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Journal articles on the topic 'In-season strength'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Allerheiligen, Bill. "In-Season Strength Training for Power Athletes." Strength and Conditioning Journal 25, no. 3 (June 2003): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200306000-00004.

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2

Parker, Roberto W. "Baseball: In-season strength training for baseball." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 7, no. 5 (1985): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1985)007<0064:isstfb>2.3.co;2.

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3

LEGG, DAVID, and ROBERT BURNHAM. "In-Season Shoulder Abduction Strength Changes in Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, no. 4 (November 1999): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199911000-00013.

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4

LEGG, DAVID, and ROBERT BURNHAM. "In-Season Shoulder Abduction Strength Changes in Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13, no. 4 (1999): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1999)013<0381:issasc>2.0.co;2.

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5

Bishop, Tim, Edward G. McFarland, and Edward G. McFarland. "SPORT-SPECIFIC: In-Season Strength Program for Baseball Players." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 15, no. 4 (1993): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1993)015<0042:isspfb>2.3.co;2.

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6

Wroblewski, Gary. "Training Camp and In-Season Strength and Conditioning for Football." Strength and Conditioning Journal 21, no. 5 (October 1999): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-199910000-00017.

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7

Pauletto, Bruno. "LETʼS TALK PROBLEMS #3: In-season strength training for sports." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 9, no. 2 (1987): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1987)009<0031:isstfs>2.3.co;2.

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8

Earles, John. "SOFTBALL: In-season strength program at Southern Guilford High School." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 9, no. 2 (1987): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1987)009<0046:isspas>2.3.co;2.

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9

Rønnestad, Bent R., Ernst Albin Hansen, and Truls Raastad. "In-season strength maintenance training increases well-trained cyclists’ performance." European Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 6 (August 27, 2010): 1269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1622-4.

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10

Gonosova, Zuzana, Petr Stastny, Jan Belka, Lucia Bizovska, and Michal Lehnert. "Muscle Strength Variations of Knee Joint Muscles in Elite Female Handball Players after Pre-Season Conditioning." Journal of Human Kinetics 63, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0011.

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Abstract Monitoring seasonal variations in strength performance and the relative risk of injury indicators related to strength of hamstring (H) and quadriceps (Q) in female elite athletes is beneficial for the training process. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the level of muscle strength, the conventional ratio (HCONC/QCONC) as well as two functional and strength ratios reflecting the movement of knee extension (HECC/QCONC) and flexion (HCONC/QECC), and the bilateral percentage strength deficit (BSD) in elite female handball players. The concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak torque was measured at an angular velocity of 60°/s on three occasions (in-season cessation, 4 weeks of rest followed by 4 weeks of individual conditioning and 6 weeks of group conditioning) in eleven female handball players (age: 23.1 ± 3.5 years, body height: 1.73 ± 0.6 m). According to ANOVA results, the BSD of H muscles in the concentric mode decreased between the in-season cessation and the end of the pre-season, and HCONC/QCONC increased at the beginning of the pre-season and at the end of the pre-season in comparison with inseason cessation measurement. The effect size analyses showed that the off-season rest followed by 10 weeks of the conditioning programme increased Q and H strength in comparison with the previous season with a large effect. Coaches should include progressive conditioning in the pre-season phase to decrease the bilateral strength deficit and to support further conditioning development.
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11

Carr, Christina, John J. McMahon, and Paul Comfort. "Changes in Strength, Power, and Speed Across a Season in English County Cricketers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 1 (January 2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0524.

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Purpose:Previous research has investigated changes in athletes’ strength, power, and speed performances across the competitive season of many sports, although this has not been explored in cricketers. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in lower-body strength and jump and sprint performances across an English county cricket season.Methods:Male cricketers (N = 12; age 24.4 ± 2.3 y, body mass 84.3 ± 9.9 kg, height 184.1 ± 8.1 cm) performed countermovement jumps (CMJs) and 20-m sprints on 4 separate occasions and back-squat strength testing on 3 separate occasions across a competitive season.Results:Both absolute (12.9%, P = .005, effect size [ES] = 0.53) and relative lower-body strength (15.8%, P = .004, ES = 0.69) and CMJ height (5.3%, P = .037, ES = 0.42) improved significantly over the preseason training period, although no significant change (1.7%, P > .05) in sprint performance was observed. In contrast, absolute (14.3%, P = .001, ES = 0.72) and relative strength (15.0%, P = .001, ES = 0.77), CMJ height (4.2%, P = .023, ES = 0.40), and sprint performance (3.8%, P = .012, ES = 0.94) declined significantly across the season.Conclusions:The results of this study show that neither the demands of the competitive cricket season nor current in-season training practices provide a sufficient stimulus to maintain strength, jump, and sprint performances in these cricketers. Therefore, coaches should implement a more-frequent, higher-load strength-training program across the competitive cricket season.
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12

Martin, Manuel Santiago, Fernando Pareja Blanco, and Eduardo Saez De Villarreal. "Effects of Different In-Season Strength Training Methods on Strength Gains and Water Polo Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0046.

