Relevant bibliographies by topics / Imports – Russia

Academic literature on the topic 'Imports – Russia'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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Ivanov, I. "Imports and Import Substitution in Russia." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-15-21.

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The crisis of 2008 once more highlighted the problems of Russia economic security, of judicious combination of domestic production and imports, of protecting the interests of Russian producers. At this point, import performs quite important functions in the domestic reproduction process. It brings into the local market competition, prevents monopolization, covers the demand for the missing goods, forms a modern model of consumption, etc. However, the import’s excess significantly inhibits the process of import substitution. The lack of consistency in dealing with the import reduces its positive implications.
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Repushevskaya, Ol'ga. "IMPACT OF PARALLEL IMPORTS ON THE ECONOMY OF RUSSIA." Russian Journal of Management 10, no. 2 (July 26, 2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2022-10-2-76-80.

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The article examines parallel imports and their impact on the economic situation in Russia. The import scheme is analyzed through official distributors and with the help of "parallel import". The influence of parallel imports on the cost of goods in Russia is also being studied.
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KOPTSEVA, Natalia P., and Vladimir I. KIRKO. "Development of the Russian Economy’s Agricultural Sector Under the Conditions of Food Sanctions (2015-2016)." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 1 (May 28, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.1(17).13.

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The Russian economy is in crisis. In 2014, the Russian government has introduced a food sanctions. This caused a certain economic processes in agriculture, post-Soviet Russia. Now the problem of food security of Russia practically solved. The main figures of the Russian agrarian economy are large agricultural holdings. The value of small farms is reduced. However, the agrarian economy of post-Soviet Russia is on the verge of a new economic crisis associated with the termination of public investment. We discuss a new strategy to overcome the agrarian crisis in modern Russian economy. The most promising strategy is an increase in food imports in Asia and Africa. A food import to the EU is not possible, since the EU has great demands on the quality and safety of food imports.
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Qi, Ming, Danyang Shi, Congcong Li, Jialu Wu, and Pei Wang. "Improving Oil Supply Security: Using a Risk Optimization Model to China and India." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541954.

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In this paper, a risk optimization model is proposed to minimize the oil supply risk from the perspective of diversification. The results show that there is large room for both China and India to improve the oil supply security. China should reduce oil imports from Saudi Arabia and Russia while increasing oil imports from the United States and Kazakhstan. India should import more oil from America and Russia while substantially reducing imports from Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In terms of the regional analysis, the Middle East plays a crucial role in the oil import strategies. They account for almost half of the total oil imports to China and India. African countries provide an alternative choice to diversify their energy supply risks. Based on forecasts of oil demand, we investigate the optimal oil import strategies for both countries until 2030 and 2040. China’s imports from the United States and Kazakhstan are forecasted to increase by more than ten times by 2030. India should import four times as much oil from the United States as it does now and import 10 times more crude oil from Russia. Africa and North America will play a more important role in India’s oil supply security.
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Parihar, Sarita, Dr Pupinder Kumar, and Dr Muzaffer Ahmad Khanday. "Indian Economy amid Russia-Ukraine Conflict." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41334.

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Abstract: Amid the Russia-Ukraine war India has very well managed it’s relationship with Russia while in a dramatic manner is getting closer to United states strategically but Russia’s invasion of Ukraine will make it hard for India to hold it for a longer time. There are many Indian officials who consider Russian invasion as “Europe’s problem”. Russia is the largest supplier of key armaments to India. India also runs a trade deficit with Russia, with declining in the exports while the imports have gone up; oil is the major part of our import basket. The conflict is a chance for India to become an exporter of the wheat in the global market. Keywords: Import, Oil, Export, Strategically, Invasion, Supplier
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Simachev, Yu V., A. A. Fedyunina, and N. A. Gorodny. "Global advanced manufacturing markets — a new opportunity for Russia’s technological upgrade." Journal of the New Economic Association 53, no. 1 (2022): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-53-1-10.

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New technologies, including Industry 4.0, are rapidly changing traditional and high-tech industries, and forming the advanced manufacturing sector within the industrial complex. By now Russia has been characterized by a modest presence in the world advanced manufacturing markets – Russia’ share is less than 0.6% in certain markets and less than 0.4% in global advanced manufacturing. This is partially explained by the scarce commodity range in the Russian export basket, which determines weak representation of Industry 4.0 goods. Large part in the Russian advanced manufacturing exports is traditional for the Russian economy goods — airplanes, turbojet engines, fuel rods. However, we observe positive structural changes in Russian exports caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Russia has increased exports of goods with bio- and additive technologies, optoelectronics. It seems that the entry to new advanced manufacturing markets for Russia can form the basis for long-term growth. International experience shows that advanced manufacturing exports are often supported by advanced manufacturing imports. We find that Russian economy significantly underutilizes this channel. Although Russian advanced manufacturing imports are gradually growing, it is focused primarily on final consumer goods. We consider industrial robots as a case of advanced manufacturing imports that deserves special attention as a widespread cross-cutting technology that can significantly transform the technological level of industries. Our estimates show that, although the robotics market in Russia is relatively small and has low growth rates relatively to investment in fixed assets, companies importing industrial robots are larger and more productive. This evidence allows us to determine the import of industrial robotics as one of the priority directions of modernization of the Russian manufacturing. Based on the analysis we identify and discuss three growth opportunities for Russia in global advanced manufacturing: 1) support of exports of services in optoelectronics and ICT through the use of accumulated human capital and competencies and taking into account fast transformation of business models in industry, 2) support of exports of biotechnology products, taking into account positive reputational effects and expanding Russian pharmaceutical exports under the COVID-19 pandemic; 3) support of technology companies in wide number of advanced manufacturing taking into account current favorable environment for the birth of tech startups in Russia.
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Afanasyeva, Olyesya, Evgeniy Ivanov, and Andrey Makushev. "Study of global hops trade and determination of russia's role in the product turnover." Agrarian Bulletin of the 228, no. 13 (January 16, 2023): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2023-228-13-2-17.

