Academic literature on the topic 'In-plane NML'

ABSTRACT Despite their large impact on stellar and galactic evolution, the properties of outflows from red supergiants are not well characterized. We used the Onsala 20m telescope to perform a spectral survey at 3 and 4 mm (68–116 GHz) of the red supergiant NML Cyg, alongside the yellow hypergiant IRC + 10420. Our observations of NML Cyg were combined with complementary archival data to enable a search for signatures of morphological complexity in the circumstellar environment, using emission lines from 15 molecular species. The recovered parameters imply the presence of three distinct, coherent, and persistent components, comprised of blue-shifted and red-shifted components, in addition to an underlying outflow centred at the stellar systemic velocity. Furthermore, to reproduce 12CO emission with 3D radiative transfer models required a spherical outflow with three superposed conical outflows, one towards and one away from the observer, and one in the plane of the sky. These components are higher in density than the spherical outflow by up to an order of magnitude. We hence propose that NML Cyg’s circumstellar environment consists of a small number of high-density large-scale coherent outflows embedded in a spherical wind. This would make the mass-loss history similar to that of VY CMa, and distinct from μ Cep, where the outflow contains many randomly distributed smaller clumps. A possible correlation between stellar properties, outflow structures, and content is critical in understanding the evolution of massive stars and their environmental impact.

With the growing concerns of standby power in sub-100-nm CMOS technologies, alternative computing techniques and memory technologies are explored. Spin transfer torque magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM) is one such nonvolatile memory relying on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) to store information. It uses spin transfer torque to write information and magnetoresistance to read information. In 2012, Everspin Technologies, Inc. commercialized the first 64Mbit Spin Torque MRAM. On the computing end, nanomagnetic logic (NML) is a promising technique with zero leakage and high data retention. In 2000, Cowburn and Welland first demonstrated its potential in logic and information propagation through magnetostatic interaction in a chain of single domain circular nanomagnetic dots of Supermalloy ( Ni 80 Fe 14 Mo 5 X 1, X is other metals). In 2006, Imre et al. demonstrated wires and majority gates followed by coplanar cross wire systems demonstration in 2010 by Pulecio et al. Since 2004 researchers have also investigated the potential of MTJs in logic. More recently with dipolar coupling between MTJs demonstrated in 2012, logic-in-memory architecture with STT-MRAM have been investigated. The architecture borrows the computing concept from NML and read and write style from MRAM. The architecture can switch its operation between logic and memory modes with clock as classifier. Further through logic partitioning between MTJ and CMOS plane, a significant performance boost has been observed in basic computing blocks within the architecture. In this work, we have explored the developments in NML, in MTJs and more recent developments in hybrid MTJ/CMOS logic-in-memory architecture and its unique logic partitioning capability.

Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has driven the electronic scenario for the last 40 years. The exponential grow of computing power implicates technological challenges, such as scaling transistor sizes, increasing clock frequency and reducing the power consumption. These goals raise dramatically the manufacturing cost with every new technology node. The projections of the ITRS roadmap report tell us that the scaling will be also influenced by fundamental physical limits. These observations have stimulated researchers from industry and academia to investigate possible feasible alternatives to CMOS technology. Since at the time of writing is difficult to find a clear winner, many possibilities are studied. They are based on different computational variables such as charge controlled (i.e. transistors) or magnetic field controlled devices. But, all of them have three aspects in common: i) the manufacturing process is still not mature, so they have to deal with a high defect rate; ii) the high density expected from these new devices arise problems related to the design automation field; iii) currently no tools, specifically targeted for emerging devices, are available on the market that allow researchers to investigate these technologies. In fact, it is rather difficult to find a toolchain of existing software able to provide a complete design flow from nanodevice simulation to floorplanning, place and route, and nanoarchitecture simulation and evaluation, able to handle emerging devices related constraints. This manuscript focuses on the development of a CAD tool for nanotechnologies, named ToPoliNano. It has the ability, starting from the VHDL description of the circuit, to automatically generate the physical layout choosing a target nanotechnology. At the time of writing two technologies are supported: silicon nanorrays and in-plane NanoMagnetic Logic. After the layout phase, the user can simulate the circuit behavior with an integrated simulation engine. In this work, three beyond CMOS technologies are investigated and analyzed from an architectural point of view. The first one is based on silicon nanoarrays, the last two come from the Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) family, the in-plane Nano Magnetic Logic (iNML) and the perpendicular Nano Magnetic Logic (pNML). The aim of this thesis is to analyze the layout constrains of these emerging technologies making an architectural exploration. The investigation and the benchmarking is enabled thanks to ToPoliNano, which has been enriched, during my PhD, of a place and route engine and a fault injection mechanism to verify circuits robustness. These features implementation will be discussed more in detail respectively in part 2 and 1. After a brief technological background provided in the introduction, the thesis is divided in three main parts dedicated to the three technologies analyzed: silicon nanoarray, iNML and pNML. In part 1 the high defect rate of silicon nanoarray technology is discussed and analyzed in order to find a method to design more reliable circuits. A new methodology has been developed and tested through our CAD tool ToPoliNano. Fault tolerant circuits have been tested injecting different fault maps and evaluating the output error rate and yield. In part 2, the main working structure of the layout engine and the layout constraints of iNML technology are introduced. In part 2, first the main working principle and the layout constrains are presented to the reader. Then, a detailed description of the design flow implemented in ToPoliNano will be presented. The place and route engine implemented in ToPoliNano will be analyzed and described in detail with examples. The algorithms are compared and results are provided in the last part of this section. In the last part, the pNML technology will be analyzed. In particular, this work has been done in collaboration with the Lehrstuhl für Technische Elektronik (LTE) institute at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). Here, after a brief introduction about the up to date fabrication process, some experimental data are presented in order to extract useful information for developing a drawing tool. The idea is to design a drawing tool that enables the final user to design 3D pNML based circuits. The tool should embed data collected from experiments and it should able to automatically export the VHDL file that described the drawn architecture. In this way, the behavior and the correctness of the circuit can be verified using Modelsim simulator from Mentor Graphics. However, this part of the thesis in currently under development. Thus, only an overview of the whole flow will be provided.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Charakterisierung der Ladungssymmetrie in der CuO2 Ebene in den hochtemperatur-supraleitenden Kupraten (HTSCs - high-temperature superconducting cuprates). Hierfür wurden Experimente mit kernmagnetischer Resonance (NMR - nuclear magnetic resonance) an Einkristallen von YBa2Cu3O7 und YBa2Cu3O6.9 sowie an Pulverproben von YBa2Cu4O8 durchgeführt. Der Fokus der Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung des elektrischen Feldgradientens (EFG) der CuO2 Ebene unter hohem Druck und unterschiedlichen Temperaturen. Neben dem Cu Kern wurde für die Hochdruck-NMR-Untersuchung zum ersten Mal auch der O Kern der CuO2 Ebene verwendet und für beide Kerne die Druckabhängigkeit des vollständigen EFG Tensors bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde die Magnetfeldabhängigkeit des EFG untersucht. Ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag in der Vorbereitung der NMR Druckzelle für Einkristallmessungen sowie deren Ausrichtung im Magnetfeld. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die örtliche Variation des Cu EFG Tensors in allen untersuchten HTSCs stark mit Druck zunimmt und ähnlich groß ist, wie die Variation des EFG durch chemisch induzierte Unordnung. Durch die Analyse der Cu und O NMR Spektren in YBa2Cu3O6.9 konnte gezeigt werden, dass der EFG der CuO2 Ebene nicht direkt durch die orthorhombische Kristallstruktur beeinflusst wird - so wie lange angenommen wurde - sondern durch eine geordnete Ladungsvariation am O erklärt werden muss. Druck und tiefe Temperaturen erhöhen die Ladungsordnung. Es konnte eine eindeutige, lokale Ladungssymmetrie und Amplitude bei 18 kbar und 100 K bestimmt werden, die quantitativ mit den Cu und O Spektren übereinstimmt. Die NMR Daten sind mit einer langreichweitigen Ladungsdichtewelle konsistent. Zusätzlich wurde herausgefunden, dass das Magnetfeld sowohl die Variation als auch die Orientierung des planaren Cu EFG beeinflusst. Mit der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Ladungsordnung in Y-basierten HTSCs nahe der Dotierung mit der höchsten kritischen Temperatur (Tc) existiert und sie durch Druck, Variation der Temperatur sowie Magnetfelder beeinflusst werden kann.

