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Journal articles on the topic 'In-beam monitoring'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Михалко, Евгения, Evgeniya Mikhalko, Юрий Балабин, Yuriy Balabin, Евгений Маурчев, Evgeniy Maurchev, Алексей Германенко, and Aleksey Germanenko. "New narrow-beam neutron spectrometer in complex monitoring system." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-41201808.

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In the interaction of cosmic rays (CRs) with Earth’s atmosphere, neutrons are formed in a wide range of energies: from thermal (E≈0.025 eV) to ultrarelativistic (E>1 GeV). To detect and study CRs, Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) uses a complex monitoring system containing detectors of various configurations. The standard neutron monitor (NM) 18-NM-64 is sensitive to neutrons with energies E>50 MeV. The lead-free section of the neutron monitor (BSRM) detects neutrons with energies E≈(0.1÷1) MeV. Also, for sharing with standard detectors, the Apatity NM station has developed and installed a neutron spectrometer with three energy channels and a particle reception angle of 15 degrees. The configuration of the device makes it possible to study the degree of anisotropy of the particle flux from different directions. We have obtained characteristics of the detector (response function and particle reception angle), as well as geometric dimensions through numerical simulation using the GEANT4 toolkit [Agostinelli et al., 2003]. During operation of the device, we collected database of observations and received preliminary results.

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2

Pennazio, Francesco, Giuseppe Battistoni, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Niccolò Camarlinghi, Alfredo Ferrari, Veronica Ferrero, Elisa Fiorina, et al. "Carbon ions beam therapy monitoring with the INSIDE in-beam PET." Physics in Medicine & Biology 63, no. 14 (July 17, 2018): 145018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aacab8.

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3

Schmidt, Leander, Florian Römer, David Böttger, Frank Leinenbach, Benjamin Straß, Bernd Wolter, Klaus Schricker, Marc Seibold, Jean Pierre Bergmann, and Giovanni Del Galdo. "Acoustic process monitoring in laser beam welding." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.139.

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4

Betz, M., O. R. Jones, T. Lefevre, and M. Wendt. "Bunched-beam Schottky monitoring in the LHC." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 874 (December 2017): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.08.045.

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5

Povoli, M., E. Alagoz, A. Bravin, I. Cornelius, E. Bräuer-Krisch, P. Fournier, T. E. Hansen, et al. "Thin silicon strip detectors for beam monitoring in Micro-beam Radiation Therapy." Journal of Instrumentation 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2015): P11007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/11/p11007.

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6

Chien, Ring‐Ling, and Michael R. Sogard. "Monitoring the beam flux in molecular beam epitaxy using laser multiphoton ionization." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 8, no. 3 (May 1990): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.576772.

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7

Braccini, Saverio, Roberto Cirio, Marco Donetti, Flavio Marchetto, Giuseppe Pittà, Marco Lavagno, and Vanessa La Rosa. "Segmented ionization chambers for beam monitoring in hadrontherapy." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 17 (May 22, 2015): 1540026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231540026x.

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Segmented ionization chambers represent a good solution to monitor the position, the intensity and the shape of ion beams in hadrontherapy. Pixel and strip chambers have been developed for both passive scattering and active scanning dose delivery systems. In particular, strip chambers are optimal for pencil beam scanning, allowing for spatial and time resolutions below 0.1 mm and 1 ms, respectively. The MATRIX pixel and the Strip Accurate Monitor for Beam Applications (SAMBA) detectors are described in this paper together with the results of several beam tests and industrial developments based on these prototypes.

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8

Klimpki, G., M. Eichin, C. Bula, U. Rechsteiner, S. Psoroulas, D. C. Weber, A. Lomax, and D. Meer. "Real-time beam monitoring in scanned proton therapy." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 891 (May 2018): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.02.107.

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9

Nakagawa, Keiichi, Yukimasa Aoki, Atsuo Akanuma, Yuzou Onogi, Atsurou Terahara, Kouichi Sakata, Nobuharu Muta, Yasuhito Sasaki, Hideyuki Kawakam, and Kazuyuki Hanakawa. "Real-time beam monitoring in dynamic conformation therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 30, no. 5 (December 1994): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)90334-4.

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10

Azizi, Aydin, and Ali Ashkzari. "Health Monitoring in Petrochemical Vessels." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.983.

