and Ángel V. Delgado. "AC Electrokinetics of Salt-Free Multilayered Polymer-Grafted Particles." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092097.

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Interest in the electrical properties of the interface between soft (or polymer-grafted) nanoparticles and solutions is considerable. Of particular significance is the case of polyelectrolyte-coated particles, mainly taking into account that the layer-by-layer procedure allows the control of the thickness and permeability of the layer, and the overall charge of the coated particle. Like in simpler systems, electrokinetic determinations in AC fields (including dielectric dispersion in the 1 kHz–1 MHz frequency range and dynamic electrophoresis by electroacoustic methods in the 1–18 MHz range) provide a large amount of information about the physics of the interface. Different models have dealt with the electrokinetics of particles coated by a single polymer layer, but studies regarding multi-layered particles are far scarcer. This is even more significant in the case of so-called salt-free systems; ideally, the only charges existing in this case consist of the charge in the layer(s) and the core particle itself, and their corresponding countercharges, with no other ions added. The aims of this paper are as follows: (i) the elaboration of a model for the evaluation of the electrokinetics of multi-grafted polymer particles in the presence of alternating electric fields, in dispersion media where no salts are added; (ii) to carry out an experimental evaluation of the frequency dependence of the dynamic (or AC) electrophoretic mobility and the dielectric permittivity of suspensions of polystyrene latex spherical particles coated with successive layers of cationic, anionic, and neutral polymers; and (iii) finally, to perform a comparison between predictions and experimental results, so that it can be demonstrated that the electrokinetic analysis is a useful tool for the in situ characterization of multilayered particles.

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8

Larsen, Mads S., Murat N. Yesibolati, and Kristian S. Mølhave. "In-situ Electrokinetics Using Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 28, S1 (July 22, 2022): 1908–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927622007474.

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9

Larsen, Mads S., Murat N. Yesibolati, and Kristian S. Mølhave. "In-situ Electrokinetics Using Liquid Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 27, S2 (November 2021): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927621013477.

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10

Yeung, Albert T., and Subbaraju Datla. "Fundamental formulation of electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-060.

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Electro-osmosis and ionic migration are the basic cleanup mechanisms in the electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from fine-grained soils. These are coupled flows as the flows of fluid and contaminants are driven by an externally applied electrical gradient. Moreover, other electrochemical reactions will occur simultaneously during the process. The most pronounced effect is the generation of pH gradient in the soil. The change of pH in the pore fluid can have a significant impact on the degree of sorption and desorption of chemicals on soil particle surfaces, complexes formation and precipitation of chemical species, and dissociation of organic acids; thus affecting the feasibility and efficiency of the cleanup technique tremendously. An attempt is made to formulate the coupled flows of ionic contaminants and the resulting change of pH in the pore fluid during the electrokinetic extraction process. The coupled flows of contaminants are formulated by the formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The pH is determined as a function of time and space by maintaining electrical neutrality throughout the system all the times. A numerical model NEUTRAL is developed to simulate the processes. The good agreement between computed and experimental results published in the literature indicates that the approach is a valid step toward a better understanding of the physics and chemistry involved during electrokinetic treatment of contaminated soils. Key words : electrokinetics, in situ remediation, contaminated soil, coupled flows, electrochemistry, nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

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11

Lee, Katherine, Brian Skinn, Stephen Snyder, Chris Athmer, and Maria Inman. "Tandem Electrokinetic/Electrocatalytic Remediation of Pfas in Soils." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 58 (October 9, 2022): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02582188mtgabs.