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Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.
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Afanasyeva, Olyesya, Evgeniy Ivanov, and Andrey Makushev. "Study of global hops trade and determination of russia's role in the product turnover." Agrarian Bulletin of the 228, no. 13 (January 17, 2023): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-228-13-2-17.

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Abstract. The purpose of the work is the studies the world trade in hops and hop products in order to establish the structure of the main shipped products, to identify world market leaders by product type, prevailing world prices and their dynamics over the past five years. Methods. The calculations were carried out by the methods of statistical analysis according to Russian and international official Internet resources. Scientific novelty. The work made it possible to form a list of types of hops and hop products, which are the most important goods imported into Russia and constitute the main burden of foreign hop supplies in domestic imports; to determine the price difference between the importation of products from abroad to Russia and the average prices for their sale in international markets by country, which became the beginning of forecasting potential new suppliers of products. Results. The global hop growing market is mostly represented by crushed and pelleted hop cones (according to 2021 data, they accounted for 60.6 % of the total structure of world exports). It is this product that is predominant in the import of hops in Russia (73.8 % of imports according to data for 2021). The main exporters of these products to Russia were such countries as Germany (64.2 % of Russian imports), Belarus (13.5 %) and the USA (10.5 %). Imported products from the USA were the most expensive for Russia - $24,927/t, shipments from Belarus were the cheapest - $3,563/t. At the same time, shipping prices from the US to Russia are 26 % higher than the average prices for all US exports ($19,821/t). Germany exported products to Russia at a price of USD 10,749/t, which is 7.3 % lower than the average prices of all shipments in the country. Prices for hops from China (6,890 USD/t) and Poland (7,817 USD/t) for Russia are also noticeably lower compared to the cost of shipments of products by counterparties in other countries.
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Mao, Yinxuan, and Dayan Lin. "Research on Diversified Selection of Soybean Import Sources from the Perspective of Import Risk Minimization." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1019.

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From the perspective of reducing import risks, this paper quantitatively analyzes the optimization path of China's soybean import structure in 2020. The research conclusion shows that compared with 2000, China's soybean import sources will gradually diversify in 2020, and the import risk will increase significantly. In order to minimize the risk of soybean imports, China needs to increase soybean imports from the United States, while appropriately reducing soybean dependence on Brazil and Argentina. In addition, other import source countries such as Canada and Russia still have great import potential, which helps to diversify the concentrated import risks.
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Shlyk, N. L. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND NATIONAL INTERESTS: INTERRELATION AND CONTRADICTIONS." Vestnik of Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/2618-9526-2020-3-19.

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The paper analyzes current trends in the development of the world economy and their impact on the economy of different countries, including Russia. The article reveals the peculiarity of the Russian import substitution policy and shows its consequences for the overall economic state of the country. It is shown that while maintaining the raw material model of the Russian economy, the policy of import substitution does not justify itself. As before, the country's economy is heavily dependent on imports of modern technological equipment. This fact affects the competitiveness of both Russian exports and the country's economy as a whole
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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Petrovich, Ekaterina. "Crude oil futures price and stock market returns in Russia and China." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/r1/petroviche/ekaterinapetrovich.pdf.

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Olofsson, Linus, and Mikael Savelainen. "The Russian Federation - the European economy’s future powerhouse? : An Econometric Analysis of the Energy Import Relationship Between Seven European Key Countries and the Russian Federation." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60491.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyze how the world market price of crude oil, coal and natural gas affects the demand of and dependency on energy imports from the Russian Federation of key European countries[1]. We achieve our objective through econometric estimations of import demand equations concerning imports from the Russian Federation of crude oil, coal and natural gas for seven EU key countries during 1990-2014.Three out of twenty-one models were found to be statistically significant for both the spot price- and income elasticity. The spot price elasticities for the models where: coal import demand for Finland (-0.49), crude oil import demand for Italy (-0.44) and the Netherlands (-0.42). The income elasticities for the aforementioned models were found to be: Finland (2.58), Italy (5.85) and the Netherlands (7.62). The remaining models were statistically insignificant presumably due to different internal structures in the data or due to the assumption of perfect substitute model. [1] EU key countries include: Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hur världsmarknadspriset på råolja, kol och naturgas påverkar den europeiska efterfrågan på och beroendet av energiimport från Ryssland. Ekonometriska uppskattningar av importefterfrågan för råolja, kol och naturgas som produceras av Ryska Federationen för sju EU nyckelländer kommer att produceras. Huvudsyftet är att uppskatta elasticiteter hos importefterfrågan som kännetecknar de handelsförbindelserna mellan Ryssland och sju EU nyckelländerna med avseende på de tre energiresurser.  Tre av tjugoen modeller visade sig vara signifikanta för både världsmarknadspriset och inkomstelasticiteten. Följande variabler och elasticiteter för priset var signifikant; Kol Importefterfrågan för Finland (-0,49), Olje Importefterfrågan för Italien (-0,44) och Nederländerna (-0,42). Inkomstelasticitet för de nämnda modellerna estimeras vara; Finland (2,58), Italien (5,85) och Nederländerna (7,62). Den statistiska insignifikansen hos de övriga modellerna härstamma troligtvis från den interna strukturen på datat eller antagandet om den perfekta substitut modellen
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Shangina, Olga Alexandrovna. "Main factors in choice of delivery terms : a multiple case study of Japanese and Russian importers in seafood trade with Norway /." Tromsø : Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2007. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/bitstream/10037/969/1/hovedoppgave.pdf.

