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Books on the topic 'Improvement of accuracy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Air Force Human Resources Laboratory., ed. Performance rating accuracy improvement through changes in individual and system characteristics. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: Air Force Systems Command, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, 1989.

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2

V, Ivanov V. Operational amplifier speed and accuracy improvement: Analog circuit design with structural methodology. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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3

Ivanov, V. V. Operational amplifier speed and accuracy improvement: Analog circuit design with structural methodology. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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4

Min-ho, Yi. Kangu kwanch'ŭk chŏnghwakto hyangsang e kwanhan yŏn'gu: Study for improvement of rainfall measurement accuracy. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Kukt'o Haeyangbu Han'gang Hongsu T'ongjeso, 2010.

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5

Alfred, Buch. Improvement of fatigue life prediction accuracy for various realistic loading spectra by use of correction factors. Haifa, Israel: Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, 1985.

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6

Casillas, Jorge, Oscar Cordón, Francisco Herrera, and Luis Magdalena, eds. Accuracy Improvements in Linguistic Fuzzy Modeling. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37058-1.

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7

Daniels, Michael J. Accuracy improvements in finite element stress analysis. Birmingham: Birmingham Polytechnic, 1989.

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8

Das, Tomi Nath. Recent improvements in chemical dosimetric protocols for accurate measurements of absorbed dose in pulse radiolysis experiments. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2008.

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9

United States. Government Accountability Office. Data quality: Improvements to count correction efforts could produce more accurate census data : report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C: United States Government Accountability Office, 2005.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Veterans' benefits: Improvements needed in the reporting and use of data on the accuracy of disability claims decisions : report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C. (441 G St. NW, Room LM, Washington 20548): GAO, 2003.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Workforce Investment Act: Improvements needed in performance measures to provide a more accurate picture of WIA's effectiveness : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): GAO, 2002.

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12

THORPEX: A Global Atmospheric Research Programme. THORPEX, A Global Atmospheric Research Programme: Accelerating improvements in the accuracy of one-day to two-week high-impact weather forecasts for the benefit of society, the economy, and the environment. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2004.

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13

Office, General Accounting. Social Security: Most Social Security death information accurate but improvements possible : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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14

Hosid, Steve. Putting--speed & accuracy (Game improvement library). PGA Tour Partners Club, 2001.

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15

Operational Amplifier Speed and Accuracy Improvement. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b105872.

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16

Finite Element Methods: Accuracy and Improvement (Mathematics Monograph). Elsevier Science, 2007.

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17

IAEA. Improvement of the Reliability and Accuracy of Heavy Ion Beam Analysis. International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018.

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18

Ivanov, Vadim V. Operational Amplifier Speed and Accuracy Improvement: Analog Circuit Design With Structural Methodology. Springer, 2010.

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19

Performance Rating Accuracy Improvement Through Changes in Individual and Systems Characteristics (Ad A207 561/2/Xab). Natl Technical Information, 1989.

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20

Ivanov, Vadim V., and Igor M. Filanovsky. Operational Amplifier Speed and Accuracy Improvement: Analog Circuit Design with Structural Methodology (The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science). Springer, 2004.

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21

Magdalena, Luis, Jorge Casillas, Oscar Cordón, and Francisco Triguero Herrera. Accuracy Improvements in Linguistic Fuzzy Modeling. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.

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22

Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Improvement in IRS' telephone assistor accuracy : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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23

Hirata, Yukari. Second language learners’ production of geminate consonants in Japanese. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0008.

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This chapter examines whether learners of Japanese at an intermediate level make progress in accurately producing singleton and geminate stops after being immersed in Japan without specific training. Seven learners of Japanese, with two years of classroom instruction in the USA, recorded words such as [kako] and [kakːo] in a carrier sentence at three speaking rates before and after a four-month study-abroad experience in Japan. Duration of various segments was analysed, and the singleton and geminate boundary ratio of native Japanese speakers was used to determine learners’ production accuracy. Results indicated that the learners did make a singleton/geminate distinction, but their production accuracy showed limited improvement. The results suggest continuing difficulty in the mastery of native-level durational control.

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24

Ho, Vanessa P., and Philip S. Barie. Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0188.

