Journal articles: 'In-country adjustment'

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Hung, Chao-Chih, Tzung-Cheng Huan, Chun-Han Lee, Hsin-Mei Lin, and Wen-Long Zhuang. "To adjust or not to adjust in the host country? Perspective of interactionism." Employee Relations 40, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-12-2016-0237.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of regulatory foci (promotion focus and prevention focus) to expatriate adjustments (general, interaction, and work adjustments) and explore whether mentoring functions (psychosocial support, role modeling, and career development) moderate the aforementioned relationship. Design/methodology/approach Using 141 questionnaired primary data (response rate 32.25 percent) gathered from at least six months experienced expatiates of multinational companies in six industries, this study adopts regression method to examine the moderating effect. Findings This study found that promotion focus was positively related to the interaction and work adjustment, respectively; prevention focus was positively related to the general, interaction, and work adjustment, respectively. Psychosocial support function moderates the relationship between promotion focus and general adjustment. Career development function moderates the relationships between promotion/prevention foci and work adjustment. Originality/value According to the interactionism perspective, behavior is a result of the interaction between personality and situational influences, has a long history in social and personality psychology. This study extends this perspective to the interactive effects of mentorship (situational factor) and expatriates’ regulatory foci (personality factor) on expatriate adjustment.

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Selmer, Jan. "Adjustment of Third Country National Expatriates in China." Asia Pacific Business Review 9, no. 2 (December 2002): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713999182.

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Yoshino, Naoyuki, Sahoko Kaji, and Tamon Asonuma. "Adjustments of Capital Account Restrictions and Exchange Rate Regimes in East Asia." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 06, no. 03 (October 2015): 1550015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993315500155.

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This paper discusses adjustments of capital account restrictions and exchange rate regimes in East Asia. Monetary authorities have two options for these adjustments: Gradual adjustments and rapid adjustments. We analyze the costs and benefits for both adjustment options in each area, i.e., capital account restrictions and exchange rate regimes. The paper provides prominent country cases for each adjustment option to emphasize the benefits for policymakers. We then propose four transition policy options for East Asian countries aiming to relax capital account restrictions and increase flexibility in exchange rates from fixed regimes with capital account controls.

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Laussel, Didier, Philippe Michel, and Thierry Paul. "Intersectoral adjustment and unemployment in a two-country Ricardian model." Recherches économiques de Louvain 70, no. 2 (2004): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rel.702.0169.

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Lie, John, Vittorio Corbo, and Sang-Mok Suh. "Structural Adjustment in a Newly Industrialized Country: The Korean Experience." Pacific Affairs 66, no. 3 (1993): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759638.

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Cao, Yong, and Jiong Gong. "Country-of-Origin and Brand Image in Global Outsourcing Adjustment." Journal of Finance and Economics 10, no. 1 (August 6, 2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12735/jfe.v10n1p36.

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Salamin, Xavier, and Eric Davoine. "International adjustment of female vs male business expatriates. A replication study in Switzerland." Journal of Global Mobility 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 183–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-12-2014-0055.

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Purpose – Reasons for women’s underrepresentation in international assignments include stereotypical assumptions within organizations about their ability to adjust abroad and more broadly a lack of trust from the corporate headquarters. Female expatriates’ adjustment may strongly vary depending on the host country and on host-country nationals’ attitudes toward them. Yet up until today, very few studies have examined female expatriate adjustment in a single and non-Asian host country. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by comparing the cross-cultural adjustment of male and female expatriates in Switzerland. Design/methodology/approach – This study replicates Selmer and Leung’s (2003a) study design in order to compare adjustment of male and female expatriates working in multinational companies in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Based on 152 valid questionnaires collected, the authors performed a multivariate analysis of covariance and further analyses of covariance to compare male and female expatriate adjustment. Findings – The authors find that female expatriates have significantly higher interaction and work adjustment levels than their male counterparts, while no significant differences between men and women were observed in terms of general adjustment. These findings in a European context are consistent with those of Selmer and Leung in an Asian context. Originality/value – Very few studies to date have examined the adjustment of female expatriates in a western host-country context, despite the fact that host-country cultural norms might strongly influence women’s experiences. The research brings new empirical evidence about cross-cultural adjustment of female and male expatriates in a western location. Contrary to persistent stereotypical assumptions, results emphasize again that women are able to adjust better or at least as well as their male counterparts.

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Robertson, Raymond, and Donald H. Dutkowsky. "Labor adjustment costs in a destination country: the case of Mexico." Journal of Development Economics 67, no. 1 (February 2002): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(01)00176-6.

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Makharita, Ragaa, and Jacques Brunet. "Institutional adjustment in Terrafrie: Typical problems of a real African country." Public Administration and Development 11, no. 3 (May 1991): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230110310.

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Ikeda, Shinsuke, and Ichiro Gombi. "HABIT FORMATION IN AN INTERDEPENDENT WORLD ECONOMY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, no. 4 (September 2009): 477–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509080183.