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Nougayrède, Delphine. "Construire l'impôt en Russie : réformes fiscales en URSS et dans la fédération de Russie de 1987 à 2000 /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) ; Budapest [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37647278c.

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Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit public--Paris 5, 1998. Titre de soutenance : La transition fiscale russe : réforme post-socialiste et droit fiscal.
Bibliogr. p. 345-366. Index. Résumé en anglais.
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Shahzad, Umer, and Julia Bobicka. "Industrial Relationships in the International Environment : The case of Polish firms exporting to Russia." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för teknik och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5314.

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The overall aim of this research is to explore the business relationships among Russian and Polish firms. The research performed is based on the selected literature area of industrial relationships, relationship quality, negotiations, international environment. With exploratory purpose, the embedded single case study strategy is applied in this research. The empirical data is gathered through focus group discussion among five participants and seven interviews. The findings indicate that the nature of relationships among the Polish and the Russian companies is positive, fruitful and beneficial for both sides. Companies are mainly satisfied with cooperation and overall activities are managed at expected level. Problematic issues are solved successfully with the help of negotiations. The environmental factors which are identified as the main barriers and obstacles are the political climate, legal issues and infrastructure. As the Russian market and its law are complex and difficult, the Polish companies are aware of these factors and are trying to follow all demands given by the Russian companies. Finally, negotiations are provided as the measures to strengthen their relationships and to cope with all the factors, which can have negative impact, by mutual agreements and decisions. Based on our analysis and conclusions, the companies are recommended to ensure better code of business practices and to reveal more confidence among each other.
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Majáková, Dominika. "Česko-ruské hospodářské vztahy se zaměřením na vzájemný obchod." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201675.

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The thesis deals with the mutual trade relations between the Czech Republic and the Russian federation focusing on bilateral trade in goods. The aim is to describe the development of export and import of goods, their structure and the influence of the Ukrainian crisis and sanctions on those relationships. In the context of flow of goods it mentions the risks of the entry to the Russian market. The work also includes general and economic profile of Russia's cultural specifics in business negotiations, but also the general framework of relations. At the same time it marginally mentions services trade and mutual investment cooperation.
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Minnuto, Roberto. "Traduzione tra documentazione e terminologia Gli additivi alimentari in Russia e Unione Europea Il caso traduttologico degli standard “GOST R”." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10801/.

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L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è rappresentato dalla definizione di un metodo di ricerca terminologica e documentazione, nonché di traduzione assistita, supportato dalle moderne tecnologie disponibili in questo campo (Antconc, Bootcat, Trados ecc.), valido per la traduzione di questo tipo di documenti, gli standard, ma sfruttabile anche in altri ambiti della traduzione tecnico-scientifica, permettendo al traduttore e, di conseguenza, al committente, di ottenere un documento “accettabile” e qualitativamente idoneo in lingua di arrivo. Il percorso tracciato in questo elaborato parte dalla presentazione del quadro storico generale, per poi passare alla classificazione degli additivi alimentari in base alla tipologia e agli impieghi in campo alimentare. Verranno illustrati in modo generale i metodi di analisi degli additivi e i criteri di validazione dei metodi impiegati, in funzione degli standard internazionali relativi alla materia, rivolgendo particolare attenzione al quadro normativo e alle agli organi coinvolti nella regolamentazione e nel controllo di queste sostanze, sia in Italia che in Russia e nel resto del mondo. Tutto ciò in funzione degli avvenimenti sul piano geopolitico e su quello culturale: da un lato le sanzioni economiche tra UE e Russia, dall’altro EXPO 2015, opportunità per numerosi traduttori e terminologi di approfondire e arricchire le proprie conoscenze in un ambito tanto importante: alimentazione e sicurezza alimentare, in relazione al progetto di gestione terminologica VOCA9. La parte finale della tesi è dedicata alla presentazione degli standard russi GOST R e alla loro traduzione in italiano, in funzione della documentazione e alla ricerca terminologica necessarie per la traduzione tramite CAT tools ed indispensabili per la creazione di glossari.
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Хуни, М., and M. Huni. "Сравнительный анализ налога на добавленную стоимость в РФ и КНР : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94156.

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию проблем и разработке путей совершенствования налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка использованных источников и приложений. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налога на добавленную стоимость. Во второй главе проведен сравнительный анализ поступлений налога на добавленную стоимость в России и Китае. Третья глава посвящена направлениям совершенствования налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и России.
The master's thesis is devoted to researching problems and developing ways to improve value added tax in China and Russia. The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications. The first chapter examines the theoretical aspects of value added tax. The second chapter provides a comparative analysis of value added tax revenues in Russia and China. The third chapter is devoted to the directions for improving value added tax in China and Russia.
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Кожикенова, Г. К., and G. K. Kozhikenova. "Сравнительный анализ акцизного налогообложения нефтяных продуктов в России и Казахстане : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94157.

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Магистерская диссертация посвящена исследованию проблем и разработке путей совершенствования акцизного налогообложения нефтяных продуктов в России и Казахстане. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка использованных источников и приложений. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические основы акцизного налогообложения нефтяных продуктов. Во второй главе проведен сравнительный анализ поступлений акцизов на нефтяные продукты в бюджетную систему России и Казахстана. Третья глава посвящена направлениям совершенствования акцизного налогообложения нефтяных продуктов в России и Казахстане.
The master's thesis is devoted to the study of problems and the development of ways to improve the excise taxation of oil products in Russia and Kazakhstan. The final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and applications. The first chapter examines the theoretical foundations of excise taxation of oil products. The second chapter provides a comparative analysis of the receipts of excise taxes on oil products in the budgetary systems of Russia and Kazakhstan. The third chapter is devoted to the directions of improving the excise taxation of oil products in Russia and Kazakhstan.
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FULGENZI, Matteo. "La "guerra delle sanzioni": un'analisi multilivello delle sanzioni internazionali imposte alla Federazione Russa per la crisi in Ucraina alla luce del diritto internazionale e del diritto dell'Unione Europea." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11695/114349.