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Industrial structures deteriorate generally in an uncontrollable rate. To assess the short-term impact due to hazards and the long-term deterioration process due to physical aging and routine operation, structural health monitoring (SHM) is proposed. In this paper as a model of vessel a simply supported beam under constant distributed force is investigated. The objective is to estimate the severity of damage in a known location with sensing devices. As no actuation is consider the problem is solved statically. Finite element method by using MATLAB software to calculate the global stiffness matrix of the smart beam has been applied. It is expected the results show that higher severity of damage causes higher deflection and higher sensor of voltage.

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11

Loktionov, A. P. "Information and Measurement System for Monitoring Beams in Building Structures." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 25, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2021-25-4-29-51.

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Purpose of research. The development of a method and algorithm for reducing measurements of beam identification parameters in an information and measurement system for monitoring building structures with measurement of deflections and recovery of actual values of beam initial parameters and external load when solving the inverse Cauchy problem.Methods. The solution of the problem is carried out through formulating the transverse bending of the beam according to the Euler – Bernoulli theory using the method of regularization and reduction of measurements by solving the inverse Cauchy problem by means of linear Lagrangian approximation in the procedure of numerical differentiation of the beam deflection function. A methodology is formulated for identifying insignificant beam identification parameters by comparing the deflection of the beam caused by the parameter under study with the sensitivity threshold of measuring instruments. In this case, the modification of the state space of identification parameters with a decrease in its dimension is simulated.Results. The working capability of the formulated experimental calculation method is confirmed by numerical experiment with a load on the beam in the form of a bending moment, concentrated and (or) constant distributed load. It has been established that when identifying insignificant initial parameters and loads acting on the beam, the reduction of measurements increases the accuracy of restoring the beam identification parameters.Conclusion. The developed methodology can be used to improve the accuracy of inspection methods of construction facilities at the stage of experimental and theoretical research.

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12

Subramanian, Venkat, Sven Achenbach, David Klymyshyn, Garth Wells, Wade Dolton, Vinay Nagarkal, Brian Yates, Curtis Mullin, and Martin Augustin. "In situ diagnostic capabilities for beam position and beam intensity monitoring at SyLMAND." Microsystem Technologies 16, no. 8-9 (May 11, 2010): 1547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-010-1088-7.

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13

Alagoz, E., E. Brauer-Krisch, A. Bravin, I. Cornelius, P. Fournier, T. E. Hansen, A. Kok, et al. "Multi-strip silicon sensors for beam array monitoring in micro-beam radiation therapy." Physica Medica 32, no. 12 (December 2016): 1795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.11.005.

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14

Yu, Xiao Lin, Bu Yu Jia, Jun Liang Hu, and Quan Sheng Yan. "Construction Monitoring of Dukeng Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1252.

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In this paper, a continuous beam arch bridge Dukeng bridge was introduced. Its construction process and its construction monitoring were discussed. In the construction process, the elevations of the box girders measured were closer to the values theoretical calculated. Though construction monitoring, although there were some construction errors, they can be timely adjusted and rectified and the main beam was ensure to smoothly closure.

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15

Belver-Aguilar, Carolina, Saverio Braccini, Tommaso Carzaniga, Andreas Gsponer, Philipp Häffner, Paola Scampoli, and Matthias Schmid. "A Novel Three-Dimensional Non-Destructive Beam-Monitoring Detector." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 8217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228217.

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A novel three-dimensional non-destructive beam monitor named π3 was conceived, realized and tested. It is based on a thin aluminum foil coated with P47 scintillating material mounted on a support, together with a miniaturized CCD camera, both moving along the beam axis. This detector allows reconstructing of the beam distribution along the beam path, providing either an on-line video or a graphical reconstruction of the beam envelope in 3D. The π3 detector is a general-purpose instrument suitable for any ion accelerator facility. As it is constructed with non-magnetic materials, it can be used to investigate the behavior of the beam inside beam optics components such as magnets. In this paper, we report the development of the first prototype of the π3 detector, its associated software and the results of the beam tests performed at the Bern medical cyclotron laboratory.

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16

Samadi, Nazanin, Xianbo Shi, Les Dallin, and Dean Chapman. "A real-time phase-space beam emittance monitoring system." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519005423.

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An electron beam position and angle monitoring system, ps-BPM, has been shown to be able to measure the electron source position and angle at a single location in a beamline at a synchrotron source. This system uses a monochromator to prepare a photon beam whose energy is at that of the K-edge of an absorber filter. The divergence of the beam from the source gives an energy range that will encompass the K-edge of the filter. A measurement of the centre of the monochromatic beam and the K-edge location through the absorber filter gives the position and angle of the electron source. Here, it is shown that this system is also capable of measuring the source size and divergence at the same time. This capability is validated by measurement as the beam size in the storage ring was changed and by ray-tracing simulations. The system operates by measuring the photon beam spatial distribution as well as a K-edge filtered beam distribution. These additional measurements result in the ability to also determine the electron source size and divergence.