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Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of 5 different 18-week in-season strength training programs on strength gains and specific water polo performance. Methods: A total of 56 young male water polo players were randomly assigned to the following 5 training groups: dry-land strength training, in-water-specific strength training, combined (dry-land and in-water) strength training, ballistic training, and eccentric-overload training. Physical performance was assessed before (Pre) and after (Post) the training period using the following battery of tests: in-water boost and countermovement jump, muscle strength in bench-press and full-squat, throwing speed (ThS), in-water agility, and 20-m maximal sprint swim. Results: Significant group × time interactions were observed for countermovement jump and in-water boost. Eccentric-overload training showed significantly higher gains in ThS and bench-press and full-squat strength than the rest of the training groups. In addition, all training groups (except in-water-specific strength training) induced significant improvements (P ≤ .05) in countermovement jump, in-water boost, and bench-press and full-squat strength. All training groups significantly increased (P ≤ .001) ThS. Moreover, all training groups improved (P ≤ .05) in-water agility (except dry-land strength training) and swimming sprint performance (except in-water-specific strength training and ballistic training). Conclusion: The findings indicate that the 18-week in-season strength training programs induced improvements in strength and specific water polo skills. The eccentric-overload training resulted in greater improvements in muscle strength (in both upper and lower body) and ThS than the other training methods examined in the study.
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13

Wu, Chuan Bao. "Study on Season Factor in the Preparation of PVA/RS Composite." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1171.

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The effect of season factor on the performances of poly (vinyl alcohol)/rice straw (PVA/RS) composites prepared by hot-pressing was studied. Two forms of RS, including shortcut RS and RS wires, were used to prepare composite. For PVA/ shortcut RS composites, samples of winter showed higher tensile strength and strength at tensile fracture at different PVA contents than that of summer. When PVA content is 50%, tensile strength of winter sample is 136% higher than that of summer sample and strength at tensile fracture of winter sample is 320% higher than that of summer sample. In addition, samples of winter showed lower tensile stretch and higher hardness at different PVA contents than that of summer. For PVA/RS wire composites, the comparison results are similar. These indicated that season is an important factor for preparing plant based composite with PVA as adhesive.
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14

HOFFMAN, JAY R., and JIE KANG. "Strength Changes During an In-Season Resistance-Training Program for Football." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, no. 1 (February 2003): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200302000-00018.

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15

HOFFMAN, JAY R., and JIE KANG. "Strength Changes During an In-Season Resistance-Training Program for Football." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, no. 1 (2003): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0109:scdais>2.0.co;2.

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16

Piper, Timothy J. "In-Season Strength sol;Power Mesocycle for Women ʼs Collegiate Volleyball." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 19, no. 3 (1997): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1997)019<0021:isspmf>2.3.co;2.

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17

Judge, Lawrence W. "Developing Speed Strength: In-Season Training Program for the Collegiate Thrower." Strength and Conditioning Journal 29, no. 5 (2007): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2007)29[42:dssitp]2.0.co;2.

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18

Zumwalt, M., B. Gill, J. Amburn, J. Carver, T. Xu, T. Hewett, and J. Slauterbeck. "PRE-SEASON STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAM IN HIGH SCHOOL FEMALE ATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01128.

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19

Huggins, Sam, Nicholas Davies, Kate Evans, and Morgan Williams. "NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE STRENGTH CHANGES OVER A SEASON IN ACADEMY FOOTBALLERS." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 4 (February 2017): 332.2–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.124.

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20

Hemba, Gary. "FOOTBALL: Core curriculum and considerations for in-season football strength maintenance." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 10, no. 2 (1988): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1988)010<0035:ccacfi>2.3.co;2.

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21

Weinberg, Zwi G., Richard Fethiere, Adegbola Adesogan, and Lynn Sollenberger. "Tensile strength of warm and cool season forage grasses in Florida." Journal of Texture Studies 48, no. 5 (December 7, 2016): 382–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12240.

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22

Eniseler, Niyazi, Çağatay Şahan, Hikmet Vurgun, and Hasan Mavi. "Isokinetic Strength Responses to Season-long Training and Competition in Turkish Elite Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0017-5.