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La tesi di dottorato «La “guerra delle sanzioni”: un’analisi multilivello delle sanzioni internazionali imposte alla Federazione Russa per la crisi in Ucraina alla luce del diritto internazionale e del diritto dell’Unione europea» affronta il tema della liceità delle sanzioni economiche “unilaterali” adottate da parte di Stati o OO.II. al di fuori del quadro decisionale del Consiglio di Sicurezza dell’ONU (UNSC). Sullo sfondo delle controverse vicende che, nel 2014, hanno condotto all’annessione della penisola di Crimea da parte della Russia ai danni dell’Ucraina e all’insurrezione dei ribelli filo-russi nella regione ucraina del Donbass, il presente lavoro di ricerca ha inteso quindi proporre un’approfondita analisi giuridica delle misure oggetto della “guerra economica” tra l’Occidente e la Federazione Russa, soffermandosi sulla disamina degli elementi di criticità riscontrabili nell’impianto giuridico sotteso agli opposti regimi di sanzioni e contro-sanzioni. L’elaborato si articola in cinque capitoli, dedicati ai seguenti aspetti: (1) inquadramento generale del concetto di “sanzione” ai sensi del diritto internazionale e (2) del diritto dell’Unione europea (UE), con un inerente esame della dottrina e della giurisprudenza; (3) analisi degli specifici provvedimenti sanzionatori adottati dall’UE e dagli Stati Uniti nei confronti della Russia, nonché delle contro-sanzioni decise dal Cremlino in risposta alle misure dell’Occidente; (4) esame delle argomentazioni giuridiche concernenti la legittimità dell’imposizione di sanzioni internazionali in via unilaterale (ed extraterritoriale) nonché approfondimento del tema della tutela, in sede giurisdizionale, dei diritti e delle libertà fondamentali dei soggetti della Federazione Russa (e dell’Ucraina) colpiti dalle sanzioni “intelligenti” dell’UE; (5) studio, alla luce del diritto internazionale dell’economia e, in particolare, del diritto dell’Organizzazione mondiale del commercio (OMC), delle implicazioni giuridiche delle reciproche sanzioni commerciali tra gli Stati occidentali e la Russia. L’autore conclude che, in base agli spunti offerti dal diritto internazionale e dal diritto internazionale dell’economia, le uniche misure “di terze parti” ritenute generalmente ammissibili siano da identificare negli atti di carattere diplomatico oltre che, naturalmente, nelle azioni e negli atteggiamenti cd. “ritorsivi” o “inamichevoli” comunque collocabili nel novero delle condotte considerate internazionalmente lecite. Contromisure “collettive” (o “punitive”) adottate in via unilaterale sul piano economico-commerciale e volte all’utilizzo strumentale del “sistema sponda” della regolamentazione multilaterale del commercio al solo fine di compensare il cd. “fallimento sistemico” di un distinto complesso ordinamentale (come, nel caso in esame, quello dell’ONU “bloccato” dal potere di veto di un Membro permanente dell’UNSC) risulterebbero infatti da escludere anche sulla base di rilevanti posizioni della dottrina e, soprattutto, in virtù delle recenti evoluzioni della giurisprudenza prodotta dagli organi giudicanti del sistema dell’OMC. Tutto ciò, sebbene le istanze rivolte a presidio di principi e valori fondamentali per la tenuta dell’ordinamento internazionale non possano comunque essere lasciate prive di considerazione e le sanzioni occidentali siano state concepite al fine di inviare un forte segnale di disapprovazione verso le azioni poste in essere dalla Russia nel contesto della crisi in Ucraina.
The PhD thesis «The “sanctions war”: a multilevel analysis of the international sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation for the crisis in Ukraine in the light of international law and the law of the European Union» deals with the issue of the lawfulness of “unilateral” economic sanctions adopted by States or international organizations outside the decision-making framework of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). In the background of the controversial events that, in 2014, led to the annexation of the Crimean peninsula by Russia to the detriment of Ukraine and the insurrection of pro-Russian rebels in the Ukrainian region of Donbass, the present research proposes an in-depth legal analysis of the measures involved in the “economic war” between the West and the Russian Federation, focusing on the examination of the critical elements that can be found in the legal framework underlying the opposing sanctions and counter-sanctions regimes. The text is divided into five chapters, dedicated to the following aspects: (1) general framework of the concept of “sanction” under international law and (2) European Union (EU) law, with an inherent examination of the doctrine and jurisprudence; (3) analysis of the specific sanctions adopted by the EU and the United States against Russia, as well as the counter-sanctions decided by the Kremlin in response to Western measures; (4) examination of the legal arguments concerning the legitimacy of the unilateral (and extraterritorial) imposition of international sanctions as well as in-depth analysis of the issue of the judicial protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the subjects of the Russian Federation (and of Ukraine ) affected by the “smart” sanctions of the EU; (5) study, in the light of international economic law and, in particular, the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of the legal implications of the reciprocal trade sanctions between Western States and Russia. The author concludes that, on the basis of the insights offered by international law and international economic law, the only “third-party” measures generally considered admissible are to be identified in diplomatic acts as well as, of course, in the so-called “retaliatory” or “unfriendly” acts and attitudes which, however, can be traced back to the category of conducts considered internationally lawful. “Collective” (or “punitive”) countermeasures adopted unilaterally on an economic-commercial level and aimed at the instrumental use of the “side system” of multilateral trade regulation for the sole purpose of compensating for the so-called “systemic failure” of a distinct legal complex (such as, in the case in question, that of the UN “blocked” by the veto power of a permanent Member of the UNSC) would in fact be excluded also on the basis of relevant positions of the doctrine and, above all, by virtue of the recent developments in the jurisprudence produced by the judicial bodies of the WTO system. All this, although the instances aimed at safeguarding fundamental principles and values for the integrity of the international order cannot in any case be left without consideration and the Western sanctions have been conceived in order to send a strong signal of disapproval towards the actions put in place by Russia in the context of the crisis in Ukraine.
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Books on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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United States International Trade Commission. Certain hot-rolled steel products from Brazil, Japan and Russia. Washington, D.C: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.

