Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Impression 3D et 4D'
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Noirbent, Guillaume. "Nouveaux systèmes d'amorçage radicalaire : la catalyse photoredox comme nouvelle stratégie pour la synthèse de polymère." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0359.
Full textIn recent years, photopolymerization has been the subject of intense research efforts due to the constant growth of industrial applications. It is a quick process that can be performed at room temperature, solvent-free conditions and enables to get a spatial and a temporal control of the polymerization process. In recent years, the use of irradiation conditions that constitutes an alternative to the UV photopolymerization processes at the origin of numerous safety concerns are actively researched. Therefore, the development of new photoinitiating systems which absorb strongly in the visible or near infrared region are actively researched by both the academic and industrial communities. Nevertheless, even if some results are promising, the reported systems are often characterized by moderate reactivities and hardly compete with current UV systems. In this context, we have synthesized a large library of photosensitive molecules capable of absorbing light in the visible or near infrared range and capable of initiating a polymerization reaction with a photoinitiating system based on photoredox catalysis. In this manuscript, we present both the synthesis and the polymerization abilities of different families of dyes. Their photochemical properties were also studied by UV-Visible spectrometry, luminescence, photolysis, temperature monitoring and electronic paramagnetic resonance experiments. Applications such as 3D printing and laser write experiments are also presented
Brandou, Vincent. "Stéréovision locale et reconstruction 3D/4D." Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4093.
Full textThe aim of this study is to propose a complete 3-dimension reconstruction method of natural submarine objects improved by a new acquisition method for quantitative measures, which can be used in operational conditions. First, it was necessary to take into account the various problems connected with the deep sea environment ; the main constraint is that the system used to collect images must be manipulated at very important depths, up to 6000 meters by an underwater vehicle positioned on the sea floor. Thus, a method allowing the automatic acquisition of images was developed, adapted to any type of small-scale submarine object (approximately 1m 3). The image acquisition is performed with a stereovision system operated by a manipulator arm. The method that we propose enables us to know extrinsic camera parameters by following a specific trajectory defined by the geometry of a stereo rig. Indeed, the trajectory is generated by the displacement of one camera onto the position of the other one by visual servoing. With this method, we can register images at regular intervals directly linked to the geometry of the stereo rig. Then, the 3D model of the underwater object is calculated from the collected images and camera parameters. The final result is a dense 3D reconstruction with texture mapping that enables metric measures. Keywords: 3D metrology, computer vision, stereovision system, visual servoing, camera trajectory, 3D reconstruction
Cardis, Benoît. "Fabrication des pièces métalliques et céramiques par impression 3D /." Sion, 2007. http://doc.rero.ch/record/10785?ln=fr.
Full textChabaud, Guillaume. "3D and 4D printing of high performance continuous synthetic and natural fibre composites for structural and morphing applications." Thesis, Lorient, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORIS563.
Full text3D printing and especially Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology for composite materials reinforced by continuous fibers is an emerging research field which aims to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D printing structures and to widen the field of application (aerospace, sailing…). Another trend, 3D printing allows to develop stimulable materials (sensor and/or actuators) and to consider parts with complex architecture that can be deployed under various stimulation (electricity temperature, pressure…). The present work is therefore part of this context and aims to develop new multi-functional materials elaborated by 4D printing. First, the scientific objective of this work is to better understand the relationship between the process, the induced microstructure, mechanical and the hygromechanical performances in order to target structural applications (aeronautic, sailing) for composite materials reinforced with synthetic fibers (carbon and glass) and natural fibers (flax). The second part of this work aimed to develop hygromorphic composites reinforced with continuous fibers (synthetic and natural) by 4D printing with a bioinspired bilayer architecture inspired by the pinecone scale. The conductive behavior of carbon fiber was used to create new electro-thermo-hygromorph actuators with controlled and accelerated actuation compared to conventional hygromorphs. Finally, the design freedom provided by 4D printing made it possible to control the local stiffness and actuation of composite actuators reinforced with continuous flax fiber
Montagnat, Johan. "Modèles déformables pour la segmentation et la modélisation d'images médicales 3D et 4D." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683368.
Full textMontagnat, Johan. "Modeles deformables pour la segmentation et la modelisation d'images medicales 3d et 4d." Nice, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683368.
Full textLara, Garcia Alejandra. "Optimisation de l'adhésion interfaciale dans l'impression 3D multi-polymère pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des structures spatialement amorties." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0340.
Full textSolutions for improving multi-polymer FFF interlayer adhesion between PLA and a TPC were studied. Two solutions were proposed: (i) the use of adhesion promoter additives and (ii) the synthesis of copolymers incorporating PLA as building blocks. In the first one, different biosourced additives were individually incorporated into the formulation of the TPC. Filament fabrication conditions were optimized to achieve filaments with no defects and a constant diameter. Evaluation of adhesion was done using a modified version of the T-peel test. Only 2-hydroxyethyl starch presented the highest adhesion enhancement with low variabilities. Findings demonstrate the strategic potential of using modified biosourced additives to boost interfacial adhesion between two incompatible polymers. Furthermore, this formulation did not change the vibration-damping and filtering behavior of the TPC. Therefore, it was possible to print a prototype of protective equipment combining a PLA and the formulated TPC, such as a knee pad, using a multi-polymer FFF. The second solution refers to the synthesis through transesterification reactions of PLA and PBT new multiblock copolymers with a reactive extrusion process. Different experiments were done to optimize the transesterification's conditions. Although FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC and DMA results evidence the presence of the copolymer in small amounts, material had low printability presenting layer delamination. Therefore, the evaluation of adhesion was not achieved with this material
Lanterne, Célestin. "Réparation et optimisation de maillages 3D pour l'impression 3D." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0454.
Full text3D printers use 3D models in the form of meshes to define the geometry and the appearance of objects to be printed. A 3D mesh must have some topological properties so that the geometry it represents could be printable and the geometry itself must respect certain conditions to be printable. These properties and conditions may vary depending on the 3D printing technologies in use.Many 3D meshes used for printing were not initially designed for this purpose application. The main primary use of these meshes is visualization, which does not require the same topological properties and geometric conditions. The subject of this thesis is the repair of these meshes to make them printable.A repair chain including several steps was designed for this purpose. Non-manifold conditions are repaired by extracting related components (surfaces). The boundaries of surfaces are detected and classified according to the best repair to be applied on each. The boundaries of surfaces are repaired according to their classification either by a filling method or by an offset method. The weakness of the geometry is detected and controlled
Dennler, S. "Structure et magnétisme de systèmes mixtes 3d/4d et 3d/5d : une étude ab initio des alliages macroscopiques aux nanoparticules." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266714.
Full textSossou, Comlan. "Une approche globale de la conception pour l'impression 4D." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA001/document.
Full textInvented in 1983, as a rapid prototyping process, additive manufacturing (AM) is nowadays considered as a manufacturing process almost in the same way as conventional processes. For example, parts obtained by AM are found in aircraft structures. This AM evolution is mainly due to the shape complexity allowed by the process. The driving forces behind this evolution include: the development of various techniques on the layer-wise manufacturing principle and the improvement both in quantity and quality of the range of materials that can be processed. Many other AM techniques and materials continue to emerge. In the wake of the AM (usually referred to as 3D printing) another mode of manufacturing did emerge: 4D printing (4DP). 4DP consists of exploring the smart materials (SM) – AM interaction. SMs are materials whose state changes according to a stimulus; this is the case, for example, with thermochromic materials whose color changes in response to heat or hydrogels which can shrink as a function of an aqueous medium’s pH or of light. The objects thus obtained have – in addition to an initial form (3D) – the capacity to shift state (according to the stimuli to which the SMs of which they are made are sensitive) hence the 4th dimension (time). 4DP is – rightly – the subject of intense research concerning the manufacturing aspect (exploration of new processes and materials, characterization, etc.). However, very little work is done to support the designers (who, in principle, are neither AM experts nor experts of SMs) to use it in their concepts. This new process-material interaction requires adapted models, methodologies and design tools. This PhD on design for 4D printing aims at filling this methodological gap. A design methodology for AM (DFAM) has been proposed. This methodology integrates the freedoms (shape, materials, etc.) and the constraints (support, resolution, etc.) peculiar to the AM and allows both the design of parts and assemblies. Particularly, freedom of form has been taken into account by allowing the generation of a minimalist geometry based on the functional flows (material, energy, and signal) of the part. In addition, the contributions of this PhD focused on designing with smart materials (DwSM). Because SMs play a functional rather than a structural role, concerns about these materials need to be addressed in advance of the design process (typically in conceptual design phase). In addition, unlike conventional materials (for which a few parameter values may suffice as information to the designer), SMs need to be described in more detail (stimulus, response, functions, etc.). For these reasons a design-oriented information system on SMs has been developed. This system makes it possible, among other things, to inform designers about the capabilities of SMs and also to determine SMs candidates for a concept. The system has been materialized by a web application. Finally, a modeling framework allowing quickly modeling and simulating an object made of SMs has been proposed. This framework is based on voxel modeling (volumetric pixel). In addition to the simulation of SMs behaviors, the proposed theoretical framework also allows the computation of a functional distribution of SMs and conventional material; distribution which, given a stimulus, makes it possible to deform an initial form towards a desired final form. A tool – based on Grasshopper, a plug-in of the CAD software Rhinoceros® – materializing this methodological framework has also been developed
Courchay, Jérôme. "Calibration par programmation linéaire et reconstruction spatio-temporelle à partir de réseaux d’images." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1014/document.