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Per-/polyfluorinated species (PFAS) are a class of widely used, highly stable chemicals that do not readily break down in the environment or human body. As a result of their widespread use and persistence in the environment, PFAS can be found in soil, air, and water at numerous sites across the United States. Recent work has linked exposure to some types of PFAS found in the environment to adverse health effects in humans. The bio-accumulative nature of PFAS along with the potential adverse health effects has provided strong motivation for active remediation of these emerging contaminants at environmental sites. Development of energy- and cost-efficient technologies for the in-situ treatment of PFAS-contaminated soils would greatly facilitate efforts to remediate these contaminated sites and alleviate the public health threat they represent. This talk will discuss recent efforts to develop a tandem electrokinetic/electrocatalytic technology for energy-efficient concentration and destruction of PFAS in contaminated soils. In this approach (Figure A), electrokinetic soil remediation technology is used to drive the PFAS contaminants to a localized area around the electrokinetic anode and electrocatalysis reactors situated near this electrokinetic anode degrade and destroy the concentrated PFAS species. Data will be presented describing the electrokinetic transport observed for various C4-C12 linear-chain PFAS in a Dayton, OH till soil on the bench scale (see Figure B). Experimental results to date suggest that larger PFAS species (above ~C6) experience sufficiently strong physicochemical attraction to the soil particles that electrokinetic transport is mostly or completely suppressed. Based on these results, current work is identifying ways to improve electrokinetic PFAS remediation by disrupting these PFAS-soil interactions in a fashion that is economically and environmentally favorable. Results demonstrating the ability to enhance electrocatalytic PFAS destruction through the use of pulsed-waveforms (relative to traditional direct current methods) will also be presented. Figure Caption. (A) Mechanism of tandem electrokinetic/electrocatalytic PFAS destruction. (B) Bench-scale apparatus for soil electrokinetics tests. Figure 1

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12

Annamalai, Sivasankar, Manikandan Santhanam, Subramanian Sudanthiramoorthy, Kannan Pandian, and Marta Pazos. "Greener technology for organic reactive dye degradation in textile dye-contaminated field soil and in situ formation of “electroactive species” at the anode by electrokinetics." RSC Advances 6, no. 5 (2016): 3552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20344a.

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13

Essa, Mohammed Hussain, Nuhu Dalhat Mu’azu, Salihu Lukman, and Alaadin Bukhari. "Integrated Electrokinetics-Adsorption Remediation of Saline-Sodic Soils: Effects of Voltage Gradient and Contaminant Concentration on Soil Electrical Conductivity." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/618495.

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In this study, an integrated in situ remediation technique which couples electrokinetics with adsorption, using locally produced granular activated carbon from date palm pits in the treatment zones that are installed directly to bracket the contaminated soils at bench-scale, is investigated. Natural saline-sodic clay soil, spiked with contaminant mixture (kerosene, phenol, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg), was used in this study to investigate the effects of voltage gradient, initial contaminant concentration, and polarity reversal rate on the soil electrical conductivity. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for the experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model, optimize, and interpret the results obtained using Design-Expert version 8 platform. The total number of experiments conducted was 15 with voltage gradient, polarity reversal rate, and initial contaminant concentration as variables. The main target response discussed in this paper is the soil electrical conductivity due to its importance in electrokinetic remediation process. Responses obtained were fitted to quadratic models whoseR2ranges from 84.66% to 99.19% with insignificant lack of fit in each case. Among the investigated factors, voltage gradient and initial contaminant concentration were found to be the most significant influential factors.

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14

Ban, Matea, Thomas Luxbacher, Johannes Lützenkirchen, Alberto Viani, Sabrina Bianchi, Klaudia Hradil, Andreas Rohatsch, and Valter Castelvetro. "Evolution of calcite surfaces upon thermal decomposition, characterized by electrokinetics, in-situ XRD, and SEM." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 624 (September 2021): 126761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126761.

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15

LUO, Q., X. ZHANG, H. WANG, and Y. QIAN. "The use of non-uniform electrokinetics to enhance in situ bioremediation of phenol-contaminated soil." Journal of Hazardous Materials 121, no. 1-3 (May 20, 2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.02.007.

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16

Riyanto, Riyanto, Mohamed Rozali Othman, and Jumat Salimon. "ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF ETHANOL USING Ni-Co-PVC COMPOSITE ELECTRODE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21424.

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The morphological characteristics and electrochemical behavior of nickel metal foil (Ni), nickel-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-PVC) and nickel-cobalt-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-Co-PVC) electrodes in alkaline solution has been investigated. The morphological characteristics of the electrode surface were studied using SEM and EDS, while the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that composite electrodes (Ni-PVC and Ni-Co-PVC) have a porous, irregular and rough surface. In situ studies using electrochemical technique using those three electrodes exhibited electrochemical activity for redox system, as well as selectivity in the electrooxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. The studies also found that an electrokinetics and electrocatalytic activity behaviors of the electrodes prepared were Ni metal foil

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17

Ramírez, Esperanza Mena, José Villaseñor Camacho, Manuel A. Rodrigo, and Pablo Cañizares. "Combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics for the in-situ treatment of diesel polluted soil: A comparison of strategies." Science of The Total Environment 533 (November 2015): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.127.