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Isokinetic Strength Responses to Season-long Training and Competition in Turkish Elite Soccer PlayersThere are not enough studies that describe the isokinetic strength of professional soccer players at high angular velocities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seasonal changes in isokinetic strength of Turkish professional soccer players (n=14) over the course of a 24-week soccer season. The isokinetic strength of players who underwent usual soccer training and weekly competition throughout the soccer season was assessed by means of the Biodex System 3 dynamometer with the knee attachment. The peak torque of knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured at angular velocities of 60°/s, 300°/s and 500°/s. Players were tested at the beginning and end of the competitive season. While the first- and second-test measurements did not show significant changes at 60°/s and 300°/s angular velocities, at the end of the training period, players' knee strength changed significantly at 500°/s angular velocities. In addition, the H/Q ratio improved significantly for the dominant as well as non-dominant leg at 500°/s. Significant bilateral strength improvements for knee flexors were also observed at 500°/s. The findings of this study suggest that usual daily soccer training (technical, tactical, power, strength, endurance, flexibility, etc.) and weekly competition might produce changes in knee strength at high angular velocities.
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23

Esteve, Ernest, Michael Skovdal Rathleff, Jordi Vicens-Bordas, Mikkel Bek Clausen, Per Hölmich, Lluís Sala, and Kristian Thorborg. "Preseason Adductor Squeeze Strength in 303 Spanish Male Soccer Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 232596711774727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117747275.

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Background: Hip adductor muscle weakness and a history of groin injury both have been identified as strong risk factors for sustaining a new groin injury. Current groin pain and age have been associated with hip adductor strength. These factors could be related, but this has never been investigated. Purpose: To investigate whether soccer athletes with past-season groin pain and with different durations of past-season groin pain had lower preseason hip adductor squeeze strength compared with those without past-season groin pain. We also investigated whether differences in preseason hip adductor squeeze strength in relation to past-season groin pain and duration were influenced by current groin pain and age. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: In total, 303 male soccer athletes (mean age, 23 ± 4 years; mean weight, 74.0 ± 7.9 kg; mean height, 178.1 ± 6.3 cm) were included in this study. Self-reported data regarding current groin pain, past-season groin pain, and duration were collected. Hip adductor squeeze strength was obtained using 2 different reliable testing procedures: (1) the short-lever (resistance placed between the knees, feet at the examination bed, and 45° of hip flexion) and (2) the long-lever (resistance placed between the ankles and 0° of hip flexion) squeeze tests. Results: There was no difference between those with (n = 123) and without (n = 180) past-season groin pain for hip adductor squeeze strength when adjusting for current groin pain and age. However, athletes with past-season groin pain lasting longer than 6 weeks (n = 27) showed 11.5% and 15.3% lower values on the short-lever ( P = .006) and long-lever ( P < .001) hip adductor squeeze strength tests, respectively, compared with those without past-season groin pain. Conclusion: Male soccer athletes with past-season groin pain lasting longer than 6 weeks are likely to begin the next season with a high-risk groin injury profile, including a history of groin pain and hip adduction weakness.
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24

Meszler, B., and M. Váczi. "Effects of short-term in-season plyometric training in adolescent female basketball players." Physiology International 106, no. 2 (June 2019): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.106.2019.14.

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In this study, we tested the hypothesis that, during the regular in-seasonal basketball training, an additional 7-week plyometric training program improves lower extremity strength, balance, agility, and jump performance in adolescent female basketball players. Eighteen female basketball players less than 17 years of age were randomly assigned into an experimental group (plyometric training) and a control group. Both groups underwent the same basketball training program. Pre- and post-training test periods included quadriceps and hamstring strength, balance, jump performance, and agility measurements. Illinois agility test time (p = 0.000) and quadriceps strength (p = 0.035) increased uniformly in the two groups. Significant group by test period interaction was found for countermovement jump (p = 0.007), and countermovement height reduced significantly in the plyometric training group (p = 0.012), while it remained unchanged in controls. No significant change was found for T agility test, balance, hamstring strength or H:Q ratio. This study shows that the training program used in-season did not improve the measured variables, except for knee extensor strength. It is possible that regular basketball trainings and games combined with high-volume plyometric training did not show positive functional effects because of the fatigue caused by incomplete recovery between sessions.
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25

Rønnestad, Bent R., Bernt S. Nymark, and Truls Raastad. "Effects of In-Season Strength Maintenance Training Frequency in Professional Soccer Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 10 (October 2011): 2653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822dcd96.

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26

Rønnestad, Bent R., Joar Hansen, Ivana Hollan, Matt Spencer, and Stian Ellefsen. "Impairment of Performance Variables After In-Season Strength-Training Cessation in Elite Cyclists." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 6 (September 2016): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0372.