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17

Dierlamm, Alexander, Matthias Balzer, Felix Ehrler, Ulrich Husemann, Roland Koppenhöfer, Ivan Perić, Martin Pittermann, et al. "A Beam Monitor for Ion Beam Therapy Based on HV-CMOS Pixel Detectors." Instruments 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2023): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7010009.

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Particle therapy is a well established clinical treatment of tumors. More than one hundred particle therapy centers are in operation world-wide. The advantage of using hadrons like protons or carbon ions as particles for tumor irradiation is the distinct peak in the depth-dependent energy deposition, which can be exploited to accurately deposit doses in the tumor cells. To guarantee this, high accuracy in monitoring and control of the particle beam is of the utmost importance. Before the particle beam enters the patient, it traverses a monitoring system which has to give fast feedback to the beam control system on position and dose rate of the beam while minimally interacting with the beam. The multi-wire chambers mostly used as beam position monitors have their limitations when a fast response time is required (drift time). Future developments such as MRI-guided ion beam therapy pose additional challenges for the beam monitoring system, such as tolerance of magnetic fields and acoustic noise (vibrations). Solid-state detectors promise to overcome these limitations and the higher resolution they offer can create additional benefits. This article presents the evaluation of an HV-CMOS detector for beam monitoring, provides results from feasibility studies in a therapeutic beam, and summarizes the concepts towards the final large-scale assembly and readout system.

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18

Meirose, Bernhard, Viktor Abelin, Fredrik Bertilsson, Benjamin Bolling, Mathias Brandin, Michael Holz, Rasmus Høier, et al. "Real-Time Accelerator Diagnostic Tools for the MAX IV Storage Rings." Instruments 4, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4030026.

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In this paper, beam diagnostic and monitoring tools developed by the MAX IV Operations Group are discussed. In particular, beam position monitoring and accelerator tunes visualization software tools, as well as tools that directly influence the beam quality and stability, are introduced. An availability and downtime monitoring application is also presented.

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19

Trushnikov, Dmitriy N., Georgy M. Mladenov, and Vladimir Ya Belenkiy. "Controlling the Electron Beam Focus Regime and Monitoring the Keyhole in Electron Beam Welding." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 31, no. 4 (2013): 91s—95s. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.31.91s.

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20

Cao, Maosen, Ganggang Sha, Jingqiang Liu, Rohan Soman, Maciej Radzieński, and Wiesław Ostachowicz. "Vibration-based damage growth monitoring in beam-like structures." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 28 (October 19, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2019.21085.

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21

Bertholet, Jenny, Antje Knopf, Björn Eiben, Jamie McClelland, Alexander Grimwood, Emma Harris, Martin Menten, et al. "Real-time intrafraction motion monitoring in external beam radiotherapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology 64, no. 15 (August 7, 2019): 15TR01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab2ba8.

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22

Михалко, Евгения, Evgeniya Mikhalko, Юрий Балабин, Yuriy Balabin, Евгений Маурчев, Evgeniy Maurchev, Алексей Германенко, and Aleksey Germanenko. "New narrow-beam neutron spectrometer in complex monitoring system." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-41201808.

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In the interaction of cosmic rays (CRs) with Earth’s atmosphere, neutrons are formed in a wide range of energies: from thermal (E≈0.025 eV) to ultrarelativistic (E>1 GeV). To detect and study CRs, Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) uses a complex monitoring system containing detectors of various configurations. The standard neutron monitor (NM) 18-NM-64 is sensitive to neutrons with energies E>50 MeV. The lead-free section of the neutron monitor (BSRM) detects neutrons with energies E≈(0.1÷1) MeV. Also, for sharing with standard detectors, the Apatity NM station has developed and installed a neutron spectrometer with three energy channels and a particle reception angle of 15 degrees. The configuration of the device makes it possible to study the degree of anisotropy of the particle flux from different directions. We have obtained characteristics of the detector (response function and particle reception angle), as well as geometric dimensions through numerical simulation using the GEANT4 toolkit [Agostinelli et al., 2003]. During operation of the device, we collected database of observations and received preliminary results.

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23

Makhov, V. E., A. I. Potapov, Ya G. Smorodinskii, and E. Ya Manevich. "Using Two-Beam Interferometry in Surface Deformation Monitoring Systems." Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing 55, no. 8 (August 2019): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061830919080072.