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18

Barba, Silvia, Mireya Carvela, José Villaseñor, Manuel A. Rodrigo, and Pablo Cañizares. "Fixed‐bed biological barrier coupled with electrokinetics for the in situ electrobioremediation of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid polluted soil." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 94, no. 8 (June 5, 2019): 2684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6079.

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19

Wacławek, Stanisław, Jaroslav Nosek, Lucie Cádrová, Vojtech Antoš, and Miroslav Černík. "Use of Various Zero Valent Irons for Degradation of Chlorinated Ethenes and Ethanes." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2015-0034.

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Abstract Amongst all of the reducing agents that can be used in environmental remediation, zero valent iron (ZVI) is one of the most common due to its environmental acceptance, high reaction rate, good availability, and long-term stability. Moreover, ZVI mobility, stability and reactivity can be enhanced by the application of a DC electric current, ie electrokinetics (EK). In the study, six various slurries containing different ZVI were tested for their efficacy for chlorinated ethenes and ethanes degradation. Chlorinated compound concentrations, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and conductivity were determined during the long-term kinetic test. Kinetic rate constants calculated for the degradation of three chlorinated ethenes (PCE, TCE and cis-DCE) concluded that EK brings substantial contribution to chlorinated compounds degradation. Nano-scale zero valent iron STAR had the highest reaction rates compare to the other ZVI tested. The performed study could serve as a preliminary assessment of various available ZVI before in-situ application.

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20

Shiba, S., S. Hino, Y. Hirata, and T. Seno. "Removal of heavy metal from soil and groundwater by in-situ electrokinetic remediation." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0586.

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The operational variables of electrokinetic remediation have not been cleared yet, because this method is relatively new and is an innovative technique in the aquifer remediation. In order to investigate the operational variables of the electrokinetic remediation, a mathematical model has been constructed based on the physico chemical mass transport process of heavy metals in pore water of contaminated aquifer. The transport of the heavy metals is driven not only by the hydraulic flow due to the injection of the purge water but also by the electromigration due to the application of the electric potential gradient. The electric potential between anode and cathode is the important operational variable for the electrokinetic remediation. From the numerical simulations with use of this model it is confirmed that the remediation starts from the up stream anode and gradually the heavy metal is transported to the down stream cathode and drawn out through the purge water.

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21

Yu, Shu Bin, Zhen Min Ma, and Hui Shen Zhang. "In Situ Remediation Technology of Groundwater Contaminated by Petroleum Contaminants." Advanced Materials Research 322 (August 2011): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.322.213.

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The paper presents concepts of permeable reactive wall, groundwater aeration, in-situ chemical oxidation, in-situ electrokinetic remediation, bioremediation, and the progress of their researches are discussed. Situ remediation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater proposed a variety of technologies should combine to improve the repair efficiency and reduce capital investment.

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22

Peng, Shengjie, Xiaodong Wang, and Xiaohui Zhang. "Research progress of in-situ remediation of polluted soil and groundwater by electrokinetic and permeable reaction barrier." E3S Web of Conferences 143 (2020): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014302043.

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The combination of electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB combined remediation technology) is a new green technology for in-situ removal of soil and groundwater pollutants. This technology combines the advantages of electrokinetic remediation and permeable reactive barrier technology, and can deal with different types of organic and inorganic pollutants. It has the characteristics of convenient installation, simple operation, no secondary pollution, etc., and has broad development and application prospect. This paper introduces the technical principle of EK-PRB, summarizes the latest research results on the remediation of heavy metal, organic matter and nitrate contaminated soil and groundwater by the electrokinetic remediation and PRB. Finally,the technical problems of combinated remediation were pointed out, and development and application direction of this technology was noted.

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23

JPT staff, _. "In-Situ Casing Consolidation by Electrokinetic Methods." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 02 (February 1, 1998): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0298-0051-jpt.

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24

Alshawabkeh, Akram N., Albert T. Yeung, and Mark R. Bricka. "Practical Aspects of In-Situ Electrokinetic Extraction." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125, no. 1 (January 1999): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:1(27).

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25

Martens, Evelien, Henning Prommer, Xianwen Dai, Ming Zhi Wu, Jing Sun, Paul Breuer, and Andy Fourie. "Feasibility of electrokinetic in situ leaching of gold." Hydrometallurgy 175 (January 2018): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.020.