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Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) may occur in surgical or injured, critically-ill, and systemically-ill patients, with diabetes mellitus, malignant disease, abdominal vasculitis, congestive heart failure, cholesterol embolization, shock, and cardiac arrest. Children may also be affected, especially following a viral illness. The pathogenesis of AAC is complex and multifactorial. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury and the associated pro-inflammatory response and oxidative tissue stress, appear to be the central mechanisms, but bile stasis, opioid therapy, positive-pressure ventilation, and parenteral nutrition may all contribute to development of the disease. Ultrasound of the gallbladder is most accurate for the diagnosis of AAC in the critically-ill patient. Computed tomography is probably of comparable accuracy, but carries both advantages and disadvantages. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is now the treatment of choice, controlling AAC in about 85% of patients, despite the known high prevalence of gallbladder infarction (~50%) and perforation (~10%). Rapid improvement may be expected when AAC is diagnosed correctly and cholecystostomy is performed timely. The mortality (historically ~30%) of percutaneous and open cholecystostomy are similar, reflecting the severity of illness, but improved resuscitation and critical care may portend a decreased risk of death.

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25

Improvements in computational accuracy of BRYNTRN (a baryon transport code). [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1991.

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26

Improvement of Roadway Stability by Producing Accurate Roadway Profiles. European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1991.

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27

(Editor), J. Casillas, O. Cordón (Editor), F. Herrera (Editor), and L. Magdalena (Editor), eds. Accuracy Improvements in Linguistic Fuzzy Modeling (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing). Springer, 2003.

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28

Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. The Goldilocks Challenge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.001.0001.

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Nonprofits, governments, and social enterprises face increasing pressure to prove that their programs are making a positive impact on the world. This focus on impact is positive: learning whether we are making a difference enhances our ability to effectively address pressing social problems, and is critical for wise stewardship of resources. However, measuring the impact of a program is not always possible, nor is impact evaluation always the right choice for every organization or program. Accurately assessing impact requires information about what would have happened had the program not occurred, and it can be difficult and costly (or even impossible) to gather that information. Yet actors in the social sector face stiff competition for funding, and competition often demands evidence of impact. Faced with this pressure, organizations often attempt to measure impact even when the accuracy is questionable or worse. The result? A lot of misleading data and rhetoric about what works. Moreover, in this pursuit, many organizations collect huge amounts of data that cannot be or are not put to good use for learning and program improvement. Bottom line: Impact is great to measure when you can. But not everyone can and should measure impact. What, then, should organizations do? The Goldilocks Challenge presents four key principles to help guide organizations of all sizes and types in building strong, “right-fit” data collection systems. Those principles—Credible, Actionable, Responsible, and Transportable, or “CART”—describe how organizations can build data systems that support learning and improvement and measure impact when the time is right.

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29

Anderson, C. W. Apostles of Certainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492335.001.0001.

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Apostles of Certainty: Data Journalism and the Politics of Doubt traces the way American journalists have made use of quantitative information in their news reporting from the early twentieth century to the present day. In so doing, it examines changing notions of journalistic objectivity and truth telling, particularly as these have evolved alongside social science disciplines such as political science and sociology. Apostles of Certainty uses methodological techniques pioneered in science and technology studies to link the study of newsroom ontologies and epistemologies to a broader analysis of how public knowledge is produced and distributed in the digital age. Though largely historical, the book also sheds light on politics and media in the twenty-first century, with findings that speak to current public conversations around so-called post-truth and the spread of fake news. The book concludes that, viewed over the long term, journalistic reporting in the United States has improved in its accuracy, subtlety, and professional self-certainty, but we have not witnessed a simultaneous improvement in the conduct of US political discourse. In part this is because political journalism only influences politics to a limited degree. To the degree it does have an impact on the political process, the book argues that data-oriented journalism plays a largely tribal and aesthetic role and divides Americans into empirical “tribes” based in part on the perceived elitism of data-based reporting.

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30

Welsh, Sarah S., Geneviève Dupont-Thibodeau, and Matthew P. Kirschen. Neuroprognostication after severe brain injury in children: Science fiction or plausible reality? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0010.

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Neuroprognostication is a complex process that spans the resuscitative, acute, and subacute phases of brain injury and recovery. Improvements over time have transitioned the task of outcome prediction after severe brain injury from estimating survival to providing a qualitative prognosis of functional neurologic recovery. This chapter follows the case of an 8-year-old boy who remained comatose following a cardiac arrest due to drowning. We describe and analyze novel applications of current technologies that could be used in the future to improve the accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the neuroprognostication process for physicians and families that are at the heart of ethical decision-making in medicine.

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31

Tejerina, Eva, and Andrés Esteban. Post-mortem examination in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0391.

