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Journal articles on the topic 'In-plane behaviuor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

LATCHAROTE, Panon, and Yoshiro KAI. "NUMERICAL DERIVATIONS OF A MACROSCOPIC MODEL FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS CONSIDERING IN-PLANE AND OUT-OF-PLANE BEHAVIOR." Journal of JAEE 15, no. 2 (2015): 2_45–2_58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5610/jaee.15.2_45.

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2

Mochizuki, Akihiro. "Both Symmetric and Asymmetric Electro-Optic Dynamic Behavior with SSD (Smectic Single Domain) Liquid Crystals." Crystals 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040337.

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SSD-liquid crystal panels’ retardation switching dynamic behaviors have been investigated from their in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors. In-plane-only and a mixture between in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors are highly related to the initial smectic liquid crystal molecular stacking configurations. With uniformly stacked configuration, a completely symmetric retardation switching, as well as light throughput behavior, was obtained. With a slight twisted stacking configuration, the retardation switching behavior is dependent on the applied electric field strength, which may change the initial molecular stacking configuration, resulting in either symmetric or asymmetric retardation switching. When the molecular stacking has twisted heavily, the obtained retardation switching showed asymmetric behavior regardless of the applied electric field strength.

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3

YARITA, I., T. NAOI, and T. HASHIZUME. "PLF-11: Plastic Deformation Behaviors of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 in Plane Strain Compression(PLF-II: PLASTIC FORMING AND ADVANCED PRODUCTS)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.36_3.

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4

Yavan, Öznur. "Engagement in Organizational Behaviour Plane." Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute 2016, no. 25 (2016): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/pausbed.2016.36349.

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5

Pan, W. H., and C. M. Wang. "Elastic In-Plane Buckling of Funicular Arches." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 13 (October 13, 2020): 2041014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945542041014x.

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Buckling loads of arches could be significantly affected by the assumptions made on the load behavior during buckling. For a funicular arch whose centerline coincides with the compression line, we may consider two types of load behaviors based on how the line of load action shifts during buckling. This paper presents the governing differential equations for the elastic in-plane buckling problem of funicular circular arches under uniform radial pressure based on the two different load behavior assumptions, as well as analytical and numerical methods for analysis. For the analytical method, buckling criteria of rotationally-restrained ended circular arches with an internal rotational spring are formulated by using the general solution of the governing differential equation. For the numerical method, the Hencky bar-chain model (HBM) and its simple matrix formulations for general funicular arches are established. The buckling loads and mode shapes of funicular circular arches are solved by using HBM and verified against exact solutions obtained from the analytical method. For funicular catenary arches and parabolic arches, the buckling load solutions by HBM with various number of segments are also obtained and compared with the solutions presented by the previous researchers.

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6

Chen, Wang, Yin Pei Wang, Pei Ning Li, Chen Jin, and Xiao Ming Sun. "Numerical Study of Defect Free Elbows Subjected to In-Plane Bending Moment." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1494.

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Elbow is a type of components widely used in a piping system, and so it is very important to know the plastic carrying capacity of elbow. In this study, the elastic-plastic behavior of elbows with various ratios of t/rm and relative bending radius R/rm were investigated in detail by using of three-dimensional (3D) non-linear finite element (FE) analyses, assuming elastic-perfectly-plastic material behaviour and taking geometric nonlinearity into account. The analyses indicated that elbow exhibited different behavior obviously at the elastic-plastic states subjected to In-Plane opening bending moment and closing bending moment. The closed form equations of elbow involving effect of tangent pipes were established.

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7

Davini, Cesare, Antonino Favata, Andrea Micheletti, and Roberto Paroni. "A 2D microstructure with auxetic out-of-plane behavior and non-auxetic in-plane behavior." Smart Materials and Structures 26, no. 12 (November 1, 2017): 125007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aa9091.

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8

Chong, A. C. M., Fan Yang, David C. C. Lam, and Pin Tong. "Mechanics Framework for Micron-Scale Planar Structures." Advanced Materials Research 9 (September 2005): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.9.173.

