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Journal articles on the topic 'Imprecisione'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Hall, Robert A. "Arbitrarieta'e imprecisione nel linguaggio." Linguistica 31, no. 1 (December 1, 1991): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.31.1.25-29.

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In queste citazioni si rispecchiano gli estremi di due punti di vista opposti con cernenti il rapporto tra illinguaggio e Ia realtà non linguistica. L'approccio di colo roche, come Diodoro e Roger Price, credono che le forme linguistiche abbiano si gnificati precisi e inalterabili, si definisce normalmente "convenzionalistico", giac che si presume che I 'uso del linguaggio segue regole e convenzioni che permettono poca o nessuna variazione. Dei due approcci, questo è più vecchio ed è alia base del le prescrizioni della grammatica e della lessicografia accademiche. L'opinione del grammatico stoico Crisippo, secondo Ia quale ogni fenomeno linguistico sarebbe polisemico, è assai meno diffusa tra gli studiosi dellinguaggio. Gli estremisti di que sta scuola sostengono che nessuna manifestazione dellinguaggio abbia un significa to preciso o un rapporto qualsiasi con il mondo reale e che, per conseguenza, illin guaggio si riferisca unicamente a sé stesso. Questa dottrina ha le sue radici nello "scetticismo radicale concernente illinguaggio" espresso da John Locke nel suo Es say Concerning Humane Understanding del 1690, ed è stata esumata nella seconda meta del Novecento dal gruppo parigino dei Telqueliens come Jacques Derrida, Ro land Barthes, Julia Kristeva e i loro seguaci.

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C. Corbin, J., A. Othman, J. D. Allan, D. R. Worsnop, J. D. Haskins, B. Sierau, U. Lohmann, and A. A. Mensah. "Peak-fitting and integration imprecision in the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer: effects of mass accuracy on location-constrained fits." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2015): 4615–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4615-2015.

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Abstract. The errors inherent in the fitting and integration of the pseudo-Gaussian ion peaks in Aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometers (HR-AMSs) have not been previously addressed as a source of imprecision for these or similar instruments. This manuscript evaluates the significance of this imprecision and proposes a method for their estimation in routine data analysis. In the first part of this work, it is shown that peak-integration errors are expected to scale linearly with peak height for the constrained-peak-shape fits performed in the HR-AMS. An empirical analysis is undertaken to investigate the most complex source of peak-integration imprecision: the imprecision in fitted peak height, σh. It is shown that the major contributors to σh are the imprecision and bias inherent in the m/z calibration, both of which may arise due to statistical and physical non-idealities of the instrument. A quantitative estimation of these m/z-calibration imprecisions and biases show that they may vary from ion to ion, even for ions of similar m/z. In the second part of this work, the empirical analysis is used to constrain a Monte Carlo approach for the estimation of σh and thus the peak-integration imprecision. The estimated σh for selected well-separated peaks (for which m/z-calibration imprecision and bias could be quantitatively estimated) scaled linearly with peak height as expected (i.e. as n1). In combination with the imprecision in peak-width quantification (which may be easily and directly estimated during quantification), peak-fitting imprecisions therefore dominate counting imprecisions (which scale as n0.5) at high signals. The previous HR-AMS uncertainty model therefore underestimates the overall fitting imprecision even for well-resolved peaks. We illustrate the importance of this conclusion by performing positive matrix factorization on a synthetic HR-AMS data set both with and without its inclusion. In the third part of this work, the Monte Carlo approach is extended to the case of an arbitrary number of overlapping peaks. Here, a modification to the empirically constrained approach was needed, because the ion-specific m/z-calibration bias and imprecision can generally only be estimated for well-resolved peaks. The modification is to simply overestimate the m/z-calibration imprecision in all cases. This overestimation results in only a slight overestimate of σh, while significantly reducing the sensitivity of σh to the unknown, ion-specific m/z-calibration biases. Thus, with only the measured data and an approximate estimate of the order of magnitude of m/z-calibration biases as input, conservative and unbiased estimates of peak-integration imprecisions may be obtained for each peak in any ensemble of overlapping peaks.

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3

Petersen, P. H., C. G. Fraser, J. O. Westgard, and M. L. Larsen. "Analytical Goal-Setting for Monitoring Patients When Two Analytical Methods are Used." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.11.2256.