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24

Loughlin, M. J., and G. Lawrence. "Tritium monitoring in the ITER neutral beam test facility." Fusion Engineering and Design 82, no. 5-14 (October 2007): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.07.008.

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25

Mahini, Seyed Saeed, John C. Moore, and Rex Glencross-Grant. "Monitoring timber beam bridge structural reliability in regional Australia." Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 6, no. 4 (September 2016): 751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13349-016-0195-2.

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26

Fang, Zhigao, Guicheng Wang, Xiufen Yan, Jihong Wang, Danhong Zhang, Yuehua Zhou, Feng Zhao, Rongsheng Xie, Baogen Sun, and Jinqi Wu. "Monitoring the beam profile in HLS with synchrotron light." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 370, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(95)00860-8.

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27

Schaefer, R., O. Actis, S. Koenig, M. Eichin, and D. C. Weber. "Position sensitive detectors in proton therapy: online monitoring of the beam position." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): C10017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/10/c10017.

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Abstract Spot-scanning is a highly dynamic treatment method in proton therapy, tailored to each tumor shape individually. By superimposing many single spots in all three spatial axes, a prescribed dose is applied to the tumor volume. To minimize dose inhomogeneity across this volume, tight constraints on the beam position accuracy apply: for a dose inhomogeneity below 1%, a longitudinal beam position accuracy of the order of 1 mm is necessary, whereas in the lateral plane, the accuracy needs to be roughly one order of magnitude better. Longitudinal position control is achieved through selecting the beam energy; laterally, this is achieved by two sweeper magnets, allowing position changes within milliseconds. Such dynamics and accuracy constraints require an online measurement of the beam position to enable and maintain high treatment quality assurance. Gantry 2 at the Center for Proton Therapy at PSI operates a plane parallel strip ionization chamber for this purpose as the final beamline element before the patient. The foil-based detector design is optimized for an in-situ placement in the beam axis and keeps beam disturbance at a minimum. A strip pitch of 2 mm allows to reconstruct the Gaussian shape beam profile with the desired accuracy. These beam profiles are analyzed (and verified) during a treatment on a spot-by-spot basis, before the next spot is applied, introducing a dead time after every spot. Applying 50, 000 spots in a treatment introduces the challenge to data acquisition and — processing in terms of keeping treatment times reasonable. Data pileup and long dead times are mitigated by optimized front-end electronics and early-stage data processing, without compromising data quality and the accuracy of the measured beam position.

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28

Li, Cong Qi, Wen Jie Ge, Da Fu Cao, and Bi Yuan Wang. "Construction Monitoring of Prestressed Concrete Continuous Beam Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.308.

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The creep of concrete structure has a prodigious effect on bridge alignments and the stress control during the bridge construction. In the meantime, the problems such as pre-stress losses, bearing asymmetry sink ,the concrete box-beam deflection, box-beam web cracks, structure stress redistributing and so on, which make the bridge structure lose functions or even invalid early when it works. For these reasons, the construction monitor of the deformation and the long-term deflection of long-span bridges with high piers have important practical significance. Construction monitoring of prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge - new Tongyang canal bridge which adopt cantilever construction work is made.

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29

Kaur, Naveet, Suresh Bhalla, and Subhash CG Maddu. "Damage and retrofitting monitoring in reinforced concrete structures along with long-term strength and fatigue monitoring using embedded Lead Zirconate Titanate patches." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18803458.

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This article aims at developing a generic system for the damage and retrofitting monitoring along with long-term strength and first-stage fatigue monitoring of reinforced concrete structures using embedded Lead Zirconate Titanate sensors in the form of concrete vibration sensors. The concrete vibration sensor is a ready-to-use sensor, and its unique packaging renders it very compatible for embedment in reinforced concrete structures. In addition to cost-effectiveness, the concrete vibration sensors are also characterized by excellent structure-compatibility and durability. In this article, both finite element method and experimental investigations have been employed to establish the feasibility of using curvature (second-order derivative) and other higher order derivatives of displacement mode shapes for damage detection and retrofitting assessment. The experiments are conducted on a real-life-sized reinforced concrete beam. The concrete vibration sensors embedded on the outer faces of the reinforced concrete beam are coupled to obtain the curvature and higher order mode shapes of the beam in pristine, damaged and retrofitted conditions. It is found that the curvature mode shape–based response of concrete vibration sensors can successfully identify the location of damage both numerically and experimentally. However, the third-order mode shape is unable to correctly identify the location of damage. Before introducing damage in the beam, the effect of long-term dynamic loading from Day 6 to Day 108 after casting of the reinforced concrete beam is also monitored. Both the global monitoring technique (in which flexural rigidity of the beam is monitored) and the local electro-mechanical impedance technique (where the equivalent stiffness identified by concrete vibration sensors is monitored) successfully detected the decreasing fatigue strength of the reinforced concrete beam. Degradation of the strength of reinforced concrete beam results due to the development of micro-cracks in the concrete because of the continuous vibrations (9.3 million load cycles) experienced by it via shaker. This is the first-of-its-kind proof-of-concept application of equivalent stiffness concept for monitoring curing of a large-sized reinforced concrete structure. It is also the first study on first-stage fatigue monitoring carried out before the ‘retrofitting-stage’ of the structure. Complete experimental investigations after the ‘retrofitting-stage’ covering all three stages of fatigue have been covered by the authors in their related publication.