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Structures are assemblies of planar and three-dimensional objects. Planar components and parts are commonly because the deformation behaviors of plates and beams can be analyzed within the plane problem framework. For micron-scale structures, patterning processes in microfabrications are intrinsically planar and the resulting fabricated structures are also planar. These planar micron-scale structures have been designed and analyzed using conventional mechanics, but increasingly as the sizes of these structures become smaller, higher order effects become significant. In nanometer-scale, surfaces were recognized to play significant roles in affecting the physical behavior. Size dependent elastic and plastic deformation behaviors in micron-scale structures were also observed. Size dependence is an intrinsic part of higher order theory of mechanics and has been used successfully to explain scale dependent behavior in threedimensional structures. In this paper, two-dimensional higher order elastic relations in plane stress and plane strain for compressible solids are developed. The difference between the higher order and conventional elasticity theories is compared

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9

Sundaram, P. A., D. Rodriguez, and S. Santiago. "Deformation behavior of a alpha brass in plane stress/plane strain." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 30, no. 1 (January 1994): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(94)90365-4.

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10

Caliò, Ivo, Francesco Cannizzaro, and Massimo Marletta. "A Discrete Element for Modeling Masonry Vaults." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.447.

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The assessment of the seismic response of historical masonry buildings represents a subject of considerable importance but, at the same time, of very difficult task. Refined finite element numerical models, able to predict the non-linear dynamic mechanical behavior and the degradation of the masonry media, require sophisticated constitutive law and a huge computational cost that makes these methods nowadays not suitable for practical application. In the past many authors developed simplified or alternative methodologies that, with a reduced computational effort, should be able to provide numerical results that can be considered sufficiently accurate for engineering practice purposes. However most of these methods are based on simplified hypotheses that make these approaches inappropriate for monumental buildings. In this paper a three dimensional discrete element model, able to predict the nonlinear behaviour of masonry shell elements, is presented as an extension of a previously introduced spatial discrete-element conceived for the simulation of both the in-plane and the out-of-plane behavior of masonry plane elements. The new macro-element enriches a larger computational framework, based on macro-element approach, devoted to the numerical simulation of the seismic behaviour of historical masonry structures.

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11

Monfared, V. "Computational modeling of creep in complex plane for reinforced materials." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0098.

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AbstractComputational modeling for predicting the steady state creep behavior is presented in complex plane for reinforced materials by complex variable method. Both the fiber and matrix simultaneously creep at elevated temperatures and loading. We suppose that one dimension of the short fiber is small enough in comparison with the other two (see Fig. 1). In this formulation, plane stress state is used. Finally, displacement rate behaviors are predicted using compatibility, equilibrium, constitutive, and governing equations by complex variable method. One of the considerable applications of the method is in nano-composites analysis in elasticity or plasticity research.

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12

Monaco, Michela, Bruno Calderoni, Antonino Iannuzzo, and Antonio Gesualdo. "Behaviour of in-plane loaded masonry panels." Procedia Structural Integrity 11 (2018): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.11.050.

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13

Trahair, N. S., and P. Ansourian. "In-plane behaviour of web-tapered beams." Engineering Structures 108 (February 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.010.

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14

Momono, N., R. Dipasupil, H. Ishiguro, S. Saigo, T. Nakano, M. Oda, and M. Ido. "Crossover behavior of in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity in La2−xSrxCuO4." Physica C: Superconductivity 317-318 (May 1999): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(99)00143-4.

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15

Kong, Jingchang, Changhai Zhai, and Xiaomin Wang. "In-Plane Behavior of Masonry Infill Wall Considering Out-of-Plane Loading." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 60, no. 2 (2016): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppci.7867.

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16

Qiao, Xuqiang, Ling Zheng, Yinong Li, Yuqing Ren, Zhida Zhang, Ziwei Zhang, and Lihong Qiu. "Characterization of the Driving Style by State–Action Semantic Plane Based on the Bayesian Nonparametric Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 7857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177857.