Dissertação de mestrado em Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions
The un-reinforced masonry structures (URM) represent an important percentage of the building heritage, but they have poor performance in seismic condition. Hence the construction industry has been extremely interested in their repair and rehabilitation. In the last decades, the innovative materials made of continuous fibres embedded in organic matrices (FRP) have been largely adopted to enhance the seismic performance of the constructions. Initially, these materials were designed to be applied to concrete structures, and only later they were adopted also in masonry structures. Although the advantages introduced by these composite products were undeniable, some drawbacks were also observed, mainly related to the organic matrices (e.g. epoxy). As a consequence, a new type of composite materials, where the organic substrate is substituted with an inorganic matrix (e.g. cementitious or lime-based mortar), were proposed as a solution. These materials on one hand kept the positive aspects of the FRPs (improvement of the shear-resistance and the deformability without increasing the weight of the structure) and on the other hand overcame their disadvantages (poor behaviour in condition of high temperatures or fire, vulnerability to the external agents, low permeability, low compatibility with the masonry substrate). Consequently, mortar-based composites resulted to be mechanically and physically more compatible with masonry substrates and able to satisfy issues related to conservation principles as reversibility and sustainability. The innovative composite materials made of continuous fibres embedded in thin mortar layers for externally bonded reinforcement of masonry structures, typically referred to as FRCM (Fibre Reinforced Cementitious mortar) or TRM (Textile Reinforced Mortar), have recently received attention from researchers. Despite the recent interest on the use of these materials, the available information regarding their performance when applied to structures or structural components is still scare. For instance, the effectiveness of TRM systems on the seismic performance of strengthened structures is not clear yet. Given the aforementioned research context, the present thesis has the aim to investigate the effectiveness of the implementation of TRM composite materials on the in-plane and out-of-plane response of a masonry wall. Therefore, different finite element models to study the in-plane and out-of-plane performance have been created. A comparison of their behaviour in unreinforced and reinforced conditions is carried out by means of non-linear analyses, under the effect of a lateral-monotonic load proportional to the mass (pushover) first and then under the effect of a real accelerogram recorded during the L'Aquiia earthquake, occurred the 6 t of April 2009. The results are presented and discussed critically.
As estruturas em alvenaria não reforçada (URM) correspondem a uma importante percentagem do património edificado existente, no entanto, apresentam uma débil resposta a eventos sísmicos. Assim sendo, a sua reparação e reabilitação é de extrema importância para a indústria da construção. Nas últimas décadas, foram amplamente adotados materiais inovadores à base de polímeros reforçados com fibras (FRP) para o melhoramento da resposta sísmica de edificações. Desenhados inicialmente tendo em vista a sua aplicação em estruturas de betão armado, apenas mais tarde foram também adotados para as estruturas de alvenaria. Apesar das inegáveis vantagens que estes materiais apresentam, foram também observados alguns aspetos negativos, essencialmente referentes às matrizes orgânicas (ex.: epoxy). Como consequência, foi proposto um novo tipo de materiais compósitos, nos quais a matriz polimérica é substituída por matrizes inorgânicas (ex.: argamassas à base de cal). Estes materiais, por um lado mantem os aspetos positivos dos FRPs (melhoramento da resistência ao corte e da deformabilidade, sem aumento de peso da estrutura), e por outro lado ultrapassaram a sua desvantagem (mau desempenho em condições de altas temperaturas ou fogo, vulnerabilidade aos agentes externos, baixa permeabilidade, baixa compatibilidade com o substrato em alvenaria). Assim sendo, estes novos materiais compósitos demonstraram ser mecânica e fisicamente mais compatíveis com substratos de alvenaria, e capazes de satisfazer questões relativas a princípios de conservação (ex: a reversibilidade e a sustentabilidade das intervenções) Materiais compósitos inovadores à base de fibras contínuas, embebidas em finas camadas de argamassa para reforço pelo exterior de estruturas de alvenaria, conhecidos por FRCM (argamassas comentícias reforçadas com fibras), ou TRM (argamassas reforçadas com têxteis), tem sido alvo de atenção por parte de vários investigadores. Apesar do recente interesse no uso destes materiais, a informação disponível referente ao seu desempenho quando aplicados em estruturas ou componentes estruturais é ainda escassa. A título de exemplo, a eficácia dos reforços aplicados em sistema TRM, em face de eventos sísmicos, ainda não é clara. Atendendo ao estado da arte apresentado acima, a presente tese tem como objetivo investigar numericamente a eficácia de implementação de materiais compósitos à base de TRM, na resposta de estruturas de alvenaria tradicional a ações no plano e para fora do plano. Para tal, foram criados diferentes modelos de elementos finitos para avaliar o desempenho destes materiais para ambos os tipos de ações. Comparou-se também o seu comportamento em situações com e sem reforço, recorrendo a análises não lineares, primeiro sob efeito de cargas monotónicas proporcionais à massa, aplicadas lateralmente, (pushover), e depois sob o efeito de cargas dinâmicas representadas por acelerogramas reais recolhidos durante o sismo de L'Aquila, ocorrido a 6 de Abril de 2009. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados e discutidos em detalhe.
Le strutture in muratura non rinforzate (URM) costituiscono una percentuale significativa del patrimonio costruito, ma non presentano deille buone performance in condizioni sismiche. Per questa ragione l'industria delle costruzioni si è dimostrata estremamente interessata agli interventi per la loro riparazione e riabilitazione. Negli ultimi decenni, questi materiali innovativi costituiti da fibre immerse in matrici organiche (FRP) sono stati ampiamente usati per migliorare il comportamento di queste strutture in condizioni sismiche. Inizialmente, tali materiali erano stati progettati per essere applicati prevalentemente su strutture in cemento e solo negli ultimi tempi il loro utilizzo è stato ampliato anche alla muratura. Nonostante gli indiscutibili miglioramenti introdotti dai materiali compositi, alcuni svantaggi sono emersi, dovuti principalmente alla natura organica delle resine (ad esempio epossidiche). Di conseguenza, un nuovo tipo di materiaii compositi, nei quali la matrice organica è sostituita da una inorganica (ad esempio malta a base di cemento o di calce), è stato proposto come soluzione. Questi materiali, se da un lato assicurno gli stessi risultati degli FRP (aumento della resistenza a taglio e delle capacità deformative senza incrementare il peso della struttura) dall'altro permettono di superare gli aspetti negativi (vulnerabilità alle alte temperature, al fuoco e agli agenti esterni, bassa permeabilità e ridotta compatibilità con Ia muratura sottostante). I materiali compositi a base di malta consentono il soddisfacimento dei principj del restauro, quali reversibilità e sostenibilità, poiché risultano più compatibili con il substrato in muratura, sia per quanto riguarda gli aspetti meccanici che fisici. I nuovi materiali compositi, costituiti da fibre immerse in un sottile strato di malta, per il rinforzo delle strutture in muratura, di souto definiti FRCM (Malta cementizia rinforzata con fibre) o TRM (Malta rinforzata con tessuto), hanno di recente ricevuto molto interesse dal mondo della ricerca. Nonostante il recente interesse nell'uso di questi materiali, le informazioni disponibili riguardo il loro funzionamento quando applicati a strutture reali o a componenti strutturali, sono ancora esigui. Ad esempio, l'efficienza dei sistemi TRM per il miglioramento della risposta, in condizioni sismiche, delle strutture rinforzate non è ancora totalmente chiaro. La presente tesi, inserendosi nell'ambito di ricerca descritto, ha lo scopo di determinare se l'utiiizzo di materiali compositi TRM sia valido o meno quando applicato suile strutture, in condizioni di sollecitazione nel piano e fuori dal piano. Pertanto, diversi modelli agli elementi finiti sono stati realizzati per studiare questi due tipi di risposta. Un confronto del loro funzionamento in condizioni non rinforzate e rinforzate è stato condotto in termini di analisi non-lineari, sia sotto l'effetto di un carico laterale-monotonico proporzionale alla massa (Push-over) che sotto l'effetto di un carico dinamico rappresentato da un accelerogramma reale, registrato durante li terremoto verificatosi a L'Aquila (6 Aprile 2009). I risultati ottenuti sono presentati e discussi criticamente.