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The current study investigated the effects of 8 wk of strength-training cessation after 25 wk of strength training on strength- and cycling-performance characteristics. Elite cyclists were randomly assigned to either 25 wk of endurance training combined with heavy strength training (EXP, n = 7, maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max] 77 ± 6 mL . kg-1 . min-1; 3 × 4–10 RM, 1 to 2 d/wk) or to endurance training only (CON, n = 7, V̇O2max 73 ± 5 mL . kg-1 . min-1). Thereafter, both groups performed endurance training only for 8 wk, coinciding with the initial part of the competition season. Data were assessed for practical significance using magnitude-based inferences. During the 25-wk preparatory period, EXP had a larger positive impact on maximal isometric half-squat force, squat jump (SJ), maximal aerobic power (Wmax), power output at 4 mmol/L [La], and mean power in 30-s Wingate test than did CON (ES = 0.46-0.74). Conversely, during the 8-wk competition period EXP had a reduction in SJ, Wmax, and mean power in the 30-s Wingate test compared with CON (ES = 0.49-0.84). The present findings suggest rapid decline of adaptations on termination of strength training during the first 8 wk of the competition period in elite cyclists.
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27

Bilsborough, Johann C., Kate Greenway, Steuart Livingston, Justin Cordy, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Changes in Anthropometry, Upper-Body Strength, and Nutrient Intake in Professional Australian Football Players During a Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 3 (April 2016): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0447.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the seasonal changes in body composition, nutrition, and upper-body (UB) strength in professional Australian Football (AF) players. The prospective longitudinal study examined changes in anthropometry (body mass, fat-free soft-tissue mass [FFSTM], and fat mass) via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 5 times during an AF season (start preseason, midpreseason, start season, midseason, end season) in 45 professional AF players. Dietary intakes and strength (bench press and bench pull) were also assessed at these time points. Players were categorized as experienced (>4 y experience, n = 23) or inexperienced (<4 y experience, n = 22). Fat mass decreased during the preseason but was stable through the in-season for both groups. %FFSTM was increased during the preseason and remained constant thereafter. UB strength increased during the preseason and was maintained during the in-season. Changes in UB FFSTM were related to changes in UB-strength performance (r = .37−.40). Total energy and carbohydrate intakes were similar between the experienced and inexperienced players during the season, but there was a greater ratio of dietary fat intake at the start-preseason point and an increased alcohol, reduced protein, and increased total energy intake at the end of the season. The inexperienced players consumed more fat at the start of season and less total protein during the season than the experienced players. Coaches should also be aware that it can take >1 y to develop the appropriate levels of FFSTM in young players and take a long-term view when developing the physical and performance abilities of inexperienced players.
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28

Goatley, J. M., D. B. Smith, P. D. Gerard, and G. E. Coats. "Comparing Sod Strength Parameters of Warm-season Turfgrasses Using a Hydraulically Driven Sod Strength Machine." HortTechnology 7, no. 4 (October 1997): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.4.421.

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Research was conducted to evaluate the performance of a hydraulically driven turfgrass sod strength machine equipped with a force transducer to measure various strength parameters. The most commonly reported strength parameter, peak force (PF), continued to provide the quickest and easiest measurements of sod strength. Calculations of work involving the continuous measurement of sod strength over the duration of the stretch did not consistently improve the information provided by the PF measurement. Changes in sod bed pull speeds altered the calculations of work, whereas pull speed changes generally had little effect on force measurements, an important consideration for sod strength measurement devices that have limited control of sod bed pull speed. The unit was marginally successful in distinguishing sod strength differences between St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze.] treated with various levels of pyridine herbicides. The device also provided strength parameters that distinguished the relative strengths of four warm-season turfgrass sods.
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29

Baker, Daniel. "Applying the In-Season Periodization of Strength and Power Training to Football." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 20, no. 2 (1998): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1998)020<0018:atispo>2.3.co;2.

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30

Silva, A., C. Matias, D. Santos, P. Rocha, C. Minderico, and L. Sardinha. "Increases in Intracellular Water Explain Strength and Power Improvements over a Season." International Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 13 (July 10, 2014): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1371839.

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31

Marques, Mário Cardoso. "In-Season Strength and Power Training for Professional Male Team Handball Players." Strength and Conditioning Journal 32, no. 6 (December 2010): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181fbec32.

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32

Amos, Joseph G., and Noela Calvin. "HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM: Burlingame high school girlʼs basketball in-season strength program." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 9, no. 2 (1987): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1987)009<0048:bhsgsb>2.3.co;2.

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33

Earles, Johnny. "BASKETBALL: Implementing an in-season junior varsity strength program for female athletes." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, no. 3 (1989): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0032:iaisjv>2.3.co;2.

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34

Ward, Leo. "ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION: In-season Football Strength Training Complying with Article 17." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 14, no. 1 (1992): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1992)014<0055:oaa>2.3.co;2.

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35

Talpey, Scott W., Robert Axtell, Elizabeth Gardner, and Lachlan James. "Changes in Lower Body Muscular Performance Following a Season of NCAA Division I Men’s Lacrosse." Sports 7, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7010018.