Full textThe issue of retrieving a 3D shape from a static scene captured with multiple view point calibrated cameras has been deeply studied these last decades. Results presented in the stereovision benchmark made by Strecha et al., show the high quality of state of the art methods. Particularly, works from IMAGINE laboratory lead to impressive results. So, it becomes convenient to calibrate wider and wider scenes, in order to apply these stereovision algorithms to large scale scenes. Three main objectives appear : – The calibration accuracy should be improved. As stated by Yasutaka Furukawa, even stereovision benchmarks use noisy cameras. So one obvious way to improve stereovision, is to improve camera calibration. – It is crucial to take cycles into account in cameras graph in a global way. Most of nowadays methods are sequential and so present a drift. So these methods do not offer the guarantee to retrieve the loopy configuration for a loop made of a high number of images, but retrieve a spiral configuration. As we aim to calibrate wider and wider cameras networks, this point becomes quite crucial. – To calibrate wide cameras networks, having quick and linear algorithms can be necessary. Calibration methods we propose in the first part, allow to calibrate with an accuracy close to state of the art. Moreover, we take cyclicity constraints into account in a global way, with linear optimisations under linear constraints. So these methods allow to take cycle into account and benefit from quickness of linear programming. Finally, sterovision being a well studied topic, it is convenient to concentrate on the next step, that is, spatio-temporal reconstruction. The IMAGINE' stereovision method being the state of the art, it is interesting to extend this method to spatio-temporal reconstruction, that is, dynamique scene reconstruction captured from a dome of cameras
Brémond, Georges. "Caractérisation électrique et optique des ions de transition 3d et 4d dans InP interprétaton des sections efficaces absolues de photoionisation des ions de transition 3d /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612330t.
Full textBhowmick, Indrani. "Synthèse et caractérisation de matériaux moléculaires magnétiques incorporant des ions métalliques 3d et 4d/5d connectés par des ponts cyanures." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14567/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we have synthesised new cyanido bridged heterometallic molecule-based magnetic materials with the tool of simple donor-acceptor coordination chemistry. The 3d metal ion (MnII/III,FeII, NiII, CuII) based molecular precursors acted as acceptor building blocks, whereas the 4d (RuIII)and 5d (ReIV) trans-cyanido type molecular precursors were used as donor moieties.Chapter I contains a theoretical approach with examples of low dimensional magnetic materials:Single Molecule and Single Chain Magnets that illustrate the role of the cyanido ligand to design such magnetic materials. Furthermore, we emphasized the 4d/5d metal based cyanido precursors for their higher magnetic anisotropy over the 3d metal ions. The choice of molecular precursors, their synthesis and characterization were extensively described in chapter II. In this research work, we have obtained many heterometallic molecular complexes and also one dimensional systems. Chapter III, IV and V contain the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and magnetic characterization of all the newly synthesized complexes. The close crystal packing of the molecules lead to an antiferromagnetic ground state for most of the complexes and this often perturbed the magnetic relaxation phenomena. As expected, we have found metamagnetic phase diagrams for most of these systems. Some of the ReIV/MnIII and a ReIV/FeII one dimensional compounds exhibited Single-Chain magnet like properties and thus magnetic bistability
Zerhouni, Othmane. "Etude des propriétés élastiques effectives de matériaux poreux à microstructure aléatoire : Impression 3D, caractérisation, expérimentale et numérique." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IPPAX008.
Full textThis thesis deals with the 3D-printing, numerical simulation and experimental testing of porous materials with random isotropic microstructures. In particular, we attempt to assess by means of well-chosen examples the effect of partial statistical descriptors (i.e., porous volume fraction or porosity, two-point correlation functions and chord-length distribution) upon the linear effective elastic response of random porous materials and propose (nearly) optimal microstructures by direct comparison with available theoretical mathematical bounds. To achieve this, in the first part of this work, we design ab initio porous materials comprising single-size (i.e. monodisperse) and multiple-size (polydisperse) spherical and ellipsoidal non-overlapping voids. The microstructures are generated using a random sequential adsorption (RSA) algorithm that allows to reach very high porosities (e.g. greater than 80%). The created microstructures are then numerically simulated using finite element (FE) and Fast Fourier Tranform (FFT) methods to obtain representative isotropic volume elements in terms of both periodic and kinematic boundary conditions. This then allows for the 3D-printing of the porous microstructures in appropriately designed dog-bone specimens. An experimental setup for uniaxial tension loading conditions is then developed and the 3D-printed porous specimens are tested to retrieve their purely linear elastic properties. This process allows, for the first time experimentally, to show that such polydisperse (multiscale) microstructures can lead to nearly optimal effective elastic properties when compared with the theoretical Hashin-Shtrikman upper bounds for a very large range of porosities spanning values between 0-82%. To understand further the underlying mechanisms that lead to such a nearly optimal response, we assess the influence of several statistical descriptors (such as the one- and two-point correlation functions, the chord-length distribution function) of the microstructure upon the effective elastic properties of the porous material. We first investigate the ability of the two-point correlation function to predict accurately the effective response of random porous materials by choosing two different types of microstructures, which have exactly the same first (i.e., porosity) and second-order statistics. The first type consists of non-overlapping spherical and ellipsoidal pores generated by the RSA process. The second type, which uses the thresholded Gaussian Random Field (GRF) method, is directly reconstructed by matching the one- and two-point correlation functions from the corresponding RSA microstructure. The FFT-simulated effective elastic properties of these two microstructures reveal very significant differences that are in the order of 100% in the computed bulk and shear moduli. This analysis by example directly implies that the two-point statistics can be highly insufficient to predict the effective elastic properties of random porous materials. We seek to rationalize further this observation by introducing controlled connectivity in the original non-overlapping RSA microstructures. The computed effective elastic properties of these microstructures show that the pore connectivity does not change neither the two-point correlation functions nor the chord-length distribution but leads to a significant decrease in the effective elastic properties. In order to quantify better the differences between those three microstructures, we analyze the link between the local geometry of the porous phase and the corresponding computed elastic fields by computing the first (average) and second moments of the elastic strain fluctuations. This last analysis suggests that partial statistical information of the microstructure (without any input from the corresponding elasticity problem) might be highly insufficient even for the qualitative analysis of a porous material and by extension of any random composite material
Villotte, Ségolène. "Synthèse et étude de photoamorceurs originaux pour la synthèse de polymères en 3D." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190215_VILLOTTE_633x188tbzzqg92pqhsb517fvdfw_TH.pdf.
Full text3D printing is a technology in full development to such an extent that it is considered as the fourth industrial revolution since it has led to a new way of designing and producing objects. Indeed, from a computer model, it is now possible to easily prepare objects with complex shapes and unique properties. However, this technology has a very long production time and once manufactured, the properties of the objects obtained are difficult to tune. Thus, the work developed during this PhD thesis has a dual purpose. The first is to synthesize new photoinitiators for 3D printers using photopolymerization. In this case, we choosed coumpounds known for their efficiencies in radical polymerization and cationic polymerization: the iodonium salts. These were grafted with chromophores known for their excellent photosensitization capabilities of iodonium salts: naphthalimides. The objective is to study the initiation possibilities of such iodonium salts in cationic and radical polymerization at 405 nm, wavelength chosen to initiate the photopolymerization of 3D printers. Moreover, we studied the impact of the nature of the counter anion. In addition, we investigated the applicability of reversible termination polymerization to 3D polymer synthesis. Indeed, we studied the possibility of synthesizing a first polymer in 3D via nitroxide mediated photopolymerization and to use the latter as macroinitiator of the polymerization of a second monomer
Haque, Rubaiyet Iftekharul. "Design et développement d'un capteur acoustique imprimé." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0794/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to design and fabricate a low cost resonant capacitive acoustic sensor using printing techniques. It falls within the frame of a collaborative research project named “Spinnaker”, set up by TAGSYS RFID, a French company, which has planned to integrate this sensor to improve the geolocalization of their RFID tags. This work started with the design and optimization of the sensor using finite element modeling (COMSOL) and design of experiments (DOE). This first step has enabled the identification of the optimum set of parameters and demonstrated that the output responses were in accordance with the specifications. Then, we have developed the different technological building blocks required for the fabrication of the prototypes using jointly the 2D inkjet printing technique and 3D printing method. The functionality of the sensors has been characterized using both capacitive and acoustic measurements using laser Doppler vibrometer. Experimental results showed that sensitivity and selectivity were within the specifications and in good agreement with the modeling results. Finally, we investigated the piezoelectric approach which could be an interesting option to the capacitive one. Since no inkjet printable piezoelectric ink is commercially available, stable inkjet printable polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) ink has been developed. PVDF-TrFE layers were then successfully printed and characterized. The results were quite promising, however further improvements of the ink and printing process are required before stepping towards piezoelectric based device fabrication
Dennler, Samuel. "Structure et magnétisme de systèmes mixte 3d/4d et 3/d/5d : une étude ab initio des alliages macroscopiques aux nanoparticules." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30173.