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Danailova, Emilii︠a︡. Iznos i vnos: Ogledalni sravnenii︠a︡ Bŭlgarii︠a︡ - Rusii︠a︡ = Export and import : mirror statistics Bulgaria - Russia. Sofii︠a︡: Nat︠s︡ionalen statisticheski institut, 2003.

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Textile imports into Qajar Iran: Russia versus Great Britain : the battle for market domination. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2009.

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Hot-rolled flat-rolled carbon-quality steel products from Brazil, Japan, and Russia: Investigation nos. 701-TA-384 and 731-TA-806-808 (second review). Washington, D.C: The Commission, 2011.

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Shiells, Clinton R. Imperfect competition and the design of VAT regimes: The case of energy trade between Russia and Ukraine. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European II Department, 2002.

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Sheffield, Sharon S. Russia: Determinants of wheat import demand. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Membership in the World Trade Organization: Russia China and Ukraine. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Russia: The making of a waste colony : hazardous waste imports 1987-93 : a Greenpeace dossier : Moscow, 25 November 1993. Hamburg: Greenpeace Germany, 1993.

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Hokanson, Katya. The Geography of Russian Romantic Prose. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.28.

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In the 1820s and 1830s, when Russia’s encounter with Romanticism primarily took place, it was a culture caught in a complex debate about its own identity. Russian literature developed late and was dependent at first on that of Ukraine and Poland, and later Western Europe, especially France and England. Russian culture had to somehow map broadly European issues and movements on to its own reality. Romantic concepts and tropes such as the bold, brooding individual, the focus on interiority, the embrace of the irrational, and the breaking of previous conventions had political as well as artistic import in Russia. But the Romantic period in Russian literature is indelibly linked with the Caucasus. Romanticism appeared at the point when Russians first agreed that they now had a literature they could call their own, one that did not consist merely of translations and borrowings. The so-called ‘southern theme’ relating to the Caucasus and to exile was instrumental in this affirmation of a Russian national literature.
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Liberalization of Russian Foreign Trade: Problems and Prospects. Fordham University Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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Heigermoser, Maximilian, Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani, and Linde Götz. "Chapter 9: Russia’s Agri-Food Trade with the Middle East and North Africa." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 253–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_10.

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AbstractThe Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is the top destination for Russian food exports, grains in particular. Focusing on Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, this chapter shows that Russia’s food trade with MENA countries is strongly affected by bilateral political relations. Russia banned most food imports from Turkey over a political conflict in 2016. In the same year, improved intergovernmental cooperation with Saudi Arabia resulted in a diversification of Russia’s food exports to the Gulf country, and in 2019, Iran’s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) led to increasing food trade with Russia. Food imports in MENA countries are usually managed by powerful state trading enterprises (STEs), which recurrently disapprove food products originating from Russia based on non-adherence to food quality standards. Our analysis shows that Russia is successfully working to open additional destination markets, while simultaneously impeding imports of food products that it aims to produce domestically.
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Wegren, Stephen K., and Frode Nilssen. "Introduction: Is Russia’s Role in the International Agri-Food System Sustainable?" In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_1.

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AbstractThis introductory chapter examines the question whether Russia’s increased role in the international agri-food system is sustainable. Russia’s role in the international food trade system has changed from being a food importer to an importer and exporter. The first section discusses several factors that impact food imports: food production; knowledge-based innovation; politicalisation of food trade policy; and population and consumption. The second part examines factors that affect food exports: agri-food export policy; climate change; foreign competition; infrastructure; and regional foreign demand. The final section provides an outlook for the future, concluding that Russia will remain a food importer although the structure of imported commodities and trading partners will continue to evolve. Absent a major climatological disaster or significant economic downturn, we express cautious optimism that Russia will continue as a major food exporter.
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Gil Tertre, Miguel, and Bert Saveyn. "9. The Investment Needs for REPowerEU." In Greening Europe, 129–44. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0328.09.

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Chapter 9 by M. G. Tertr and B. Saveyn provides an estimate of the investment needs and additional costs of bringing the EU’s dependence on fossil fuels from Russia to zero by 2027, with a specific focus on natural gas. This analysis was used to prepare the REPowerEU plan presented by the Commission on the 18th of May 2022. Decoupling the EU from Russian fossil fuel imports has already begun and will pass through various stages affecting both demand and supply. From this perspective, the analysis indicates that implementing the full potential to reach zero-dependence could require 300 billion euros cumulative from now to 2030—which is beyond the Fit for 55 proposal. By the end of 2027, this transition could correspond to approximately 210 billion euros in investment. These REPowerEU investments correspond to about 5% of the total Fit for 55 investments up to 2030 and would come in addition to them. The Commission analysis estimates that the Fit for 55 and REPowerEU measures combined could save the EU 80 billion euros annually on gas imports, 12 billion euros on oil imports, and 1.7 billion euros on coal imports.
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Liefert, William M., and Olga Liefert. "Chapter 2: Russia’s Development as a Top Player in World Grain Trade." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 69–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_3.