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Abstract Serial results from an individual are often obtained using more than one method. Results should be transferable over time and locale. Every method has inherent analytical error, and goals are required to delineate the maximum allowable random (imprecision) and systematic (inaccuracy, bias) errors to facilitate optimal patient care. Based on Harris's proposal [Am J Clin Pathol 1979;72:374-82] that desirable imprecision should be less than or equal to one-half the within-subject biological variation, if the methods have negligible imprecision, then the maximum allowable bias between two methods used for monitoring is one-third of the within-subject biological variation. A more general model has been developed that relates the analytical imprecisions of two methods, and the bias between them, to biological variation. Applying the general formula derived in specific clinical monitoring situations in which a known change in serial results (occurring at a stated probability) stimulates clinical action allows goals for the imprecisions of the two methods and allows the difference in bias between them to be determined quantitatively.

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4

Rodríguez-Toubes Muñiz, Joaquín. "La imprecisión del lenguaje legislativo, expuesta en el artículo 18 LRJSP | The Imprecision Of Statutory Language, Exposed In Section 18 Of The Spanish Act On Legal Status Of The Public Sector (LRJSP)." Cuadernos Electrónicos de Filosofía del Derecho, no. 36 (December 27, 2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/cefd.36.10447.

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Resumen: La imprecisión lingüística es una de las razones principales por las que es necesario interpretar las disposiciones legales, junto a la percepción de incongruencia entre su significado y la razón práctica que las explica o justifica. Son causas de imprecisión del lenguaje legislativo la vaguedad, la ambigüedad semántica, la ambigüedad pragmática y algunas otras, como la redundancia, la repetición, la infraespecificación, la inconsistencia y las anomalías. Todas ellas están presentes en el artículo 18 de la Ley 40/2015, de 1 de octubre, de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público. El trabajo analiza la imprecisión lingüística de las leyes con una clasificación de problemas sistemática y tomando este artículo como caso de estudio. Abstract: Linguistic imprecision is one of the main reasons why interpreting statutes is necessary, besides the perception of incongruence between their meaning and the practical reason that explains or justifies them. Causes or imprecision of statutory language are vagueness, semantic ambiguity, pragmatic ambiguity and some others, such as redundancy, repetition, infraspecification, inconsistence and anomalies. All of them are present in section 18 of the Spanish Law 40/2015, of 1 October, of Legal Regime of the Public Sector [Ley de Régimen Jurídico del Sector Público]. The paper analyses the linguistic imprecision of statutes with a systematic and comprehensive classification of problems, and taking that section 18 as a study case.

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5

Hage-Sleiman, Mehdi, Ladislas Capdevila, Sophie Bailleul, and Guillaume Lefevre. "High-sensitivity cardiac troponin-I analytical imprecisions evaluated by internal quality control or imprecision profile." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): e49-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0529.

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6

Bookbinder, M. J., and K. J. Panosian. "Using the coefficient of correlation in method-comparison studies." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.7.1170.

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Abstract The coefficient of correlation (R) is one of the most commonly computed statistics in method-comparison studies. Usually, it is simply quoted without interpretation. In this paper, we show how R may be used to detect interference, nonlinearity, and misuse of the imprecision components. Specifically, one may precisely predict what R should be by considering the imprecisions of the two methods being compared, even before the comparison is performed. When the actual R disagrees with the predicted R, then one of the mentioned effects is present. We also describe a statistical test to detect these effects at the P = 0.05 level, then evaluate this test by using computer simulation and present two examples of its use. We also present the theory underlying the usage of R, including how R is affected by the distribution and range of the data, by the joint imprecisions of the methods being compared, by the sample size, and by the randomness of the specimen-selection process.

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7

FitzGerald, Garret A. "Imprecision." Circulation 135, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.026324.

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8

Tuuminen, Tamara, Esko Tavast, Riitta Väisänen, Jaakko-Juhani Himberg, and Ilkka Seppälä. "Assessment of Imprecision in Gamma Interferon Release Assays for the Detection of Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 4 (February 24, 2010): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00320-09.

