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1
Ivanov, I. "Imports and Import Substitution in Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-15-21.
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The crisis of 2008 once more highlighted the problems of Russia economic security, of judicious combination of domestic production and imports, of protecting the interests of Russian producers. At this point, import performs quite important functions in the domestic reproduction process. It brings into the local market competition, prevents monopolization, covers the demand for the missing goods, forms a modern model of consumption, etc. However, the import’s excess significantly inhibits the process of import substitution. The lack of consistency in dealing with the import reduces its positive implications.
2
Repushevskaya, Ol'ga. "IMPACT OF PARALLEL IMPORTS ON THE ECONOMY OF RUSSIA." Russian Journal of Management 10, no. 2 (July 26, 2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2022-10-2-76-80.
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The article examines parallel imports and their impact on the economic situation in Russia. The import scheme is analyzed through official distributors and with the help of "parallel import". The influence of parallel imports on the cost of goods in Russia is also being studied.
3
KOPTSEVA, Natalia P., and Vladimir I. KIRKO. "Development of the Russian Economy’s Agricultural Sector Under the Conditions of Food Sanctions (2015-2016)." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 1 (May 28, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.1(17).13.
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The Russian economy is in crisis. In 2014, the Russian government has introduced a food sanctions. This caused a certain economic processes in agriculture, post-Soviet Russia. Now the problem of food security of Russia practically solved. The main figures of the Russian agrarian economy are large agricultural holdings. The value of small farms is reduced. However, the agrarian economy of post-Soviet Russia is on the verge of a new economic crisis associated with the termination of public investment. We discuss a new strategy to overcome the agrarian crisis in modern Russian economy. The most promising strategy is an increase in food imports in Asia and Africa. A food import to the EU is not possible, since the EU has great demands on the quality and safety of food imports.
4
Qi, Ming, Danyang Shi, Congcong Li, Jialu Wu, and Pei Wang. "Improving Oil Supply Security: Using a Risk Optimization Model to China and India." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541954.
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In this paper, a risk optimization model is proposed to minimize the oil supply risk from the perspective of diversification. The results show that there is large room for both China and India to improve the oil supply security. China should reduce oil imports from Saudi Arabia and Russia while increasing oil imports from the United States and Kazakhstan. India should import more oil from America and Russia while substantially reducing imports from Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In terms of the regional analysis, the Middle East plays a crucial role in the oil import strategies. They account for almost half of the total oil imports to China and India. African countries provide an alternative choice to diversify their energy supply risks. Based on forecasts of oil demand, we investigate the optimal oil import strategies for both countries until 2030 and 2040. China’s imports from the United States and Kazakhstan are forecasted to increase by more than ten times by 2030. India should import four times as much oil from the United States as it does now and import 10 times more crude oil from Russia. Africa and North America will play a more important role in India’s oil supply security.
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Parihar, Sarita, Dr Pupinder Kumar, and Dr Muzaffer Ahmad Khanday. "Indian Economy amid Russia-Ukraine Conflict." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41334.
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Abstract: Amid the Russia-Ukraine war India has very well managed it’s relationship with Russia while in a dramatic manner is getting closer to United states strategically but Russia’s invasion of Ukraine will make it hard for India to hold it for a longer time. There are many Indian officials who consider Russian invasion as “Europe’s problem”. Russia is the largest supplier of key armaments to India. India also runs a trade deficit with Russia, with declining in the exports while the imports have gone up; oil is the major part of our import basket. The conflict is a chance for India to become an exporter of the wheat in the global market. Keywords: Import, Oil, Export, Strategically, Invasion, Supplier
6
Simachev, Yu V., A. A. Fedyunina, and N. A. Gorodny. "Global advanced manufacturing markets — a new opportunity for Russia’s technological upgrade." Journal of the New Economic Association 53, no. 1 (2022): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-10.
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New technologies, including Industry 4.0, are rapidly changing traditional and high-tech industries, and forming the advanced manufacturing sector within the industrial complex. By now Russia has been characterized by a modest presence in the world advanced manufacturing markets – Russia’ share is less than 0.6% in certain markets and less than 0.4% in global advanced manufacturing. This is partially explained by the scarce commodity range in the Russian export basket, which determines weak representation of Industry 4.0 goods. Large part in the Russian advanced manufacturing exports is traditional for the Russian economy goods — airplanes, turbojet engines, fuel rods. However, we observe positive structural changes in Russian exports caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Russia has increased exports of goods with bio- and additive technologies, optoelectronics. It seems that the entry to new advanced manufacturing markets for Russia can form the basis for long-term growth. International experience shows that advanced manufacturing exports are often supported by advanced manufacturing imports. We find that Russian economy significantly underutilizes this channel. Although Russian advanced manufacturing imports are gradually growing, it is focused primarily on final consumer goods. We consider industrial robots as a case of advanced manufacturing imports that deserves special attention as a widespread cross-cutting technology that can significantly transform the technological level of industries. Our estimates show that, although the robotics market in Russia is relatively small and has low growth rates relatively to investment in fixed assets, companies importing industrial robots are larger and more productive. This evidence allows us to determine the import of industrial robotics as one of the priority directions of modernization of the Russian manufacturing. Based on the analysis we identify and discuss three growth opportunities for Russia in global advanced manufacturing: 1) support of exports of services in optoelectronics and ICT through the use of accumulated human capital and competencies and taking into account fast transformation of business models in industry, 2) support of exports of biotechnology products, taking into account positive reputational effects and expanding Russian pharmaceutical exports under the COVID-19 pandemic; 3) support of technology companies in wide number of advanced manufacturing taking into account current favorable environment for the birth of tech startups in Russia.
7
Afanasyeva, Olyesya, Evgeniy Ivanov, and Andrey Makushev. "Study of global hops trade and determination of russia's role in the product turnover." Agrarian Bulletin of the 228, no. 13 (January 16, 2023): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2023-228-13-2-17.
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Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.
8
Afanasyeva, Olyesya, Evgeniy Ivanov, and Andrey Makushev. "Study of global hops trade and determination of russia's role in the product turnover." Agrarian Bulletin of the 228, no. 13 (January 17, 2023): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-228-13-2-17.