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In a two-country world economy, endogenous interest rate adjustment makes one country's consumption-habit dynamics affected by the other country's habit. External indebtedness depends crucially on international differences in habit-adjusted net output less habitual living standard. Interest rate adjustment enlarges the consumption impact of an income shock. Consistent with the empirical facts, the habit parameter of a large country would thus be underestimated, and the current account volatility overestimated, if they were estimated using a small-country model. An increase in fiscal spending in one country can benefit the country and harm the neighbor one due to reversed intertemporal terms-of-trade effects.

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Davies, Samuel, Albert Kraeh, and Fabian Froese. "Burden or support? The influence of partner nationality on expatriate cross-cultural adjustment." Journal of Global Mobility 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-06-2014-0029.

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Purpose – The family and specifically, the partners of expatriates are unfortunately the major cause of expatriate maladjustment. Drawing from and extending the concept of relational demography, the purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the nationality of expatriates’ partners, conceptualized as host, home or third country nationality, on expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data from 299 expatriate academics in China, Japan and South Korea were analysed. The authors used confirmatory factor analyses to validate the scales and ANCOVA to test the hypotheses. To further understand the interactions effects the authors conducted simple slopes analysis. Findings – Results show that differences in expatriate academics’ cross-cultural adjustment are not per se based on the different nationality of their partners, but are mainly due to an interaction effect of partner nationality and length of stay in host country. Expatriates with host country national partners perceived the highest increase in cross-cultural adjustment over time, followed by those with third country national partners, whereas those with home country partners did not experience any increase in cross-cultural adjustment. Research limitations/implications – The study was based on a cross-sectional survey of expatriate academics in Asia. Thus, longitudinal, multisource data from various contexts would increase validity and generalizability of findings. Despite these limitations, the study provided new and intriguing findings. The theory and empirical evidence underscore the importance of expatriate partner nationality and thereby, relational demography between expatriate partners and expatriates. Practical implications – The research aims to emphasize the important role that expatriate partners can play concerning the success of expatriate cross-cultural adjustment. Greater attention should be paid to the adjustment processes of expatriates and their partners to facilitate expatriate cross-cultural adjustment. Originality/value – The authors are among the first to study the influence of nationality, conceptualized as host, home country or third country nationality, of expatriates’ partners on expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment by applying the concept of relational demography. Moreover, the authors look at the role that time in the host country has on the partner’s influence on expatriate adjustment.

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Richardson, Christopher, and Hsin-Wei Wong. "Expatriate academics in Malaysia: motivation, adjustment, and retention." Journal of Management Development 37, no. 3 (April 9, 2018): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-12-2017-0421.

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Purpose Existing studies on expatriate academics (EAs) are primarily set in advanced-country settings, thus overlooking the EA experience in developing and emerging markets. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the motivating factors behind EAs taking up jobs in Malaysia, and their adjustment and retention experiences in their host country. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 EAs working in four public universities in Malaysia. Findings Among the chief motivating factors for expatriation were familiarity with the country, the perceived desirable cultural/religious environment, and favourable research environment. Adjustment-wise, there was something of a mixed experience, with most adjusting well socially, but many citing disappointment with work. Such sentiment has contributed to reducing retention plans among several of the respondents. Originality/value The study explores the EA experience in the context of an emerging market. At present much of the literature focuses on EAs working in advanced economies. This paper indicates that the motivation, adjustment, and retention cognition of EAs in emerging markets may not be entirely consistent with what previous studies have suggested.

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Gopinath, Gita, and Brent Neiman. "Trade Adjustment and Productivity in Large Crises." American Economic Review 104, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 793–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.3.793.

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We empirically characterize the mechanics of trade adjustment during the Argentine crisis. Though imports collapsed by 70 percent from 2000 to 2002, the entry and exit of firms or products at the country level played a small role. The within-firm churning of imported inputs, however, played a sizeable role. We build a model of trade in intermediate inputs with heterogeneous firms, fixed import costs, and roundabout production. Import demand is non-homothetic and the implications of an import price shock depend on the full distribution of firm-level adjustments. An import price shock generates a significant decline in productivity. (JEL F14, F31, F43, L60, O14, O19)

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Smith, Timothy B., and David A. Shwalb. "Preliminary Examination of International Students' Adjustment and Loneliness Related to Electronic Communications." Psychological Reports 100, no. 1 (February 2007): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.1.167-170.

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Electronic communication, e.g., e-mail, internet, may facilitate international students' adjustment through contacts maintained in their native country. In the present study, the scores of 45 international students on a measure of adjustment and the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale were significantly associated with their electronic communications involving their native country, but not with general internet or e-mail use. International students' scores on the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure were positively correlated with amount of contact with people in their native country but not with scores on measures of adjustment or loneliness.

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Richardson, Christopher, Guat-Hoon Tan, and Shaian Kiumarsi. "Personality traits and expatriate adjustment in Malaysia." Journal of Asia Business Studies 12, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-06-2017-0091.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate and reflect upon the effects of personality traits on expatriate adjustment within the context of Malaysia’s multicultural society. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the multicultural personality questionnaire (MPQ) and extrapolating from the literature on expatriate adjustment, the authors introduce five hypotheses, which are then tested based on data derived from 101 expatriates working in Malaysia. Findings The results indicate a positive relationship between both open-mindedness and adjustment as well as between flexibility and adjustment. However, the authors did not observe any significant positive relationship between the three remaining MPQ personality traits and expatriate adjustment. Originality/value While various studies have investigated the relationship between personality and expatriate adjustment in an Asian context, the majority have been conducted in largely monocultural settings, or at least on the implicit assumption of a single societal culture within the host country. This paper contributes to the literature by exploring the relationship in the context of a multicultural Asian host country.