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The tactical and technical components of training become a primary emphasis, leaving less time for targeted development of physical qualities that underpin performance during the competition phase of a training program. A deemphasis on physical preparation during the in-season training phase may make athletes more susceptible to injury and decrease performance on the field. Two weeks prior to the start and one week following the conclusion of the 16-week collegiate lacrosse season, lower body force production was assessed in eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Men’s Lacrosse athletes. Lower body force production capabilities were determined via the performance of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ) performed on a force plate and isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups across three velocities. Isokinetic strength of the hamstrings and the hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio were maintained or increased over the course of the competition phase of training. Relative peak force obtained from the CMJ and the reactive strength index from the DJ decreased significantly over the season. The maintenance of isokinetic strength and the decrease in CMJ and DJ performance may indicate the presence of neuromuscular fatigue that accumulated over the course of the season.
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36

Jones, Philip D., Keith R. Briffa, Timothy J. Osborn, Anders Moberg, and Hans Bergström. "Relationships between circulation strength and the variability of growing-season and cold-season climate in northern and central Europe." Holocene 12, no. 6 (September 2002): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl577rp.

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37

Botonis, Petros G., Argyris G. Toubekis, Gerasimos D. Terzis, Nickos D. Geladas, and Theodoros I. Platanou. "Effects of Concurrent Strength and High-Intensity Interval Training on Fitness and Match Performance in Water-Polo Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 67, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0001.

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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine changes in performance and match-induced fatigue over a 27-week training period. Eight national-level water-polo players performed a 5 x 200 m swimming test to calculate velocities corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.l-1 at three testing periods: i) baseline, ii) end of the pre-season (8 weeks of 4 x 4 min swimming bouts), iii) end of the in-season (8 weeks of 8 x 20 m swimming sprints). During each testing period, four competitive matches were played and repeated sprints (8 x 20 m), 400 m swimming, and shooting accuracy were evaluated at the pre- and post-match. Repeated sprint tests were also conducted at mid-game. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to detect changes among training periods and within games. Swimming velocities corresponding to 4.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol.l-1 were increased after the pre-season by 9%, 7.7%, and 6.7% (p < 0.01) and decreased following the in-season compared to the pre-season by 8.9%, 7.0% and 3.3% (p < 0.01), respectively. Pre-match repeated sprints and 400 m performance were improved after the pre-season by 4.3% and 3.8% (p < 0.01) and decreased by ~3% after the in-season compared to the pre-season (p < 0.01). Mid- and post-match repeated sprint performance was improved after the pre-season by 4.8 ± 1.4% and 4.4 ± 1.1% and remained unchanged after the in-season compared to the pre-season. Post-match 400 m speed was improved by 3.2% after the pre-season (p < 0.01) and decreased by 2.8% after the in-season (p = 0.04).Pre-season training improved players’ aerobic endurance and performance. Intensified in-season training decreased aerobic power, endurance, and pre-match performance while maintaining match repeated sprint performance.
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Hermassi, Souhail, Mohamed Chelly, Georg Fieseler, Thomas Bartels, Stephan Schulze, Karl-Stefan Delank, Roy Shephard, and René Schwesig. "Effects of In-Season Explosive Strength Training on Maximal Leg Strength, Jumping, Sprinting, and Intermittent Aerobic Performance in Male Handball Athletes." Sportverletzung · Sportschaden 31, no. 03 (June 29, 2017): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103469.

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Abstract Background Team handball is an intense ball sport with specific requirements on technical skills, tactical understanding, and physical performance. The ability of handball players to develop explosive efforts (e. g. sprinting, jumping, changing direction) is crucial to success. Objective The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of an in-season high-intensity strength training program on the physical performance of elite handball players. Materials and methods Twenty-two handball players (a single national-level Tunisian team) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG; n = 10) or a training group (TG; n = 12). At the beginning of the pilot study, all subjects performed a battery of motor tests: one repetition maximum (1-RM) half-squat test, a repeated sprint test [6 × (2 × 15 m) shuttle sprints], squat jumps, counter movement jumps (CMJ), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. The TG additionally performed a maximal leg strength program twice a week for 10 weeks immediately before engaging in regular handball training. Each strength training session included half-squat exercises to strengthen the lower limbs (80 – 95 % of 1-RM, 1 – 3 repetitions, 3 – 6 sets, 3 – 4 min rest between sets). The control group underwent no additional strength training. The motor test battery was repeated at the end of the study interventions. Results In the TG, 3 parameters (maximal strength of lower limb: η² = 0.74; CMJ: η² = 0.70, and RSA best time: η² = 0.25) showed significant improvements, with large effect sizes (e. g. CMJ: d = 3.77). A reduction in performance for these same 3 parameters was observed in the CG (d = -0.24). Conclusions The results support our hypothesis that additional strength training twice a week enhances the maximal strength of the lower limbs and jumping or repeated sprinting performance. There was no evidence of shuttle sprints ahead of regular training compromising players’ speed and endurance capacities.
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Hornsby, W. Guy, Abigail L. Tice, Jason D. Stone, Justin J. Merrigan, Joshua Hagen, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, and Michael H. Stone. "Changes in Maximal Strength and Home Run Performance in NCAA Division I Baseball Players Across 3 Competitive Seasons: A Descriptive Study." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010004.