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ABSTRACT New gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) to detect an exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis have recently been launched. The majority of the studies in temperate-climate countries agree that these methods have superior specificity and equal or even superior sensitivity over tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). However, reproducibility data of IGRAs are virtually missing. We assessed within-run, between-run, and total imprecision of two commercial IGRAs by testing samples from subjects with a stable state of TB infection or treated pulmonary TB, a sample from a healthy volunteer, and internal quality control samples. We calculated coefficients of variance (CV%s) to describe assays variability and compared the obtained results to the reported CV%s for other commercial immunodiagnostic methods. We illustrate an example of assay variability near the cutoff zone to demonstrate the necessity of a gray zone. Due to the strict adherence to the standard operation procedures (SOP) adopted in our laboratory, the total imprecision of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)- and enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-based IGRAs was at a maximum CV% of 37.8% for the samples with moderate and high reactivities. Imprecision of testing samples with very low reactivity levels or nonreactive samples may, however, exceed 100%. In conclusion, despite multiple steps of the method performance, the analytical imprecision of IGRAs, which in our study design included also between-lot variability and had a component of normal biological variation, was well in accordance with the reported imprecisions of other manual immunodiagnostic tests. The recognition of the variability around the cutoff point advocates the use of a gray zone to avoid ambiguous result interpretations.

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9

Illuminati, Augusto. "Averroè, una traduzione ininterrotta." Doctor Virtualis, no. 17 (May 14, 2022): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2035-7362/17830.

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La mia collaborazione con Massimo Campanini si è sviluppata su comuni interessi per i classici del pensiero islamico ma con competenze assai diverse, essendo io più orientato a studiare gli effetti e gli sviluppi che essi produssero sul pensiero occidentale medievale e moderno attraverso una pratica di traduzioni spesso creative per imprecisione – l’inverso dell’operazione che essi stessi avevano fatto rispetto a Platone e Aristotele.Averroè-Ibn Rushd è già un bell’esempio di deformazione del nome, ma proprio la formazione della sua opera e i modi in cui è stata trasmessa al mondo ebraico e cristiano sono singolari testimonianze degli esiti ambigui del processo traduttivo. Cerchiamo infatti di mostrare come la lettura del De substantia orbis abbia stimolato sia nel Medioevo che nel Rinascimento non solo il rifiuto del creazionismo ma anche posizioni panteistiche, mentre la famosa tesi dell’intelletto materiale unico contenuta nel Commentarium Magnum al De anima aristotelico ha stimolato molteplici varianti del monopsichismo, da Spinoza a Marx e alla più recente letteratura post-strutturalista. My collaboration with Massimo Campanini developed around our common interests in the classics of Islamic thought, but with very different approaches, since I am more oriented towards studying the effects and developments they produced on medieval and modern Western thought through a practice of translation that was often creative in terms of inaccuracy – so the opposite of what had been done with respect to Plato and Aristotle.The same Averroes-Ibn Rushd is a fine example of name distortion, and the very formation of his work and the ways in which it was transmitted to the Jewish and Christian world are singular testimonies to the ambiguous outcomes of this translation process. I try to show how the reading of De substantia orbis in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance stimulated not only the rejection of creationism but also pantheistic beliefs, while the famous thesis on the material intellect exposed in the Commentarium Magnum to Aristotle’s De anima stimulated many variants of monopsychism, from Spinoza to Marx and the more recent post-structuralist literature.

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10

Manjunathaiah, M., and Denis A. Nicole. "Precise Analysis of Array Usage in Scientific Programs." Scientific Programming 6, no. 2 (1997): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/312872.

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The automatic transformation of sequential programs for efficient execution on parallel computers involves a number of analyses and restructurings of the input. Some of these analyses are based on computing array sections, a compact description of a range of array elements. Array sections describe the set of array elements that are either read or written by program statements. These sections can be compactly represented using shape descriptors such as regular sections, simple sections, or generalized convex regions. However, binary operations such as Union performed on these representations do not satisfy a straightforward closure property, e.g., if the operands to Union are convex, the result may be nonconvex. Approximations are resorted to in order to satisfy this closure property. These approximations introduce imprecision in the analyses and, furthermore, the imprecisions resulting from successive operations have a cumulative effect. Delayed merging is a technique suggested and used in some of the existing analyses to minimize the effects of approximation. However, this technique does not guarantee an exact solution in a general setting. This article presents a generalized technique to precisely compute Union which can overcome these imprecisions.