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Mora, Jose U., and Celso J. Costa Junior. "FDI Asymmetries in Emerging Economies: The Case of Colombia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 8 (June 25, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n8p35.

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We build a DSGE model to study the asymmetries of FDI shocks in an economy like Colombia. Besides nominal wage and price rigidities, we use the fact that Colombia has two productive and differentiated regions, Bogota that produces more than 25% of Colombia GDP (DANE, 2016) and the rest of the country, Ricardian and non-Ricardian agents, habit formation, capital adjustment costs, and modeled an entire foreign sector. Empirical results show that even when in the long run results are not very different in terms of real output, the short run effects are asymmetric implying that a shock to FDI in the rest of the country might cause important microeconomic adjustments that could improve the distribution of income throughout the country.

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Aoki, Masanao. "Dynamic Adjustment Behaviour to Anticipated Supply Shocks in a Two-Country Model." Economic Journal 96, no. 381 (March 1986): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233427.

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Anderson, F. "Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country." Journal of American History 101, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 884–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jau517.

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Preston, David L. "Setting All the Captives Free: Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in Allegheny Country." Ethnohistory 63, no. 3 (July 2016): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-3496891.

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Yavas, Ugur, and Muzaffer Bodur. "Correlates of adjustment: a study of expatriate managers in an emerging country." Management Decision 37, no. 3 (April 1999): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910264505.

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Banker, Rajiv D., Dmitri Byzalov, and Lei (Tony) Chen. "Employment protection legislation, adjustment costs and cross-country differences in cost behavior." Journal of Accounting and Economics 55, no. 1 (February 2013): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2012.08.003.

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Huang, Yu-Li, and Chung-Hua Shen. "Cross-country variations in capital structure adjustment—The role of credit ratings." International Review of Economics & Finance 39 (September 2015): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2015.04.011.

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Langinier, Hélène, and Thomas Froehlicher. "Context Matters: Expatriates’ Adjustment and Contact with Host Country Nationals in Luxembourg." Thunderbird International Business Review 60, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.21835.

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Vromans, Pauline, Marloes van Engen, and Stefan Mol. "Presumed cultural similarity paradox." Journal of Global Mobility 1, no. 2 (September 23, 2013): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-02-2013-0011.

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Purpose – To introduce the presumed cultural similarity paradox as a possible explanation for the findings that adjusting to a culturally similar country is just as difficult as adjusting to a culturally dissimilar country. We provide a conceptual framework, enabling further understanding and research into this phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach – Expatriates moving to a country that shares common characteristics may presume more cultural similarity and easier adjustment than is actually the case. During their stay abroad, expatriates may find that these expectations are not met. While the smaller cultural distance may facilitate adjustment, the undermet expectations inhibit adjustment and performance. Findings – A first preliminary test compared Dutch expatriates in Belgium (culturally similar) and in China (culturally dissimilar). The expectations of cultural similarity and adjustment difficulty of the expatriates in Belgium were significantly more undermet than those of the expatriates in China and this had a negative influence on affective adjustment. The larger cultural distance of China was negatively related to intercultural adjustment. Better adjustment, both affective and intercultural, led to better job performance. Research limitations/implications – Future research should try to replicate and extend our findings to other cultural contexts. Practical implications – Expatriates and their employers must consider and prepare for the increased chance of undermet expectations and the negative consequences this can have on adjustment and job performance, when moving to a culturally similar country. Social implications – Expatriates and their employers must consider and prepare for the increased chance of undermet expectations and the negative consequences this can have on adjustment and job performance, when moving to a culturally similar country. Originality/value – This paper conceptualizes and provide a theoretical framework that should allow future research to empirically test the psychological process that occurs in this paradox, accommodate the contrasting effects of cultural distance and met expectations of cultural similarity and investigate which characteristics of countries lead expatriates to presume more cultural similarity than is the case.

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Rojas, Paula, and Fernando Antoñanzas. "Policies to Reduce Antibiotic Consumption: The Impact in the Basque Country." Antibiotics 9, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9070423.

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In 2013, a change in copayment rate was introduced in the Basque Country (one year later than in the other regions in Spain), and improvements were made to drug packaging. In 2014, a National Program Against Bacterial Resistance (Spanish abbreviation: PRAN) was approved. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of change to the copayment rate, the adjustment of drug packaging, and the approval of PRAN on the consumption of antibiotics. Raw monthly data on the consumption of antibiotics (costs, packages, and daily defined doses per thousand people (DID)) were collected from January 2009 to December 2018 in the Basque Country. Counterfactual and intervention analysis (Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model) was performed for the total series, disaggregated by group of antibiotics (2019 WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification) and active substances with the highest cost per prescription (cefditoren and moxifloxacin), the lowest cost per prescription (doxycycline and cloxacillin), and the most prescribed active ingredients (amoxicillin, azithromycin, and levofloxacin). Introduction of copayment led to a ‘stockpiling effect’ one month before its implementation, equal to 8% in the three consumption series analyzed. Only the adjustment of drug packaging significantly reduced the number of packages dispensed (−12.19%). PRAN approval reduced consumption by 0.779 DID (−4.51%), representing a significant decrease for both ’access’ and ’watch’ group antibiotics. Despite the delay in implementing changes to copayment, there was a ‘stockpiling effect’. With the adjustment of packaging, fewer packs were prescribed but with a higher drug load and price. PRAN approval reduced both the consumption of ’access group antibiotics’ (first-line treatment) and ’watch group antibiotics’ (second-line treatment).