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30

Maltseva, Yu I., S. V. Ivanenko, A. D. Khilchenko, X. C. Ma, O. I. Meshkov, A. A. Morsina, and E. A. Puryga. "Beam loss monitoring system for the SKIF synchrotron light source." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): T05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/t05004.

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Abstract The Siberian ring source of photons (SKIF) is a new 3 GeV fourth-generation synchrotron light source being developed by the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP). A beam loss monitoring system is necessary to ensure its reliable commissioning and operation. Two types of beam loss monitors will be installed in the SKIF: 5 fiber-based Cherenkov beam loss monitors (CBLMs) for the linac and transfer lines and 128 scintillator-based beam loss monitors (SBLMs) for the storage ring. Sophisticated electronic equipment is employed to use these monitors in different modes of SKIF operation. The paper describes the design of the SKIF beam loss monitoring system based on numerical simulations and experimental studies.

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31

Liang, Zhiyue, Haoyu Zhang, Zixiang Li, Dong Du, and Li Wang. "In situ monitoring of beam current in electron beam directed energy deposition based on adsorbed electrons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2369, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2369/1/012086.

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Electron beam directed energy deposition (EB-DED) is a promising and efficient additive manufacturing technology, but the vacuum environment challenges the in situ parameters monitoring. In this paper, an in situ beam current monitoring method is developed based on the absorbed electrons. A series of experiments show that there is a linear relationship between the absorbed electron current and the impinging beam current. However, this relationship only holds when the beam power density is relatively low. When the power density is high, the absorbed electron current will be lower than the theoretical value determined by the linear relationship. This is mainly due to the massive generation and ionization of metal vapor. The critical power density depends on the melting point of the material. Nonetheless, the deviation of the absorbed electron current at high power density can roughly determine the relative position between the focal spot and the workpiece surface. In addition, the slope of the linear relationship is material-dependent, so this method can also distinguish different materials.

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32

Marimuthu, Sundar, Sunil Pathak, Jagdheesh Radhakrishnan, and Alhaji M. Kamara. "In-Process Monitoring of Laser Surface Modification." Coatings 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2021): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080886.

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The laser cleaning process has the potential to become an alternative to the existing chemical-based cleaning process if integrated with an effective in-process monitoring system that could serve as a control mechanism over surface damages or contaminants through which the desired surface cleanliness could be achieved. This paper presents results of an investigation into the characteristics and viability of utilizing probe beam reflection (PBR) and laser plume-emission spectroscopy (PES) as respective integrated monitoring systems during and after cleaning of titanium alloy sheets using a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser. The results present the probe beam reflection as a better system with the ability to differentiate between cleaned and un-cleaned surfaces for both small and large surface areas.

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33

Borgheresi, Rita, Oscar Adriani, Sebastiano Albergo, Mirco Andreotti, Gigi Cappello, Paolo Cardarelli, Roberto Ciaranfi, et al. "A Characterization System for the Monitoring of ELI-NP Gamma Beam." Proceedings 13, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019013009.