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Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.
9
Mao, Yinxuan, and Dayan Lin. "Research on Diversified Selection of Soybean Import Sources from the Perspective of Import Risk Minimization." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1019.
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From the perspective of reducing import risks, this paper quantitatively analyzes the optimization path of China's soybean import structure in 2020. The research conclusion shows that compared with 2000, China's soybean import sources will gradually diversify in 2020, and the import risk will increase significantly. In order to minimize the risk of soybean imports, China needs to increase soybean imports from the United States, while appropriately reducing soybean dependence on Brazil and Argentina. In addition, other import source countries such as Canada and Russia still have great import potential, which helps to diversify the concentrated import risks.
10
Shlyk, N. L. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND NATIONAL INTERESTS: INTERRELATION AND CONTRADICTIONS." Vestnik of Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/2618-9526-2020-3-19.
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The paper analyzes current trends in the development of the world economy and their impact on the economy of different countries, including Russia. The article reveals the peculiarity of the Russian import substitution policy and shows its consequences for the overall economic state of the country. It is shown that while maintaining the raw material model of the Russian economy, the policy of import substitution does not justify itself. As before, the country's economy is heavily dependent on imports of modern technological equipment. This fact affects the competitiveness of both Russian exports and the country's economy as a whole
11
Arapova, E. "EAEU-India Free Trade Area: Potential Tariff Liberalization Effects for Russia." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 4 (2021): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.4.67.2.
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In 2017, negotiations on the free trade area between India and the EAEU countries entered an active phase. The directions of the negotiation process cover the issues of import tariff liberalization, and the elimination of non-tariff restrictions. The study aims at quantifying the potential impact of mutual tariff liberalization on the dynamics of bilateral trade between Russia and India, in order to develop key principles for Russia's negotiating position (as part of the EAEU), taking into account its strategic priorities. The research methodology bases on the SMART partial equilibrium model and a qualitative analysis of contemporary trends in import demand and the degree of India’s trade protectionism towards imports from the EAEU countries. The study found that the symmetric bilateral tariff liberalization may result in the higher potential increase in Russian exports to India than in the corresponding effects on imports, which will increase the bilateral trade surplus. This is in the interests of Russia, but it hardly meets the strategic interests of India due to its chronic trade deficit. The free trade area may lead to the diversification of the commodity component of Russian exports due to the growing export supplies of Russian coal, to a lesser extent – of metals (aluminum, copper and articles thereof). However, the opportunities to increase the share of high-tech products in the structure of Russian exports remain limited. The free trade area can become an important tool for strengthening Russian exporters of fertilizers, as well as certain categories of agricultural products. In turn, Indian exporters can strengthen their positions on the Russian market of medicines, as well as increase the share of textile products, jewelry and certain categories of agricultural products. The results can serve for developing the position of Russia (as a EAEU member) in multilateral negotiations.
12
KANG, Yoo-Duk. "Russia's invasion of Ukraine and EU's policy to reduce energy dependence on Russia: prospect and implications." Korean Society for European Integration 13, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 147–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32625/kjei.2022.27.147.
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The European Union (EU) announced its plans to suspend imports of Russian energy sources in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. This study examines the debates on the EU's energy dependence on Russia from the European perspective. It also reviews RePowerEU, the EU's roadmap to reduce and stop imports of natural gas from Russia, and changes that the plan will bring about.
Most EU member countries have a very high energy dependence rate, and Russia accounts for a high share in fossil fuel imports of the EU. The EU-Russia trade is characteristic of a consumer-supplier relationship. Despite the EU's economic sanctions against Russia after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, the energy imports from Russia have not notably declined. On the other hand, the proportion of fossil fuels used decreased, and the proportion of renewable energy increased according to the EU's measures to respond to climate change.
If the EU wants to reduce or stop imports of natural gas from Russia under the RePowerEU, it will have to diversify its energy sources in the short term. It is expected to significantly increase the use of renewable energy such as wind and solar power and green hydrogen in the medium term. European Green Deal will likely find another political push in this process because climate change issues are now linked to energy security. On the other hand, developing countries are likely to face a more significant burden due to rising energy prices and stricter environmental regulations. Strategies to reduce energy dependence on Russia can catalyze European integration, contributing to solidifying the EU's foreign and security and energy policies. On the other hand, there is a possibility that different energy situations and security perceptions create a divergence between countries.
13
Kozinova, A. T. "An econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 1133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.6.1133.
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Subject. The article deals with econometric analysis of retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with macroeconomic indicators, like real disposable household income, consumer prices, etc. Objectives. The purpose is to create effective models to analyze the retail turnover in Russia and its relationship with other macroeconomic indicators, taking into account the existence of periods of economic instability. Methods. I apply correlation and regression methods to analyze statistics. To quantify changes in the retail turnover of Russia during the periods of economic instability, I use dummy variables. Results. The Russia’s retail trade turnover index had a reverse and moderate relationship with the consumer price index, direct and strong relationship with the indices of real disposable household income and imports, direct relationship with the manufacturing index. I offer statistically significant regression models of Russia’s retail turnover with the said macroeconomic indicators. Conclusions. The main advantage of models of retail turnover that are built using a large number of observations is a greater number of simultaneously considered factors. The quantitative assessment of retail turnover elasticity by consumer prices confirms the need for inflation targeting by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The higher elasticity of retail turnover in manufacturing as compared with the imports denotes the importance of import substitution policy.
14
Pavlov, P., and A. Kaukin. "Import substitution of investment goods in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2017): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-8-92-103.
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This paper investigates the sensitivity of the demand for imported capital goods to the influence of various factors of the investment dynamics with the aim to generate evidence-based recommendations for the import substitution policy in the Russian Federation. It provides a forecast of the dynamics of the demand for imported machinery, equipment, components and vehicles in various macroeconomic scenario conditions. The article estimates the influence of the EU and US sectoral sanctions on the volume of Russian imports of investment goods. We characterize different approaches to the import substitution policy in the Russian Federation and conditions for their implementation.