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Autopsy has long been regarded as a valuable and reliable tool to improve quality of medical care by monitoring diagnostic accuracy and treatment of the critically-ill patients. However, post-mortem examination rates have fallen worldwide during the past decades. Unexpected findings at autopsy contribute to the increasing pool of medical knowledge and may allow the development of strategies for the early detection of diagnoses, leading to better patient care. Several studies have shown that major discrepancies are frequent, and in 5–40% of all hospitalized patients, and in 7–32% of adult intensive care patients a treatable condition that might have altered outcome, had it been recognized, is identified at post-mortem examination. Despite technological improvements in medicine, the percentage of missed diagnoses had not changed over time. Autopsy provides a ‘gold standard’ to assess the accuracy of diagnostic tests and also offers relevant information for the advance of medical knowledge and the description of new disease entities. The health care system as a whole can benefit enormously from autopsy data, the autopsy providing information unavailable by any other method, and should be considered in every patient who dies in the intensive care unit.

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32

Veterans' benefits claims: Further improvements needed in claims-processing accuracy : report to the ranking minority member, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 1999.

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33

Narayana, Shalini, Felipe Salinas, Frederick A. Boop, James W. Wheless, and Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.11.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to study cortical function by applying localized magnetic fields in a noninvasive manner. This chapter reviews the basic principles of TMS, including the stimulator unit, coils, and the interaction of TMS-induced electric field with the cortex. The advantages of TMS over invasive brain mapping techniques are highlighted. Improvements in the spatial accuracy of TMS are described in the context of image-guided TMS. Types of responses induced by motor cortex stimulation and their utility in mapping normal and diseased motor cortex are discussed. Language mapping with TMS takes advantage of the TMS-induced transient disruption of function, also termed “virtual lesion.” The authors provide examples of successful application of TMS in presurgical mapping of the motor and language areas in the brain. Emerging applications of TMS in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders and safety of TMS are also discussed.

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34

Forfar, Colin. Diagnosis and investigation in suspected heart disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0087.

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The past 20 years have seen significant changes in both the demographics and natural history of many cardiovascular diseases. Important reductions in case-fatality rates (such as in acute coronary syndromes) have resulted from improved diagnostics and treatment options and better understanding of natural history. For others (such as infective endocarditis), improvements have been limited and disappointing. While advances in therapy and the scientific evidence underpinning treatments have been crucial, the importance of accurate diagnosis has remained a key element for progress. Many of the principles needed for diagnosis are constant: the pre-eminence of a focused, accurate history, complete physical examination, and timely and relevant investigation endures. It is essential to have a secure knowledge of the strengths and limitations of interpretation of a frequently bewildering array of tests. Progress in this field has been rapid; advances in ultrasound, scintigraphy, and cardiac magnetic resonance stand out at the interface between structure and function central to good patient care.

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35

Immani, Sudhir, and John Loughrey. Ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0054.

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The use of ultrasound in obstetric anaesthesia practice has accelerated in the past decade, following a typical pattern of a small number of enthusiastic early adopters, to a current phase of more widespread use. The use of ultrasound in everyday practice has yet to include the majority of practitioners. However, more widespread availability of equipment and also training opportunities will ensure that it may be a future standard in obstetric units. The most obvious and current application for ultrasound for obstetric anaesthetists is in the improvement of the safety, quality, and success of neuraxial anaesthesia. This chapter sets out a description of current technique and knowledge of this application of ultrasound by obstetric anaesthetists and will give the reader a good overview of this topic. There are other applications of ultrasound in obstetric anaesthesia practice including vascular access, cardiac assessment in patients with cardiovascular collapse, and possibly even gastric volume assessment. Future equipment modifications may enhance the technique with smaller ultrasound probes for more accurate skin marking and also with enhanced image quality.

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36

Cosyns, Bernard, Thor Edvardsen, Krasimira Hristova, and Hyung-Kwan Kim. Left ventricle: systolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0020.

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The assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function is one of the most important parts of correct diagnosis, selection of treatment strategy or medications, and prediction of prognosis. Although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is generally accepted as the gold standard in vivo imaging modality for assessing LV systolic function, its practical use is limited due to its limited availability, high cost, and the presence of conditions precluding its performance such as a pacemaker, claustrophobia, and severe arrhythmia. Thus, transthoracic echocardiography is a first-line imaging modality employed in daily practice and has been widely used. Since the first attempts with M-mode approach, remarkable improvements have been made with the advent of two-dimensional echocardiography, and more recently three-dimensional echocardiography, with high accuracy and reproducibility. More sophisticated methodologies such as strain imaging, based on Doppler or speckle tracking techniques, provide a more sensitive and quantitative measurement of myocardial contractility, and are gaining a place in common daily practice. This chapter describes different modalities that have been used for assessment of LV systolic function based on echocardiography, and is grossly composed of two parts: LV global systolic function and LV regional or segmental systolic function. For better application of these conventional and novel methods of assessing LV systolic function, strengths and pitfalls of these techniques should be acknowledged.