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The ELI-NP (Extreme Light Infrastructure-Nuclear Physics) facility, currently under construction near Bucharest (Romania), is the pillar of the project ELI dedicated to the generation of high-brilliance gamma beams and high-power laser pulses that will be used for frontier research in nuclear physics. To develop an experimental program at the frontiers of the present-day knowledge, two pieces of equipment will be deployed at ELI-NP: a high power laser system consisting of two 10 PW lasers and a high brilliance gamma beam system. The ELI-NP Gamma beam system will deliver an intense gamma beam with unprecedented specifications in terms of photon flux, brilliance and energy bandwidth in an energy range from 0.2 to 20 MeV. Such a gamma beam requires special devices and techniques to measure and monitor the beam parameters during the commissioning and the operational phase. To accomplish this task, the Gamma Beam Characterization System, equipped with four elements, was developed: a Compton spectrometer (CSPEC), to measure and monitor the photon energy spectrum; a nuclear resonant scattering system (NRSS), for absolute beam energy calibration and inter-calibration of the other detectors; a beam profile imager (GPI) to be used for alignment and diagnostics purposes; and finally a sampling calorimeter (GCAL), for a fast combined measurement of the beam average energy and intensity. The combination of the measurements performed by GCAL and CSPEC allows fully characterizing the gamma beam energy distribution and intensity with a precision at the level of few per mill, enough to demonstrate the fulfillment of the required parameters. This article presents an overview of the gamma beam characterization system with focus on these two detectors, which were designed, assembled and are currently under test at INFN-Firenze. The layout and the working principle of the four devices is described, as well as some of the main results of detector tests.

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34

Lauber, Robert, Davide Brivio, Erno Sajo, Jürgen Hesser, and Piotr Zygmanski. "Remote sensing array (RSA) for linac beam monitoring." Physics in Medicine & Biology 67, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 055004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac530d.

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Abstract The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the feasibility of a novel real-time beam monitoring device for medical linacs which remotely senses charge carriers produced in air by the beam without intersecting and attenuating the beamline. The primary goal is to elaborate a theoretical concept of a possible detector geometry and underlying physical model that allows for determination of clinically relevant beam data in real time, namely MLC leaf positions and dose rate. The detector consists of two opposing electrode arrays arranged in two possible orientations around the beamline. Detection of charge carriers is governed by electromagnetic principles described by Shockley–Ramo theorem. Ions produced by ionization of the air column upstream of patient move laterally in an external electric field. According to the method of images, mirror charges and mirror currents are formed in the strip electrodes. Determination of MU rate and MLC positions using the measured signal requires solution of an inverse problem. In the present work we adopted a Least-Square approach and characterized detector response and sensitivity to detection of beam properties for different electrode geometries and MLC shapes. Results were dependent on MLC field shape and the leaf position within the active volume. The accuracy of determination of leaf positions were in the sub-mm range (up to 0.25–1 mm). Additionally, detector sensitivity was quantified by simulating ions/pulse delivered with a radiation transport deterministic computation in 1D in CEPXS/ONEDANT. For a 6 MV linac pulse, signal amplitude per pulse was estimated to be in the lower pA to fA range. We computationally demonstrated feasibility of the remote sensing detector capable of measuring beam parameters such as MLC leaf positions and dose range for each pulse. Future work should focus on optimizing the electrode geometry to increase sensitivity and better reconstruction algorithms to provide more accurate solutions of the inverse problem.

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Utke, I., M. Gabureac, V. Friedli, L. Bernau, and J. Michler. "In-situ monitoring of gas-assisted focused ion beam and focused electron beam induced processing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 241 (July 1, 2010): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/241/1/012072.

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Vignati, A., M. Abujami, D. Bersani, G. Borghi, M. Centis Vignali, E. Data, F. Ficorella, et al. "Monitoring therapeutic proton beams with LGAD silicon detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): C11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/c11001.

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Abstract The University and the National Institute for Nuclear Physics of Torino are developing LGAD-based prototypes for beam monitoring in proton therapy. The direct measurement of single beam particles could overcome some features of currently used ionization chambers, such as slow charge collection and reduced sensitivity, which limit the implementation of advanced delivery techniques (e.g. rescanning). LGAD strip sensors have been designed and produced by Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK, Trento) specifically for this project. A counter prototype to directly count individual protons at clinical fluence rates (106–1010 protons/cm2·s) and a telescope system to measure the beam energy with time-of-flight (TOF) techniques are described. Tests of LGAD silicon strip sensors performed on synchrotron and cyclotron beams of therapeutic centers, using a pin-hole ionization chamber for the independent measurement of the particle flux, already showed the possibility to keep the counting error <1% up to a beam fluence rate of few 108 protons/cm2·s. The ongoing tests of counting sensors readout by a dedicated fast charge sensitive amplifier chip are reported. The telescope system, made of two sensors at a distance up to 95 cm, allows measuring the beam energy in the clinical range (70–230 MeV) with a maximum deviation of 310 keV in respect to the nominal one, with an uncertainty of 500 keV, thus achieving the prescribed clinical accuracy of 1 mm in the range in water.

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Šamárková, Kristýna, Daniela Štefková, and Zdeněk Chobola. "Monitoring of Reinforced Concrete Structure Corrosion by Using Impact-Echo Method." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.239.