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The purpose of this longitudinal, descriptive study was to observe changes in maximal strength measured via isometric clean grip mid-thigh pull and home runs (total and home runs per game) across three years of training and three competitive seasons for four National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 baseball players. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, revealing significant univariate effects of time for peak force (PF) (p = 0.003) and peak force allometrically scaled (PFa) (p = 0.002). Increases in PF were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.031) and season 3 (p = 0.004), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.232). Additionally, increases in PFa were noted from season 1 to season 2 (p = 0.010) and season 3 (p < 0.001), but season 2 was not significantly different than season 3 (p = 0.052). Home runs per game rose from the 2009 (0.32) to 2010 season (1.35) and dropped during the 2011 season (1.07). A unique aspect of the study involves 2010 being the season in which ball-bat coefficient of restitution (BBCOR) bats were introduced to the NCAA competition.
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Whitley, Jim D., and Tim Terrio. "Changes in Peak Torque Arm-Shoulder Strength of High School Baseball Pitchers during the Season." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3_suppl (June 1998): 1361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1361.

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Pre- and postseason measurements of peak torque arm strength were made at 180 deg./sec. and 300 deg./sec. on both throwing and nonthrowing arms of five male high school varsity baseball pitchers. The major findings were significant losses in adduction strength in both throwing and nonthrowing shoulders at 180 deg./sec. and internal rotation strength for both sides at both speeds. The primary implication from these preliminary findings is that significant losses of arm-shoulder strength may be associated with injuries to the pitching arm.
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Orange, Samuel T., James W. Metcalfe, Ashley Robinson, Mark J. Applegarth, and Andreas Liefeith. "Effects of In-Season Velocity- Versus Percentage-Based Training in Academy Rugby League Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0058.

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Purpose: To compare the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) vs percentage-based training (PBT) on strength, speed, and jump performance in academy rugby league players during a 7-wk in-season mesocycle. Methods: A total of 27 rugby league players competing in the Super League U19s Championship were randomized to VBT (n = 12) or PBT (n = 15). Both groups completed a 7-wk resistance-training intervention (2×/wk) that involved the back squat. The PBT group used a fixed load based on a percentage of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), whereas the VBT group used a modifiable load based on individualized velocity thresholds. Biomechanical and perceptual data were collected during each training session. Back-squat 1-RM, countermovement jump, reactive strength index, sprint times, and back-squat velocity at 40–90% 1-RM were assessed pretraining and posttraining. Results: The PBT group showed likely to most likely improvements in 1-RM strength and reactive strength index, whereas the VBT group showed likely to very likely improvements in 1-RM strength, countermovement jump height, and back-squat velocity at 40% and 60% 1-RM. Sessional velocity and power were most likely greater during VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean differences = 1.8–2.4), while time under tension and perceptual training stress were likely lower (standardized mean differences = 0.49–0.66). The improvement in back-squat velocity at 60% 1-RM was likely greater following VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean difference = 0.50). Conclusion: VBT can be implemented during the competitive season, instead of traditional PBT, to improve training stimuli, decrease training stress, and promote velocity-specific adaptations.
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Lehnert, Michal, Petr Stastny, James J. Tufano, and Pavel Stolfa. "Changes in Isokinetic Muscle Strength in Adolescent Soccer Players after 10 Weeks of Pre-Season Training." Open Sports Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2017): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010027.

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Background:During soccer-specific movements, the strength of knee extensors and flexors is of great importance and achieving certain strength ratios between the two has been identified as an important parameter for reducing the risk of soft tissue injuries around the knee.Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in isokinetic strength of the knee flexors and extensors and their strength ratios in elite adolescent soccer players.Methods:Before and after 10 weeks of standard pre-season soccer training with progressive eccentric hamstring exercises, the players (n=18; age 17.1±0.4 years) participated in isokinetic testing to assess concentric and eccentric peak torque at 60°·s-1.Results:After 10 weeks of training, the peak eccentric torque of the non-dominant quadriceps increased (p=0.018; ω=0.24). Additionally, the average eccentric work increased in the dominant hamstrings (p=0.007; ω=0.23), dominant quadriceps (p=0.02; ω=0.31), non-dominant hamstrings (p=0.003; ω=0.25 and non-dominant quadriceps (p=0.01; ω=0.37). Lastly, the isokinetic functional ratio (eccentric hamstrings-to-concentric quadriceps) increased in favor of eccentric hamstring strength in the non-dominant limb (p=0.04; ω=0.31).Conclusion:The results of the study indicate that pre-season training induced suboptimal changes in the isokinetic strength of the knee flexors and extensors in elite adolescent soccer players. However, the lack of injuries combined with an apparent lack of preparedness explained by slow velocity isokinetic testing indicates that future research should investigate other forms of strength testing to determine soccer-specific preparedness such as isokinetic dynamometry at higher speeds (i.e.180°.s-1or 240°.s-1) and traditional weight-room testing such as 1RM tests.
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Guo, Wei, Xuedong Guo, Jilu Li, Yingsong Li, Mingzhi Sun, and Wenting Dai. "Assessing the Effect of Nano Hydrophobic Silane Silica on Aggregate-Bitumen Interface Bond Strength in the Spring-Thaw Season." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122393.