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The quantification and estimation of the driving style are crucial to improve the safety on the road and the acceptance of drivers with level2–level3(L2–L3) intelligent vehicles. Previous studies have focused on identifying the difference in driving style between categories, without further consideration of the driving behavior frequency, duration proportion properties, and the transition properties between driving style and behaviors. In this paper, a novel methodology to characterize the driving style is proposed by using the State–Action semantic plane based on the Bayesian nonparametric approach, i.e., hierarchical Dirichlet process–hidden semi–Markov model (HDP–HSMM). This method segments the time series driving data into fragment clusters with similar characteristics and construct the State–Action semantic plane based on the statistical characteristics of the state and action layer to label and interpret the fragment clusters. This intuitively and simply visualizes the driving performance of individual drivers, while the risk index of the individual drivers can also be obtained through semantic plane. In addition, according to the joint mutual information maximization (JIMI) approach, seven transition probabilities of driving behaviors are extracted from the semantic plane and applied to identify driving styles of drivers. We found that the aggressive drivers prefer high–risk driving behaviors, and the total duration and frequency of high–risk behaviors are greater than those of cautious and normal drivers. The transition probabilities among high–risk driving behaviors are also greater compared with low–risk behaviors. Moreover, the transition probabilities can provide rich information about driving styles and can improve the classification accuracy of driving styles effectively. Our study has practical significance for the regulation of driving behavior and improvement of road safety and the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).

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17

Raskin, Igor, and John Roorda. "In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Buckling of Triangulated Grids." International Journal of Space Structures 10, no. 1 (March 1995): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119501000103.

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The stability of plane, triangulated, uniformly compressed grids with rigid nodes is considered. The lowest critical loads for grids of hexagonal, triangular and rhombic overall layout are calculated for the case of in-plane buckling and associated modes are obtained. The lower and upper bounds for these critical loads related to the behaviour of a single triangular cell are given. The connection between symmetry of the buckled configurations and the multiplicity of corresponding critical points is discussed and illustrated by the example of out-of-plane buckling of hexagonal grid.

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18

Wajda, Wojciech, and Henryk Paul. "Near Grain Boundary Behavior of Aluminum Bicrystals Deformed in Plane Strain Conditions." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.108.

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The paper describes the mechanism of deformation at 77 K of pure aluminum bicrystals of different grain orientations. The following orientations were selected: {100}/{110} (cube/Goss) and - {100}/{100} (cube/shear) to represent the unstable vs. stable and the unstable vs. unstable behaviours, respectively. The bicrystalline samples were deformed in the plane strain conditions with the use of a channel-die immersed inside a reservoir with liquid nitrogen. The low temperature deformation increases the tendency to form plain strain inhomogeneities of the deformation in the grains with an unstable orientation. In both sets of crystallite compositions, the grain boundary was situated perpendicularly to the compression plane. A particular interest was paid to the analysis of the tendencies of the crystal lattice rotations near the grain boundary and the description of the deformation behaviour of the material in the macro- scale (hardening behaviour). A detailed analysis of the crystal lattice rotations was possible with the application of the local orientation measurements by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopes, equipped with the electron backscattered diffraction and convergent beam electron diffraction facility, respectively. The experimental results of the local orientation measurements were used to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical prediction of the macro-scale behaviour of bi-crystalline samples by a single Cristal Plasticity Model. The investigation shows that the crystallites behave essentially as single crystals in the same deformation conditions. Due to the similar hardening behaviour of the investigated crystallites (similar values of the Taylor factors) the grain boundary remains unchanged. The calculated lattice rotations are similar to those observed experimentally. Key words: aluminium bi-crystals, texture, microstructure, single crystal plasticity model

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19

Ratananikom, Wanwarang, Siam Yimsiri, Fumihiko Fukuda, and Suched Likitlersuang. "Failure Surface and Plastic Potential in Deviatoric Plane of Bangkok Clay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.256.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation on the failure surface and plastic potential in deviatoric plane of Bangkok Clay. The results of torsional shear hollow cylinder and triaxial tests with various principal stress directions and magnitudes of intermediate principal stress on undisturbed Bangkok Clay specimens are presented. The obtained stress-strain behaviors assert clear evidences of anisotropic characteristics of Bangkok Clay. Both failure surface and plastic potential in deviatoric plane of Bangkok Clay are demonstrated as isotropic and of circular shape (Drucker-Prager type) which implies an associated flow rule. Concerning the behavior of Bangkok Clay found from this study, the discussions on the effects of employed constitutive modeling approach on the resulting numerical analysis are made.

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20

Lampaert, S. G. E., B. J. Fellinger, J. W. Spronck, and R. A. J. van Ostayen. "In-plane friction behaviour of a ferrofluid bearing." Precision Engineering 54 (October 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2018.05.013.

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21

Wright, Howard D., and K. M. Anwar Hossain. "In-plane shear behaviour of profiled steel sheeting." Thin-Walled Structures 29, no. 1-4 (September 1997): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8231(97)00016-5.