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37

Seligmann, Matthew S. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759973.003.0007.

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As this book has shown the common conception that ‘Churchill’s “radical phase” was cast to the winds’ when he was put in charge of the Navy in October 1911, although well established in the literature, is not, in fact, accurate.1 The radical President of the Board of Trade, eager to improve the lives of the poor, became the radical Home Secretary, no less enthusiastic for social reform, who then became the radical First Lord of the Admiralty, imbued with both a desire and, perhaps more importantly, a will to intervene in order to better conditions for those who served in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, he embarked upon a major programme of improvement across a wide range of different areas all of which affected the everyday life of sailors. Alcohol intake, sexual behaviour, religious practice, corporal punishment, as well as pay and equality of progression, all came under the spotlight while Churchill was First Lord. Of course, not all of the new measures were successful and not all were progressive in the modern understanding of the term, but all of them represented significant attempts to push forward a radical agenda for change....

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38

Коллектив, авторов. Труды Физико-технологического института. T. 29: Квантовые компьютеры, микро- и наноэлектроника: физика, технология, диагностика и моделирование. ФГУП «Издательство «Наука», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/9785020408081.

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Настоящий том посвящен актуальным проблемам квантовых технологий и микроэлектроники. Рассмотрены различные численные и аналитические подходы к моделированию и контролю элементной базы квантовых компьютеров и симуляторов с учетом декогерентизации и квантовых шумов. Представлены современные методы, направленные на инжиниринг различных квантовых состояний, а также их адекватный, полный и точный контроль. Представлены разработки, обеспечивающие существенное улучшение процедур томографии квантовых состояний и операций с учетом несовершенства технологий и измерений. Кроме того, рассмотрены некоторые вопросы, связанные с разработкой и моделированием приборов микроэлектроники и наноэлектроники. Для широкого круга специалистов в области квантовых информационных технологий, микро- и наноэлектроники, а также студентов и аспирантов, обучающихся по соответствующим специальностям. This volume is devoted to topical problems of quantum technologies and microelectronics. Various numerical and analytical approaches to modeling and control of the element base of quantum computers and simulators, taking into account decoherence and quantum noise, are considered. The modern methods aimed at engineering various quantum states, as well as their adequate, complete and accurate control are presented. Developments are presented that provide a significant improvement in the procedures for tomography of quantum states and operations, taking into account the imperfection of technologies and measurements. In addition, some issues related to the development and modeling of microelectronic and nanoelectronic devices are considered. Intended for a wide range of specialists in the field of quantum information technologies, as well as in the field of micro- and nanoelectronics; it can also be recommended to undergraduate and graduate students of relevant specialties.вЃ

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39

Paro, John A. M., and Geoffrey C. Gurtner. Pathophysiology and assessment of burns. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0346.

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Burn injury represents a complex clinical entity with significant associated morbidity and remains the second leading cause of trauma-related death. An understanding of the local and systemic pathophysiology of burns has led to significant improvements in mortality. Thermal insult results in coagulative necrosis of the skin and the depth or degree of injury is classified according to the skin layers involved. First-degree burns involve only epidermis and heal quickly with no scar. Second-degree burns are further classified into superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness depending on the level of dermal involvement. Damage in a third-degree burn extends to subcutaneous fat. There is a substantial hypermetabolic response to severe burn, resulting in significant catabolism and untoward effects on the immune, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Accurate assessment of the extent of burn injury is critical for prognosis and initiation of resuscitation. Burn size, measured in total body surface area, can be quickly estimated using the rule of nines or palmar method. A more detailed sizing system is recommended once the patient has been triaged. Appropriate diagnosis of burn depth will be important for later management. First-degree burns are erythematous and painful, like a sunburn; third-degree burns are leathery and insensate. Differentiating between second-degree burn types remains difficult. There are a number of formalized criteria during assessment that should prompt transfer to a burn centre.

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40

Hart, Kimberly J., and Heather A. Flynn. Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.009.