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Österberg, Esa, and Juhani Pehkonen. "Travellers' Imports of Alcohol into Finland: Changes Caused by Finnish EU Membership." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 13, no. 1_suppl (February 1996): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259601301s12.
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The article examines the development in travellers' imports of alcoholic beverages into Finland from 1994 to 1995, the year that Finland became a member of EU. The membership, beginning January 1st 1995, included provisions for increased allowances in travellers' tax-free import of alcoholic beverages and lifted time-limits restricting imports. These provisions have clearly increased the imported volumes, most sharply for beer, from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to around 30 million litres in 1995. The import of spirits increased from 3 million litres in 1994 to 7 million litres in 1995. It is estimated that the import of wines increased from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to 9 million litres in 1995. In 1994 travellers' imports added 6 % and in 1995 17 % to the recorded consumption of alcohol. There were no significant changes in the frequency of air travel or of trips between Finland and Sweden. In contrast, tourism to Russia and Estonia increased dramatically. The relaxed import restrictions were an important factor in this development. Most of the increase in beer imports and the bulk of the increase in wine and spirits imports derive from tourism to these two countries. The article also discusses different ways of estimating travellers' alcohol imports, and proposes how this issue should be studied in the future.
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Korolev, I., V. Zhukovskaja, and N. Chertko. "Imports and Food Security of Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2007): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2007-11-13-20.
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Lyapustina, А. I. "Is Russia ready for “parallel imports”?" Investment and Innovation Management Journal, no. 2 (2016): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/iimj160210.
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Nechaeva, Yuliya. "Imports of pharmaceutical substances to Russia." Remedium Journal about the Russian market of medicines and medical equipment, no. 1-2-3 (2020): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/1561-5936-2020-1-2-3-17-19.
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Krasnykh, S. S. "Import of Russian regions under conditions of COVID-19." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (November 12, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-9-87-93.
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The article examines the import activities of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the context of the coronavirus infection spread, analyses the import dynamics for 2019–2021, and constructs a regression model of panel data confirming the relationship between imports and the number of COVID-19 cases. It has been found that the number of cases of COVID-19 is directly impact on the import. Import volumes, in value terms, for the period 2019–2021, show a steady increase, which can be explained by an increase in mortality in the Russia, socio-economic consequences associated with the spread of COVID-19, and anticovidal sanitary and epidemiological restrictions.
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Chugunova, Alexandra V., and Olga A. Klochko. "Relationship between Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and International Trade: The Case of Russian Pharmaceutical Industry." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-1(88)-81-94.
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This research studies the relationship of cross-border mergers and acquisitions to international trade through the lens of Russian pharmaceutical market. To this aim, the study analyses the woks of foreign economists dedicated to evaluating the link between foreign direct investment and international trade, and the influence of mergers and acquisitions on countries’ export and import flows. The research also presents a correlation analysis between the volume of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports and cross-border deals performed by foreign pharmaceutical companies in Russia. We characterize these deals and conduct a comparative analysis of the regional structure of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports as well as of the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The results of the analysis indicate a positive relationship between cross-border mergers and acquisitions and Russian pharmaceutical exports, which is reflected in the export volume growth and its geographical diversification. However, it is outlined that particular problems of the industry hinder the amelioration of Russian positions in international exports. Similarly, the relationship between cross-border deals and Russian imports is positive: the major pharmaceutical products supply flow occurs from the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted in the Russian pharmaceutical sector.
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Obolenskiy, V. "Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-15-25.
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The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.
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Elshin, Leonid Alekseevich, Marat Rinatovich Gafarov, and Максим Владимирович Савушкин. "Strategic guidelines for import substitution in Russia in the context of systemic transformations." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 3 (March 2022): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2022.3.38523.
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The subject of the study is the parameters and key features of the structure and volume of imports of the Russian Federation. The authors consider in detail the key aspects and trends of the import of foreign products of final and intermediate consumption in the Russian Federation, highlight the risks and threats to the sustainable development of the Russian economy in the context of ongoing systemic transformations caused by the sanctions confrontation that escalated in 2022. The logic and tools of the implemented empirical assessments are based on a theoretical and methodological analysis of determining the strategic guidelines for the formation of foreign trade and the tools produced to assess its effectiveness, and also relies on the approach proposed by the authors to determine the priorities of import substitution policy, taking into account the "severity" of the problem and prospects for economic development. The main conclusion of the study is the need to intensify import substitution processes in the most vulnerable areas of supplies of goods and components to the Russian Federation (machinery, equipment and equipment, chemical industry products, metals and products made of them, plastics, rubber and rubber) from the so-called unfriendly countries (Western European states, USA and Japan, etc.) Given that they account for about 28.5% of imports to Russia, restrictions on further supplies of goods from these countries pose serious risks to the sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in the short term. The novelty and theoretical significance of the study lies in the proposed concept of choosing an import substitution policy depending on the degree of vulnerability of individual industries to localization of import supplies, as well as depending on the scale of the risks of sustainable development of the national economy.
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Кириллова, Ольга, and Olga Kirillova. "REALIZATION OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN)." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b350b3ecf1913.18009306.
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The problems of import substitution in Russia arose long ago, even before the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions and counter-sanctions. This is due to the fact, that Russia is an exporting country of raw materials, which led to import dependence on other countries. At present, there is an urgent need to introduce import substitution policies, insufficient amount of equipment and means of production, raw material and its sources, lack of effective infrastructure does not allow Russia to fully provide itself with the necessary food products. It is also important that, for example, there are foreign competitors in the dairy market, who sell their products much cheaper than Russian ones. A good example is Belarus. Recently, Armenia has become an active participant in the market, which exports cheese to Russia. But after all, as you know, if it’s cheaper, then the quality suffers. The volume of falsified products also increases. According to experts, Russian producers will not be able to satisfy the needs of the population in the near future, because it is necessary to increase the milch herd, significantly improve the village infrastructure, purchase the necessary equipment, etc. The volume of investments in this sector should be 200-500 billion rubles. This can not be done in a short time and therefore Russia will still depend on imports of dairy products from Belarus and other countries. Therefore, the Russian Federation needs to take the necessary measures that will enable the state to protect not only dairy, but also other branches of agriculture in Russia, which will immediately affect the quality and income of the country’s population. Fully apply import substitution in Russia will be unprofitable for the economy and will be associated with increased inflation, a decrease in savings, a reduction in investment activity, a deficit in the balance of payments.