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Hohsung Choe. "Korean Study-Abroad Students’ Retrospective Narratives of Adjustment Experience in the Host Country." English21 27, no. 3 (September 2014): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2014.27.3.020.

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Kopliku, Bresena. "Re-adjustment in the home country – The effects of return migration and transnationalism." Research in Social Change 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rsc-2019-0003.

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Abstract This paper analyses how returned and transnational migrants can affect development and social change in the home country. It focuses on the Shkodra Region in Albania. Returnees and transnational migrants use the financial and social capital acquired during migration as mechanisms to readjust in their home country, while at the same time affecting development and social change. The paper deals with a specific returnees’ group, entrepreneur-returnees, and raises some main research questions: How is the social and cultural capital gained during migration used while setting up new enterprises? In what scale does this capital determine the success of the undertaking? Acting as agents of development, these migrants have taken advantage of their migration experience, especially in the opening of new enterprises. This process has also involved the non-migrant population through the introduction of new employment possibilities and the transmission of new ideas and knowledge.

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Zainol, Halmi, Abdul Malek A Tambi, Nor Eeda Ali, and Hazirah Azami. "Expatriates’ Psychological Distress Components of Malaysian Construction Company in Host Country." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 14 (July 1, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2233.

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Psychological distress is pertaining to anything leads to human well-being and satisfaction of the individual. Individual adjustment is a degree of psychological distress that an expatriate faces during an assignment in the host country. Unhappiness with the organisation will contribute to leaving for a prospective employer. Psychological influences such as interaction, reward and, social life contribute to the success of the expatriate. Content analysis was used in the study. The study aimed to determine the factors which led to expatriate's physiological distress. The study had found that there was a need for psychological adjustment while working in the host country. Keywords: Psychological distress; Expatriate; ConstructioneISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2233

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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.

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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.

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Bayraktar, Secil. "A diary study of expatriate adjustment: Collaborative mechanisms of social support." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 19, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595819836688.

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Understanding the antecedents of expatriate adjustment is vital for the success of international assignments. Social support is one of the most critical predictors of cross-cultural adjustment. Nevertheless, the nuances and interaction of diverse sources and types of support in the expatriates’ social networks need further scrutiny. This study examines the distinct and collaborative role of four different social groups in the expatriates’ social network, specifically host country nationals, home country nationals, compatriots, and foreign expatriates, on expatriate adjustment. For that purpose, an exploratory qualitative approach was adopted by using a diary study. The study was conducted with 42 single expatriates working in 21 different countries. The results showed that the nature of support provided by each social group was distinct, contributing to expatriate adjustment via different mechanisms. Moreover, it was found that these mechanisms worked collaboratively toward facilitating the expatriate adjustment.

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Chipeta, Chimwemwe, and Chera Deressa. "Firm and country specific determinants of capital structure in Sub Saharan Africa." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-04-2015-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of firm- and country-specific factors on the dynamics of capital structure for a new data set of firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. Design/methodology/approach Panel data estimation techniques are carried out on a set of 412 firms from 12 countries within Sub-Saharan Africa. Findings The results show that firm- and country-specific factors play an important role in the choice of debt for firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. First, firm profitability is the most common significant predictor of capital structure for firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The significance and magnitude of profitability coefficients is more pronounced in countries with the least developed banking and stock markets and the weakest legal systems. Second, the rule of law in Nigeria and Zimbabwe provides avenues for firms in these countries to increase their debt maturity structures. The choice of debt for firms in Ghana is significantly influenced by the strength of the legal rights, the time to enforce a contract and the cost of contract enforcement. Third, capital structure adjustment speeds in all the sampled countries are relatively slow, possibly due to the market imperfections associated with the underdeveloped financial markets of Sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, firms in the most developed stock markets of Sub-Saharan Africa tend to have lower mean debt ratios and faster capital structure adjustment speeds. Similarly, firms in countries with strong legal mechanisms tend to have higher mean long-term debt ratios and faster capital structure adjustment speeds. Originality/value This paper explores the influence of firm-level and country-specific factors on the dynamics of capital structure for a new data set that was previously ignored in the literature.

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Mancinelli, Elisa, Hanna D. Liberska, Jian-Bin Li, José P. Espada, Elisa Delvecchio, Claudia Mazzeschi, Adriana Lis, and Silvia Salcuni. "A Cross-Cultural Study on Attachment and Adjustment Difficulties in Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Self-Control in Italy, Spain, China, and Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 8827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168827.