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This study deals with frequency inspection of response signal which was obtained from a reinforced concrete beam. Impact-Echo method was used for finding the dominant frequency which is the main criterion for condition assessment of reinforced concrete. The results of acoustic method were compared with measurements of electrical resistance of reinforcing steel by using the Thomson double bridge. The concrete beam with a steel rod diameter of 6 mm was tested. Tension pulse was produced in the centre of the concrete beam and detected in opposite position of the concrete beam.

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Akinlabi, Stephen, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Temperature Monitoring during Laser Beam Forming of Steel Sheets." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.811.

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Laser Beam Forming is a flexible manufacturing process with great promise for sheet and metal forming, hence, considered as a novel manufacturing method for forming and shaping of metallic components. Being a thermo-mechanical forming process that enables parts or components to be formed with external heat of a laser beam, it is important to monitor and measure the temperature during the laser forming process in order to ensure the integrity of the processed components. This study reports on the temperature monitoring and measurement during laser beam forming process of steel sheets. The experimental design followed the L-27 Taguchi Orthogonal Array. The temperature of nine sets of samples laser beamed formed at different process parameters were monitored using the thermocouple data logger. The temperature for all the components formed at the nine parameter windows were analysed during the process. Hence, it was observed that the measured temperature increases with the increasing line energy during the laser beam forming process.

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Bassi, G., L. Bosisio, P. Cristaudo, M. Dorigo, A. Gabrielli, Y. Jin, C. La Licata, L. Lanceri, and L. Vitale. "Calibration of diamond detectors for dosimetry in beam-loss monitoring." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1004 (July 2021): 165383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165383.

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Aastha and RR Singh. "Structural health monitoring of splice joint in a steel beam." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1136, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1136/1/012003.

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Hall, Jeffrey E., and Daniel A. Higgins. "Direct method for monitoring two-beam coupling in photorefractive materials." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 5 (May 2002): 2103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1472468.

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Latif, A., W. E. Booij, J. H. Durrell, and M. G. Blamire. "Real time resistometric depth monitoring in the focused ion beam." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 18, no. 2 (2000): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.591273.

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Blau, Yoav, Michal Eitan, Victor Egorov, Amir Boag, Yael Hanein, and Jacob Scheuer. "In situ real-time beam monitoring with dielectric meta-holograms." Optics Express 26, no. 22 (October 18, 2018): 28469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.028469.

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Yan, Wei, J. B. Cai, and W. Q. Chen. "Monitoring interfacial defects in a composite beam using impedance signatures." Journal of Sound and Vibration 326, no. 1-2 (September 2009): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2009.04.030.

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Vecchio, Sara, Francesca Attanasi, Nicola Belcari, Manuela Camarda, G. A. Pablo Cirrone, Giacomo Cuttone, Francesco Di Rosa, et al. "A PET Prototype for “In-Beam” Monitoring of Proton Therapy." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, no. 1 (February 2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2008.2008306.

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Li, Pengru, Danpu Liu, Xiaolin Hou, and Jing Wang. "Trajectory Prediction and Channel Monitoring Aided Fast Beam Tracking Scheme at Unlicensed mmWave Bands." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050747.

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Unlicensed 60 GHz millimeter band has a great potential in industrial Internet of things (IIoT) owing to its continuous large bandwidth. However, the signal transmission in this band suffers from high propagation loss, thus beamforming is adopted to provide directional gain. With the increasing number of beams, beam alignment and tracking in mobility scenario may incur unacceptable latency and overhead, and the existing beam management mechanism is no longer suitable. To reduce the latency and signaling overhead during beam tracking, we propose a fast beam tracking scheme with the help of trajectory prediction and channel monitoring. More specifically, we firstly quantify the beam coherent time to reduce the frequency of beam searching. Then, a two-stage heuristic trajectory prediction and channel monitoring aided fast beam tracking scheme is proposed to obtain the optimal beam pairs in the process of terminal movement and make sure that the interference on the directional beam is under the limit. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the beam coherent time and the advantages of the proposed scheme in terms of complexity, outage probability, and effective spectrum efficiency.

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Zheng, Shijie, Hong Tao Wang, and Lifeng Liu. "The Novel Method of Structural Health Monitoring Using FEM and Neural Networks." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2099.

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In this paper, a new method of combining computational mechanics and neural networks for prediction of composite beam delamination is proposed. One beam with delamination, as well as a ‘healthy’ beam with no delamination, had a four-ply symmetric carbon/epoxy composite design, were fabricated simultaneously. The delamination was assumed at different location of the beam, and then the finite element analysis was performed and the modal frequencies of the composite beam were obtained, which were used to train the neural network. The piezoelectric patch was attached to the top of the composite beam to measure its modal frequencies. A feedforward backpropagation neural network was designed, trained, and used to predict the delamination location using the experimental modal values as inputs. The experimental results demonstrate that the predicted delamination location and size error is small.