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Litvinova, A. V., N. S. Talalaeva, and M. V. Parfenova. "Comparative analysis of the prerequisites and priorities of import substitution at various stages of development of the Russian economy." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-1-366-372.
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Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.
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Pehkonen, Juhani, and Esa Österberg. "Travellers' Imports of Alcoholic Beverages into Finland before and after EU." Nordisk Alkoholtisdkrift (Nordic Alcohol Studies) 13, no. 4 (August 1996): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259601300406.
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The article examines the development in travellers' imports of alcoholic beverages into Finland from 1994 to 1995, the year that Finland became a member of EU. The membership, beginning January 1st 1995, included provisions for increased allowances in travellers' tax-free import of alcoholic beverages and lifted time-limits restricting imports. These provisions have clearly increased the imported volumes, most sharply for beer, from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to around 30 million litres in 1995. The import of spirits increased from 3 million litres in 1994 to 7 million litres in 1995. It is estimated that the import of wines increased from 3.5 million litres in 1994 to 9 million litres in 1995. In 1994 travellers' imports added 6 percent and in 1995 17 percent to the recorded consumption of alcohol. There were no significant changes in the frequency of air travel or of trips between Finland and Sweden. In contrast, tourism to Russia and Estonia increased dramatically. The relaxed import restrictions were an important factor in this development. Most of the increase in beer imports and the bulk of the increase in wine and spirits imports derive from tourism to these two countries. The article also discusses different ways of estimating travellers' alcohol imports, and proposes how this issue should be studied in the future.
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Alcover, Maria. "Russian Federation – Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (Russia–Pigs (EU)), DS475." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000404.
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This dispute arose after African Swine Fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease of pigs, was detected in four member States of the European Union (EU) and Russia stopped accepting imports of pigs and pig products from the EU. The EU presented claims with respect to two measures: (i) the ‘EU-wide ban’, consisting of Russia's ban on the importation of the products at issue from the entire EU; and (ii) the ‘country-specific import bans’ imposed by Russia on imports from the four EU member States – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. There were two categories of products at issue: ‘treated products’ (finished products subject to a treatment that ensures destruction of ASF) and ‘non-treated products’ (products including live pigs, and raw meat preparations). Treated products were not subject to the EU-wide ban. The EU brought multiple claims under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement).
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Belova, Irina N., and Mohammed Abduljalil Al-Hamati. "Trade relations between Russia and the countries of North Africa in the food sector: state, problems and prospects." RUDN Journal of Economics 29, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2021-29-4-739-749.
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Currently, Russia is actively building economic cooperation with the states of the African continent. The state of trade relations between Russia and the countries of North Africa is studied. The dynamics of trade turnover, both in value and in physical volume, the commodity structure of exports and imports, the place of the countries of this region in the Russian export and import of agricultural raw materials and food, the influence of factors that stimulate and hinder trade relations between the countries are analyzed. The importance of the markets of the countries for mutual supplies is substantiated; the problems and prospects of expanding trade relations between these countries in the food sector are identified.
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Doroshenko, Svetlana V., and Viacheslav V. Dzhabiev. "Modern trade relations between the Republic of South Ossetia and Russian regions: Features, trends, barriers, risks." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 530–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-4-530-547.
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Touches upon the foreign economic interactions of the partially recognized states - the Republic of South Ossetia. The development of states that have arisen, as a rule, as a result of armed conflicts, and are designated in world practice through variousterms (unrecognized states, secessions, de facto states, etc.), has a constant scientific interest. In recent years, research has been updated in the search for factors and mechanisms of self-development of such states, which does not imply absolute economic and social isolation, therefore, one of the mechanisms is external relations and trade interactions. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the features, trends, barriers and risks of export-import relations of the republic with the regions of the Russian Federation. The study was conducted using methods of empirical analysis of statistical data, as well as normative and cartographic analysis and presentation of results. The main sources of analytical information were the site data ru-stat.com. The period of the analysis is January 2013 - January 2022. The analysis revealed the current features and trends of trade relations between Russia and South Ossetia, including the transition of the customs authorities of South Ossetia to the standards of the Eurasian Economic Union; an increase in import volumes and tax revenues from it. There are three types of barriers to increasing imports to Russia - transport and logistics, institutional, and structural. The emergence of certain risks of the foreign trade relations with Russia is not excluded, in particular, the occurrence of pandemics like COVID-19, exchange rate fluctuations of the Russian currency, sanctions pressure. In general, the republic has long-term trade relations with Russian regions, primarily in terms of imports. Nevertheless, the Government of the Republic faces the strategic task of strengthening and increasing trade interactions.
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Teichmann, Fabian, and Marie-Christin Falker. "Sanctions against Russia: implications, prospects and circumvention." SEER 23, no. 1 (2020): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2020-1-109.
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Prior to the conflict, the situation in Ukraine had been escalating for several years. The nation is now divided between pro-Europe and pro-Russia activists and there seems to be no solution in sight. Within the scope of the conflict, Europe and the US have closely scrutinised Russia, accusing it of purposely destabilising east Ukraine. The EU and the US imposed sanctions on Russia in 2014 in response to its actions in the Ukraine conflict and its annexation of Crimea. Russia responded with counter-sanctions, mainly affecting agri-foods imports into Russia. This article first discusses both western and Russian sanctions in depth. It then analyses the impacts on both parties, illustrating how bilateral sanctions between the EU and Russia influence trade flows and economies. Possible methods of circumvention for both import bans and sanctions against individuals are also analysed and recommendations made to European producers regarding their dealings with Russia. Subsequently, the article shows why current sanctions are rather ineffective and provides suggestions for their improvement. Lastly, future prospects are deliberated.