Structural biology relies on detailed descriptions of the three-dimensional structures of peptides, proteins, and other biopolymers to explain the form and function of biological systems ranging in complexity from individual molecules to entire organisms. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, in combination with several types of calculations, provide the required structural information. In recent years, the structures of several hundred proteins have been determined by one or both of these experimental methods. However, since the protein molecules must either reorient rapidly in samples for multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy or form high quality single crystals in samples for X-ray crystallography, nearly all of the structures determined up to now have been of the soluble, globular proteins that are found in the cytoplasm and periplasmof cells and fortuitously have these favorable properties. Since only a minority of biological properties are expressed by globular proteins, and proteins, in general, have evolved in order to express specific functions rather than act as samples for experimental studies, there are other classes of proteins whose structures are currently unknown but are of keen interest in structural biology. More than half of all proteins appear to be associated with membranes, and many cellular functions are expressed by proteins in other types of supramolecular complexes with nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or other proteins. The interest in the structures of membrane proteins, structural proteins, and proteins in complexes provides many opportunities for the further development and application of NMR spectroscopy. Our understanding of polypeptides associated with lipids in membranes, in particular, is primitive, especially compared to that for globular proteins. This is largely a consequence of the experimental difficulties encountered in their study by conventional NMR and X-ray approaches. Fortunately, the principal features of two major classes of membrane proteins have been identified from studies of several tractable examples. Bacteriorhodopsin (Henderson et al., 1990), the subunits of the photosynthetic reaction center (Deisenhofer et al., 1985), and filamentous bacteriophage coat proteins (Shon et al., 1991; McDonnell et al., 1993) have all been shown to have long transmembrane hydrophobic helices, shorter amphipathic bridging helices in the plane of the bilayers, both structured and mobile loops connecting the helices, and mobile N- and C-terminal regions.