Full textVarious mixed Co/Rh and Co/Pt systems from the macroscopic surface and bulk alloys down to the small nanoclusters have been studied within the density functional theory. Co atoms generally induces significantly enhanced magnetic moments at their 4d/5d neighbors, while they retain their magnetic moment even in an highly mixed environment, leading to substantial average moments in good agreement with earlier experiments. The respective influences of alloying and reduced coordination effects are discussed. Emphasis is given to the determination of the strong interplay between structure, chemical order and magnetic properties. The oscillating RKKY-like character of the Co-induced moments, combined to their significant enhancement at the surface, leads to a particularly complex magnetic pattern. The Co doping effect appears to be the most efficient for large, low-magnetic 4d/5d particles, even if in this case small antiparallel induced moments may slightly moderate the magnetic enhancement
Bisognin, Aimeric. "Évaluation de technologies organiques faibles pertes et d’impression plastique 3D afin de contribuer au développement de solutions antennaires innovantes dans la bande 60 GHz – 140GHz." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4120/document.
Full textThe improvement of the capabilities of wireless communication devices (smartphone, tablets …) which require higher and higher data rate, leads to a significant increase of the data traffic needed by each end user. This strong consumer demand for higher data-rate and coverage is stressing a lot the capacity of existing cellular networks. In order to cope with this challenge, one of the most promising solution consists in a network densification based on the deployment of low-power and short-range-radio-coverage base stations (small cells). The development of high data-rate and low power wireless fronthaul and backhaul technologies is a key requirement to enable the deployment of those future small cells (since associated civil works costs generally prevent the use of optical fiber solutions). So far, the wireless industry has been investigating the use of 60 and 80 GHz frequency bands in order to develop low-cost higher than 1Gbit/s backhaul solutions. It is expected that higher data-rate > 10 Gbit/s will be required for fronthaul communications. The broad bandwidth available around 120GHz (116-142GHz) would enable to reach such data rates while lowering the DC power consumption. In this thesis, we develop several lens and reflector antennas operating at 60, 80 and 120GHz for WLAN/WPAN and fronthaul/backhaul networks. In order to minimize the cost of those solutions, we evaluate 3D-printing technologies for the fabrication of the lenses and the reflectors as well as industrial low loss organic packaging technologies for the fabrication of planar antenna-source
Blondel, Christophe. "Modélisation 3D et 3D+t des artères coronaires à partir de séquences rotationnelles de projections rayons X." Phd thesis, Nice, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346997/en/.
Full textMejía-Herrera, Pablo-Eliécer. "Apport de la modélisation 3D et de la restauration structurale dans la compréhension des gisements de matières premières minérales." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0308/document.
Full textThe objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to apply 3D and 4D modeling methods to reconstruct the architecture and deformations over time of geological entities in a defined region. Structural restoration modeling is used here to estimate geological, physical and structural attributes for understanding the origin of ore-deposits, and for identifying potential mineralized areas. We focused this thesis on 3D and 4D modeling on real case studies with different geological contexts (e.g. uplifting, fault activity and shortening), demonstrating the advantages and drawbacks on their use for similar situations. This thesis is organized into three parts: (i) the application of structural modeling in the mining district of the Copper Belt of Legnica-Glogów (south-west Poland). A surface-restoration approach was applied to estimate favorable conditions for hydraulic fracturing during an inversion, occurred in the northern part of Europe at Late Cretaceous--Early Paleocene. In our hypothesis, hydraulic fracturing developed at that time played an important role in the distribution of copper content observed in present days in the mining district. (ii) The curvature calculated on triangulated surfaces that represent the stratigraphic horizons in the Fore-Sudetic region (Poland), are used to highlight the fault systems in the basement as well as their activity. High curvature values reveal the fault activity which is associated with the copper mineralization process in the region. (iii) Mechanical restoration of the Mount Pleasant, Western Australia, simulates an Archean shortening event which occurred in the area linked to the gold mineralization process. The mechanical restoration was used to estimate the strain field in the region at the time of shortening. This deformation field was used to estimate the damage parameters of the rock mass. They show new potential gold areas located in off-fault gold systems. In conclusion, it is shown that 3D modeling and structural restoration could be used to identify potential favorable zones for the presence of mineralization, and seem promising as a tool for the exploration of ore-deposits and mineral resources
Johnson, Gyasi. "Conception et intégration d'algorithmes sur FPGA pour la réalisation d'un système de mesure 3D temps réel en microscopie interférométrique 4D." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13232.
Full textThe development of micro-systems in large scale production requires fast and successful means of test and characterization. This research work consists of proposing and implementing surface characterization algorithms in a real time measurement system in which the taking into account the time constraints is just as important as the quality of the metrological measurements. In this work, we are particularly interested in the development of techniques based on white light scanning interferometry such as PFSM "Peak Fringe Scanning Microscopy" and FSA "Five Sample non-linear Adaptive Algorithm". The aims of this work are twofold. Firstly we present the results of the modeling and simulation of two algorithms that correspond to our requirements, namely PFSM and FSA at a functional level under MATLAB and at a behavioral level under VHDL in order to validate them. Secondly we present some results of high speed image acquisition using post processing in order to demonstrate the potential of the technique, in which a 3D measurement rate of 18 i/s has been achieved for a depth of 7 μm, with an axial sensitivity of 15 nm
Delfaut, Camille. "Intégration de fonctions électroniques imprimées sur des thermoplastiques 2D et 3D pour des applications radiofréquences." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022GRALI036.
Full textThe MINT chair (innovating for molded & printed electronics) is an Excellency scientific chair supported by the Fondation Partenariale Grenoble INP and sponsored by Schneider Electric. Through MINT chair, Schneider teams up with two research laboratories, the LGP2 and the IMEP-LaHC, to develop electronic features on 3D shaped thermoplastics. The MINT chair gave rise to the thesis: « Printed integration of electronic capabilities on 2D and 3D thermoplastic for radiofrequency implementations »This thesis goals are the implementation, characterization and optimization of the jetting impression process on 2D and 3D thermoplastic. Moreover, the performances of this process must be assessed in order to define its strengths and limits in a radiofrequency usage. Finally, the process capabilities were showcased by printing prototypesTo this end, this dissertation is split into three successive chapters. Firstly, the state of the art of the plastronic field, carried out through literature review on plastronic processes and their current implementations, is presented. Plastronic technologies are examined and a classification amongst well-known 3D additive manufacturing technologies is proposed. Prototypes made with plastronic technologies are displayed for each concerned field. Secondly, the electrical and geometric characterization as well as the implementation of the jetting process is presented. Printing parameters are studied and optimized to determine a resilient printing process and printing optimization strategies are set up. Finally, jetting process printouts radiofrequency capabilities are assessed through characterization of 2D and 3D coplanar transmission lines. 2D coplanar transmission lines are simulated and printed. The printing process is optimized by printing meshed ground planes. Coplanar lines are printed on 3D substrates having 90- and 130-degrees angles, then measured. Some radiofrequency implementations are examined: a LoRa antenna, a RFID tag and a 5G antenna radome
BLONDEL, Christophe. "Modélisation 3D et 3D+t des artères coronaires à partir de séquences rotationnelles de projections rayons X." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006067.
Full textNous proposons d'exploiter un nouveau mode d'acquisition angiographique, le mode rotationnel, pour produire des modélisations tridimensionnelles et dynamiques de l'arbre coronaire. Ces modélisations permettraient de s'affranchir des défauts intrinsèques aux images.
Notre travail se compose de trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, une reconstruction 3D multi-oculaire donne un modèle statique des lignes centrales des artères coronaires, prenant en compte le mouvement respiratoire. Par la suite, un mouvement 4D des artères coronaires est determiné sur l'ensemble du cycle cardiaque. Enfin, la connaissance des mouvements respiratoire et cardiaque permet de réaliser la reconstruction tomographique des artères coronaires.
Nous avons testé notre approche sur une base de 22 patients et avons proposé de nouveaux outils et applications cliniques à partir de ces modélisations tridimensionnelles et dynamiques. Ces outils diagnostiques ont été prototypés et feront l'objet d'une validation clinique.
Khalil, Noura. "Formulation et caractérisation chimique et rhéologique des mortiers imprimables en 3D à base de mélanges de ciments Portland et sulfoalumineux." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MTLD0014/document.