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Kašťáková, Elena, Matúš Žatko, and Malgorzata Agnieszka Jarossová. "The impact of the Russian embargo on the development and specialization of agri-food trade between Slovakia and Russia." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 16 (September 14, 2022): 590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1779.
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The paper examines and evaluates the impact of the Russian embargo on the development and specialization of agri-food foreign trade between Slovakia and Russia through the evaluation of the one-factor Lafay and Grubel-Lloyd indexes. As a result of the application of the Russian embargo on imports of agri-food products, based on the calculation of the indexes, we can state that the degree of specialization of Slovak agri-food foreign trade has changed. Although in 2013 Slovakia specialized in exporting a relatively wide range of agri-food products, in 2020, their number decreased. Also, in 2020 there was no overall increase in the volume of mutual trade. In general, Slovakia's exports to Russia decreased compared to 2013. The following factors have contributed to this situation: substantial attenuation, that is, the elimination of Slovak agri-food exports to Russia based on the impact of the Russian embargo with side effects and an increase in imports from Russia but not in absolute but relative terms in the context of its comparison with Slovak exports.
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Tumanyan, Yuri R., and Maksim A. Industriev. "Import substitution as a factor of Russian economy innovative development." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 22, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2022-22-4-396-405.
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Introduction. In the modern world, the introduction of innovations is becoming one of the main ways of economic development of both organizations and states. In this regard, the process of switching Russian economy to the innovative way of development acquires special importance. Still in 2011, the Government approved the Strategy for Innovative Development of Russia until 2020: it formulates the goals of the country’s long-term development and indicators that characterize their implementation. Import substitution was identified as one of the key factors contributing to the achievement of these goals. The aim of the work is to study the impact of import substitution on the effectiveness of the implementation of the Strategy for Innovative Development of Russia. Theoretical analysis. Import substitution processes in Russian economy began in the late 1990s. The main reason at that time was the ruble devaluation, due to which the volume of imports in 1998–1999 decreased by more than 30%. Imports replacement became possible by increasing the supply of domestic producers who resumed the use of previously mothballed facilities. According to a number of Russian economists, during this period import substitution was one of the key drivers of GDP and industrial production growth in the country. In the 2000s, import substitution processes began to take on a point-by-point rather than a mass factor: they took place in those industries where Russian enterprises had clear competitive advantages. In 2014, following the implementation of economic sanctions against Russia, the Government adopted a number of measures aimed at intensifying import substitution in the country. Empirical analysis. The text of the strategy identifies import substitution as one of the key factors in the innovative development of the domestic economy. The paper considers the impact of the ongoing policy of import substitution on the achievement of the strategic goals of Russia’s innovative development. A statistical analysis of indicators characterizing the effectiveness of ongoing measures in the field of import substitution and stimulation of innovative development was carried out. Results. According to the results of data statistical analysis, a conclusion is obtained that the target indicators in the field of import substitution have not been achieved: in key sectors of the economy there is still a high dependence on supplies of foreign products. Innovative technologies used by domestic organizations are still mainly of import origin. At the same time, indicators of innovation activity in Russia remain significantly lower than in foreign countries. This situation relates mainly to such factors as lack or shortage of organizations funds, long payback period of investments in innovation, lack of qualified personnel, as well as reduction of opportunities in cooperation with other enterprises and scientific organizations.
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Mustafin, Timur, and Antonina Seregina. "IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE ENERGY INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: CURRENT STATUS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS." Russian Journal of Management 10, no. 1 (April 19, 2022): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2022-10-1-41-45.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of the current stage of the import substitution program implementation in the energy sector of Russia. The foreign states’ sanctions have revealed the dependence of the domestic fuel and energy complex on the equipment and technologies imports and engaging of the foreign specialists. Despite the achieved success, Russian fuel and energy complex faces a number of tasks that have to be solved in cooperation with federal authorities, suppliers of substituted goods and technologies, consumers, producers in order to maximize the efficiency of taken measures.
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Ivanovskaya, Irina V., and Larisa V. Narkevich. "EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITIES FOR DEEPENING THE TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA AND BELARUS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 1 (2022): 200–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-1-200-228.
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One of the main directions of economic development within the framework of the Union State is the expansion of cooperation between Russia and Belarus in the trade and economic sphere at the regional level. The article provides a statistical analysis of the macroeconomic parameters of the trade and economic potential of the Mogilev region, which made it possible to assess the contribution of the Mogilev region to the macroeconomic indicators for the foreign trade activity of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation; to identify the proportions of the share of exports / imports in gross domestic product and gross regional product; to present trends in exports, imports, and the foreign trade balance in the whole region, including within the framework of the region’s cooperation with the Russian Federation. The analytical block of the geography of the foreign trade turnover of the Mogilev region with an emphasis on trade and economic turnover with the regions of the Russian Federation is relevant. There was a decrease in the share of export operations in the system of the trade and economic cooperation of the Union State countries and a corresponding increase in the share of imports, which requires studying the commodity structure of foreign trade turnover with entry into the position of import substitution within the framework of the strategy for sustainable development of the Mogilev region. An assessment of the risk and need for diversification was carried out in the study based on the results of statistical analysis of the concentration level of exports and imports of the Mogilev region by country for 2016–2019. The characteristics of the contribution of small, medium and microorganisms in the foreign economic turnover of the Mogilev region are briefly presented. The article analyzes the structural dynamics of exports / imports of the Mogilev region in the context of enlarged groups of goods, as well as the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity. The exporting enterprises with the largest export capacity of the region are identified. Following the results of the study, the authors generalize main proportions and trends of trade and economic cooperation, and worked out promising directions for the development of the trade and economic potential of the Mogilev region with an emphasis on the border areas of Russia and Belarus
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Okhoshin, Oleg. "UK ENERGY SECURITY STRATEGY." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 30, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran6202297105.