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11

van der Hagen, Eline A. E., Christa M. Cobbaert, Ron Meijer, and Marc H. M. Thelen. "Fast 0/1-h algorithm for detection of NSTEMI: are current high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays fit for purpose? An EQA-based evaluation." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 57, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 1999–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2019-0253.

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Abstract Background High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T/I (hs-cTnT/I) assays have improved analytical sensitivity for the detection of myocardial infarction (MI). To gain clinical specificity and sensitivity, interpretation of changes in cTn concentrations over time is crucial. The 2015 ESC NSTEMI guideline defines absolute delta values as additional rule-in and rule-out criteria for MI. A critical assumption for application of this rule is that total analytical imprecision within the delta period, including inter-instrument bias, is comparable to analytical imprecision in the validation studies. Methods Data from the Dutch External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) were used to calculate inter-instrument bias and estimate imprecision for the measuring range where the proposed delta values are relevant: for Roche Elecsys hs-cTnT, 5–52 and 5–12 ng/L; for Abbott Architect hs-cTnI, 2–52 and 2–5 ng/L for rule-in and rule-out, respectively. Results For Elecsys, the median inter-instrument bias is 0.3 ng/L (n = 33 laboratories), resulting in reference change values (RCVs) of 3.0 and 1.7 ng/L, respectively, for rule-in and rule-out with imprecision as claimed by the manufacturer. With RCVs smaller than the guideline’s delta thresholds, 100% of the laboratories have adequate specifications. RCVs for rule-in/rule-out increased to 4.6 ng/L/2.5 ng/L, respectively, with individual imprecisions as estimated from EQA data, resulting in 64% and 82% of laboratories with adequate specifications. For Architect, 40% of instruments (n = 10) might falsely qualify the result as clinically relevant; hence, inter-instrument bias could not be determined. Conclusions We advise laboratories that use the fast 0/1-h algorithm to introduce stringent internal quality procedures at the relevant/low concentration level, especially when multiple analyzers are randomly used.

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Luley, C., H. G. Struss, and W. Prellwitz. "Analytical performance of the selective, automatic multianalyser Olympus AU 5031." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 12, no. 1 (1990): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924690000025.

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The analytical performance of the selective, automatic multianalyser Olympus AU 5031 was evaluated over four months and assessed for practicability for another eight months. The evaluation followed the ECCLS guidelines. Twenty routine parameters were measured. In addition, sodium and potassium were determined on an attached flame photometric unit. Both the agreement between the eights photometers per unit and the temperature behaviour in the cuvettes was satisfactory. The imprecisions were very good. The within-run imprecision was below 1.5% for the majority of the parameters. The imprecision between days was below 5%, with the exception of creatine phosphokinase (7.4%). Glutamate dehydrogenase gave an imprecision of between 4.0% and 15.9%, which, however, is more likely due to the low activities measured rather than the fault of analyser. The recovery of the assigned values in 12 control sera was between 95% and 105% for 14 tests. Three of the remaining eight tests yielded recoveries with deviations between 10% and 18% (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin). No drift effects were observed and neither a sample carry-over nor a reagent carry-over were detected. Most tests were linear over a very wide range. Only afew tests (mainly lipase and glutamate dehydrogenase) required measurement repetitions with diluted samples. The correlation with routine instruments and tests was close. However, corrections were necessary for 14 of the 22 tests. This was not due to the performance of the analyser but, rather, to the different methodologies of compared tests, or different working temperatures on the comparison instruments, or a lack of accuracy for some of the AU tests.

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13

Lewis, Ricki. "Genetic Imprecision." BioScience 41, no. 5 (May 1991): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311580.

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14

Scrutton, David. "Imprecision? Precisely!" Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 40, no. 2 (November 12, 2008): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15364.x.

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15

Paula Koneazny. "Evocative Imprecision." American Book Review 31, no. 1 (2009): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.0.0032.

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16

Honda, Nobuo, Ulrika Lindberg, Per Andersson, Stephan Hoffmann, and Hiroyuki Takei. "Simultaneous Multiple Immunoassays in a Compact Disc–Shaped Microfluidic Device Based on Centrifugal Force." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.053348.