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Balibrea-Correa, Javier, Jorge Lerendegui-Marco, Victor Babiano-Suarez, César Domingo-Pardo, Ion Ladarescu, Carlos Guerrero, Teresa Rodríguez-González, Maria del Carmen Jiménez-Ramos, and Begoña Fernández-Martínez. "First in-beam tests on simultaneous PET and Compton imaging aimed at quasi-real-time range verification in hadron therapy." EPJ Web of Conferences 261 (2022): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226105002.

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Hadron therapy with protons has advantages with respect to conventional radiotherapy because of the maximization of the dose at the Bragg peak. As a drawback, and because of different systematic uncertainty sources, a quasi-real time monitoring for the proton range verification is required to reduce safety margins. In this respect, two gamma-ray imaging techniques are pursued: prompt gamma-ray monitoring and positron-annihilation tomography (PET). The promising prompt gamma-ray monitoring requires detection systems with large detection efficiency, high time resolution, compactness, fast response, low sensitivity to neutron-induced backgrounds and powerful image reconstruction capabilities. On the other hand, in-beam PET surveys require additionally good γ-ray position reconstruction resolution. In this contribution we show that, to a large extent, both approaches can be simultaneously accomplished by using an array of Compton cameras conveniently arranged around the target volume. Here we demonstrate experimentally the suitability of such an array, named i-TED, for PG monitoring in ion-range monitoring during Hadron Therapy, in-beam PET survey and β+ production yield measurements capability. Furthermore, with the use of GPUs, a quasi-real time PG monitoring and in-beam PET can be achieved.

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Divsholi, Bahador Sabet, Yao Wen Yang, and Li Bing. "Monitoring Beam-Column Joint in Concrete Structures Using Piezo-Impedance Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.59.

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Despite that piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT) has been used for structural health monitoring (SHM) in various engineering systems, limited work has been conducted on real size concrete structures. Beam-column connections are critical regions in reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frame structures. The vulnerability of RC beam-column joints has been identified from structural damage investigations over the past decades, especially in the area of earthquake engineering. In the context of a terrorist bomb attack, the beam-column joints are very vulnerable, especially when the perimeter columns lose their load carrying capacity due to damage and the beam-column joints become one of the crucial load transfer mechanism of the structural frame. To avoid catastrophic failures, it is important to monitor beam-column joints under existing gravitational loads. In this paper, an experiment is carried out on four real size concrete frame structures with different detailing subjected to gradually increased loads. A number of PZT sensors are bonded to the frame structure to acquire PZT electro-mechanical (EM) admittance signature. The structural mechanical impedance (SMI) is extracted from the PZT EM admittance signature and its sensitivity is compared with that of the EM admittance. The relations between the damage index and the loading step and tip deflection of the concrete structure are obtained. Finally the sensitivity of the PZT sensors in detection of the critical loading level is discussed. The results show that the PZT sensors are capable of monitoring the integrity and behavior of the real size concrete structures.

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Schnuerer, Roland, Jacinta Yap, Hao Zhang, Tomasz Cybulski, Tony Smith, Guido Haefeli, Olivier Girard, Tomasz Szumlak, and Carsten Welsch. "Development of the LHCb VELO Detector Modules into a Standalone, Non-Invasive Online Beam Monitor for Medical Accelerators." Instruments 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3010001.

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Knowledge of the beam properties in proton therapy through beam monitoring is essential, ensuring an effective dose delivery to the patient. In clinical practice, currently used interceptive ionisation chambers require daily calibration and suffer from a slow response time. A new non-invasive method for dose online monitoring is under development based on the silicon multi-strip sensor LHCb VELO (VErtex LOcator), originally used for the LHCb experiment at CERN. The proposed method relies on proton beam halo measurements. Several changes in the system setup were necessary to operate the VELO module as a standalone system outside of the LHC environment and are described in this paper. A new cooling, venting and positioning system was designed. Several hardware and software changes realised a synchronised readout with a locally constructed Faraday Cup and the RF frequency of a medical cyclotron with quasi-online monitoring. The adapted VELO module will be integrated at the 60 MeV proton therapy beamline at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK and the capability as a beam monitor will be assessed by measuring the beam current and by monitoring the beam profile along the beamline in spring 2019.

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