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The West’s sanctions, imposed on Russia in the wake of her special operation in Ukraine, have led to the aggravation of the global energy crisis. In April 2022, the Johnson government published the Energy Security Strategy in order to increase Britain’s independence from energy imports through intensive development of its own energy sector. The country plans to accelerate the introduction of new nuclear technologies and renewable energy sources, as well as increase the production of hydrocarbons in the North Sea. The UK has proposed to the EU to introduce a cap on prices for Russian oil and gas. Sanctions against Russia have entered a new phase – the gradual ban on import of her hydrocarbons. On August 10, the UK government completely banned the import of Russian coal, and by the end of 2022 plans to stop importing Russian oil. At the G7 summit on October 11, 2022, UK PM L. Truss demanded to tighten pressure on Russia turn the G7 into an «economic NATO». Under these conditions, the country will face a fuel shortage that will destabilize its economy, and the «Energy Security Strategy» will be fraught with serious financial and technical difficulties that the Government of R. Sunak will not be able to overcome, causing social unrest.
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Winters, Alan L., Marc Rubin, and Andrew R. Bond. "Antidumping Action on American Imports from Russia." Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 39, no. 4 (April 1998): 183–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889388.1998.10641074.
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Al-Hamati, Mohammed Abduljalil. "Foreign economic relations between Russia and Egypt in the agricultural sphere: Problems and prospects of development[54]." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-1-124-132.
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Nowadays Russia is actively developing economic cooperation with the African continent states. The article presents an analysis of trade and economic relations between Russia and Egypt. The Arab Republic of Egypt is a strategic partner of Russia in mutual trade in agricultural products and food in North Africa and the Middle East. The country is a major food importer and is a promising market for increasing the supply of agricultural products from Russia. The authors analyze: the dynamics of trade turnover in food products and agricultural raw materials between two countries; the commodity structure of exports and imports; Egypts place in Russian exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and food. The importance of the markets of the analyzed countries for mutual supplies is under authors consideration. The possibilities of development are analyzed and the problems and prospects of expanding investment cooperation between these countries in the field of agriculture are identified. The significance of the opening of the Russian Industrial Zone in Egypt for deepening trade and investment ties in the agro-industrial business is proved.
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Kalygina, Valentina V. "International technology transfer as an effective tool of export-oriented import substitution in Russia." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-2-231-241.
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The aim of this study is to determine the prospects of the international transfer technologies in the Russian market. The sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU countries and the United States have led to a clear understanding of the danger of dependence on imports. In 2014, an import substitution program was launched by the Russian government, and it has already shown the positive results. Some industries showed the increasing the share of domestic products by 15-25% Nevertheless, simple import substitution can also have a negative impact on the enterprise. For example, it can decrease the productivity and the product quality. Not all enterprises can offer competitive products without imported components, technologies, and trained personnel, even for the domestic market. No doubt, the interests of domestic producers must be considered in the first place, but it is necessary to make sure that Russian products are also interesting for the foreign markets. That is why the government set the task of moving from the policy of simple import substitution to the policy of export-oriented import substitution. Russia should improve its performance in the export of non-resource goods. Unfortunately, simple localization can be quite risky for the economy. Russia should be more actively involved in international technology transfer. The article examines the weaknesses and strengths of the Russian innovation system, as well as the opportunities that open for Russian business and Swiss companies, that transforms innovative and patented technologies developed by Swiss universities and international research centers into global successful businesses.
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Kozlova, N. V., and T. A. Dubrovina. "STRATEGIC IMPULSES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." ECONOMIC VECTOR 1, no. 24 (March 2021): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/2411-7269-2021-1-24-152-160.
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The authors of the article argue the problem and complexity of the agroindustrial complex of Russia from the point of view of sustainable development and innovation. The features of the agricultural sector of the economy are systematized. Analyses the current situation of the agricultural sector of Russia, and it presents the dynamics of exports and imports with countries of the CIS, Eurasian economic community and Abroad; calculated the growth rate of exports and imports of agricultural products of the Russian Federation; the structure of Russia's exports reflected the export of essential goods; the dynamics of investments in the agroindustrial complex by economic activity is given; the growth rates of investments in the agricultural sector of the country are calculated. The priorities of the strategy of the agroindustrial complex of the European Union are considered. The conclusion is made about the extensive model of functioning of the agro industrial complex. The reasons for the low export orientation of the agroindustrial complex of the country are revealed. Macrofactors influencing the development of the Russian agroindustrial complex are identified. The internal factors of inefficient development of the agricultural sector are revealed. The negative consequences of the longterm implementation of the import substitution policy in our country are reflected. Scenarios of the development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation are considered and their comparative analysis is given. Formulated strategic impetus for development of the agroindustrial complex of the Russian Federation aimed at reducing the gap APK from developed countries.
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Menshchikova, V. I., N. K. Rodionova, and A. A. Burmistrova. "Production capabilities of Russian regions under new sanctions and restrictions." Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 21, no. 4 (January 10, 2023): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2022-21-4-22-32.
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The article reveals the reasons for the introduction of economic sanctions and restrictions against Russia. The commodity structure of exports and imports of the Russian Federation was analyzed; the grouping of Russian regions by the volume of exports and imports with countries of the far and near abroad was carried out, which allowed identifying at least 20 regions of the Russian Federation in each group that are actively engaged in foreign economic activity. It is concluded that the industrial specialization of the regions of the Russian Federation determines the nature of their foreign economic activity: the leading regions in export are the regions in which the raw materials industries of the economy are concentrated, and in import — the regions in which the manufacturing industries, primarily mechanical engineering, are concentrated. It is proved that only nine subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnodar and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Sverdlovsk, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regions) are key regions in the implementation of comprehensive foreign trade operations. At the same time, there are regions that work mainly for import — Kaliningrad and Kaluga regions, Primorsky Krai, and others — mainly for export — Sakhalin and Irkutsk regions. The conclusion is made about the need to develop high–tech industries, IT–sphere (hardware and software), mechanical engineering, production of own feed, seeds, plant protection products in the Russian regions.
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Yevchenko, Natalia, Lincong Li, and Zhidong Huang. "Ensuring sustainable imports of soybeans to China: a comparative study of bilateral foreign trade with Brazil." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127308014.