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Abstract Background: We explored the potential of a microfluidic device based on centrifugal force as an immunoassay platform by examining the imprecision of assays carried out with 200 nL of sample. Methods: Biotinylated antibodies against α-fetoprotein (AFP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and carcinoembryonic antigen [(CEA); 0.1 g/L each in 15 mmol/L phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.1 mL/L Tween 20] were attached to a microcolumn packed with streptavidin-coated particles. A 200-nL sample was then allowed to pass through the microcolumn for 240 s, followed by Alexa 647–labeled detection antibody (7.5 mg/L in 15 mmol/L PBS containing 10 g/L bovine serum albumin). The flow rate was controlled by altering the rotational speed. Up to 104 sandwich type immunoassays were completed within 50 min. Results: For AFP, IL-6, and CEA the detection limits were, respectively, 0.15, 1.25, and 1.31 pmol/L. Inter- and intraassay imprecisions (CVs) were <10% and <20%, respectively, for analyte concentrations >5 pmol/L. The CEA antibody had the lowest affinity according to fluorescence image analysis of the microcolumn region. The result was confirmed in a comparative study using BIAcore 3000. Conclusions: Day-to-day (total) imprecision (CV) of immunoassays on the compact disc–shaped device are <20%. Analysis of fluorescence images allows rapid ranking of antibodies according to their affinities.

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Bower, Bruce. "Humanity's Imprecision Vision." Science News 152, no. 2 (July 12, 1997): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3981030.

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18

Bayrak, Oben K., and John D. Hey. "UNDERSTANDING PREFERENCE IMPRECISION." Journal of Economic Surveys 34, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 154–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joes.12343.

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19

Griffin, Lewis D. "Scale-imprecision space." Image and Vision Computing 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 369–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-8856(97)87979-6.

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Jobe, Alan H. "Apgar score imprecision." Journal of Pediatrics 149, no. 4 (October 2006): A1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.08.055.

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21

Grieve, Elizabeth. "Diagnostic Criteria Imprecision." Physiotherapy 83, no. 2 (February 1997): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)65601-5.

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22

Rouse, Simon. "Diagnostic Criteria Imprecision." Physiotherapy 83, no. 2 (February 1997): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)65602-7.

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23

Cubitt, Robin P., Daniel Navarro-Martinez, and Chris Starmer. "On preference imprecision." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 50, no. 1 (February 2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-015-9207-6.

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24

LaRosa, John C. "Living With Imprecision." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62, no. 8 (August 2013): 740–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.027.

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25

Pressman, Michael. "Calculating Compensation Sums for Private Law Wrongs: Underlying Imprecisions, Necessary Questions, and Toward a Plausible Account of Damages for Lost Years of Life." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 53.3 (2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.53.3.calculating.

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The ubiquitous corrective-justice goals of “making a party whole” or “returning a party to the position she was in” are typically understood in monetary terms, and in this context, it is fairly clear what these terms mean. If, as this Article argues, these corrective-justice goals should instead be understood in terms of something that has intrinsic value, such as happiness, various imprecisions come to the fore. This Article identifies and explores these imprecisions and, in so doing, articulates a novel framework that can be used for understanding and systematizing our approach to private law remedies. This is the Article’s first task. Next, the Article focuses on the imprecision that the law must grapple with whose implications are most salient: how to aggregate happiness across years of a life. This imprecision becomes significant in the context of torts that shorten a person’s life. The Article explores the appropriate measure of damages (under a corrective-justice theory) in cases in which a victim has her expected future shortened by a tort (e.g., medical malpractice or exposure to carcinogens), but in which she has not yet died. The fact that the victim is still alive makes it possible to compensate the victim herself directly for the value of life-years. Should she be compensated? The question, already critical in a number of cases, will substantially increase in prevalence with developments in science and technology in the coming years. This Article argues, contra current law in most states, that the law should take these types of cases seriously and that victims should be compensated if their loss of life-years constitutes a loss of happiness. The contrary position is in great tension with the commonsense intuition that losing life-years is one of the most (if not the most) serious harms that one can incur. But is our commonsense intuition correct? The Article proposes a three-step framework that can be used for addressing these questions of loss and getting to the appropriate measure of monetary compensation: (1) Determine which “happiness aggregation function” to espouse, (2) determine how much happiness (if any), according to one’s happiness aggregation function of choice, a plaintiff lost as a result of the harm; and (3) determine how much monetary compensation will bring about a transfer of happiness to the plaintiff that will equal the amount that she lost (according to one’s happiness aggregation function of choice).