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Wu, Ming Zhi, David A. Reynolds, Andy Fourie, and David G. Thomas. "Optimal Field Approaches for Electrokinetic In Situ Oxidation Remediation." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 33, no. 1 (September 4, 2012): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2012.01410.x.

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27

SENO, Tadachika, and Yushi HIRATA. "In-situ Electrokinetic Soil Remediation; Foundamentals and Technology Status." RESOURCES PROCESSING 44, no. 4 (1997): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1986.44.206.

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Martens, Evelien, Henning Prommer, Xianwen Dai, Jing Sun, Paul Breuer, and Andy Fourie. "Electrokinetic in situ leaching of gold from intact ore." Hydrometallurgy 178 (June 2018): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.04.003.

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29

Smith, Joel T., and Ziad El Rassi. "Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with in situ charged micelles." Journal of Chromatography A 685, no. 1 (November 1994): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)00652-0.

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30

Rabbi, M. F., B. Clark, R. J. Gale, E. Ozsu-Acar, J. Pardue, and A. Jackson. "In situ TCE bioremediation study using electrokinetic cometabolite injection." Waste Management 20, no. 4 (July 2000): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(99)00329-3.

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31

Kaya, A., and Y. Yukselen. "Zeta potential of clay minerals and quartz contaminated by heavy metals." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 1280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-048.

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Laboratory and in situ test results show that electrokinetic decontamination is a promising subsurface decontamination method. However, it has also been reported that several problems arise, such as reverse flow and pH gradient across the anode and the cathode during the electrokinetic decontamination process. Variation in pH alters the zeta (ζ) potential of soils, which is one of the factors affecting the efficiency of contaminant removal by the electrokinetic method. The magnitude of the ζ potential controls the fluid flow rate, whereas its sign controls the flow direction. However, research on how the ζ potential of soils changes under various chemical conditions is limited. In this paper, the effect of pore-fluid chemistry on the ζ potential of kaolinite, montmorillonite, and quartz powder is determined with NaCl, LiCl, CaCl2·2H2O, MgCl2·6H2O, CuCl2, CoCl2, ZnCl2, AlCl3, and Pb(NO3)2. The test results reveal that the ζ potential of the minerals with alkali and alkaline-earth metals changes according to the diffuse electrical double-layer theory. The hydrolyzable metal ions produce two points of zero charge (PZCs), one of which is that of the soil; and the other, that of hydrolyzable oxide. The ζ potential of minerals with hydrolyzable metal ions becomes increasingly positive and reaches its maximum value at neutral pH. It then decreases and again reaches very negative values at alkaline pH values (pH ∼ 10), depending on ion concentration and the bulk precipitation pH of hydrolyzable metals as hydrolyzable oxides. On the basis of the results of this study, it is recommended that the ζ potential of the soils be determined before electrokinetic decontamination.Key words: alkaline-earth metals, electrokinetic decontamination, heavy metals, zeta potential.

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32

Glendinning, S., J. Lamont-Black, C. J. F. P. Jones, and J. Hall. "Treatment of lagooned sewage sludge in situ using electrokinetic geosynthetics." Geosynthetics International 15, no. 3 (June 2008): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2008.15.3.192.

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33

Fourie, A. B., D. G. Johns, and CJ FP Jones. "Dewatering of mine tailings using electrokinetic geosynthetics." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-112.

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Many mining operations produce tailings that dewater very slowly under self-weight consolidation. One way of reducing the water content of such tailings is by electroosmotic dewatering. Although the technique has been used with some success in civil engineering applications, it is still largely seen as a solution of last resort. This is probably due to the high energy costs reported in the literature, as well as problems of very rapid corrosion of metal electrodes. This paper describes a study using newly developed electrokinetic geosynthetics (EKGs) as electrodes for the in situ dewatering of mine tailings. Laboratory tests were undertaken on mineral sands tailings in both a purpose-built testing cell and a laboratory testing tank using EKGs, followed by an outdoor experiment in a tank containing approximately 9 m3 of the tailings. This test was run for over 2 months. Energy consumption in the outdoor test was less than 1 kWh per dry tonne of material dewatered and there was no sign of electrode deterioration even after 2 months of usage. The results point to a potentially powerful technique for reducing the water content of tailings ponds in situ, thus increasing storage space, improving stability, and facilitating closure of these facilities.Key words: tailings, dewatering, electroosmosis, electrokinetic geotextiles, consolidation.