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In the asphalt–aggregate system, the aggregate-bitumen interface cohesive and adhesive bond determine the mechanical properties of asphalt pavement. The presence of moisture leading to adhesive failure at the binder-aggregate interface and/or cohesive failure within the binder or binder-filler mastic is the main mechanisms of moisture damage in the spring-thaw season. In order to evaluate the effect of nano hydrophobic silane silica (NHSS) on aggregate-bitumen interface bond strength in the spring-thaw season, an aggregate-bitumen interface bond strength test was proposed to quantify the interface bond strength of base asphalt and NHSS modified asphalt. Then, the effect of temperature, freeze-thawing cycles and moisture on aggregate-bitumen interface shear strength of base asphalt and NHSS modified asphalt was also discussed. The results illustrated that the shear failure dominated the aggregate-bitumen interface bonding failure in the spring-thaw season, and temperature and moisture had a significant effect on interface shear strength of modified and unmodified asphalt. Moreover, the addition of NHSS could increase the aggregate-bitumen interface shear strength under any working conditions. Furthermore, the moisture damage model of aggregate-bitumen interface shear strength of base asphalt (BA) and NHSS modified asphalt was established based on a research method combining numerical calculations and laboratory tests.
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Gannon, Edward A., Keith A. Stokes, and Grant Trewartha. "Strength and Power Development in Professional Rugby Union Players Over a Training and Playing Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 3 (April 2016): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0337.

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Purpose:To investigate strength and power development in elite rugby players during the different phases of a professional season.Methods:Sixteen professional rugby union athletes from an English premiership team were monitored for measures of lower-body peak force, force at 50 ms, force at 100 ms (all isometric squat), and power (explosive hack squat). Athletes were assessed at the start of preseason (T1), postpreseason (T2), midway through the competitive season (T3), and at the end of the competitive season (T4). Effect-size (ES) statistics with magnitude-based inferences were calculated to interpret differences in physical performance between the different stages of the season.Results:Very likely beneficial increases in force at 50 ms (+16%, ES = 0.75 ± 0.4) and 100 ms (+14%, ES = 0.63 ± 0.4) were observed between T1 and T2. A likely beneficial increase in power was observed between T2 and T3 (+4%, ES = 0.31 ± 0.2). Between T3 and T4, decreases in force at 50 ms (–6%, ES = –0.39 ± 0.3) and 100 ms (–9%, ES = –0.52 ± 0.4) occurred, while peak force and power were maintained. Over the full season (T1–T4) clear beneficial increases in all measures of strength and power were identified.Conclusions:Meaningful increases in strength and power can be achieved in professional English premiership rugby players over a full playing season. The greatest opportunity for strength and power development occurs during pre- to midseason phases, while these measures are maintained or decrease slightly during the latter stages of a season.
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Davis, Philip. "Intra-Season Changes in Open-Class Amateur Boxers’ Physiological Profiles: A Yearlong Study." Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts 2, no. 8 (December 29, 2017): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8720.

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Introduction. Little is known of the physiological trainability of boxers and their reactions to current training strategy. Material and methods. Anthropometric, back/hand strength, upper-body plyometric power and 3x3 min running parameters were measured four times throughout the year and maximal oxygen uptake () at peak season. In twelve male open-class boxers (mean ± standard deviation) age: 22.7±2.7 yrs, height: 177.2±9.4 cm and body mass: 72.1±10.7 kg. Results. Surprisingly body mass, body fat, percentage body fat and total run distance showed no improvement throughout the season until peak season (all p<.002), 72.1 kg, 8.4 kg, 11.5 %, and 2548 m respectively. However this appeared to be at the expense of fat free mass which decreased by ~2 kg at peak season (p=.014). Furthermore, improvement beyond the starting le­vels at the start of the season for all parameters was never achieved. The results suggest that despite coach and boxer best efforts, training per-se does not necessarily result in the desired improvements. Conclusion. It is advised that boxers maintain a level of diet-control/training during holiday periods, this will allow the run-up to peak season to be about a controlled decrease of BF and maintenance or increase of fat free mass, strength and power. A simple set of tests should be used to track progress and identify areas that need improving. Strength, plyometric and individualisation of training should be implemented to improve the boxers’ speed and power-endurance.
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Rodriguez, Robert. "Measuring the Hip Adductor to Abductor Strength Ratio in Ice Hockey and Soccer Players: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0250.