•Stereoscopic optic nerve photography has been considered the gold standard for documenting the optic nerve head (ONH)/retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) status. •Digital imaging technologies were developed recently to provide reproducible and more objective quantitative assessment of the ONH and RNFL. •Each technology measures different aspects of ONH and RNFL morphology; information obtained from different imaging devices is complementary and can be used to detect different abnormal features in the same patient. •Possible roles of ONH/RNFL imaging in clinical practice: •Documentation of ONH status• Glaucoma diagnosis •Detecting progression •Risk assessment •Screening for glaucoma •CSLO is based on a method of confocal imaging. •A diode laser (670 nm) (Fig 5.1A) scans the surface of posterior pole horizontally and vertically (x- and y-axes) with high speed. Reflected light is detected by a sensor after being filtered by a confocal pinhole which is conjugate to the focal plane of the retina. •By shifting the confocal pinhole, a series of planar scans are acquired at increasing depths and after alignment are combined to create 3-D topographic map of the retina and ONH surface. •Commercially available CSLO devices with major features are listed in Table 5.1. •Image acquisition with Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT) is fast; single tomographic slices are captured in only 24 ms (faster than involuntary saccades or fixation movements). •Pupillary dilation is not needed. •Good images require adequate patient positioning, good fixation, clear media, appropriate focus, and centering the optic nerve in the image. •16 to 64 planar scans are acquired per set. Unusable scans are replaced by software until three useful sets are obtained. •The operator defines the optic disc margin by drawing a contour line along scleral ring. • A reference plane is determined by the HRT software 50 μm below the average height of the contour line in the inferior temporal quadrant. All structures above the reference plane and within the contour line are defined as a neuroretinal rim and are shown as blue (sloped) and green (flat) areas on the topography image (Fig 5.2c).

This chapter presents the results of growing GeMn nanocolumns on Ge(001) substrates by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The samples have been prepared by co-depositing Ge and Mn at growth temperature of 130°C and Mn at concentration of ~6% to ensure the reproduction of GeMn nanocolumns. Based on the observation of changes in reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns during nanocolumn growth, surface signals of GeMn nanocolumn formation have been identified. Structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the self-assembled nanocolumns with core-shell structure extend through the whole thickness of the GeMn layer. Most of nanocolumns are oriented perpendicular to the interface along the growth direction. The nanocolumn size has been determined to be about 5–8 nm in diameter and a maximum height of 80 nm. A phenomenological model has been proposed to explain the driving force for self-assembly and growth mechanisms of GeMn nanocolumns. The in-plane or lateral Mn diffusion/segregation is driven by a low solubility of Mn in Ge while the driving force of Mn vertical segregation is induced by the surfactant effect along the [001] direction.

Structural charge arises on the surfaces of soil mineral particles in which either cation vacancies or isomorphic substitutions of cations by cations of lower valence occur. The principal minerals bearing structural charge are therefore the micas (Section 2.2), the 2:1 clay minerals (Section 2.3), or the Mn(IV) oxide, birnessite (Section 2.4). These three classes of mineral are all layer type and the cleavage surface on which their structural charge is manifest is a plane of O ions. The plane of O ions on the cleavage surface of a layer-type aluminosilicate is called a siloxane surface.This plane is characterized by hexagonal symmetry in the configuration of its constituent O ions, as shown at the top of Fig. 2.3 and, more explicitly, on the right side of Fig. 2.4, where a portion of the siloxane surface of the micas is depicted. Reactive molecular units on the surfaces of soil particles are termed surface functional groups. The functional group associated with the siloxane surface is the roughly hexagonal (strictly speaking, ditrigonalbecause the hexagonal symmetry is distorted when the tetrahedral sheet is fused to an octahedral sheet to form a layer) cavity formed by six corner-sharing silica tetrahedra. This cavity has a diameter of about 0.26 nm. The reactivity of the siloxane cavity depends on the nature of the electronic charge distribution in the layer structure. If there are no nearby isomorphic cations substitutions to create a negative charge, the O ions bordering the siloxane cavity function as an electron cloud donor that can bind molecules weakly through the van der Waals interaction. These interactions are akin to those underlying the hydrophobic interaction, discussed in Section 3.5, because the O in the siloxane surface can form only very weak hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Therefore, uncharged patches on siloxane surfaces may be considered hydrophobic regions to a certain degree, with, accordingly, an attraction for hydrophobic organic molecules. However, if isomorphic substitution of Al3+ by either Fe2+ or Mg2+ occurs in the octahedral sheet, the resulting structural charge is manifest on the siloxane cavities, as discussed in Section 2.3.