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Martens, Evelien, Henning Prommer, Riccardo Sprocati, Jing Sun, Xianwen Dai, Rich Crane, James Jamieson, Pablo Ortega Tong, Massimo Rolle, and Andy Fourie. "Toward a more sustainable mining future with electrokinetic in situ leaching." Science Advances 7, no. 18 (April 2021): eabf9971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf9971.

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Metals are currently almost exclusively extracted from their ore via physical excavation. This energy-intensive process dictates that metal mining remains among the foremost CO2 emitters and mine waste is the single largest waste form by mass. We propose a new approach, electrokinetic in situ leaching (EK-ISL), and demonstrate its applicability for a Cu-bearing sulfidic porphyry ore. In laboratory-scale experiments, Cu recovery was rapid (up to 57 weight % after 94 days) despite low ore hydraulic conductivity (permeability = 6.1 mD; porosity = 10.6%). Multiphysics numerical model simulations confirm the feasibility of EK-ISL at the field scale. This new approach to mining is therefore poised to spearhead a new paradigm of metal recovery from currently inaccessible ore bodies with a markedly reduced environmental footprint.

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Xu, Qinqin, Boran Wu, and Xiaoli Chai. "In Situ Remediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sediment: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416767.

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Sediment is an important part of the aquatic ecosystem, which involves material storage and energy exchange. However, heavy metal pollution in sediment is on the increase, becoming an important concern for the world. In this paper, the state-of-art in situ remediation technology for contaminated sediment was elaborated, including water diversion, capping, electrokinetic remediation, chemical amendments, bioremediation and combined remediation. The mechanisms for these techniques to reduce/immobilize heavy metals include physical, electrical, chemical and biological processes. Furthermore, application principle, efficiency and scope, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the latest research progress for each restoration technology, are systematically reviewed. This information will benefit in selecting appropriate and effective remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated sediment in specific scenarios.

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Sin, Mandy L. Y., Tingting Liu, Jeffrey D. Pyne, Vincent Gau, Joseph C. Liao, and Pak Kin Wong. "In Situ Electrokinetic Enhancement for Self-Assembled-Monolayer-Based Electrochemical Biosensing." Analytical Chemistry 84, no. 6 (March 6, 2012): 2702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac203245j.

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Feijoo, Jorge, Teresa Rivas, X. R. Nóvoa, Iván de Rosario, and Jorge Otero. "In situ desalination of a granitic column by the electrokinetic method." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1370509.

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Huang, Y. J., C. H. Tsai, and B. J. Liaw. "In Situ XANES Study of Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soils." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 71, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0187-x.

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Adamczyk, Zbigniew, and Małgorzata Nattich-Rak. "Formation of Myoglobin Corona at Polymer Microparticles." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5020027.

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Adsorption of myoglobin molecules at negatively charged polystyrene microparticles was studied using the dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoresis (LDV) and the solution depletion method involving atomic force microscopy (AFM). The measurements were carried out at pH 3.5 and NaCl concentration of 10−2 and 0.15 M. Initially, the stability of myoglobin solutions and the particle suspensions as a function of pH were determined. Afterward, the formation of myoglobin molecule corona was investigated via the direct electrophoretic mobility measurements, which were converted to the zeta potential. The experimental results were quantitatively interpreted in terms of the general electrokinetic model. This approach yielded the myoglobin corona coverage under in situ conditions. The maximum hard corona coverage was determined using the AFM concentration depletion method. It was equal to 0.9 mg m−2 for the NaCl concentration in the range 0.01 to 0.15 M and pH 3.5. The electrokinetic properties of the corona were investigated using the electrophoretic mobility measurements for a broad pH range. The obtained results confirmed that thorough physicochemical characteristics of myoglobin molecules can be acquired using nM amounts of the protein. It was also argued that this method can be used for performing electrokinetic characteristics of other proteins such as the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein exhibiting, analogously to myoglobin, a positive charge at acidic pHs.

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Lee, You-Jin, Jeong-Hee Choi, Hyun-Goo Lee, and Tae-Hyun Ha. "In Situ Electrokinetic Removal of Salts from Greenhouse Soil Using Iron Electrode." Separation Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (January 2013): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2012.710290.

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Bani Baker, Mousa, Maria Elektorowicz, and Adel Hanna. "Electrokinetic nondestructive in-situ technique for rehabilitation of liners damaged by fuels." Journal of Hazardous Materials 359 (October 2018): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.113.