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22

Elmenshawi, Abdelsamie, Mohamed Sorour, Aftab Mufti, Leslie G. Jaeger, and Nigel Shrive. "In-plane seismic behaviour of historic stone masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 3 (March 2010): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-166.

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Since the advent of the latest National building code of Canada, the level of intervention required to meet seismic requirements for the rehabilitation of heritage buildings has increased significantly. An example of this type of project is the rehabilitation of the West Block on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. Eight walls representative of the stone masonry in the West Block building were constructed, some with different rehabilitation schemes, and tested to investigate their in-plane seismic behaviour. The walls were double wythes of sandstone and limestone connected by a rubble core. The walls were 2750 mm high by 2000 mm wide by 540 mm thick. The rehabilitation schemes represented different ways of tying the stone wythes together, since the outer sandstone wythe has separated from the rubble core in some locations in the existing structure. The results reveal that the suggested strengthening schemes neither benefit nor degrade the in-plane seismic behaviour compared to that of a plain wall.

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23

Magagnini, Erica, and Roberto Capozucca. "Behaviour of block masonry under in-plane loading." International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation 4, no. 3 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmri.2019.10016601.

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24

Touchard, F., and M. C. Lafarie-Frenot. "In Plane Shear behaviour of Carbon-Peek Composite." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 3 (May 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100308.

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APC-2 laminates [μ45]2s are submitted to loading-unloading tensile tests for measuring stiffness and taking X-ray radiographs at different stress levels. Extensive plastic shear strains and large permanent angle variations between fibres are observed. An important shear modulus drop is measured, while the matrix cracks are still scarce.

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25

Vasconcelos, Graça, Elisa Poletti, Eunice Salavessa, Abílio M. P. Jesus, Paulo B. Lourenço, and Preecha Pilaon. "In-plane shear behaviour of traditional timber walls." Engineering Structures 56 (November 2013): 1028–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.017.

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26

Trahair, N. S., and P. Ansourian. "In-plane behaviour of mono-symmetric tapered beams." Engineering Structures 108 (February 2016): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.011.

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27

Priyanga, R. S., and Raghavan Ramalingam. "In-Plane Compression Behaviour of Steel Profile Sheets." International Journal of Steel Structures 19, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0116-9.

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28

Fukumoto, Yuhshi, and Haruyuki Kusama. "Cyclic behaviour of plates under in-plane loading." Engineering Structures 7, no. 1 (January 1985): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(85)90037-9.

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29

Lee, Sang-Ho, and Hyeon-Seob Song. "Behavior of Curved Pipes under In-Plane Bending." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2008): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2008.9.2.480.

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30

Melenev, P. V., V. V. Rusakov, and Yu L. Raikher. "Magnetic behavior of in-plane deformable dipole clusters." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 300, no. 1 (May 2006): e187-e190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.10.076.

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31

Haroun, Nariman M., and Robin Shepherd. "Inelastic Behavior of X‐Bracing in Plane Frames." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 4 (April 1986): 764–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:4(764).

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32

Vanin, Alessia, and Paolo Foraboschi. "In-plane behavior of perforated brick masonry walls." Materials and Structures 45, no. 7 (January 3, 2012): 1019–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9814-x.

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33

Doran, Bilge, H. Orhun Koksal, Selen Aktan, Serhan Ulukaya, Didem Oktay, and Nabi Yuzer. "In-Plane Shear Behavior of Traditional Masonry Walls." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2016.1207114.

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34

Pacoste, Costin, and Anders Eriksson. "Element behavior in post-critical plane frame analysis." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 125, no. 1-4 (September 1995): 319–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(95)00813-g.

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35

Li, Yun Ping, and Manabu Enoki. "Acoustic Emission Investigation of the Anelastic Recovery Behavior of Basal Plane Textured AZ31B as a Function of Loading Direction." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.659.

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In order to study the texture effects on the anelastic recovery behavior of magnesium alloy, basal plane textured AZ31B alloy was compressed parallel and vertical to the extrusion direction. AE measurement was applied to characterize the deformation and the anelastic recovery behaviors. A model for the correlation between applied strain and the cumulative AE counts in detwinning was proposed. The effects of loading direction to the deformation and twinning behavior were discussed.

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36

Huang, Shizhan, Jiaming Lin, Ningchang Wang, Bicheng Guo, Feng Jiang, Qiuling Wen, and Xizhao Lu. "Fracture Behavior of Single-Crystal Sapphire in Different Crystal Orientations." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080930.