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The article discusses the problem of sustainable soybean imports to China as a strategic food product. Extensive and intensive factors, determine the soybean supply to China was identified. It has been established that the China-Brazil soybean foreign trade is characterized by a constant increase in bilateral interdependence, characterized by volumes and prices. It was revealed that the prices of soybeans in the Brazilian market are formed by China’s demand and are the lowest of imported into China. It has been proven an increase in the soybean imports volatility in China: the monopoly strengthening of the key supplier (Brazil) and the rise of purchase prices, the inclusion of China's political commitments in foreign soybean trade with the United States. It has been established that the extensive factors on the soybean imports increasing are near to be exhausted. It is suggested that China will be enforced to use intensive factors of soybean imports sustainability: diversification of soybean import sources, including initiation of public-private partnership contracts, policy adjustments to deepen China-Brazil-USA-Russia soybean trade cooperation, exploring investments in neighboring countries. A plan for expanding educational and scientific cooperation with Russia is presented, aimed at expanding production and soybean foreign trade with the PRC.
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Batyk, Iwona. "Zmiany w polskim handlu zagranicznym produktami rolno spożywczymi z Federacją Rosyjską w latach 2006-2015." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.1.2.
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The aim of the article is to identify the most important changes in Polish foreign trade in agri-food products with the Russian Federation in the years 2006-2015. To verify these shifts, changes over time and the structure of foreign trade in agri-food products in 2006-2015 were analyzed. The value of Poland's foreign trade turnover with Russia, the turnover balance and the share of agri-food products in trade were presented. The value of imports and exports in the categories of agri-food product groups and the dynamics of the import and export of agri-food products was also presented. The article is the result of the analysis of literature and statistical studies. Data from the Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade was used. Trade exchange of agri-food products is characterized by an advantage of exports from Poland to Russia. The value of trading these products was reduced after the restrictions of the Russian Federation in 2014 on the import of these products from the EU. The dynamics of exports to Russia were dependent on the category of products. The most significant changes were related to products of plant and animal origin, because their exports depended on trade barriers resulting from the geopolitical situation. To improve Polish-Russian economic and trade relations, Russia must accept EU standards for the production and veterinary and phytosanitary certification of agri-food products.
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Gorin, Evgeniy A., and Aleksandr A. Zolotarev. "Export Potential of the National Economy: Opportunities and Limitations." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-103-116.
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Authors consider export opportunities and the structure and dynamics of industrial export and import in the Russian Federation, Northwest Russia and St. Petersburg. The article studies structural changes in sectors of St. Petersburg economy resulting from ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential. It provides the results of assessing the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on export opportunities of various economic entities. Export opportunities, structure and dynamics of export and import of industrial products in the Russian Federation, the North-West region and St. Petersburg are considered. Volume of exports, imports and trade turnover in Russia in 2019, as well as the dynamics of changes in recent years are discussed. In the structure of Russia's exports in recent years, the bulk of supplies (60%) were mineral products, imports the main share of exports (over 40%) occurred in the machinery, equipment and vehicles. The high needs of the national market and the significant export potential of Russian enterprises engaged in the production of medicines and modern medical equipment are noted, which makes it possible to make a real contribution to solving important social problems and developing the national economy. The structure of exports and imports of North-West Federal district and St. Petersburg by major commodity groups, there is a saving in purchases of imported equipment combined with constant growth of exports of fuel and energy products are discussed. Structural changes in the economic sectors of St. Petersburg as a result of ongoing innovation processes and their impact on export potential are studied. The results of the assessment of the impact of organizational, economic and production factors on the export opportunities of various economic entities are presented. It is revealed that for industrial enterprises, the quality and cost of components becomes a problematic factor that hinders their development both in improving the product range and in their own technological modernization. For small and medium-sized businesses in industrial production, problems related to timely receipt of high-quality materials and products of the element base from suppliers and related companies, in most cases located abroad, are added. The role of the “Russian export center” as a state institute for supporting non-commodity exports and facilitating export operations was noted.
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KRIVENKO, Natal'ya V., and Ol'ga E. KROPOTINA. "Development of innovation-oriented import substitution in Russia: Nationwide and regional experience." National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1468–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.8.1468.
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Subject. This article analyzes the competitiveness of Russian products and the possibilities and opportunities to increase exports. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the challenges and problems associated with import substitution, considering the enterprises of the Ural Federal District as a case study. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical, systems, and comparative analyses. Results. The article highlights the export surplus for the period from 2020 to 2021 and structural disparities in the field of exports and imports. Conclusions. There is a need to curtail the dependence of production on imported parts and components, as well as to build up business and enterprises in Russia that can implement a complete production cycle.
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Lyubovtseva, Elena G., and Irina A. Gordeeva. "THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES AND RESTRICTIONS." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-3-8-14.
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The industries that have suffered the most from the introduction of sanctions against Russia by foreign countries are considered. The consequences of sanctions on the Russian economy are examined. The positive aspects of restrictive measures introduction by unfriendly states are studied. The main parameters of the Russian economy development in accordance with the forecast of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the framework of the baseline scenario are considered. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the sanctions imposed by Western countries for several years have had a direct impact on the economic development of Russia. If in the period between 2008 and 2014 the sanctions hit the economy quite hard, then Russia was already prepared for the sanctions of 2022, which makes it possible to develop measures to restore the country's economy right now. On the one hand, sanctions restrict the development of Russian industries, and on the other hand, they provide opportunities for its development, especially in terms of import substitution. For Russian economy today, the task of launching new production facilities within the country and reducing the level of dependence on imports is more urgent than ever, which will have a positive impact on all its indicators.
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Yakovenko, N. A., and I. S. Ivanenko. "IMPORT SUBSTITUTION AS A BASIS OF SUSTAINABILITY FOOD SYSTEM OF RUSSIA." Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, no. 7 (2021): 1964–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2021-11-7-1964-1974.