Full textThe interest of this study is the formulation and characterization of 3D printing cementitious mortars. This research work has been carried out in the frame of the MATRICE Project, co-funded by the region “Hauts de France” and the European Union with the European Regional Development Fund. Specifications for a cementitious printable material are first set based on three criteria: extrudability, buildability and conserving the compressive strength of the printed material. Two printable mortars are formulated using simple tests on a laboratory scale. The first, with slow setting, is composed of a Portland-based binder (OPC). The second, with accelerated setting, is composed of a mixed binder (93% OPC and 7% sulfoaluminous cement (CSA)). Real scale prints are then realized in the frame of the project MATRICE allowing the validation of the printability of each mortar upon its application. The chemical behavior of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement mixes is then studied experimentally. The heats of hydration measured by isothermal calorimetry increase with the CSA dosage (2% to 10%) and are higher than those of cement pastes containing 100% OPC and 100% CSA. The comparison of the hydrates identified in the mix mad of 7% CSA to those present in the two other cement pastes of each cement alone shows that the presence of gypsum and lime from the Portland cement lead to a faster hydration of the ye’elimite from CSA and to an early formation of ettringite. However, the nature of hydrates is not affected. The rheological behavior, in particular the thixotropy, of the cement pastes made of Portland cement and sulfoaluminate cement (up to 10%) is then studied in function of different formulation parameters during the first hour. The increase in CSA dosage (0% to 10%) leads to an almost linear increase of the structuration coefficient (Athix) of theses mixes. For mixes with 7% CSA and 100% OPC, the influence of the W/C ratio and superplasticizer on the thixotropy is then studied. The increase in W/C ratio leads to an almost linear decrease of the Athix for each of cement paste. However, the superplasticizer present a low influence compared to the W/C ratio
Ginoux, Geoffrey. "Impression 3D et nanocomposites : Étude du comportement de mélanges PLA/argile appliquée à la fabrication additive par extrusion de matériaux." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS016/document.
Full textAdditive manufacturing process is a preparation for the forming of a workpiece by the addition of material, by stacking successive layers. Although more and more polymers can be implemented by this technology, the filled polymers are practically absent, so they are widely used in other types of shaping methods. The scientific and technological objectives of the project are (i) a better understanding of the relationship between the rheological behavior of polymer systems and their ability to shaping by additive manufacturing technologies FDM, (ii) the development of polymer-based formulations biosourced adapted to these technologies and providing multifunctionality. The first goal will require first of all to identify the conditions (temperature, velocity gradients, nature constraints ...) imposed by the processes considered then to implement and / or adapt the means of characterization of the rheological behavior of polymer systems under these conditions. The rheological behavior in shear but also in elongation may be considered. It should in particular identify the necessary compromise between behavior adapted to the flow at the die or nozzle and meltability and consolidation layer by layer. Finally, the effect of different ways of functionalization considered on the rheological and thermal behavior and thus on the ability to formatting will be analyzed. In order to adapt the bio-sourced polymers for a wide range of applications, various routes of functionalization will be considered based on compounding with particulate fillers
Marsac, Perrine. "Analyse automatisée d’images IRM ciné et flux 4D (3D+t) pour une meilleure quantification des fuites des valves cardiaques chez l’Humain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS031.
Full textThe heart valves, which enable our heart to behave like a pump alternating flow exchange along with perfect sealing between the different chambers, can be targeted by disease inducing regurgitation, which can at its turn be deleterious to the heart. Regurgitation assessment, currently achieved using echocardiography in clinical routine, can be inaccurate in case of complex or eccentric regurgitant jets. In such cases, patients can be referred to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to help for patient management and surgical decision making. Among contributive MRI sequences, 4D flow MRI, which enables visualizing the velocities in the cardiac volume according to the 3 space directions and during the entire cardiac cycle, can help in estimating both straightforward indices such as velocities as well as advanced hemodynamic indices such as pressure gradients. Of note, such 4D flow data are acquired with relevant anatomical cine images within the same exam.This thesis aims to develop dedicated methods to process both 2D and 4D MRI images and extract quantitative indices of mitral regurgitation. In such context, we sought to calculate quantitative MRI indices such as: : 1) the surface and the volume of the regurgitant jet, 2) velocities distribution and the orientation of the main and regurgitant jet to potentially identify the area of flow impact where mechanical stresses might be exerted on the myocardium, 3) a pressure gradients map within the left atrium in the areas surrounding the regurgitant jet, and 4) the temporal persistence of vortices created by the regurgitant jet.These flow data were estimated in conjunction with functional and geometric parameters such as myocardial deformation and atrioventricular angulation, derived from cine MRI images and then compared with echocardiographic measurements as well as with patient exercise capacity
Mattio, Elodie. "Développement de systèmes d'analyse en flux imprimés en 3D pour le dosage de Pb, Cd et Hg dans les eaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0361.
Full textMetals determination in aqueous samples is a major challenge nowadays, in the light of their high toxicity and their numerous emission sources into the environment. In this context, the development of on-line and low-cost analytical systems allows to carry out automated on-site measurements. Three metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) have been targeted in this study. 3D printing has been used in this study to reduce fabrication costs and to allow a tailor-made conception of the units. The developed flow systems in this study are based on the same analytical methodology: first, the sample is photo-oxidized to extract targeted metals from organic and mineral matrix of the sample. Then, metals are preconcentrated on a solid phase, then eluted and detected by UV-Visible or fluorescence spectroscopy. The choices of preconcentration solid phases, eluents, and detection reagents are decisive for the selective and sensitive characterisation of each metal. The first developed system concerns lead analysis, and consists of three 3D printed units, which contain a resin column, a mixing coil, and a spectroscopic flow-cell. The second system for lead and cadmium determination contains a 3D printed lab-on-valve with eight ports, two resin columns, and a mixing coil with baffles. Finally, the third system includes a 3D printed unit whose surface has been modified by grafting a molecule with high affinity for mercury (dithizone carboxylate). This 3D printed unit provides a selective extraction of mercury after modification of its surface. The systems thus developed allow to explore the possibilities of 3D printing for the development of more complex flow systems
Serrano, Carole. "Impression 3D de dispositifs médicaux utilisés en chirurgie : quelles recommandations pour l’élaboration d’un modèle d’évaluation médico-économique ? Benefits of 3D printing applications in jaw reconstruction : A systematic review and meta-analysis Evaluation of 3D printing costs in surgery : a systematic review." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASQ024.
Full text3D printing is a technology that allows the production of an object by additions of materials layers by layers. This technology has many applications in healthcare: bio-printing of tissues and organs, manufacture of medicines or production of customised medical devices. Over the last fifteen years, the production of anatomical models, surgical guides and implants adapted to the patient's anatomy has grown exponentially in all surgical domains. Nevertheless, the question of its clinical and economic evaluation remains unanswered. The objective of this work is to propose several recommendations for designing an economic evaluation model that would take into account the numerous specificities of this technology. We underlined that existing models are not suitable for evaluating a 3D printed device, in particular by highlighting the importance of organisational impact assessment. Thus, we suggested ten key recommendations to be taken into account when designing a study model for 3D printed medical devices
Semane, Noureddine. "Etude par simulation et assimilation de la composition chimique et des échanges dans la haute troposphère-basse stratosphère." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/893/.
Full textAs in meteorology and oceanography, data assimilation combines in an optimal way chemistry-transport models and observations. In this work, the assimilation of remote-sensing chemical measurements of ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) aims at better characterizing their three-dimensional distributions. The objective is to get insight into the coupled chemical and dynamical phenomena in the upper troposphere - lower stratosphere (UTLS). This work uses two complementary tools in Météo-France: one is based on the three dimensional chemistry and transport model MOCAGE and the PALM software of CERFACS using the 3D-FGAT variational technique; the other is an extension of the operational suite of the numerical weather prediction ARPEGE using the 4D-Var variational technique. On one hand, the assimilated fields (MOCAGE-PALM analyses) are used for the study of the polar stratospheric chemistry and dynamics and also for the meridional transport and stratosphere-troposphere exchanges. On the other hand, the chemistry-dynamics coupled assimilation in ARPEGE is used to assess the dynamical impact of ozone observation in the UTLS region
Sauvage, Jack. "Imagerie ultrasonore ultrarapide 4D par adressage orthogonal du réseau de sonde matricielle : adressage Ligne-Colonne." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS535.
Full textWith the advent of 4D ultrafast imaging at the Physics for Medicine Inserm 1273 laboratory, the ability to acquire in all three dimensions and with a high spatio-temporal resolution has been demonstrated. Several of the most effective 2D ultrafast imaging modalities have been extended to volume imaging (3D ultrasensitive power Doppler, 3D elastography ...). Their dissemination in clinic would greatly benefit to physicians. However the necessary means to implement ultrafast 4D are still too heavy and costly to hope for a transposition in the short or mid-term to the radiology departments. Developing smart strategies to reduce channel number has become a central issue. An original strategy based on the probe architecture consists of orthogonal row and column addressing of the Matrix Probe array, the Row and Column Adressing RCA. It offers a transducer solution perfectly adapted with ultra-fast plane waves imaging. With this approach, the probe can be driven by a single standard ultrasound unit, while maintaining a large aperture. The 2D matrix grid is organized according to N + N orthogonal channels, thus representing a reduction factor of N / 2. This strategy presents an important paradigm shift of imaging by dissociation of the focus pathways in transmission and reception and offers a new compromise in terms of spatio-temporal resolution. During this thesis work, the performances of the RCA associated with the ultra fast 4D imaging are studied for various cases. The principle of 4D ultrafast RCA imaging with orthogonal summation OPW are studied. 3D vector imagery for RCA is developed. A new high frequency RCA probe prototype (15MHz) is presented and tested on a 3D functional brain imaging protocol. Finally, a new modality of 3D imaging of the flux intensity is presented offering a new way of exploitation for the RCA probe
Potier, Victor. "Contrôle de l'adhésion d'acide polylactique imprimé sur différents substrats textiles." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI137.