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AbstractDuring the late Soviet period, Russia (along with the Soviet Union as a whole) was a major importer of grain, as well as soybeans and soybean meal, which were used to help feed the country’s growing livestock sector. The substantial reform-driven contraction in the livestock sector during the 1990s largely eliminated the need for grain imports. Beginning around 2000, Russia began to export grain, and into the 2010s it became major supplier on the world market. During 2016–2019, Russia exported on average 44 million metric tonnes a year, 10–14 percent of total world grain exports. The country’s dominant grain export is wheat, with Russia providing in the late 2010s around 20 percent of world market sales, thereby supplanting the United States as the world’s top wheat supplier. This chapter examines how Russia has developed into a major grain exporter, with the focus on how growing grain production since 2000 has generated surpluses for foreign sale.
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Orlova, Nadezhda, Evgenia Serova, Vladimir Popov, and Marina Petukhova. "Key Areas of the Agricultural Science Development in Russia in the Context of Global Trends and Challenges." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 799–812. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_42.

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AbstractThe modern Russian agrifood industry is a steadily developing sector of the national economy. The production of a number of goods has reached historically high levels. Russia has a strong position in the export of agricultural raw material commodities, while the country remains dependent on imports from other countries. This chapter examines critical areas of scientific research in Russia that will create opportunities for increasing competitiveness in the transition of the world food systems from conventional agriculture to Agriculture 4.0. Science and technology-based innovations for transforming food systems in Russia include productivity growth through breeding technologies and improved genetics, in combination with technologies that will ensure optimal realization of this potential (feed additives, fertilizers, plant protection products, animal health, and other so-called “package” solutions). The introduction of digital technologies and cross-platform solutions in agriculture, to reduce the gaps in labor productivity, will increase overall productivity and reduce food losses. Diversification of food products includes priorities for high-margin segments of healthy, functional and personalized nutrition, and the deep processing of agricultural commodities. The paper explores closed farming systems (including “urban farming”) that are independent of external climatic and biological factors. Development of the agricultural waste recycling sector is a priority too. Russia lags behind its competitors in terms of the scientific quality of its production. This is due to a lack of efficiency in the financing of agricultural science, as well as an imbalance within its structure. An increasingly acute problem of the transition of Russian food systems to the innovative path is the reduction of human resources. This trend is typical both in the scientific sector, where it is expressed in a decrease in the number of researchers and an aging staff (which threatens the continuity in the established scientific schools and the viability of research teams) and in agriculture as a whole.
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Götz, Linde, Maximilian Heigermoser, and Tinoush Jamali Jaghdani. "Chapter 4: Russia’s Food Security and Impact on Agri-Food Trade." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 115–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_5.

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AbstractRussia’s food policy has been defined by the quest for food security for more than a decade, which in the Russian context includes import protectionism, self-sufficiency, and import substitution, marked by the adoption of Food Security Doctrines in 2010 and 2020. This chapter first investigates the impact of food security policy on domestic production. Food security policy has combined with an increase in state support for domestic production, leading to notable increases in output and self-sufficiency for selected commodities. The chapter also examines the impact of food security on agri-food exports, which have become a priority since 2018. Although Russia has become a leading exporter of wheat, the influence of food security is seen by the introduction of export quotas on grain starting in 2020. Despite protectionism, Russia has not withdrawn from the international food market but rather is an active and significant player as both food importer and exporter.
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Zhou, Jiayi. "Chapter 7: Prospects for Agri-Food Trade Between Russia and China." In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 195–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_8.

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AbstractChina features prominently in Russia’s medium-term export targets and is also considered to be an important investment partner for developing agriculture in the Russian Far East. Meanwhile, China is seeking to mitigate economic risks by diversifying import supply channels; Russia features as one such supplier. However, this chapter cautions that the agricultural and food trade relationship remains vulnerable to a range of operational, technical, and policy hurdles. These obstacles dovetail with political imperatives on both sides for self-sufficiency, which limits the scope for trade. Thus, China is and will continue to be an expanding market for Russian agricultural goods, but there are tenuous realities in terms of concrete cooperation.
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Altmann, Christian. "Import Substitution in Russia." In Russia Business, 105–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64613-4_13.

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Liuhto, Kari, and Teemu Itälinna. "Adaptation of Finnish food exporters to Russia’s food import restrictions." In Russian Trade Policy, 151–70. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in the European economy: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429464041-9.

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Nove, Alec. "The Contribution of Imported Technology to Soviet Growth." In Studies in Economics and Russia, 312–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10991-3_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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Sümer, Kutluk Kağan. "The Economic Consequences of Sanctions against Russia after the Invasion of Russia in the Crimea." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01227.

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The US and EU have imposed economic sanctions on Russia over its annexation of Crimea from Ukraine. Russia's economy has been severely impacted not only by sanctions, which have isolated it from international business and trade, but from the falling oil price which has plummeted around 60 percent since June 2014, hurting its exports and revenues. As a consequence, Russia is expected to enter recession in 2015. The estimated impact of Russia’s ban on agro-food imports from the EU imposed in August 2014 is expected to be the highest in the Baltic's. These losses are undoubtedly painful, yet manageable (a trade decline bigger than 10% would obviously lead to greater losses). Economic conditions in Russia have deteriorated at a faster rate in recent months. Capital flight from Russia has accelerated, the ruble has depreciated by more than 50%, inflation has increased, and the Russian economy is projected to contract by 3.0% in 2015. The question is whether these losses are justifiable and will achieve the desired effects – to change Russia’s behavior in Ukraine, European Union, US, Turkey and beyond.
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A.A., Shcherbakov, Doroshenko V.A., Merker A.A., Reva E.N., and Kokoev A.M. "PROSPECTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DRIED FOOD PRODUCTS OF PLANT ORIGIN IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.219-223.