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The article is devoted to assessing the impact of the implementation of the import substitution policy on food security and the stability of the food system in Russia in the face of new challenges and risks. Globalization processes have increased the impact of uncertainties, including the coronavirus pandemic, on the sustainable functioning of national food systems. The analysis of changes in the macroeconomic parameters of the country’s food security is carried out. A study of self-sufficiency indicators, coefficients of import priority and import load showed a decrease in the dependence of the domestic market on imports for the main types of products. The problematic segments of the food market were identified: milk and dairy products, fruits and berries. Even with high production rates in recent years, the market remains highly dependent on external supplies of fruits and berries, milk and dairy products. Import substitution processes have only slightly affected the non-agricultural stages of the agri-food complex. The pro- duction potential of the food system of Russia re- mains highly dependent on imports of the main types of machinery and equipment, technologies and innovative developments, which is an external risk of its sustainability. The strategic priorities for the development of the agri-food complex, which ensure the sustainability of the country’s food system, have been substantiated. It is concluded that the current trend in the development of food systems is not just an increase in the production of agricultural products and food. When developing and implementing agricultural policy, it is necessary to take into account the multi- functionality of food systems, which suggests a balance between meeting the growing demand for food and rational use of resources, using innovative production methods and increasing food quality, reducing environmental pollution, reducing soil degradation and greenhouse gas emissions, etc.
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Ustyugova, O. A. "Salt Market of the Russian Far East in the Conditions of Import Dependency (1900–1914): Features of Functioning." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 2 (2022): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.205.
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The article examines the state of the salt market in the Russian Far East at the beginning of the 20th century under conditions of dependence on imports, characterizing the quality, prices and volume of salt supplies. Under the high demand for table salt as a product of prime necessity and raw material for the fishing industry, the salt market of the Far East was entirely dependent on imports. While the import of foreign salt to Russia was decreasing, in the Far East it was showing stable growth. The development of the fishing industry in the 1890s stimulated the growth of salt consumption, which local production could not satisfy. Import dependency, which vividly showed up during the Russian-Japanese War, worried both the authorities and entrepreneurs. After the final cancellation of the porto-franco in 1909, salt became a duty-free commodity, which facilitated the access of foreign product to the region. The system of salt supply for the local market by foreign companies, which was formed in the second half of the 19th century, retained its importance. The matter of organizing the supply of the Russian Far East with salt of domestic production was unsettled. The import of salt from the Crimea and the Irkutsk Salt Plant was unprofitable because of the high cost of transportation. During the First World War the region’s dependence on the import of foreign salt remained. Before the war, the main amount of salt for the population and the fishing industry came from Germany, but after the war began, Japan, China and Port Said became the main suppliers.
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Ishchuk, Yu, and V. Porokhnia. "Import policy: general goals and current problems of Ukraine." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 75 (2022): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2022.02.105.
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The essence of import policy, its current problems and goals are investigated in this paper. The dynamics of foreign trade in Ukraine is also analyzed. It is determined that the import policy is an important tool for ensuring Ukraine's economic independence, preserving its own economic identity and security. The geographical and commodity structure of imports is analyzed, the countries with the highest share of imports to Ukraine are identified and the reasons for changes in the volume of imports of goods by broad economic categories are revealed. In particular, characterizing the real state of affairs in Ukrainian imports, it should be noted an interesting geopolitical dominant: the state's dependence on large energy supplies from abroad automatically turns countries - suppliers of oil and gas to leading sources of imported trade flows. And if during the 90s of XX century. there was a noticeable diversification of exports, then at the beginning of the new century the undisputed leader among other countries (before the full-scale invasion of Ukraine 24.02.2022) – suppliers of products to Ukraine remained Russia, due to large energy supplies. As a result, during the second half of the 1990s, Ukraine had total trade deficit of about $ 15 billion with Russia. USA. This is a third more than the average annual exports of our country at the end of the century. At the same time, Ukraine needs to provide alternative energy supply channels that can increase the importance of other countries, including Azerbaijan, if the relevant agreements are reached and the transport and pipeline infrastructure is created. Current issues and priority areas of import policy in Ukraine are analyzed. It is determined that effective means of solving the problem of import optimization is the customs policy, which takes into account the competition of goods on the national market with domestic goods, ways to accelerate the STP. Customs policy should be formed on the basis of national scientific and technical strategy. Thus, the investigation clearly outlines that the improvement of import strategy in the framework of balanced import substitution through government support for national producers of high-tech products and support for small businesses will increase the competitiveness of both individual industries and the domestic economy as a whole.
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Firsova, Polina Aleksandrovna, and Irina Vyacheslavovna Fomicheva. "CUSTOMS REGULATION OF IMPORTS OF GOODS TO RUSSIA." News of scientific achievements. Economics and Law, no. 5 (2020): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2686-9837-2020-5-242-245.
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Epova, Natalya. "Foreign Trade of Russia and Irkutsk Region: General Trends and Regional Specifics." Bulletin of Baikal State University 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2020.30(1).59-70.
Full textAbstract:
At the present stage of economic development, foreign trade is of great importance for any country both in terms of expanding markets and obtaining additional profits, and in terms of increasing influence on the world market. Russia's trade turnover consists of exports and imports of different regions located in various natural and climatic zones. Analysis of the commodity and geographical structure of exports and imports of Russia and the Irkutsk region indicates the presence of certain regional characteristics. The article discusses the dynamics of changes in foreign trade at the level of the country as a whole and compares it with similar indicators of the Irkutsk region, identifies the causes of discrepancy or difference in shares of certain commodities in export and import. The positive and negative trends observed in the commodity structure in recent years are determined and the conclusion is made about the need and possible promising options for changing the commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade at the regional level and throughout the country.
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Kulikova, Natalia. "Russia – Central and Eastern European Countries: The New “Iron Curtain”." Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 12 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760023427-8.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with the problems associated with the participation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in the economic sanctions imposed against Russia by the European Union, especially those related to the restriction of imports of Russian energy resources by these countries. The authors analyzes the consequences of the sanction war for the economies of CEE countries, for the development of trade relations with Russia, including those resulting from the withdrawal of a number of CEE countries’ companies from the Russian market. The prospects for the restoration of economic ties between the CEE countries and Russia in the medium term are considered.