Full textThe Aim of this thesis is to characterize adhesion between PLA FDM-3D printed pattern and several type of textile (different chemical nature and different weave or knit pattern). The characterization has been performed thanks to physical and chemical analysis of both PLA and textiles material (DSC, TGA, rheology, contact angle measurement) and study of the interface (peeling test and SEM analysis). In the first part of this thesis, influence of the chemical, structural nature of textiles and influence of the processing parameters has been detailed. Second part focus on way of enhancing adhesion between PLA and viscose textile via acetylation and aminosilane grafting. Last part is dedicated to functionalization of PLA via grafting of anhydride maleic and blending with a ionic liquid. Use of the grafted PLA has proven to be an efficient way of enhancing the adhesion between PLA and viscose and silk-based textiles
Shao, Ying. "Utilisation de matériaux lignocellulosiques et d'impression 3D pour élaborer des structures contuctrices." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI106/document.
Full textIn the present work, electrically conductive and mechanically resistant carbon structures were elaborated by 3D printing and subsequent pyrolysis using microfibrillated cellulose/lignosulfonate/cellulose powder (labeled as MFC/LS/CP) blends. The processability of MFC/LS/CP slurries by 3D printing was examined by rheological tests in both steady flow and thixotropic modes. The printed MFC/LS/CP pastes were self-standing, provided a high printing definition and were proved to be morphologically stable to air drying and the subsequent pyrolysis. Pyrolysis at a slow rate (0.2°C/min) to a final temperature in the range of 400-1200°C was used to manufacture MFC/LS/CP carbons. The TGA/DTG was applied to monitor the thermal degradation of MFC/LS/CP materials in blends as well as in a separated form. The resulting carbons were further characterized in terms of morphology, microstructure and physical properties (such as density, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength). At 900°C, MFC/LS/CP carbons displayed a high electrical conductivity of 47.8 S/cm together with a low density of 0.74 g/cm3 as well as an important porosity of 0.58. They also achieved an elastic modulus maximum of 6.62 GPa. Such interesting electrical and mechanical properties would lead to a promising application of MFC/LS/CP- derived biocarbons in energy storage devices as electrode materials in close future
Phan, Hong Phuong. "Conception d'antennes 2D et 3D sur des matériaux flexibles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT106/document.
Full textThe thesis was carried out within the ANR project « Stick’It » that aimed at developing new, low-cost and innovative technologies devoted to the design of 2D, 2,5D and 3D radiofrequency (RF) components including antennas printed on conformable materials. The targeted applications are primarily home-networking devices such as set-top boxes where their forms and dimensions are widely varied. Therefore, it is necessary to design antennas on flexible substrates.According to our needs for a substrate material that is flexible, low cost, with good RF properties, recycling ability, and especially ability to make 3D structures, after considering various dielectric materials for flexible electronics, paper substrate appeared to be the most suitable for our purpose.The work of this thesis conducted in three phases.In the first phase, it was the study of methods for characterization of materials to obtain their electromagnetic properties. After analysis, the method of perturbation using a cylindrical cavity was chosen for characterization of paper. The first results of this process were verified by realization and testing of simple antennas such as CPW-fed monopoles on paper and PET. Then, the measurement of E4D paper substrate was performed with 50 samples cut from various E4D paper sheets of three different thicknesses, 104 m, 210 m and 387 m. The results were analyzed statistically and gave r = 3.184, tan = 0.092.The dispersions of the results measured at 2.5 GHz are 0.25% for r and 0.26% for tan. These results were used for the next phase.In the second phase, different antennas were designed on 0.104-mm and 0.21-mm thick E4D paper including IFAs, SIW cavity-back antenna and microstrip-fed wideband monopole antennas. The prototypes were realized using screen printing technique and tested for matching property and radiation patterns.In the third phase the proposed antennas were studied in realistic package conditions, where a set-top box was made of ABS plastic with different dimensions. The first case was with two MIMO antennas orthogonally located in different ABS boxes with sufficient space, so that both of them can remain flat. The second case was a box with a restricted height, so that at least one of the antennas needs to be bent.Thus, a study of bending effect was carried out, first of all, with a simple straight dipole and a straight monopole on E4D paper, then with a wideband antenna proposed in the second phase. The study showed, that bending does not much affect the matching of the antenna over a wide frequency band. However, its radiation patterns rotate in the E-plane with a rotation angle depending on the bending location and bending angle.Then, the MIMO system of two antennas placed orthogonally in an ABS box with restricted height so that one antenna needed to be bent and another remained flat. In all cases of MIMO antenna system, we obtained good isolation (>20 dB) and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) less than 0.05
Le, neel Tugdual. "Nouvelles méthodologies de conception de moules et noyaux architecturés de fonderie sable fabriqués par fabrication additive." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0022.
Full textAdditive manufacturing impacts the traditional skills of the foundry profession. New machines depositing layer by layer sand and binder allow a manufacturing of custom foundry tools, unitary, and more complex. In this thesis, we are interested in the development of new methodologies for the design of molds and cores for sand foundries. The reflection takes into account the geometrical design, the design constraints, the constraints of additive manufacturing and foundry techniques. A first chapter describes the state of the art, indicating that research opportunities are to be seized. The second chapter proposes a design methodology for optimizing the mass and controlling the mold’s cooling speed by varying - - the thickness and local thermal conductivity of the mold. A third chapter deals with the study of the thermal impact by the architecture of the walls.The fourth chapter offers a cluster design methodology, allowing the optimization of the compactness of the manufacturing build volume. This method also proposes a novel design by nesting the casting sprues. Finally, the fifth chapter proposes to overcome the problem of hot spots by using multi-material additive manufacturing.To support these chapters, tests of thermal conductivity, mechanical resistance, simulations, manufacturing, casting, and analyzes are carried out. Thus, these new manufacturing guidelines will benefit the founders of tomorrow
Courchay, Jérôme. "Calibration par programmation linéaire et reconstruction spatio-temporelle à partir de réseaux d'images." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00665070.
Full textCamman, Marie. "Hydrogels de collagène dense structurés par impression 3D pour modéliser la matrice extracellulaire musculaire et cardiaque dans la Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS447.
Full textDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a rare genetic disease characterized by progressive degeneration of striated muscles, notably skeletal and cardiac. At the cellular level, the absence of dystrophin disturbs the integrity of the plasma membrane, cell signaling, and consequently muscle contraction. At the tissue level, these changes result in muscle weakness and a disturbance of the extracellular matrix which becomes rigid and loses its anisotropic organization with reduced porosity. The matrix plays a crucial role in the evolution of the disease and is often neglected in existing models. The matrix plays a crucial role in the evolution of the disease and is often neglected in existing models. This project aims to develop a new tissue model that considers these structural changes in ECM to improve our understanding of the pathology and discover novel therapeutic solutions. First, the 3D printing of dense type I collagen generated a healthy extracellular matrix model. Its parameters were adjusted to reproduce the physiological matrix, i.e., a stiffness of 10 kPa, anisotropy, and porosity. Dense collagen printing allows collagen molecules alignment and generates porosity. Then, its pathological counterpart could be synthesized by modifying the printing and gelling parameters of collagen to get a matrix with a 50 kPa stiffness, isotropic, and non-porous. In vivo, the muscle and heart cells are physiologically arranged in bundles. A cellularized cylindrical pore generated by molding reproduced this morphology within the matrices. To mimic the physiological conditions, the challenge was to recreate a joined microtissue with densely-packed cells within these pores. We obtained a cardiac and a muscular microtissue with both types of matrices (healthy or pathological) using human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells or murine myoblasts. For the muscle microtissue, the healthy cells seeded in the pathological matrix showed high stress due to hypoxia, associated with cell cycle arrest and weak differentiation into myotubes. For the cardiac microtissue, cells seeded in the pathological model had irregular beatings when stimulated. In addition, the matrices were adapted to a microfluidic chip to ensure the perfusion of the culture medium through the pores created by the 3D printing. This perfusion enhances nutrient and oxygen diffusion in the model. These new cardiac and muscular tissue models take into account cell/cell and cell/matrix interactions in the evolution of the pathology. Thus, the different combinations between healthy/pathological matrix and healthy/mutated cells will allow us a better understanding of the pathology to discover novel and adapted therapeutic strategies
Metral, Boris. "Systèmes photoamorceurs et modèle pour la fabrication additive par photopolymérisation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2020. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
Full textVat photopolymerization technologies are emerging quickly in the field of additive manufacturing. To follow this fast expansion of the market, highly efficient and affordable photosensitive resins are necessary. In this work, we introduce a new three-component phototiniating system (3K PIS) based on the Safranine O (SFH+) dye which has been identified as a very efficient initiator in several 3K PIS for photopolymerization processes.The dye is combined with a Tetraphenylborate salt (TPB) as electron donor and a Triazine derivative (TA) as electron acceptor to form a photochemical regenerating cycle. The photocycling mechanism is explored via laser flash photolysis (LFP) and the photopolymerization is investigated through Real-Time-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR). Infrared experiments with several irradiances allow disclosure of an empirical model predicting conversion as a function of time and light intensity.Following this, cure depth experiments are conducted in agreement with Jacobs’ equation and the resin 3D printing parameters, i.e. critical energy (Ec) and penetration depth (Dp), are established. These parameters are linked to RT-FTIR data, resulting in the determination of the critical time (tc) and the conversion at gel point.Finally, high resolution complex pieces are printed with the resin which composition was tailored in accordance with our studies, demonstrating the viability of this formulation in DLP 3D printing
Fournie, Victor. "Développement d’une bio-imprimante 3D opto-fluidique pour l’impression haute résolution et multimatériaux d’hydrogel." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAT0057.