Relative anterior spinal overgrowth (RASO) was proposed as a generalized growth disturbance and a potential initiator of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, anterior lengthening was also observed in neuromuscular (NM) scoliosis, was shown to be restricted to the apical areas and to be located in the intervertebral discs, not in the bone. In this study the goal was to determine if other scoliotic curves of known origin exhibit the similar mechanism of anterior lengthening without changes in the vertebral body. Therefore CT-scans of 18 patients in whom a short segment congenital malformation had led to a long thoracic compensatory curve without bony abnormality were included. Of each vertebral body and intervertebral disc in the compensatory curve, the anterior and posterior length was measured on CT-scans in the exact mid-sagittal plane, corrected for deformity in all three planes. The total AP% of the compensatory curve in congenital scoliosis showed a lordosis (+1.8%) that differed from the kyphosis in non-scoliotic controls (-3.0%; p<0.001), and was comparable to AIS (+1.2%) and NM scoliosis (+0.5%). This anterior lengthening was not located in the bone; the vertebral body AP% showed a kyphosis (-3.2%), similar to non-scoliotic controls (-3.4%), as well as AIS (-2.5%) and NM scoliosis (-4.5%; p=1.000). However, the disc AP% showed a lordosis (+24.3%), which sharply contrasts to the kyphotic discs of controls (-1.5%; p<0.001), but was similar to AIS (+17.5%) and NM scoliosis (+20.5%). The results demonstrate that anterior lengthening is part of the three-dimensional deformity in different types of scoliosis and is exclusively located in the intervertebral discs. The bony vertebral bodies maintain their kyphotic shape, which indicates that there is no active bony overgrowth. Anterior lengthening appears to be a passive result of any scoliotic deformity, rather than being related to the specific cause of AIS.

Stacking fault free and planar defects (twin plane) free catalyzed Si nanowires (Si NWs) is essential for the carrier transport in the nanoscale devices applications. In this chapter, In-catalyzed, vertically aligned and cone-shaped Si NWs arrays were grown by using vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode on Si (111) substrates. We have successfully controlled the verticality and (111)-orientation of Si NWs as well as scaled down the diameter to 18 nm. The density of Si NWs was also enhanced from 2.5 μm−2 to 70 μm−2. Such vertically aligned, (111)-oriented p-type Si NWs are very important for the nanoscale device applications including Si NWs/c-Si tandem solar cells and p-Si NWs/n-InGaZnO Heterojunction LEDs. Next, the influence of substrate growth temperature (TS), cooling rate (∆TS/∆𝑡) on the formation of planar defects, twining along [112] direction and stacking fault in Si NWs perpendicular to (111)-orientation were deeply investigated. Finally, one simple model was proposed to explain the formation of stacking fault, twining of planar defects in perpendicular direction to the axial growth direction of Si NWs. When the TS was decreased from 600°C with the cooling rate of 100°C/240 sec to room temperature (RT) after Si NWs growth then the twin planar defects perpendicular to the substrate and along different segments of (111)-oriented Si NWs were observed.

The assignment of secondary alcohols can be carried out by using one of several CDAs [13–15]. The most used and most reliable ones are MPA, 9-AMA, and MTPA [35–40]. Figure 3.1 shows their structures, the correlation models, and a summary of the experimental conditions. MPA and 9-AMA esters share the same conformational composition [37, 39] and only differ in the intensity of their shieldings; therefore both auxiliaries present the same correlation between sign distribution and stereochemistry. MTPA has a different conformational composition and correlation model [38]. As shown in Chapter 1, MPA esters of secondary alcohols and other AMAA esters (e.g., 9-AMA esters) are composed of two sp/ap conformers in fast equilibrium [37, 39]. The sp conformer is more stable than the ap conformer, and this allows the NMR spectrum of an AMAA ester to be interpreted as if it had originated from just the sp form: carbonyl, Cα, and methoxy groups in the auxiliary part and a methine group (Cα′-H) at the alcohol moiety are in the same plane. When we consider this conformation in the (R)- and the (S)-AMAA esters, the L1 group is located under the shielding cone of the aryl in the (R)-AMAA ester, while the L2 is shielded in the (S)-AMAA ester (we strongly recommended that the reader builds Dreiding, or similar, models to assist in visualizing this spatial array). A subtraction defined as the chemical shift in the (R)-AMAA ester minus that in the (S)-AMAA ester results in a negative value for L1 and a positive one for L2 (i.e., negative ΔδRS for L1 and positive ΔδRS for L2). Therefore, for any secondary alcohol derivatized as an AMAA ester, the protons showing a positive ΔδRS sign are located in the tetrahedron around the asymmetric carbon (Cα′) as L2 (at the back) while the protons resulting in a negative ΔδRS take the position of L1.

In this study, CuO nanostructured films conjunction with metal doping have been deposited onto soda lime glass (SLG) substrate by method of spin coating at different doping concentration in solution (0%, 2% and 4%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for copper oxide films conjunction with Al doping demonstrated that the films have polycrystalline structure and have preferential growth in (-111) and (200) directions. Calculated dislocation density value of (-111) plane is changed between 3.7 x 1014 and 5.83 x 1014 m-2 and 83.7 x 1014 and 50.6 x 1014 m-2 for (200) owing to the expansion of structural parameters with Al dopant content in solution. In order to investigate surface morphology, we used an atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results from AFM revealed that samples are comparatively smooth in the valley area while many crystals-like structures are seen in the hill area. In order to examine absorbance, energy band gap and transmittance value of Al doped CuO films, we used a UV-Vis measurements system in the range of 1100-300 nm at temperature of 273 K. The obtained samples have high absorption in the region of UV-Vis and have a high affinity for UV light. It can be said that the change in the absorption value is a result of the different crystal nature of the samples. Energy band gap value of Al:CuO thin films changed between 1.98 and 2.07 eV.