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Mood and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in perinatal samples, affecting as many as 20% of childbearing women (Gavin et al., 2005). In an effort to prevent adverse outcomes associated with perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, researchers and clinicians have advocated routine screening during the perinatal period (NRC, 2009). Although, there are several screening measures for depression, many of which have been used or validated in perinatal populations, few screening tools have been developed specifically for or validated in perinatal samples for bipolar disorder or anxiety disorders. Despite the ongoing need for brief, accurate, and easily administered screening measures, it seems clear that perinatal mood and anxiety screening is associated with substantial improvement in rate of detection (Georgiopoulous et al., 1999; Georgiopoulos, Bryan, Wollan, and Yawn, 2001; Gilbody, Sheldon, and House, 2008). However, in the absence of systematic protocols to ensure further assessment, treatment, and follow-up, screening is unlikely to have a positive impact on depression-associated morbidity (Gjerdingen, Katon, and Rich, 2008; Gilbody et al., 2008; Miller et al., 2012; NRC, 2009). Preliminary evidence suggests that screening for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, when embedded within larger systems to ensure comprehensive assessment, connection to treatment, and regular monitoring, has the potential to improve outcomes for women and their families. The question of whether screening programs can ultimately decrease depression-associated morbidity and prevent adverse outcomes cannot be answered given the existing research base (Myers et al., 2013). Although much is left to be understood about perinatal screening for mood and anxiety disorders, the impact of this research lies in potential for reducing negative maternal outcomes as well as for prevention of the negative impact of perinatal depression on the health and well-being of babies born to depressed or anxious mothers.

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41

Profile of Capacity and Response to Noncommunicable Diseases and Their Risk Factors in the Region of the Americas: Country Capacity Survey Results, 2017. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122600.

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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in the Americas, accounting for 81% of all deaths in the Region in 2016. Of the estimated 5.5 million NCD-related annual deaths, 39% of these are premature deaths (occurring between the ages of 30–70) and are largely a result of the four main NCDs: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases. NCDs and related premature deaths can be significantly reduced through government policies that prevent, treat, and control these diseases. To monitor countries’ capacities to address NCDs, including progress and trends over time, various tools are implemented, including the World Health Organization Country Capacity Survey (WHO-CCS). The survey captures information related to NCD infrastructure, policies, surveillance, and health systems. Conducted in 2001, 2005, 2010, 2013, and in 2017, this 6th edition of the CCS incorporates new validation processes to verify country responses through the submission of official policy documents and a data comparison to global health databases. These protocols were introduced to enhance data quality and provide an accurate reflection of the country capacity to combat NCDs. It is important to recognize that for the first time in the Americas, 100% of the Member States (35 countries) and 76% of the Associate Members and Participating States (13 of 17 countries) completed the survey. As such, the 2017 CCS provides a comprehensive assessment of the entire Region and demonstrates the political commitment of the Americas to reduce the burden of NCDs. This report presents results of the 2017 CCS and offers an updated review of progress in the Region of the Americas including gaps and recommendations for improvement to strengthen countries’ capacities to address NCDs and their risk factors. While advancements have been made, without an acceleration of commitments and significant investments, it is anticipated that some countries in the Americas will not meet their global targets.

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42

Zoccali, Carmine, Davide Bolignano, and Francesca Mallamaci. Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0107_update_001.

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Alterations in left ventricular (LV) mass and geometry and LV dysfunction increase in prevalence from stage 2 to stage 5 in CKD. Nuclear magnetic resonance is the most accurate and precise technique for measuring LV mass and function in patients with heart disease. Quantitative echocardiography is still the most frequently used means of evaluating abnormalities in LV mass and function in CKD. Anatomically, myocardial hypertrophy can be classified as concentric or eccentric. In concentric hypertrophy, the muscular component of the LV (LV wall) predominates over the cavity component (LV volume). Due to the higher thickness and myocardial fibrosis in patients with concentric LVH, ventricular compliance is reduced and the end-diastolic volume is small and insufficient to maintain cardiac output under varying physiological demands (diastolic dysfunction). In those with eccentric hypertrophy, tensile stress elongates myocardiocytes and increases LV end-diastolic volume. The LV walls are relatively thinner and with reduced ability to contract (systolic dysfunction). LVH prevalence increases stepwisely as renal function deteriorates and 70–80% of patients with kidney failure present with established LVH which is of the concentric type in the majority. Volume overload and severe anaemia are, on the other hand, the major drivers of eccentric LVH. Even though LVH may regress after renal transplantation, the prevalence of LVH after transplantation remains close to that found in dialysis patients and a functioning renal graft should not be seen as a guarantee of LVH regression. The vast majority of studies on cardiomyopathy in CKD are observational in nature and the number of controlled clinical trials in these patients is very small. Beta-blockers (carvedilol) and angiotensin receptors blockers improve LV performance and reduce mortality in kidney failure patients with LV dysfunction. Although current guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with ejection fraction less than 30%, mild to moderate symptoms of heart failure, and a life expectancy of more than 1 year, these devices are rarely offered to eligible CKD patients. Conversion to nocturnal dialysis and to frequent dialysis schedules produces a marked improvement in LVH in patients on dialysis. More frequent and/or longer dialysis are recommended in dialysis patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic LV disorders if the organizational and financial resources are available.

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