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Baars, J. D., and A. J. Lombarts. "Imprecision of protein electrophoresis." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.7.1425a.

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27

Berger, Dominik, and Nilanjan Das. "Accuracy and Credal Imprecision." Noûs 54, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 666–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12274.

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Ricós, C. "Analytical Goals for Imprecision." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 26, no. 5 (September 1989): 458–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328902600524.

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Fraser, C. G., and P. H. Petersen. "The Importance of Imprecision." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: An international journal of biochemistry and laboratory medicine 28, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329102800301.

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30

Chong, Lee-Yee, Clare Jones, Kate Homer, Elisabetta Fenu, and Jennifer Hill. "S37– GRADE imprecision Criteria." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 143, no. 1_suppl (July 2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2010.04.159.

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31

Antonsson, E. K., and K. N. Otto. "Imprecision in Engineering Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, B (June 1, 1995): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836465.

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Methods for incorporating imprecision in engineering design decision-making are briefly reviewed and compared. A tutorial is presented on the Method of Imprecision (MoI), a formal method, based on the mathematics of fuzzy sets, for representing and manipulating imprecision in engineering design. The results of a design cost estimation example, utilizing a new informal cost specification, are presented. The MoI can provide formal information upon which to base decisions during preliminary engineering design and can facilitate set-based concurrent design.

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Antonsson, E. K., and K. N. Otto. "Imprecision in Engineering Design." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117, B (June 1, 1995): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2838671.

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Methods for incorporating imprecision in engineering design decision-making are briefly reviewed and compared. A tutorial is presented on the Method of Imprecision (MoI), a formal method, based on the mathematics of fuzzy sets, for representing and manipulating imprecision in engineering design. The results of a design cost estimation example, utilizing a new informal cost specification, are presented. The MoI can provide formal information upon which to base decisions during preliminary engineering design and can facilitate set-based concurrent design.

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33

Changizi, Mark A. "Learning with Natural Imprecision." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 08, no. 04 (December 1997): 409–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054197000252.

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The theorems of inductive inference in computational learning theory may be interpreted as the ultimate theoretical constraints on the abilities of finite machines to fabricate hypotheses and make predictions from information or data. However, all of the models of learning in this inductive inference literature require the hypothesis to be exactly correct infinitely often, have no way of measuring how far off a prediction of a hypothesis is, and require the hypothesis to make predictions that are directly measurable. Furthermore, most of the models of learning do not allow the learning of uncomputable functions, and of those that are capable of learning uncomputable functions, the literature has not explicitly noticed this property. New notions of learning that rectify these deficiencies are introduced and examined. The first criterion considers a hypothesis successful if each prediction is within δ(x) of the function to be learned on x, f(x). The second criterion considers a hypothesis successful if each prediction on x is equal to f on some domain element within ∊(x) of x, so long as the nearby value of the function f is within v(x) of f(x). These new learning criteria respectively model (a) learning in science with imprecise hypotheses, and (b) learning in science with hypotheses that ignore noisy and bad data, smoothing in image recognition with radius of smoothing ∊ and threshold v, and learning languages (i.e., two-valued functions) with imprecise hypotheses.

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34

Rickard, Rory F., Niall A. J. Martin, and Jonathan B. Lundy. "Imprecision in TBSA calculation." Burns 40, no. 1 (February 2014): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2013.09.002.

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Hutchinson, Lisa, and Diana Romero. "Precision or imprecision medicine?" Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 13, no. 12 (November 18, 2016): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.190.

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GEORGE, ALEXANDER. "The Imprecision of Impredicativity." Mind XCVI, no. 384 (1987): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/xcvi.384.514.

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37

Rinard, Susanna. "Against Radical Credal Imprecision." Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 2, no. 2 (June 2013): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tht3.84.

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38

McKee, Suzanne P., Dennis M. Levi, and Samuel F. Bowne. "The imprecision of stereopsis." Vision Research 30, no. 11 (January 1990): 1763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(90)90158-h.

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39

Bouman, A. A., P. G. Scheffer, M. E. Ooms, P. Lips, and C. Netelenbos. "Two bone alkaline phosphatase assays compared with osteocalcin as a marker of bone formation in healthy elderly women." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.2.196.