In this chapter we treat plane waves specified by a wave normal and a particle motion vector . Two types of waves, longitudinal waves and shear waves, are observed in solids. For low symmetry directions, there are generally three different waves with the same wave normal, a longitudinal wave and two shear waves. The particle motions in the three waves are perpendicular to one another. Only longitudinal waves are present in liquids because of their inability to support shear stresses. The transverse waves are strongly absorbed. Acoustic wave velocities (v) are controlled by elastic constants (c) and density (ρ). For a stiff ceramic (c ∼ 5 × 1011 N/m2) and density (ρ ∼ 5 g/cm3 = 5000 kg/m3), the wave velocity is about 104 m/s. For low frequency vibrations near 1 kHz the wavelength λ is about 10 m. The shortest wavelengths are around 1 nm and correspond to infrared vibrations of 1013 Hz. Acoustic wave velocities for polycrystalline alkali metals are plotted in Fig. 23.2. Longitudinal waves travel at about twice the speed of transverse shear waves since c11 > c44. Sound is transmitted faster in light metals like Li which have shorter, stronger bonds and lower density than heavy alkali atoms like Cs. The tensor relation between velocity and elastic constants is derived using Newton’s Laws and the differential volume element shown in Fig. 23.3(a). The volume is equal to (δZ1) (δZ2) (δZ3). Acoustic waves are characterized by regions of compression and rarefaction because of the periodic particle displacements associated with the wave. These displacements are caused by the inhomogeneous stresses emanating from the source of the sound. In tensor form the components of the stress gradient are ∂Xij/∂Zk and will include both tensile stress gradients and shear stress gradients, as pictured in Fig. 23.3(b). The force F acting on the volume element is calculated by multiplying the stress components by the area of the faces on which the force acts.

This chapter has focused on a number of commonly used analytical and numerical electrodynamics methods that can be used to model the optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures, with emphasis on nonconventional applications of these methods to problems that have been recently been of interest in the surface spectroscopy field, especially surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A dipole reradiation (DR) methodology was added to the analytical approach of Mie theory to DR effects in SERS intensities, which is a more accurate expression for the electromagnetic enhancement theory than the commonly used plane-wave (PW) enhancement expression. We show that DR/PW differences can be significant for certain choices of detector locations due to interference and multipole effects, and generally the DR enhancements are smaller than PW. The numerical 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was modified through the incorporation of the hydrodynamic Drude model dielectric constant, enabling the calculation of spatially nonlocal dielectric responses for arbitrarily shaped nanostructures. Nonlocal effects become important when structural features extend below around 10 nm where the dielectric constant becomes a function of both the wavevector and the frequency. The importance of including nonlocal effects was demonstrated by calculating the optical response of cylindrical and triangular nanowires. The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) provides an alternative method for determining nanoparticle optical properties that uses a similar grid to FDTD, but with different convergence characteristics. We show that for cube-shaped particles the two methods have similar convergence behavior, but accuracy is a problem for DDA, while representing the frequency dependence dielectric constant is a problem for FDTD. A general many-body formalism describing plasmon-enhanced linear spectroscopies was developed by linking the numerical DDA method with electronic structure theory based on Q-Chem. This methodology allows the calculation of the linear-response and scattering properties between a molecule, which is described quantum mechanically, interacting with a classically described metal nanostructure. To demonstrate this formalism the linear response and scattering of a pyridine–Ag spheroidal system was calculated as a function of excitation energy and aspect ratio.

Water management is a large issue for putting PEMFC to practical use. Appropriate water management enables us to suppress the drying in PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) and the flooding in GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer), which degrade the performance of PEMFC. Against the background of importance for the water management, we challenged to develop the measurement method to grasp the water behavior in PEMFC. Especially, we focused on through-plane direction measurement, because the through-plane direction in cell has major role for the transport of mass, heat and electric charge in the cell. We developed the three methods to measure the water in cell directly or indirectly: cross sectional cell: micro NMR-sensor array: micro thermocouple array. These three methods successively captured the distribution of the liquid water in GDL, the water content in PEM and the temperature in cell. The data obtained help us to give the possible mechanism of how the water in cell impacted the cell voltage.

It was commonly believed that polarization plane rotation in a non-magnetic, optically active media is reciprocal. Here we report, what is to the best of our knowledge, the first observation of nonreciprocal polarization plane rotation in an optically active, nonmagnetic crystal. We saw that a light wave which passed through the crystal, B12SO20, and which was then reflected exactly back through it, did not recover its initial polarization azimuth. The nonreciprocal component of rotation was of the order of 7×10-3 of the reciprocal rotation. The effect is unambiguous evidence of broken reversality of the light-matter interaction process. Our interest in this research was motivated by the fundamental importance of the topic, and because time non-reversal effects may be exploited in unidirectional valves for electromagnetic radiation.