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From a socio-ecological perspective, individuals are influenced by the interplay of individual, relational, and societal factors operating as a broader system. Thereby, to support youth adjustment during the critical adolescence period, the interplay between these factors should be investigated. This study aimed to investigate cross-cultural differences in adolescents’ maternal and paternal attachment, adolescents’ adjustment difficulties and self-control, and in their association. N = 1000 adolescents (mean (M) age = 16.94, SD = 0.48; 45.90% males) from China, Italy, Spain, and Poland participated by completing self-report measures. Results showed cross-country similarities and differences among the considered variables and their associative pattern. Moreover, conditional process analysis evaluating the association between maternal vs. paternal attachment and adjustment difficulties, mediated by self-control, and moderated by country, was performed. Maternal attachment directly, and indirectly through greater self-control, influenced adjustment difficulties in all four countries. This association was stronger among Spaniards. Paternal attachment influenced directly, and indirectly through self-control, on adolescents’ adjustment difficulties only in Italy, Spain, and Poland, and was stronger among Polish adolescents. For Chinese adolescents, paternal attachment solely associated with adjustment difficulties when mediated by self-control. Thus, results highlighted both similarities and differences across countries in the interplay between maternal vs. paternal attachment and self-control on adolescents’ adjustment difficulties. Implications are discussed.

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Budi Cahyono, Satriyo, and Arvinder Singh Chawla. "Dynamic capital structure in Indonesian case: do industry-specific variables affect adjustment speeds?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.19.

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The authors investigate the firm’s capital structure in the dynamic framework and adjustment speeds toward target leverage among Indonesian firms from 2005 to 2016. The sample firms are 407 non-financial listed companies and classified into 8 sectors based on Jakarta Industrial Sector Classification (JASICA).The explanatory variables consist of firm-level variables viz. size, growth opportunity, profitability, asset structure, liquidity, and firm risk; as well as industry-specific variables viz. industry concentration, munificence, and dynamism. By using dynamic adjustment model, it was found Indonesian firms have target leverages, and they tend to adjust toward their desired debt ratio. Based on country-level analysis, adjustment speeds toward target leverage are from around 30.20% to 36.97% per year. Meanwhile, on sector-level analysis, paces of adjustment indicate variety of adjustment speeds across sectors ranged from 26.00% to 48.32% per year.The authors also demonstrate that industry-specific variables have substantial influences on adjustment speeds toward target leverage. Industry concentration and industry munificence positively affect adjustment speeds, whereas however industry dynamism fails to show significant effect.

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Trompetter, D., M. Bussin, and R. Nienaber. "The relationship between family adjustment and expatriate performance." South African Journal of Business Management 47, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v47i2.56.

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Following the global economic collapse, executives are significantly more demanding in understanding the Return on Investment of employee-related programmes including expatriate programmes. Expatriates are defined as employees who are recruited to provide a service in a country which is not the country of residence, typically for at least three years. Expatriate programmes carry high risk; even more so when the family accompanies the employee. The cost of an expatriate assignment is, on average, three times higher than that of a local; yet the failure rate is estimated to be up to 40%. Despite the cost, expatriate resources are critical to embed culture, policies and transfer of skills to a host country environment. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between the adjustments of the expatriate’s family in the hostcountry on the performance of expatriates. The study was conducted using a quantitative research approach. A convenience sample was used and 81 expatriates completed the questionnaire. The results confirmed home to work spillover and that expatriates would value more organisational support for families in the new location. The length of stay in the host location was linked to higher levels of performance – the longer the assignment, the better the performance levels of the expatriate. Human Resources Practitioners can develop support programmes to ensure that expatriates and families are equipped to enhance their adjustment period and consequently positively impact the expatriate’s performance whilst on assignment.

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Biron, Michal, Hilla Peretz, and Keren Turgeman-Lupo. "Trait Optimism and Work from Home Adjustment in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considering the Mediating Role of Situational Optimism and the Moderating Role of Cultural Optimism." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229773.

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An organization’s capacity to sustain a crisis, and to benefit from work-from-home (WFH) arrangements in routine times, is dependent on its employees’ ability to successfully adjust to WFH conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic, which forced vast numbers of employees worldwide to WFH, provides an unprecedented opportunity to identify factors that facilitate WFH adjustment. Leveraging this opportunity and drawing from theories on person-environment fit and work adjustment, we consider trait optimism as a possible facilitator of WFH adjustment during the pandemic. We further investigate how situational optimism and cultural (country-level) optimism contribute to the relationship between trait optimism and WFH adjustment. Using data from 388 employees in five countries, we find that trait optimism positively relates to WFH adjustment. This relationship is partly mediated by situational expectations regarding health/financial benefits of WFH amid the pandemic. Moreover, trait optimism is more strongly related to WFH adjustment in countries with high (vs. low) cultural optimism. This study addresses the call to investigate whether and how personality traits relate to WFH adjustment. Our findings can improve organizations’ ability to select and train employees who WFH, and to enhance operational resilience to future crises. Managers in global firms can draw from our results to understand how cultural differences affect the ease with which WFH is adopted, and to develop country-specific WFH practices.