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Abstract Serum bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1) was measured with a wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) precipitation assay and with a new IRMA in a group of healthy elderly women. Both assays were correlated with serum total ALP activity and with osteocalcin. The two bone ALP assays have comparable within- and between-run imprecisions (WGA assay within-run CVs 2.6-5.4% and between-run, 4.0-5.1%; IRMA within-run CV 5.0% and between-run, 3.2%). Comparison of the WGA precipitation assay (x) with the IRMA (y) demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.87 [Deming regression equation: y = (0.58 +/- 0.02)x - (4.62 +/- 0.45); n = 101; Sy/x = 1.26; P < 0.001). Correlation studies with osteocalcin and total ALP showed correlation coefficients (all P < 0.001) of 0.34 and 0.65, respectively, for the WGA precipitation assay and of 0.36 and 0.68, respectively, for the IRMA. We conclude that the two bone ALP assays have similar imprecision and that neither can be given preference over the other as a marker of bone turnover.

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De Pauw, Pieter E. M., Ilse Vermeulen, Ogonnaya C. Ubani, Inge Truyen, Evilien M. F. Vekens, Farah T. van Genderen, Joeri W. De Grijse, Daniel G. Pipeleers, Chris Van Schravendijk, and Frans K. Gorus. "Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma Concentrations of Proinsulin and C-Peptide and Their Ratio with a Trefoil-Type Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.109710.

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Abstract Background: When the concentrations of 2 or more substances are measured separately, their molar ratios are subject to the additive imprecisions of the different assays. We hypothesized that the cumulative error for concentration ratios of peptides containing a common sequence might be minimized by measuring the peptides simultaneously with a “trefoil-type” immunoassay. Methods: As a model of this approach, we developed a dual-label time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to simultaneously measure proinsulin, C-peptide, and the proinsulin–C-peptide ratio (PI/C). A monoclonal antibody captures all C-peptide–containing molecules, and 2 differently labeled antibodies distinguish between proinsulin-like molecules and true C-peptide. Results: The trefoil-type TRFIA was capable of measuring plasma C-peptide and proinsulin simultaneously without mutual interference at limits of quantification of 48 and 8125 pmol/L, and 2.1 and 197 pmol/L, respectively. Within-laboratory imprecision values for the trefoil-type TRFIA ranged between 8.4% and 12% for the hormone concentrations. Unlike the hormone results obtained with separate assays, imprecision did not increase when PI/C was calculated from trefoil assay results (P < 0.05). Peptide concentrations were highly correlated with results obtained in individual comparison assays (r2 ≥ 0.965; P < 0.0001). The total error for PI/C obtained with the trefoil-type TRFIA remained ≤25% over a broader C-peptide range than with separate hormone assays (79–7200 pmol/L vs 590–4300 pmol/L C-peptide). Preliminary data indicate little or no interference by heterophile antibodies. Conclusions: The developed trefoil-type TRFIA is a reliable method for simultaneous measurement of proinsulin, C-peptide, and PI/C and provides proof of principle for the development of other trefoil-type multiple-label immunoassays.

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Ebrahimnejad, Ali. "A method for solving linear programming with interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy variables." RAIRO - Operations Research 52, no. 3 (July 2018): 955–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2018007.

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An efficient method to handle the uncertain parameters of a linear programming (LP) problem is to express the uncertain parameters by fuzzy numbers which are more realistic, and create a conceptual and theoretical framework for dealing with imprecision and vagueness. The fuzzy LP (FLP) models in the literature generally either incorporate the imprecisions related to the coefficients of the objective function, the values of the right-hand side, and/or the elements of the coefficient matrix. The aim of this article is to introduce a formulation of FLP problems involving interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy numbers for the decision variables and the right-hand-side of the constraints. We propose a new method for solving this kind of FLP problems based on comparison of interval-valued fuzzy numbers by the help of signed distance ranking. To do this, we first define an auxiliary problem, having only interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy cost coefficients, and then study the relationships between these problems leading to a solution for the primary problem. It is demonstrated that study of LP problems with interval-valued trapezoidal fuzzy variables gives rise to the same expected results as those obtained for LP with trapezoidal fuzzy variables.

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Andrews, Clare, Jonathon Dunn, Daniel Nettle, and Melissa Bateson. "Time perception and patience: individual differences in interval timing precision predict choice impulsivity in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris." Animal Cognition 24, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01456-2.