An interpolation method useful for reconstructing an image from its Fourier plane samples on a linear spiral scan trajectory is presented. This kind of sampling arises in NMR imaging. We first present a theorem that enables exact interpolation from spiral samples to a Cartesian lattice. We then investigate two practical implementations of the theorem in which a finite number of interpolating points are used to calculate the value at a new point. Our experimental results confirm the theorem’s validity and also demonstrate that both practical implementations yield very good reconstructions. Thus the theorem and/or its practical implementation suggest the possibility of using direct Fourier reconstruction from linear spiral-scan NMR imaging.

Study of pattern formation in the transverse section of lasers with plane cavity mirrors of infinite size shows that the fundamental solutions are transverse travelling waves [1]. In the case of Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPO), instead, rolls [2] or squares, or hexagons [3] are the fundamental patterns close to threshold. With curved cavity mirrors, however, both cases of lasers and OPO produce outputs which look like a combination of empty cavity modes, generally of Gauss-Laguerre type. These are the most commonly observed experimentally; a typical example of output intensity is shown in Figure 1 for the laser case.

Optical phenomena experience a giant enhancement in metal nanocomposites and rough thin films consisting of small nm-sized particles and roughness features, respectively. The enhancement is associated with excitation of surface plasmons which are collective modes and strongly depend on the morphology (geometrical structure) of the material. Fractal structures are prevalent in composites and cold-deposited thin films. The emergence of fractal geometry was a significant breakthrough in the description of irregularity. Fractal objects do not possess translational invariance and, therefore, cannot transmit running waves. Accordingly, collective excitations, such as surface plasmons, tend to be localized in fractals [1,2]. Formally, this is a consequence of the fact that plane running waves are not eigenfunctions of the operator of dilation symmetry characterizing fractals.

The second-order nonlinear optical coefficients are essential material parameters that determine the performance of nonlinear optical devices. Unfortunately, however, there have been considerable discrepancies among their absolute values reported to date [1]. This confusion, we believe, arises from the following factors. First, quite different values have been reported between parametric fluorescence (PF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements; e.g., d31(LiIO3) measured by PF method is 70 % larger than by SHG method [2. 3]. Second, wavelength scaling of nonlinear optical coefficients has been made based on the constancy of Miller’s Δ, although it has not been experimentally confirmed in what wavelength region and to what accuracy Miller’s Δ is constant. Moreover, the interference effect caused by multiple reflection effect in (nearly) plane-parallel samples has been overlooked in almost all the previous measurements, which can be the source of considerable error.

Geometries of the gaze in the Calabrian landscapeHaving lost their function of sighting as an instrument of strategic control, inclusion and protection from presumed pirate invasions, the coastal towers of Calabria Ultra, represented in the Diary of Wonders of the end of the sixteenth century, called Codice Romano Carratelli, will act as the key and device of the gaze that links the land to the expanse of water. A vast geometric, precise and linear system that will connect, through the gaze, the “terracqueo landscape”, unstable and multiform, continuously changing. The ninety-nine watercolour maps of the Codice are an immense heritage of clues, traces, geometries and measurements on which to think in order to bring to the surface of the earth, military tactics that have become latent in history as a palimpsest. The use of ancient and modern techniques of survey and graphic representation, want to accompany the contemporary traveler to turn his gaze towards new strategies of “reception”, rather than aversion of a silent landscape, where merge and mix. The “stratigraphies of the gaze” are sections perpendicular to the “horizontal plane” of a “living” landscape from which routes, artefacts, signs, traces, fragments of history can be distilled for a widespread cultural regeneration of the territory. The experimental character of this research, recounted in these pages, lies in the application of an innovative strategy of communication and information, based on the creation of cultural routes structured in museums, widespread or located on the coastal landscape of Calabria.

Some research tupics on hypersonic airbreathing engines conducted at National Aerospace Laboratory in Japan (NAL) are introduced. Variable Cycle engine (VCE) for the next generation supersonic transports (SST), Combined turbo-ramjet engine for hypersonic transports (HST) and turbo-engines, such as Airturbo-ramjet engine (ATR), and Scramjet engine for Space Plane propulsion systems are being studied. Engine system design to make evaluate capability for Space Plane and system optimization are described. Component studies; supersonic air-intake with mixed and internal compression configuration, hydrogen fueled ram-combustor, supersonic combustion chamber, high temperature and highly loaded turbo-component, regenerative heat exchanger and noise reduction nozzle are being conducted and some results are presented. In the material study, carbon/carbon composites, metal compound metal matrix composites and functionally gradient material (FGM) are also investigated and evaluated for application to high temperature and/or light weight structures.