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Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, João Paulo Pessoa, Ricardo Reyes-Heroles, and Sharon Traiberman. "Globalization, Trade Imbalances and Labor Market Adjustment." International Finance Discussion Paper 2021, no. 1310 (February 10, 2021): 1–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2021.1310.

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We study the role of global trade imbalances in shaping the adjustment dynamics in response to trade shocks. We build and estimate a general equilibrium, multi-country, multi-sector model of trade with two key ingredients: (a) Consumption-saving decisions in each country commanded by representative households, leading to endogenous trade imbalances; (b) labor market frictions across and within sectors, leading to unemployment dynamics and sluggish transitions to shocks. We use the estimated model to study the behavior of labor markets in response to globalization shocks, including shocks to technology, trade costs, and inter-temporal preferences (savings gluts). We find that modeling trade imbalances changes both qualitatively and quantitatively the short- and long-run implications of globalization shocks for labor reallocation and unemployment dynamics. In a series of empirical applications, we study the labor market effects of shocks accrued to the global economy, their implications for the gains from trade, and we revisit the "China Shock" through the lens of our model. We show that the US enjoys a 2.2 percent gain in response to globalization shocks. These gains would have been 73 percent larger in the absence of the global savings glut, but they would have been 40 percent smaller in a balanced-trade world.

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Byrne, David M. "The Mysterious Cross-Country Dispersion in Mobile Phone Price Trends." National Institute Economic Review 249 (August 2019): R39—R46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924900113.

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Mobile phones have been central to ICT innovation since the introduction of the smartphone and constant-quality prices are a barometer of their economic impact. Official consumer price indices (CPIs) indicate that impact differs wildly across countries: for the 2008–18 period, average annual rates of mobile phone inflation range from no change to a 25 per cent decline among 12 key countries examined in this paper. Although evidence indicates certain fundamental factors are at play, mis-measurement may lead the spread in rates to be overstated. Examination of methods employed in CPI calculation, including quality adjustment and index formulas, illuminates but does not resolve the mystery.

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Daly, Sharon, and Mary D. Carpenter. "Adjustment of Vietnamese Refugee Youths: A Self-Report." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (June 1985): 971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.971.

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Structured interviews explored the problems of 41 Vietnamese refugee youths in foster homes in New York State. Refugees in this country 3 years or more and 1 1/2 years or less were compared. Self-reports indicated the youths were adapting well, and their social adjustment increases significantly over time.

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Uddin, Sayed, Rosazman Hussin, and Badariah Ab Rahman. "Socio-Cultural Adjustment and Job Performance Among Expatriates: A Critical Overview." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 10, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i1.16046.

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The significant aspect of the migration process is the adjustment to the socio-cultural as well as work conditions of the host country. Expatriates’ by and large, come from quite different socio-cultural backgrounds and different work conditions. They are acquainted with different norms and used to different work ethics which have shaped their performance and relations with persons at work. They have to work in a new situation with new personnel and have to adjust to the entire new socio-cultural and working scenarios. It is interesting yet a problematic phenomenon to study their social life, their adjustment to the new socio-cultural milieu, work environment and adoption to innovation in professional arenas. Thus, if the expatriates in one hand can adjust to the situation, they may perform their job well and complete their assignment; otherwise, their stay in the host country will adversely be affected. Thus, socio-cultural adjustment along with innovation adoption is an important phenomenon that affects expatriates’ stay in the host country, their performance at work and relation with co-workers. The research will carry out using the secondary sources; an overview of existing literatures. It will help to rectify the factors associated to suitable candidates for the organizations/institutions to hire the competent and multiskilled expatriates to host country.

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Kadam, Raavee, Srinivasa A. Rao, Waheed K. Abdul, and Shazi S. Jabeen. "Cultural intelligence as an enabler of cross-cultural adjustment in the context of intra-national diversity." International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 21, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595821995857.

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Job transfers within the country can lead to adjustment issues, similar to what expatriates face, especially in the case of highly diverse countries, where a host of sub-cultures exist with distinct cultural practices within a single national culture. Intra-national variations in terms of language, ethnicity, food, clothing, economic development, geographic regions or urban-rural differences can be as significant as cross-cultural differences and cause barriers to social integration. Thus, it becomes important to equip employees with cross-cultural capabilities when they are deployed to a culturally distinct part of the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of cultural intelligence (CQ) as a critical capability that can enable the cross-cultural adjustment (CCA) of employees in a domestic context. Participants of this study consisted of employees from the information technology sector of India, who were transferred to a different state within the country in the past 1-month. They were further categorized into those working in culturally homogenous versus heterogeneous environments. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The hypotheses under study were tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that CQ enabled the adjustment of employees within the domestic context. Furthermore, the CQ-CCA relationship was found to be positively moderated by intra-national diversity. While the ability of CQ to predict outcomes in cross-cultural scenarios has already been explored in employee mobility literature, this paper addresses the issues of intra-national diversity and domestic adjustment within the CQ framework, and establishes the usefulness of CQ to overcome the challenges put forth by intra-national differences and within-country cultural variations.

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Malope, Shirley, Thobeka Ncanywa, and Tony Matlasedi. "The influence of financial market development on investment activities in a developing country." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 4 (2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgc7i4art5.