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Every year the need for food supply of the population of the Russian Federation increases. The demand for various food products is growing. With the trend towards healthy and sports nutrition, the demand for dried plant foods is also on the rise. The article provides an analysis of the world and domestic market of dried products. Numerical indicators of imports of dried vegetables, fruits and berries to Russia are given. Charts for the implementation of imported dried fruits in Russia are shown.
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Tretyakova, Tatyana O. "Legal Regulation of Parallel Imports in Russia." In АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТИ И ПУБЛИЧНОГО ПРАВА. Санкт-Петербург: Всероссийский государственный университет юстиции, Санкт-петербургский институт, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47645/9785604755181_149.

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Tsvil, Mariya, Victoria Plotnikova, and Elena Stadnikova. "FORECASTING THE VOLUMES OF IMPORT OF LIVE ANIMALS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Economy of Russia: problems, trends, forecasts. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_61cc296be30b45.56604683.

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This article provides an econometric analysis of the volume of imports of live animals in the Russian Federation according to the data of 01.01.2018-30.09.2021. by quarters. Based on the presented quarterly data, an econometric model was developed and a forecast for the volume of imports of live animals in the 4th quarter of 2021 was calculated
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GURIEVA, V. I., and A. A. ZAITSEV. "Trade embargo in Russia: evaluation of sanction imports substitution." In SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOSCOW SCHOOL OF ECONOMY, MSU M. V. LOMONOSOVA. Знание-М, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38006/907345-19-5.2020.276.278.

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Nurgaleev, M. S., and E. N. Petrov. "The concept of parallel import, its legal regulation and features regulation of parallel drug imports in the European The Union." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. "Science of Russia", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-12-2019-31.

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Tarasova, R. I., and E. A. Tsarevskaya. "NON-TARIFF REGULATORY MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE. INPACT ON IMPORTS FROM CHINA." In RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.2.89.

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Dolgova, Mariya V., and Vladimir E. Novikov. "Improvement of customs and tariff regulation as a factor of sustainable development." In Sustainable and Innovative Development in the Global Digital Age. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.kqvi8510.

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The paper discusses the role of prices and customs tools in maintaining a competitive environment, reveals their interaction in the economic mechanism of Russia. The need for more and more complete satisfaction of social needs underlies the competitive struggle between countries for limited global resources. One of the ways of this struggle is international trade, by which each country should strive to export as many goods as possible with high consumer properties, requiring to use highly skilled labor, enabling to maximize economic benefits. Meantime, it becomes necessary to regulate the imports of foreign-made goods by establishing customs duties on the imports of the manufacturing industry. In modern conditions, customs duties often become a tool of political struggle. In this context, the purpose of the paper is to develop ways to improve the economic mechanism of Russia through prices and customs duties, and to develop their interaction, focusing on creating equal competitive conditions for the sale of domestic and imported products with the help of prices and customs duties. Research methods include analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systemic, logical. The result of the study is a set of specific measures to improve customs and tariff regulation, including a formula for an equal price for imported and domestic products. Equal competitive conditions for domestic and imported products are the key to sustainable economic development.
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Kashbrasiev, Rinas, and Anatoly Stepin. "Regional Analysis of Russian Foreign Trade for Promoting International Cooperation and Import Substitution." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01181.

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This research is a continuation of the comprehensive study of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation, conducted by the authors over the past several years. The article is devoted to the typology of Russian regions on import statistics, taking into account their sectoral characteristics. At the same time the main direction of the article is focused on solving problems of rationalization of import substitution, which became urgent after the geopolitical fallout of 2014. The methodology presented in this study is the author's uniquely designed method of typology of regions based on import statistics. The method includes a combination of integrated assessments of homogeneity/heterogeneity of regional import’s structure by seven commodity groupings used in Russian state statistics, and the graphical visualization of their results. The results of the typology are the following: the identification of several groups of regions, unequal in size, but relatively homogeneous in imported goods. The most representative group includes regions with predominant expenditures on imports of machine-building products (57 of 82 regions of the Russian Federation). This group of regions and the machine-building sector of the national economy were the basis for recommendations on the development of international cooperation and import substitution. Other groups of imports were not left without analysis.
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Sergeeva, N. V., and S. A. Grigoryan. "Vertical integration as a way to increase the economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises." In II All-Russian Scientific Conference "Science, Technology, Society". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.2.2022.5.239-243.

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One of the forms of manifestation of corporate management strategies is the internal vertical integration of agroindustrial production. Agribusiness was one of the first to respond to the limited import of imports and other prohibited sanctions against Russia, having discovered a free niche of certain food products. Agricultural and processing enterprises quickly moved to the implementation of the import substitution program. Many dairy cattle farms are switching to partial processing of their raw materials by pasteurization of milk, production of cottage cheese, cheese or other fermented dairy products. The article provides a partial example of the organization of milk processing into cottage cheese using the OLITPRO technological line, the volume of one-time investments and sources of financing are determined. The volume of processing of 4 tons daily is planned, the unit cost of the finished and packaged product is determined, the financial results from the implementation and the indicators of the economic efficiency of the project solutions. The role of integrated processes for the production of raw materials and finished products of the agricultural cooperative "Forward" of the Tver region has been confirmed and justified, the profitability of production can be about 23%. Such events can be used in the practice of many Russian agricultural companies of small or medium-sized businesses.
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Reports on the topic "Imports – Russia"

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Wezeman, Pieter, Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Diego Lopes da Silva, Nan Tian, and Siemon Wezeman. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2019. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/yjyw4676.