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Clinical Scenario: Ice hockey and soccer are both dynamic sports that involve continuous, unpredictable play. These athletes consistently demonstrate higher rates of groin strains compared with other contact sports. Measuring the hip adductor/abductor ratio has the potential to expose at-risk players, reduce injury rates, and preserve groin health in players with chronic strains. Focused Clinical Question: What is the clinical utility of measuring the hip adductor/abductor ratio for preseason and in-season ice hockey and soccer players? Summary of Key Findings: Three studies, all of which were prospective cohort designs, were included. One study involved assessing preseason strength and flexibility as a risk factor for adductor strains in professional ice hockey players. Another study performed with the same professional hockey team used preseason hip adductor/abductor strength ratios to screen for those players who would benefit from a strengthening intervention aimed at reducing the incidence of adductor strains. The final study, which was performed in elite U17 soccer players, assessed the effectiveness of monthly in-season strength monitoring as a guide to trigger in-season interventions to decrease injury incidence. Clinical Bottom Line: Measuring the hip adductor/abductor strength ratio in hockey and soccer players can be a beneficial preseason and in-season tool to predict future groin strain risk and screen for athletes who might benefit from a strengthening intervention. Strength of Recommendation: Level 3 evidence exists to support monitoring the hip adductor/abductor strength ratio to assess and reduce the risk of adductor strains in ice hockey and soccer players.
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Adams, N. R., D. G. Masters, A. C. Schlink, G. Mata, and T. O'Dea. "Is there a specific weakness in staple strength around the break of season?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 4 (1999): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98056.

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In a Mediterranean climate the weak point of the staple normally occurs at the break of season in autumn, but it is not clear whether the staple simply breaks at the minimum fibre diameter or whether there is a specific weakness at this time. Three hypotheses were tested to determine if specific environmental effects on staple strength could be detected under field conditions. First, environmental stresses associated with rainfall and low temperature, resulting in a sudden disruption of warm summer–autumn conditions and lack of feed, may cause follicle shutdown. Second, the sudden decline in feed available following the rain event and the response of sheep to chase the green pick rather than eat the available dry feed may reduce the flow of nutrients to wool. Third, the slow adaptation by rumen microorganisms to changes in the diet from dry to green pasture may result in a further reduction of nutrients available to the wool follicle. We compared a group of sheep managed to minimise nutrient intake fluctuations at the break of season with a group grazing under normal farm practice and tested the hypothesis that a specific lowering of staple strength is associated with the break of season. On 2 April (3 days after the first rains of the season), 120, 18-month-old Merino wethers were allocated to 2 groups, paddock and yard. The paddock group comprised sheep following normal farm practice. The yard group was confined to yards and fed to maintain liveweight, to determine whether the break in the staple was associated with the rainfall event or with the subsequent changes in feed intake. These animals were left off feed for 4 days beginning 24 April. Within each group, 2 separate treatments were imposed. The paddock group was split, and half were moved into covered pens inside a shearing shed on 15 May, a few days before a second major rainfall event, to examine directly stresses associated with rainfall. The sheep from the yard group were kept as a single mob until 3 June, when they were split into 2 groups, sudden and gradual, in relation to their release onto green pasture, to examine the effect of adaptation time to green feed on the flow of nutrients to wool and staple strength. The sudden group was released onto green pasture, while the gradual group was given access to the pasture for increasing periods over the next week. The point of break was delayed by moving sheep into yards after the initial rainfall, suggesting that the rain event per se was not the direct cause of the break in the staple in this experiment. Furthermore, protecting the paddock sheep against the second major rainfall event by shedding half of them did not affect staple strength. The point of break in the staple in the yard group occurred after an accidental 4-day feed deprivation period. This indicates that even short periods of liveweight loss from feed deprivation due to poor or inattentive management when sheep are in low nutritional condition at this time of the year may precipitate the point of break. The rate of release onto green feed after yarding did not significantly affect staple strength and we conclude this was not an important factor. We conclude that neither stress associated with rainfall nor adaptation of ruminal microorganisms to the change in feed weakened the wool.
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Kritz, Matthew, Rob Mamula, Kevin Messey, and Matt Hobbs. "In-Season Strength and Conditioning Programming for Collegiate Baseball Pitchers: A Unified Approach." Strength and Conditioning Journal 30, no. 4 (August 2008): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e31817fbe8d.

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Zouita, Sghair, Amira B. M. Zouita, Wiem Kebsi, Grégory Dupont, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Fatma Z. Ben Salah, and Hassane Zouhal. "Strength Training Reduces Injury Rate in Elite Young Soccer Players During One Season." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30, no. 5 (May 2016): 1295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000920.

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Panagoulis, Charalampos, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Alexandra Avloniti, Diamanda Leontsini, Chariklia K. Deli, Dimitrios Draganidis, Theodoros Stampoulis, et al. "In-Season Integrative Neuromuscular Strength Training Improves Performance of Early-Adolescent Soccer Athletes." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34, no. 2 (February 2020): 516–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002938.

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