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Financial markets are considered developed if there is improvement in the size, activity, efficiency and stability of the financial system. The study looked at how financial development based on debt, stock, money and foreign markets affect investment. The Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were used to estimate the short and long run relationship and test for the speed of adjustment. Granger causality test informed about direction of causality, variance decompositions and impulse response indicated effects of shocks. The Johansen cointegration test showed that the variables have a long run relationship. VECM showed that the speed of adjustment is about 13%, which means that variables will converge to equilibrium relatively quickly. The impulse response function indicated that financial market development indicators have short-run effects on investment in the first quarters after the initial shocks. Variance decomposition also indicated that specifically government bonds had greater effect in predicting future investments. The policy implications of these findings are for government to place greater priority on government bonds as its effect on investment is greater than other financial development proxies. Policies should focus on allowing greater risk diversification and improving the independence of the financial sector from government interference.

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Fukunishi, Isao, James Wogan, Douglas Berger, and Tomifusa Kuboki. "Alexithymic Traits as Predictors of Difficulties with Adjustment in an Outpatient Cohort of Expatriates in Tokyo." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.67.

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether alexithymic characteristics, which are thought to be related to poor coping with stress, would be associated with variables thought to reflect adjustment to life abroad. The subjects were 56 expatriates living in Tokyo, Japan. The Expatriate Adaptation Inventory, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Social Support Questionnaire of the Stress and Coping Inventory were given to the subjects. Scores on alexithymia were significantly associated with dissatisfaction with life abroad, higher satisfaction with life in one's home country prior to departure, and higher ratings on the perception of poor social support. An alexithymia variable, difficulty identifying feelings, was a significant predictor of dissatisfaction with life abroad and satisfaction with life in the home country. The results suggest that, because alexithymia was associated with lower satisfaction with life abroad and higher satisfaction in the home country prior to departure, it may be a predictor of adjustment difficulties when individuals live abroad. Empirical confirmation is needed.

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Handal, Paul J., Nicole Le-Stiebel, Margaret Dicarlo, and Joeanne Gutzwiller. "Perceived Family Environment and Adjustment in American-Born and Immigrant Asian Adolescents." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3_suppl (December 1999): 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3f.1244.

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57 immigrant Asian adolescents were compared with 44 Americanborn adolescents of Asian descent to investigate differences in perceived family environment and adjustment. Immigrant Asian adolescents were significantly less adjusted, perceived significantly less independence and achievement orientation and significantly more organization in their families than their American-born peers. The family environment differences, unlike adjustment differences, persisted over length of time in the host country (USA).

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DONG, YAN, and JOHN WALLEY. "HOW LARGE ARE THE IMPACTS OF CARBON MOTIVATED BORDER TAX ADJUSTMENTS?" Climate Change Economics 03, no. 01 (February 2012): 1250001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007812500017.

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This paper discusses the size of impact of carbon motivated border tax adjustments on world trade and welfare. We report numerical simulation results which suggest that impacts on welfare, trade, and emissions will likely be small. This is because proposed measures use carbon emissions in the importing country in producing goods similar to imports rather than carbon content in calculating the size of barriers. Moreover, because border adjustments involve both tariffs and export rebates, it is the differences in emissions intensity across sector rather than emissions level which matters. Where there is no difference in emissions intensities across sectors, Lerner symmetry holds for the border adjustment and no relative effects occur.

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Bartelsman, Eric, John Haltiwanger, and Stefano Scarpetta. "Cross-Country Differences in Productivity: The Role of Allocation and Selection." American Economic Review 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.1.305.

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This paper investigates the effect of idiosyncratic (firm-level) policy distortions on aggregate outcomes. Exploiting harmonized firm-level data for a number of countries, we show that there is substantial and systematic cross-country variation in the within-industry covariance between size and productivity. We develop a model in which heterogeneous firms face adjustment frictions (overhead labor and quasi-fixed capital) and distortions. The model can be readily calibrated so that variations in the distribution of distortions allow matching the observed cross-country moments. We show that the differences in the distortions that account for the size-productivity covariance imply substantial differences in aggregate performance. (JEL D24, L25, O47)

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Pociovalisteanu, Diana-Mihaela. "The Labor Market in Romania – Between Structural Reform and Current Adjustment." Equilibrium 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.023.

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The economic and political changes generated by the reforms after 1990 have had consequences on the labour resources. In such context, there have been several structural and functional changes on various segments of the labor market. However, the instability at the level of this market can be also seen as a result of the impact of the global crisis on Romania’s economy. The negative demographic tendencies had direct consequences on the labor market, such as the lowering of the percentage of employed population following the small birth rate, high general and infant mortality rate, the deterioration of the population’s biological potential of, the decreased life expectancy rate, ageing population, especially in the rural environment, a high rural-urban migration as a result of the necessity for survival, as well as the intensification of the qualified workforce migration from our country. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some policy measure to counter the disfunctions existing on the labor market in our country.

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Pustovit, Sasha. "Improving expatriate adjustment: a social network perspective." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-05-2018-0027.