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The volume of international transfers of major arms in 2015–19 was 5.5 per cent higher than in 2010–14 and 20 per cent higher than in 2005–2009. The five largest exporters in 2015–19 were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The five largest importers were Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia and China. Between 2010–14 and 2015–19, there were increases in arms transfers to the Middle East and to Europe, while there were decreases in the transfers to Africa, the Americas and Asia and Oceania. From 9 March 2020 the freely accessible SIPRI Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on arms transfers for 1950–2019. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports and highlights selected issues related to arms transfers.
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Wezeman, Pieter, Alexandra Kuimova, and Siemon Wezeman. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2020. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/mbxq1526.

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The volume of international transfers of major arms in 2016–20 was 0.5 per cent lower than in 2011–15 and 12 per cent higher than in 2006–10. The five largest arms exporters in 2016–20 were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The five largest arms importers were Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia and China. Between 2011–15 and 2016–20 there were increases in arms transfers to the Middle East and to Europe, while there were decreases in the transfers to Africa, the Americas, and Asia and Oceania. From 15 March 2021 SIPRI’s open-access Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on transfers of major arms for 1950–2020, which replaces all previous data on arms transfers published by SIPRI. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports, and highlights selected issues related to transfers of major arms.
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Wezeman, Pieter D., Alexandra Kuimova, and Siemon T. Wezeman. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2021. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/cbzj9986.

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The volume of international transfers of major arms in 2017–21 was 4.6 per cent lower than in 2012–16, but was 3.9 per cent higher than in 2007–11. The five largest arms exporters in 2017–21 were the United States, Russia, France, China and Germany. The five largest arms importers were India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Australia and China. Between 2012–16 and 2017–21 there were increases in arms transfers to Europe (19 per cent) and to the Middle East (2.8 per cent), while there were decreases in the transfers to the Americas (–36 per cent), Africa (–34 per cent), and Asia and Oceania (–4.7 per cent). From 14 March 2022 SIPRI’s open-access Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on transfers of major arms for 1950–2021, which replaces all previous data on arms transfers published by SIPRI. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports, and highlights selected issues related to transfers of major arms.
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VOLODKEVICH, S. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FORMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MODERN SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-1-4-12-22.

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The article discusses the possibilities of applying new forms of entrepreneurship in modern economic conditions in Russia. Under the conditions of sanctions pressure, the development of import substitution becomes even more urgent. However, this process is impossible without the search for new forms of entrepreneurial activity, the purpose of which should be the formation of the most favorable conditions for doing business in Russia by small and medium-sized enterprises. This is the basis of the mobilization economy in modern conditions, the task of which is the development of economic relations between market entities, which will give a significant increase in the economic potential and food independence of the country. The article analyzes the infrastructure of the Russian economy in the field of SMEs at the present time and as a result of the article, the author proposes a new form of entrepreneurial activity, the implementation of which also involves the development of a large part of the infrastructure of the country’s economy, which will be a significant step in development.
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Stutzriem, Lawrence A. US Export-Import Bank Loan Guarantee for Russia. A Case Study of Bureaucratic Politics and National Security Interests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441342.

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TERENTIEV, S., O. GRUNINA, and L. PONOMAREVA. FEATURES OF THE PRODUCTION OF DOUGH SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCT PRODUCED USING LENTIL FLOUR. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-2-4-15-22.

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Bread consumption has a stable increase in the territory of Russia and in particular in the Ulyanovsk and Samara regions. Bread, as a fairly low-priced product, is in high demand among consumers, but this product is not biologically saturated with useful substances, therefore, in modern production, a number of techniques are used to increase the nutritional and biological value of these types of products. In our work, one of these methods will be considered - the introduction of lentil flour into dough preparations. The problem is that the state policy regarding import substitution, aimed at replacing food additives produced abroad, necessitates the use of food additives or raw materials of natural origin produced in the territory of the Russian Federation, and the lack of development of regulatory and technological documentation in this direction is a significant problem for public enterprises. nutrition. Purpose - to carry out the development of a recipe for a test semi-finished product produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose Results: based on the results of the study, a recipe for a test semi-finished product was developed, produced with the addition of lentil flour, as a product with a preventive purpose.
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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.

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Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.
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Tian, Nan, Siemon T. Wezeman, Pieter D. Wezeman, Aude Fleurant, and Alexandra Kuimova. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2018. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/sxak9616.

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The volume of international transfers of major arms in 2014–18 was 7.8 per cent higher than in 2009–13 and 23 per cent higher than in 2004–2008. The five largest exporters in 2014–18 were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China. The five largest importers were Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia and Algeria. The flow of arms to the Middle East increased by 87 per cent between 2009–13 and 2014–18, while there was a decrease in flows to all other regions. From 11 March 2019 the freely accessible SIPRI Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on arms transfers for 1950–2018. Based on the new data, this Fact Sheet highlights global and regional trends and selected issues related to arms transfers.
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Cavallo, Eduardo A., Arturo Galindo, Victoria Nuguer, and Andrew Powell. Open configuration options 2022 Latin American and Caribbean Macroeconomic Report: From Recovery to Renaissance: Turning Crisis into Opportunity. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004180.

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Economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean was stronger than expected in 2021 but waned at the start of 2022. High commodity prices due to the war between Russia and Ukraine will provide a boost to exporters, while imposing significant costs on commodity importers and pushing up inflation across countries. The ongoing conflict, together with policy normalization in advanced economies, carries significant risks for the region. Volatility in financial markets could depress investment and bring down growth further. Policymakers need to take urgent measures to boost inclusive growth. As minor fixes are unlikely to result in notable benefits, governments should consider more fundamental resets of policy frameworks. This report analyzes growth prospects, monetary policy, and external and financial sectors. The recommendations stress the need for a new architecture for both fiscal and labor market policies. Policymakers should seize the window of opportunity provided by the COVID-19 crisis and global security concerns to improve the outlook for the region.
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Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.

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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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