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Hodges, Daniel, Andy Fourie, David Reynolds, and David Thomas. "Development of an Apparatus for pH-Isolated Electrokinetic In Situ Chemical Oxidation." Journal of Environmental Engineering 137, no. 9 (September 2011): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000385.

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SHIBA, Sadataka, and Yushi HIRATA. "Ground Improvement. Modelling of Remediation of Polluted Soil by In-Situ Electrokinetic Treatment." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 49, no. 1 (2000): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.49.2.

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Reddy, Krishna R., and Usha S. Parupudi. "Removal of chromium, nickel and cadmium from clays by in‐situ electrokinetic remediation." Journal of Soil Contamination 6, no. 4 (July 1997): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15320389709383574.

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Chaney, RC, KR Demars, JQ Shang, and KL Masterson. "An Electrokinetic Testing Apparatus for Undisturbed/Remoulded Soils under In-Situ Stress Conditions." Geotechnical Testing Journal 23, no. 2 (2000): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11046j.

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Lee, You-Jin, Jeong-Hee Choi, Hyun-Goo Lee, Tae-Hyun Ha, and Jeong-Hyo Bae. "Pilot-scale study on in situ electrokinetic removal of nitrate from greenhouse soil." Separation and Purification Technology 79, no. 2 (June 2011): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.02.011.

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Choi, Jeong-Hee, You-Jin Lee, Hyun-Goo Lee, Tae-Hyun Ha, and Jeong-Hyo Bae. "Removal characteristics of salts of greenhouse in field test by in situ electrokinetic process." Electrochimica Acta 86 (December 2012): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.019.

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Luan, Yajun, Junzeng Xu, Jing Zhou, Haiyu Wang, Fengxiang Han, Kechun Wang, and Yuping Lv. "Migration and Removal of Labile Cadmium Contaminants in Paddy Soils by Electrokinetic Remediation without Changing Soil pH." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073812.

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Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) is a viable, advanced cleaning strategy that can permanently reduce the toxicity of soil contaminants. However, EKR is prone to causing changes in soil pH. The negative impacts must be minimized if field-scale application is to be realized. In this study, EKR with polarity reversal was used to avoid soil pH polarization and to clean up cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy soils. Results showed that Cd desorbed from oxidizable and residual fractions to labile and easily available parts. Soil moisture content above 0.35 g g−1 was conductive to achieving the desirable Cd-migration rate. The exchangeable Cd phase eventually migrated from both ends of that soil compartment towards the intermediate. Moreover, the addition of citric acid at the concentration of 0.1 mol L−1 was an effective enhancement strategy. The methodology enriched Cd contaminants to specific sites. The technology can be used for electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation during the rice growing period. Hyperaccumulator is planted in the intermediate area to remove the Cd contaminants. On the other hand, Cd removal is achieved in the region close to the electrodes. The present study provides a theoretical basis for in situ remediation. It has a wider significance for field-scale application.

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Galvão, Álvaro G. P., Letícia G. A. Costa, Emily C. T. de A. Costa, Djalma R. da Silva, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, and Elisama Vieira dos Santos. "Application of a Zero-Valent Iron/Cork as Permeable Reactive Barrier for In Situ Remediation of Phenanthrene in Soil." Catalysts 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12121591.

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This paper proposes an eco-efficient treatment technology for removing phenanthrene (PHE) from kaolinite soil, incorporating a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in an electrokinetic (EK) remediation system, which was made by modifying the granulated cork (GC) with Fe@Fe2O3, identified as EK/Fe@Fe2O3/GC. The novel product Fe@Fe2O3/GC was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and element mapping. EK tests were conducted to investigate the performance of the EK/Fe@Fe2O3/GC for removal of PHE from soil. The results showed that PHE was driven by the electro-osmotic flow toward the cathode and reacted with the EK/Fe@Fe2O3/GC. Further, the removal efficiency of PHE in the soil was higher in the presence of H2O2 due to the additional reactions achieved. The results were discussed in light of the existing literature.

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Chu, Longgang, Long Cang, Guodong Fang, Zhaoyue Sun, Xinghao Wang, Dongmei Zhou, and Juan Gao. "A novel electrokinetic remediation with in-situ generation of H2O2 for soil PAHs removal." Journal of Hazardous Materials 428 (April 2022): 128273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128273.

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