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Purpose While the value of connections with host-country nationals (HCNs) for expatriate adjustment is well established, there is little guidance regarding which HCNs stand to benefit expatriates most. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a social network perspective to build theory to explain how and why expatriates who are connected to a central HCN are more likely to adjust. This study offers explicit guidance for steps parent country management can take to assist expatriates in the development of valuable connections with HCNs, even while thousands of miles away from the expatriate’s new locale. Design/methodology/approach This study takes a social network approach to build theory that will improve understanding of the expatriate experience. Findings Because central individuals tend to be embedded in the organization, their embeddedness is likely to spread to expatriates with whom they are in close contact with. Links to central HCNs are posited to contribute to improved work adjustment by enabling expatriates to attain a better understanding of workplace requirements and workplace norms. Practical implications Management can take steps to identify central HCNs using social network analysis and introduce expatriates to highly central HCNs to help improve expatriate adjustment. Originality/value This study answers explicit calls in the literature for a greater exploration of social interaction of expatriates in understanding the expatriate experience, as well as calls for taking a more active role in the management of informal relationships. This study is the first to discuss implications of the HCN’s network to expatriate outcomes.

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Goisis, Alice, Siri Eldevik Håberg, Hans Ivar Hanevik, Maria Christine Magnus, and Øystein Kravdal. "The demographics of assisted reproductive technology births in a Nordic country." Human Reproduction 35, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa055.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION What are the socio-demographic characteristics of families in Norway who have children after assisted reproductive technology (ART), and have these characteristics changed over time? SUMMARY ANSWER Parents who conceive through ART in Norway tend to be advantaged families, and their socio-demographic profile has not changed considerably over the period 1985–2014. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A small number of studies show that couples who conceive through ART tend to be socio-economically advantaged. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Norwegian Population Register, the Medical Birth Register and the national data bases were linked to study all live births in Norway between 1985 and 2014. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The sample consisted of 1 757 768 live births. Simple bivariate analyses were performed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of parents who conceived through ART and changes in these characteristics over the time period 1985–2014. We used linear probability models to estimate the association between parental income and giving birth after ART from 2000 to 2014, before and after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, education and area of residence. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Parents conceiving through ART were more likely to be older, with the highest levels of income and education, and married. Their socio-demographic profiles did not change considerably during the period 1985–2014. In the unadjusted model, parents belonging to the top income quartile were 4.2 percentage points more likely (95% CI: 4.1 to 4.3) to have conceived through ART than parents who belonged to the bottom income quartile. Adjustment for maternal age only partially reduced the income disparities (for the top income quartile by 35% (β = 2.7 with 95% CI: 2.5 to 2.8)). Additional adjustment for maternal education, marital status and area of residence did not further attenuate the associations. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The data does not enable us to tell whether the lower numbers of children conceived through ART amongst more disadvantaged individuals is caused by lower success rates with ART treatment, lower demand of ART services or barriers faced in access to ART. The study focuses on Norway, a context characterised by high subsidisation of ART services. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Even though in Norway access to ART services is highly subsidised, the results highlight important and persisting social inequities in use of ART. The results also indicate that children born after ART grow up in resourceful environments, which will benefit their development and well-being. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by European Research Council agreement n. 803959 (to A.G.), by Economic and Social Research Council grant ES/M001660/1 and by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262700. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.

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Jou, Yuh Huey, and Hiromi Fukada. "Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Chinese Students in Japan." Psychological Reports 78, no. 2 (April 1996): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.435.

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The present study examined responses of 92 Chinese students in Japan to questionnaires which included adjustment items selected from work of Baker in 1981 and Uehara in 1988. These items were classified by factor analysis into four scales of Emotional, Academic, Cultural-Social, and Environmental. Adjustment scores on the Environmental scale were higher than those on the other three scales. Country of origin was a significant influence only for scores on the Environmental scale. Students who came from Taiwan scored higher on adjustment. There were gender differences on Emotional and Academic scales; male students reported higher adjustment. The effects of students' length of residence and proficiency in the Japanese language could be seen in scores on Academic and Cultural-Social scales; the students who had a longer period of stay or had higher proficiency in Japanese language had higher scores on adjustment. Thus, results indicated that personal differences were reflected in subfactors of adjustment.

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Mason, Charles F., Edward B. Barbier, and Victoria I. Umanskaya. "On the strategic use of border tax adjustments as a second-best climate policy measure." Environment and Development Economics 20, no. 4 (June 17, 2014): 539–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x1400045x.

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AbstractWe investigate the interaction between a developed country that imports a carbon-intensive product, such as electricity, and a transitioning economy that exports the product. Production of the good generates a transboundary externality related to climate change; if this externality is priced improperly, the application of a feed-in tariff or border tax adjustment can provide an indirect policy instrument. We analyze the application of such a measure in a stark model where the importing country cares about climate-related damages while the exporting country does not; this can be viewed as reflecting a scenario where the (developed) importing country is more concerned about climate change than is the (transitioning) exporting economy. Because climate change will occur over a long time frame, the problem is dynamic. In this modeling context, we describe the manner in which the (second-best) tariff-cum-border tax adjustment relates to the carbon stock.

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Journal articles on the topic 'In-country adjustment'

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