Full textIn this thesis report, we introduce a pioneering concept in 3D printing applied to biological applications. The 3D-FlowPrint platform has been devised to execute high-resolution prints using multiple materials. This approach addresses the current limitations inherent in existing technologies. Micro-extrusion, stereolithography, and microfluidic probes possess individual capabilities to handle heterogeneous objects printing, achieve high resolutions, and manipulate fluids with precision. However, these capabilities have never been fully united in a proper technic. The 3D-FlowPrint platform draws inspiration from each of these concepts. It employs a microfluidic system to channel fluids to a submerged printhead, where the injected solution undergoes photopolymerization. By decoupling material deposition from polymerization, this platform attains both high resolution and the versatility to work with diverse materials.The heart of this platform resides in the design of its printhead. This printhead enables fluid injection and retrieval without environmental contamination, while facilitating laser transmission through an integrated optical fiber. To achieve these goals, we have developed four successive generations of printheads. The first generation, machined and molded, demonstrated the feasibility of the concept but presented room for improvement. The second generation, entirely 3D printed, introduced new geometric possibilities and rapid prototyping but faced challenges with optical interfaces. The third generation combined 3D printing with optically compatible material assembling. It enabled reproducible PEGDA prints to develop and characterize the platform, yet it encountered limitations for GelMA printing. The fourth generation overcame this challenge by introducing an air bubble under the printhead, resolving third-generation issues.This manuscript also analyzes the microfluidic system. The printheads operate immersed, enabling printing in cultured environments. These heads include an injection channel and an aspiration channel, along with surface reliefs ensuring complete collection of the injected solution to minimize contamination. Utilizing finite element-based numerical simulations, phase diagrams have been established to evaluate the material collection capacity. These simulations guided the optimization of surface reliefs to enhance the performance of the printheads. Additionally, the ability to transition from one fluid to another in multi-material printing was analyzed.The introduction of an optical fiber between the microfluidic channels allowed the photopolymerization of the injected solution. The platform gained versatility with dual printing speeds enabled by the insertion of two optical fibers in the 3D printed printheads. Photopolymerization thresholds of PEGDA and GelMA were investigated, and the impact of in-flow photopolymerization was verified. These analyses culminated in the printing of 2D, 2.5D, 3D, and multi-material structures with reproducible precision down to 7 micrometers.Serving as proof of concept for biological applications, the platform was employed in four distinct approaches. First, PEGDA objects prevented cell adhesion on specific part of the substrate, enabling the study of geometrically constrained development. Second, scaffold structures for surfacic 3D tissues were printed. Third, the printing of suspension of cells in GelMA was achieved, along with the characterization of cellular viability using this method. Lastly, a hybrid platform was developed for co-printing hydrogels and positioning 3D spheroids
Creff, Justine. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle du destin des cellules souches intestinales et développement d'un modèle 3D d'épithélium intestinal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30228.
Full textThe small intestine is a complex tissue with a crypt/villus architecture and high tissue polarity. Intestinal stem cells are located at the crypt bottom where they proliferate and differentiate while they migrate upward to the top of villi, allowing the constant renewal of the entire intestinal epithelium every 3 to 5 days. Compartmentalization in the crypt plays a key role in stem cell protection and maintenance, and this is supported by the microenvironment and tissue organization. The balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation is necessary to maintain tissue integrity, and disruption of this balance leads to developmental anomalies and malignant transformation. Studying the mechanisms governing intestinal stem cells maintenance is therefore crucial to understand tissue homeostasis. p57Kip2 is a cyclin/CDKs inhibitor and a putative tumor suppressor. p57 is also the gene the most frequently mutated or silenced in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), characterized by multiple developmental defects and tumor predisposition during childhood. Generation of knock-in mice expressing a mutant p57 (p57CK-) that cannot bind to cyclins and CDKs demonstrated that p57 exerts CDKs independent functions during development and that BWS is not entirely caused by loss of CDKs inhibition due to p57 inactivation. The first aim of this project was to investigate the role of p57 in the maintenance of intestinal stem cells. Two population of stem cells have been described in the intestine: proliferative crypt base columnar cells (CBCs), responsible of the constant renewal of the epithelium, and quiescent +4 stem cells, activated during regeneration after tissue damage. Our data shows that p57 is involved in maintaining the quiescence of the +4 reserve stem cells in a CDK independent manner. Indeed, p57KO mice exhibit an increased proliferation in the crypt caused by amplification of +4 stem cells and of the progenitor population (transit amplifying cells), while CBCs are not affected by loss of p57. Finally, our results show that p57 can inhibit Ascl2 transcriptional activity, and we identified new p57 partners that form this transcriptional repressor complex. This work could elucidate the role of p57 in intestinal tumorigenesis. The second aim of this project was to develop a new culture model to study intestinal stem cells. [...]
Constantin, Loic. "Fabrication additive assisté laser de matériaux composites 3D et revêtement diamant par CVD." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0066.
Full textThe constant increase of the working frequency of semiconductor-based devices with their miniaturization led to severe overheating, which affect their lifetime and reliability. Hence, thermal management has become a significant concern for the microelectronic area and needs to be addressed. Diamond (D) is known to be an excellent material for thermal dissipation as it possesses one of the highest thermal conductivity (TC) of any natural material and has a high electrical resistivity. D can cool electronic chips in two ways. When used in the form of a film, D acts as a heat spreader. When utilized in powder-form, Ds can be introduced into metals to enhance their TC and bring dimensional stability at elevated temperatures. The resulting metal/D composite materials are thus, excellent component to form heat sinks. Naturally, the thermal performances of heat sinks are closely related to their surface area. Although the attractiveness of D-based materials in term of thermal performance, they often exhibit simple geometry mostly due to the complexity of machining D-based materials into intricated designs. Laser 3D printing is an emerging method of manufacturing sophisticated designs and has shown promising results for various metal and alloys. In this study, the laser 3D printing of copper/D composite materials is proposed to fabricate highly complex Cu/D structures which could remodel their applications. Before additively manufactured Cu/D composite materials, several challenges need to be addressed. First, the additive manufacturing of pure Cu is optimized and characterized. Then, due to a lack of a chemical affinity between Cu and D, the Cu-D interfacial zone is introduced in the composite material. Later, a molten salt coating process is studied to produced graded and multilayer coating of oxide/carbide and carbide/carbide, respectively, on carbon materials. Next, the additive manufacturing of highly sophisticated Cu/D composite structures is presented. Finally, the deposition of D films is performed by laser-assisted combustion flame. The effects of introducing ultraviolet lasers into the combustion flame are characterized in terms of chemical reaction and D film quality and growth rate
Furia, Gioia. "Développement d'une cellule robotisée pour l'impression de circuits électroniques sur la surface d'objets 3D et applications industrielles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI015.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the development of a 6-axis robotic cell allowing the printing of electronic circuits on the surface of freeform objects and adapted to the prototyping and small series production of 3D objects integrating surface electronics.The manufacturing method proposed, from design to printing with a phase of scanning, mesh construction, circuit projection and speed analysis, is very useful for prototyping and small series applications where it is necessary to frequently change the substrate and the dimensions of the 3D object.An off-line programming approach allowing the printing of conductive trajectories on 3D objects and the automatic generation of the trajectory and the printing robot program has been developed. And a methodology to predict the circuit morphology by adapting the projection parameters according to the trajectory and the speed of the 6-axis robot has been proposed.A dedicated interface to manage the complete process has also been developed to control the printing process making it possible for people who are not experts in robotics to use the cell because its use does not require programming, the programs being generated automatically.Finally, prototypes were presented
Bossard, Cédric. "Elaboration et caractérisation d’un hybride organominéral à base de polycaprolactone et de bioverre sous forme de mousse macroporeuse pour la régénération osseuse." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC068/document.