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In order to study the anisotropy of fracture toughness and fracture mechanism of single-crystal sapphire, the three-point bending tests and the single-edge V-notch beam (SEVNB) were used to test the fracture toughness of A-plane, C-plane, and M-plane sapphire, which are widely used in the semiconductor, aerospace, and other high-tech fields. Fracture morphology was investigated by a scanning electron microscope and three-dimensional video microscopy. The fracture toughness and fracture morphology of different crystal planes of sapphire showed obvious anisotropy and were related to the loading surfaces. C-plane sapphire showed the maximal fracture toughness of 4.24 MPa·m1/2, and fracture toughness decreases in the order of C-plane, M-plane, and A-plane. The surface roughness is related to the dissipation of fracture energy. The surface roughness of the fracture surface is in the same order as C-plane > M-plane > A-plane. The fracture behavior and morphology of experiments were consistent with the theoretical analysis. C-plane sapphire cleavages along the R-plane with an angle of 57.6 degrees and the rhombohedral twin were activated. M-plane and A-plane sapphire cleavages along their cross-section.

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37

Chakraborty, Patatri, Chi Zhou, and D. D. L. Chung. "Converse piezoelectric behavior of three-dimensionally printed polymer and comparison of the in-plane and out-of-plane behavior." Materials Science and Engineering: B 252 (February 2020): 114447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.114447.

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38

Turan, R. Befru, and Ayşe Okur. "Prediction of the in-plane and through-plane fluid flow behavior of woven fabrics." Textile Research Journal 83, no. 7 (September 27, 2012): 700–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517512460300.

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39

Wanatowski, Dariusz, and Jian Chu. "Static liquefaction of sand in plane strain." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-078.

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Experimental results on the static liquefaction behaviour of sand under plane-strain conditions are presented in this paper. Undrained tests on very loose sand under both plane-strain and axisymmetric conditions were conducted and the results compared. The test data show that the undrained behaviour of sand under plane strain is similar to that under axisymmetric conditions. However, the critical-state line (CSL) on both the q–p′ and the e–p′ planes determined under plane-strain conditions is different from that under axisymmetric conditions. The slope of the CSL is different as a result of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. The state parameter (ψ), which is measured with reference to the CSL in the e – log p′ plane, is also different: the ψ value for plane strain is about 0.05 less than that for axisymmetric conditions for the sand tested. The instability behaviour of very loose sand under undrained plane-strain conditions is also studied. Based on the testing data, a unique relationship between the stress ratio of the instability line and ψ is established to enable the triaxial results to be used for plane-strain conditions.Key words: failure, sands, laboratory tests, liquefaction, shear strength.

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40

Klamecki, B. E., and S. Kim. "On the Plane Stress to Plane Strain Transition Across the Shear Zone in Metal Cutting." Journal of Engineering for Industry 110, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187889.

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The effects of the stress state transition from plane stress at the workpiece surface to plane strain in the central region of the chip formation zone were studied. A finite element analysis of the incipient chip formation process was performed. The model included heat generation and temperature induced workpiece material property changes. The primary result is that the unique high strain, high strain rate, large free surface characteristics of the metal cutting process can result in qualitatively different deformation behavior across the shear zone. Temperatures are higher in the regions near the surface of the workpiece than in the central region. In extreme cases, this will result in strain hardening behavior in the plain strain regions and thermal softening of the work material near the surface.

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41

Galkiewicz, Jaroslaw. "The Influence of In-Plane Constraint on Void Behavior in Front of a Crack in Plane Strain." Solid State Phenomena 224 (November 2014): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.224.139.

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This paper investigates voids’ behavior in front of a crack in elastic-plastic material under plane strain condition. Using the modified boundary layer approach for selected values of Q-stress it evaluates the deformations of a material cell. The deformations are recomputed with an exact three-dimensional model.

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42

Wilhelm, Arnaud, Samuel Rivallant, and Jean-François Ferrero. "Study of the deformation of a sandwich shield subjected to bird impact: A behaviour analysis tool using vector decomposition." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 21, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636217697499.