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AbstractImpulsivity, in the sense of the extent rewards are devalued as the time until their realization increases, is linked to various negative outcomes in humans, yet understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying it is limited. Variation in the imprecision of interval timing is a possible contributor to variation in impulsivity. We use a numerical model to generate predictions concerning the effect of timing imprecision on impulsivity. We distinguish between fixed imprecision (the imprecision that applies even when timing the very shortest time intervals) and proportional imprecision (the rate at which imprecision increases as the interval becomes longer). The model predicts that impulsivity should increase with increasing fixed imprecision, but decrease with increasing proportional imprecision. We present data from a cohort of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris, n = 28) in which impulsivity had previously been measured through an intertemporal choice paradigm. We tested interval timing imprecision in the same individuals using a tri-peak temporal reproduction procedure. We found repeatable individual differences in both fixed and proportional imprecision. As predicted, birds with greater proportional imprecision in interval timing made fewer impulsive choices, whilst those with greater fixed imprecision tended to make more. Contradictory observations in the literature regarding the direction of association between timing imprecision and impulsivity might be clarified by distinguishing between fixed and proportional components of imprecision.

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Beltrama, Andrea, and Florian Schwarz. "Imprecision, personae, and pragmatic reasoning." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5107.

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Recent work at the interface of semantics and sociolinguistics showed that listeners reason about the semantic/pragmatic properties of linguistic utterances to draw social inferences about the speaker (Acton and Potts 2014; Beltrama 2018; Jeong 2021). These findings raise the question of whether reverse effects exist as well, i.e., whether (and how) social meanings can also impact the interpretation of semantic/pragmatic meanings. Using (im)precision as a case study, we provide experimental evidence that (i) numerals receive stricter interpretations when utteredbyNerdy(vs. Chill) speakers; and that (ii) this effect is stronger for comprehenders who don’t (strongly) identify with the speaker, suggesting that pragmatic reasoning is crucially shaped by social information about both the speaker and the comprehender. These findings suggest that different layers of meanings inform one another in a bi-directional fashion – i.e., semantic information can invite social inferences, and Misocial information can guide meaning interpretation.

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Sanjian, Gregory S. "Competition, Multiple Objectives and Imprecision." Journal of Theoretical Politics 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951692894006001004.

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45

Hoxha, Bujar. "Semiotics of precision and imprecision." Semiotica 2016, no. 213 (November 1, 2016): 539–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2015-0077.

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AbstractThe fact of the multi-dimensionality of semiotics is an issue that offers more possibilities: either seen in the sense of their precise foreseeing, providing for, or discussing a scientific phenomenon, or otherwise, seen in the shape of its multiple formations, such as in the case of overcoming its rules. My aim in this paper is to make an attempt at proposing an hypothesis that may be overcoming another one, thus expressing ambiguity instead of precision, a metaphor instead a mono-semantic lexeme, or a complex instead of a simple phenomenon (thus, naming the different semiotic realities). This can be performed by representing at least some of the approaches to semiotics as a discipline: either seeing it as an expression of clearing redundancies through oppositions, through processes of representation, or through life processes. Starting from language-based semiotics, through scholars like Saussure and Jakobson, as well as through the Greimasian and Peirceian schools of semiotics, I have tried to exemplify what I have called semiotics of precision, on one hand, and what I have called a semiotics of imprecision, on the other. In the frames of such an exemplifying of these two approaches, I have tried to focus on the dichotomy between seeming and reality.

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46

Pritzker, Kenneth. "Biomarker imprecision in precision medicine." Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 18, no. 8 (July 6, 2018): 685–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2018.1493379.

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47

Hey, Spencer Phillips, and Aaron S. Kesselheim. "Countering imprecision in precision medicine." Science 353, no. 6298 (July 28, 2016): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5101.

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48

Solt, Stephanie. "Vagueness and Imprecision: Empirical Foundations." Annual Review of Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 2015): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-125150.

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49

Motro, Amihai. "Accommodating imprecision in database systems." ACM SIGMOD Record 19, no. 4 (December 1990): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/122058.122066.

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Chiecchio, A., F. Giglioli, R. Malvano, R. Ringhini, P. Manzone, and A. Bo. "The imprecision profile in immunoassay." Journal of Immunological Methods 147, no. 2 (March 1992): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(12)80010-x.

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