Full textThe increase in life expectancy results in the decline of seniors’ health conditions and the resurgence of chronic diseases. Among the expressions of senescence, disorders of the musculoskeletal system are particularly disabling and considerably accelerate the state of dependency. This is also the case for young people who suffer from traumatic injuries or pathologic conditions. Thus, about 2.2 million bone grafts are performed worldwide every year. Yet, the level of postoperative complications remains high and is estimated at 15% of surgical operations. These facts outline a major societal concern: animal-based materials present a risk of histocompatibility issues and pathogenicity that may lead to implant failure. This is the reason why research efforts focus on the development of synthetic biomaterials capable of promoting bone regeneration. Currently, commercialised bone substitutes are mainly made of bioactive “ceramics” (calcium phosphates, bioactive glass) that are known to be biocompatible, to spontaneously bond to bone tissues, to promote bone cell adhesion and finally to be bioresorbable. However, despite these remarkable properties, the brittleness of these materials limits their applications. An ingenious solution to this brittleness can be learned from the particular structure of bone tissue. Bone tissue intimately blends an inorganic phase, the bone mineral, which is made of apatite crystals (resorbable calcium phosphates), with an organic phase that is mainly collagen. Such a structure associates the stiffness of the inorganic part with the toughness of collagen fibres. Therefore, in order to obtain implants with mechanical properties similar to that of bone, the strategy consists in combining bioactive ceramics with organic matter. To this end, the Biomatériaux team from the Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC) recently developed an innovative process that allows the synthesis of tridimensional organic-inorganic hybrids comprised of bioactive glass and biocompatible polymer. The objective of the thesis was to exploit this process in order to develop a hybrid bone substitute with optimal properties. First of all, polycaprolactone was selected as the polymer, especially because of its adequate degradation rate for long-term applications such as bone regeneration. Then, the synthesis process was improved (in particular, the calcium source was changed), the macroporous structure was optimised and the organic-inorganic ratio was chosen. Afterwards, elements that are known to induce an osteogenic effect were incorporated in the hybrid at low doses (< 5% of total weight): an inorganic doping was performed using strontium ions and an organic doping was performed using nutrients such as fisetin or hydroxytyrosol. The resultant hybrid scaffolds were eventually characterised in vitro in order to determine their physicochemical and biological properties and in vivo in order to evaluate their performance. After 3 months of implantation in a mouse calvarial critical defect, results demonstrate the potential of this bone substitute: compared to the reference commercial material (treated bovine bone) that leads to a bone reconstruction of 16% (± 5%), the hybrid allows a reconstruction going from 32% (± 3%) when it is not doped, to 55% (± 7%) and even 58% (± 7%) when it is doped respectively with fisetin or strontium. This thesis paves the way to promising perspectives like the association of doping agents and the 3D printing of polycaprolactone-bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds
Delage, Anthony. "Technologie aérosol appliquée à l'intégration 3D et aux composants hyperfréquences." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0113.
Full textThis thesis work is focused on the development of the Aerosol Jet printing (AJP) technology to produce microwave components in the millimeter frequency band and to address 3D component integration issues. The first chapter is devoted to a bibliographic study to compare the different additive technologies available on the market in order to position the AJP in relation to the state of the art. The second chapter is dedicated to the selection and characterization of metallic and dielectric materials that can be printed by AJP. These various tests lead to the production of microwave and millimeter waves components on flat ceramic substrates. The third chapter is devoted to the selective metallization by AJP of 3D ceramic objects produced by stereolithography. More specifically, the various tests will eventually allow ceramic volumetric filters operating at millimeter waves to be selectively metallized. The fourth chapter concerns the design, study and implementation of new types of hybrid components and interconnects that can be fully printed by AJP. This work is original through the use of an innovative additive selective metallization technology applied to microwave and millimeter wave passive components
Leprince, Mazarine, and Mazarine Leprince. "Les impressions 3D au regard de la propriété littéraire et artistique : une "innovation de rupture" troublant la frontière entre la copie privée et la contrefaçon." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38248.
Full textLa fabrication additive plus communément nommée l’impression 3D est une « innovation de rupture », car elle bouleverse les modèles économiques actuels et met en marche une troisième révolution industrielle. Désormais, tout est quasiment imprimable, peu importe la matière, le prix et le domaine concerné. Cette technologie aux potentiels incommensurables pour l’innovation et la production doit trouver son équilibre avec les droits de la propriété intellectuelle. De nombreuses doctrines se sont accordées sur le fait que le droit de la propriété intellectuelle français disposait des outils nécessaires pour appréhender ces technologies et donc que des interventions à court terme n’étaient pas nécessaires. Cependant, l’objectif de ce mémoire est de montrer que le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique tend à être impacté par l’impression 3D. En effet, cette technique propice à la fabrication de contrefaçon met à mal l’exception de copie privée et le marché de l’art. Les conditions nécessaires pour caractériser l’exception de copie privée ne sont pas adaptées à l’impression 3D. De ce constat résultent des situations où les frontières entre la copie privée et la contrefaçon deviennent poreuses au détriment des particuliers, mais aussi des créateurs qui ne bénéficient pas de la compensation équitable de l’exception. D’autre part, le recours aux impressions 3D avec des techniques limitées porte atteinte à l’intégrité et au respect des œuvres. Alors qu’avec une technique sophistiquée elle permet de reproduire des œuvres quasi identiques sans moyen d’identifier la contrefaçon de l’original. De cette dernière situation découlent des risques d’introduction de faux dans le marché de l’art. La problématique principale de ce développement repose donc sur un meilleur contrôle de la contrefaçon pour la contrecarrer et rétablir la frontière entre l’exception de copie privée et la contrefaçon. Il est donc nécessaire d’anticiper le potentiel de cette technologie en proposant un encadrement plus protecteur des droits des auteurs, des intervenants du processus de création d’un objet imprimé et des consommateurs sans freiner son développement. L’interconnexion de modifications légales sur la responsabilité des intervenants et sur l’exception de copie privée, des interventions contractuelles avec la mise en place d’offre légale, le recours à des outils techniques en amont et en aval du processus de création d’un objet tridimensionnelle pour contrôler, identifier et tracer les objets ainsi qu’une sensibilisation des intervenants permettront de mettre en place un encadrement plus protecteur et efficace sur le long terme.
Additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3D printing, is a "breakthrough innovation" because it disrupts current business models and sets in motion a third industrial revolution. From now on, almost everything is printable, regardless of the subject, the price and the field concerned. This technology with huge potential for innovation and production must strike a balance with intellectual property rights. Many doctrines have agreed that French intellectual property law has the necessary tools to apprehend these technologies and therefore that short-term legal interventions are not necessary. However, the purpose of this dissertation is to show that 3D printing does impact the law of literary and artistic. Indeed, this technique conducive to the manufacture of counterfeit undermines the exception of private copying and the art market. The conditions necessary to characterize the private copy exception are not suitable for 3D printing. This analysis results in situations where the boundaries between private copying and counterfeiting become porous to the detriment of individuals, but also creators who do not benefit from the fair compensation of the exception. Moreover, the use of 3D printing with limited techniques undermines the integrity and respect of works. While with a sophisticated technique allow a reproduction of almost identical works without any ways to identify the counterfeit from the original. From this last observation, arises the risks of introducing forgeries into the art market. The main problem of this development therefore lies in a better control of counterfeiting in order to counter it and restore the border between the private copying exception and counterfeiting. It is therefore necessary to anticipate the potential of this technology and prevent its negative effects by providing a more protective framework for the rights of authors, stakeholders in the process of creating a printed object and consumers without curbing its development. An interconnection of legal changes on the responsibility of the stakeholders and the exception of private copying, contractual interventions with the establishment of legal offer, the use of technical tools upstream and downstream of the process of creation of a three-dimensional object to control, identify and trace objects as well as stakeholder awareness will help set up a more protective and effective framework in the long term.
Additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3D printing, is a "breakthrough innovation" because it disrupts current business models and sets in motion a third industrial revolution. From now on, almost everything is printable, regardless of the subject, the price and the field concerned. This technology with huge potential for innovation and production must strike a balance with intellectual property rights. Many doctrines have agreed that French intellectual property law has the necessary tools to apprehend these technologies and therefore that short-term legal interventions are not necessary. However, the purpose of this dissertation is to show that 3D printing does impact the law of literary and artistic. Indeed, this technique conducive to the manufacture of counterfeit undermines the exception of private copying and the art market. The conditions necessary to characterize the private copy exception are not suitable for 3D printing. This analysis results in situations where the boundaries between private copying and counterfeiting become porous to the detriment of individuals, but also creators who do not benefit from the fair compensation of the exception. Moreover, the use of 3D printing with limited techniques undermines the integrity and respect of works. While with a sophisticated technique allow a reproduction of almost identical works without any ways to identify the counterfeit from the original. From this last observation, arises the risks of introducing forgeries into the art market. The main problem of this development therefore lies in a better control of counterfeiting in order to counter it and restore the border between the private copying exception and counterfeiting. It is therefore necessary to anticipate the potential of this technology and prevent its negative effects by providing a more protective framework for the rights of authors, stakeholders in the process of creating a printed object and consumers without curbing its development. An interconnection of legal changes on the responsibility of the stakeholders and the exception of private copying, contractual interventions with the establishment of legal offer, the use of technical tools upstream and downstream of the process of creation of a three-dimensional object to control, identify and trace objects as well as stakeholder awareness will help set up a more protective and effective framework in the long term.