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In this work, a numerical finite element model of a 1.82 kg bird impacting a sandwich shield at 175 m/s is developed. Different shield designs are simulated and it appears that very different sandwich behaviours can occur, depending on the design. A new tool to analyse the deformation of the sandwich during impact is presented and is used to study the behaviour of a shield. As this tool makes it possible to easily compare the behaviour of different shields, it is used in a screening study to identify the more influential sandwich design parameters. If all design parameters are considered to be independent, the core out-of-plane plastic plateaus appear to be the most important. The core in-plane properties, elastic modulus and density and the back skin thickness have much less influence on the sandwich deformation under impact.

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43

He, Yu Zhi, Chang Yun Liu, Zhen Hua Hou, Guang Kui Zhang, Xing Hua Chen, Zi Chen Lin, and Jin San Ju. "Out-of-Plane Secondary Bifurcation Buckling Behavior of Elastic Circle Pipe Arch." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.271.

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The out-of-plane secondary bifurcation buckling load-displacement equilibrium paths of the elastic circle pipe arch with and without out-of-plane brace at the top of the arch are traced using a new numerical tracing strategy. The out-of-plane secondary bifurcation buckling loads of the arch with the same sections and different rise-span ratios are obtained under the concentrated load at the top of the arch and the full span uniformly distributed load, which are compared with out-of-plane linear buckling load and in-plane primary buckling load. The calculation results show: for the same section circle pipe arches without the out-of-plane brace and under the concentrated load at the top the arch, the out-of-plane secondary buckling load is always less than the in-plane primary buckling load and the out-of-plane buckling will occur before the in-plane primary buckling. The out-of-plane secondary bifurcation buckling load of the arch with 0.2 rise-span ratio is the biggest. The bigger the rise-span ratio is, the bigger the difference between out-of-plane and in-plane buckling load. When the arch is subjected to full span uniformly distributed load, the out-of-plane buckling will also occur before the in-plane primary buckling and the out-of-plane secondary bifurcation buckling load of the arch with 0.4 rise-span ratio is the biggest. The difference between out-of-plane and in-plane buckling load of the arch with 0.2 rise-span ratio is the biggest. For the circle pipe arch with the out-of-plane brace at the top of the arch, the out-of-plane buckling load of the arch with 0.4 rise-span ratio is the biggest under the two load conditions. The brace can raise the out-of-plane buckling load significantly especially for the arch with big rise-span ratio and under full span load. The out-of-plane buckling will occur before the in-plane primary buckling when the arch is under full span uniformly distributed load. The out-of-plane buckling will occur before the in-plane primary buckling only when the arch is under concentrated load and the rise-span ratio of the arch is less than 0.3. No matter there is or not brace for the arch, the ultimate load carry capacity of the arches increase a little bit after the out-of-plane secondary buckling occurs.

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44

YOSHIMIZU, Motohiro, Nobukazu KATO, Takayuki UEMURA, and Hiroaki OHSAWA. "Deformation Behavior of Aluminum Alloy 5052 Sheet in Biaxial In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Tension." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS Series A 77, no. 775 (2011): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.77.564.

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Chiriţă, Stan, and Michele Ciarletta. "Spatial behaviour of solutions in the plane Stokes flow." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 277, no. 2 (January 2003): 571–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-247x(02)00628-5.

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Capozucca, R., and E. Magagnini. "The behaviour of block masonry under in-plane loading." International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation 4, no. 4 (2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmri.2019.102517.

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Tetougueni, Cyrille Denis, Emanuele Maiorana, Paolo Zampieri, and Carlo Pellegrino. "Plate girders behaviour under in-plane loading: A review." Engineering Failure Analysis 95 (January 2019): 332–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.09.021.

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Furtado, André, Hugo Rodrigues, António Arêde, and Humberto Varum. "Experimental Characterization of the In-plane and Out-of-Plane Behaviour of Infill Masonry Walls." Procedia Engineering 114 (2015): 862–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.041.

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Grubenmann, M., J. Heingärtner, P. Hora, and D. Bassan. "Influence of temperature on in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical behaviour of GFRP composite." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1063 (July 2018): 012146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1063/1/012146.

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50

Charikova, T. B., A. N. Ignatenkov, A. I. Ponomarev, N. G. Shelushinina, L. D. Sabirzyanova, G. A. Emelchenko, and A. A. Zhohov. "Behaviour of both in-plane and out-of-plane resitivities of Nd2−xCexCuO4 single crystals." Physica C: Superconductivity 341-348 (November 2000): 1561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(00)01335-6.

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