Rabenantoandro, Andry Zaid. "Contribution à la fabrication additive dans la construction : conception d’une tête d’impression intelligente, et matériaux de construction." Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0010.
Full text3D printing in construction is growing exponentially. This thesis examines the use of existing industrial solutions to meet the need for extrusion-based 3D printing in the construction sector. There are no relevant guidelines for 3D printing in terms of machine specification or material formulation. A prospective study has been carried out to understand the multidisciplinary aspect of 3D printing. The principles of additive manufacturing were highlighted with its advantages, applications and limitations. The 3D printing process was formalized in 5 distinct phases for construction. Thus, a framework for 3D printing in construction, based on the extrusion technique, was proposed. An introduction of a system of system concept and an intelligent level of automation for 3D printing in construction were proposed. This part was realized as a complement to the standardization framework for additive manufacturing in construction. In support of the scientific reasoning to design the appropriate 3D printing solution, an overall system consisting of 5 subsystems was defined. An experimental approach for the evaluation of printability was developed. It consisted of simple tests and dimensionless analysis to characterize the printability of cementitious materials using specific indicators. A print head was designed based on input functionalities such as the possibility to activate an inert material in the head and a control of the outgoing material flow
Nachabe, Nour. "Évaluation des technologies d'impression 3D pour le développement d'antennes directives à large bande passante pour les liaisons backhaul en bandes millimétriques V et E." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4118/document.
Full textIn order to address the ever-increasing demand of higher data rates, adding small cells to the existing macrocells infrastructure is one of the most important milestones of the 5G roadmap. With the integration of small cells and the re-organization of the network topology, backhaul bottleneck is the main challenge to address in the near future. Facing the costs of deployments of fiber optic connections, point-to-point wireless backhaul links using millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies are gaining prominence. 5G future frequencies, to be discussed under the World Radiocommunication Conference 2019 (WRC-19) open-up the way towards mmW frequency band where large bandwidths are naturally available. The high bandwidths available at these frequencies enable several Gbps data rate backhaul links, which is un utmost necessity to respect the 100 Mbps user-experienced data rate promised by the 5G standard. Millimeter-wave frequencies in V and E-bands unlicensed/light licensed spectrum are considered as primary candidates for backhaul links. In addition to the light license regime, the high free space path loss experienced at these frequencies is rather beneficial to limit the interference between small cells links. Moreover, the high available bandwidths at V and E-bands enable to achieve multi Gb/s links without using complex modulation schemes. In this thesis, we focused our research study on developing high gain wide-band antennas usable in point-to-point backhaul links in a Line of Sight (LoS) context. Leveraging cost-efficient technologies like 3D printing and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) on FR4 substrates, we studied two high-gain antenna types: lens antennas and flat array antennas
Beaumont, Tiffany. "Apport de l'impression 3D pour la réalisation de familles de fantômes d'étalonnage dédiés à la personnalisation de la mesure en dosimétrie interne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS283/document.
Full textFollowing the incorporation of radionuclides in the body, quantitative imaging in nuclear medicine and in vivo spectrometry measurements are used to quantify the retained activity. The calibration of these in vivo systems can be improved to take account of individual variability. To optimize the measurements of the activity retained, innovative calibration phantoms were created and manufactured by 3D printing. 3D computer graphics were used for the design, coupled with an engineering work allowing the inclusion of radionuclides and the fit to users’ needs. A set of age-specific thyroid phantoms has been developed and used to improve the thyroid in vivo measurement of children. Following a systematic study, the calibration coefficients for IRSN emergency and routine installations were determined for adults and 5, 10 and 15 year old children. A pathological thyroid phantom has been developed in addition to the set of thyroid phantoms dedicated to the emergency to improve the thyroid uptake measurement in nuclear medicine. A multicentre study was carried out to optimize the calibration so that treatment of thyroid benign diseases moves towards a better personalization. For lung in vivo measurement, a set of breast phantoms has been developed to improve the monitoring of female workers. Finally, this research work has allowed developing several phantoms adapted to the needs and their usefulness was proven for the quantification of the activity in internal dosimetry
Belem, Goncalves Cybelle. "Caractérisation d’antenne et packaging électronique pour la bande de fréquence 200-325 GHz." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I001.
Full textThe exponential increase in mobile data traffic makes networks denser, which reduces the quality of wireless links for users. Thus, data rates higher than those currently expected (1 Gb/s) are required. However, increasing the throughput for users implies significantly increasing the throughput in the wireless backhaul/backhaul links (40 Gb/s). Due to its wide bandwidth, the 220-325 GHz frequency band, standardized by the IEEE 802.15.3d standard, became a research topic that resulted in several laboratory demonstrations, as it is possible to expect 100 Gb/s with simple modulation at these frequencies. Nevertheless, for a mass application, device performance should be improved and low cost solutions should be considered. As part of this thesis, three topics related to this type of wireless communication in the 220-325 GHz frequency band, were treated: the design of an antenna measurement setup, the manufacture of antennas by printing 3D and the implementation of a packaging technology for THz electronics using micro-machining based on ultra-short laser pulses
Mitra, Saptarshee. "Experimental and numerical characterization of functional properties of sand molds produced by additive manufacturing (3D printing by jet binding) in a fast foundr." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0043.
Full textNowadays, traditionally manufactured sand molds and cores for metal casting are being progressively replaced by additively processed sand molds in aerospace/automotive industry, facilitating the production of quality cast parts with complex shapes. The type of additive manufacturing technology used to manufacture 3DP parts in foundries is known as powder-binder-jetting process. In this technology, the molds are produced without the use of any kind of additive tools and in a completely automated way using the layer based construction method. One of the most popular binder systems used in the manufacturing of 3DP mold is a furan-based resin binder, which holds the grain particles together. Their amounts and ratios can influence significantly the 3D printed mold properties, affecting casting quality. Therefore, it is essential to characterize the effects process parameters on the functionality of the 3DP molds. In the present work, the mechanical behavior of 3DP sand molds with varying printing process parameters was first investigated, followed by mass transport properties. To do so, a series of three-point bending strength tests, density measurements, porosity measurements and permeability tests were performed on the 3DP molds. Furthermore, the influence of time, temperature and binder volume fraction on the mechanical and mass transport properties was also investigated. Advanced modelling of the pore space was performed by using the reconstructed images provided by X-ray computed tomography, following different steps: X-ray CT scanning of small 3DP mold specimen, 3D volumetric reconstruction of data, numerical simulations for the prediction of permeability from the reconstructed volume, and pore network modelling for the determination of the pore size distribution. Experiments were also designed to investigate the 3D printed molds in terms of mold erosion during metal casting, in order to select the molding parameters to print 3D printed parts not only with good mechanical and mass transport properties but also to minimize the mold erosion during metal casting. Furthermore, a reverse engineering method for determination of the erosion resistance of sand molds has been established, to study the volume of the eroded surface
Fernandez-Abrevaya, Victoria. "Apprentissage à grande échelle de modèles de formes et de mouvements pour le visage 3D." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03151303.
Full textData-driven models of the 3D face are a promising direction for capturing the subtle complexities of the human face, and a central component to numerous applications thanks to their ability to simplify complex tasks. Most data-driven approaches to date were built from either a relatively limited number of samples or by synthetic data augmentation, mainly because of the difficulty in obtaining large-scale and accurate 3D scans of the face. Yet, there is a substantial amount of information that can be gathered when considering publicly available sources that have been captured over the last decade, whose combination can potentially bring forward more powerful models.This thesis proposes novel methods for building data-driven models of the 3D face geometry, and investigates whether improved performances can be obtained by learning from large and varied datasets of 3D facial scans. In order to make efficient use of a large number of training samples we develop novel deep learning techniques designed to effectively handle three-dimensional face data. We focus on several aspects that influence the geometry of the face: its shape components including fine details, its motion components such as expression, and the interaction between these two subspaces.We develop in particular two approaches for building generative models that decouple the latent space according to natural sources of variation, e.g.identity and expression. The first approach considers a novel deep autoencoder architecture that allows to learn a multilinear model without requiring the training data to be assembled as a complete tensor. We next propose a novel non-linear model based on adversarial training that further improves the decoupling capacity. This is enabled by a new 3D-2D architecture combining a 3D generator with a 2D discriminator, where both domains are bridged by a geometry mapping layer.As a necessary prerequisite for building data-driven models, we also address the problem of registering a large number of 3D facial scans in motion. We propose an approach that can efficiently and automatically handle a variety of sequences while making minimal assumptions on the input data. This is achieved by the use of a spatiotemporal model as well as a regression-based initialization, and we show that we can obtain accurate registrations in an efficient and scalable manner.Finally, we address the problem of recovering surface normals from natural images, with the goal of enriching existing coarse 3D reconstructions. We propose a method that can leverage all available image and normal data, whether paired or not, thanks to a new cross-modal learning architecture. Core to our approach is a novel module that we call deactivable skip connections, which allows to transfer the local details from the image to the output surface without hurting the performance when autoencoding modalities, achieving state-of-the-art results for the task