Journal articles: 'Imports – Canada'

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Mao, Yinxuan, and Dayan Lin. "Research on Diversified Selection of Soybean Import Sources from the Perspective of Import Risk Minimization." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1019.

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From the perspective of reducing import risks, this paper quantitatively analyzes the optimization path of China's soybean import structure in 2020. The research conclusion shows that compared with 2000, China's soybean import sources will gradually diversify in 2020, and the import risk will increase significantly. In order to minimize the risk of soybean imports, China needs to increase soybean imports from the United States, while appropriately reducing soybean dependence on Brazil and Argentina. In addition, other import source countries such as Canada and Russia still have great import potential, which helps to diversify the concentrated import risks.

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Prestemon, Jeffrey P., and Joseph Buongiorno. "The impacts of NAFTA on U.S. and Canadian forest product exports to Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 794–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-089.

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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will lower barriers to trade and investment across the continent. This paper presents predictions of the effects of NAFTA on Mexico's imports of intermediate wood products, scrap and waste paper, pulp, and newsprint from the United States and Canada. Predictions were made with a partial equilibrium model. Model development involved estimating (i) elasticities of Mexico's import demand with respect to price and demand shifters and (ii) elasticities of prices with respect to their determinants, and then predicting, with these elasticities, the impacts of NAFTA on imports and prices. The effects of NAFTA on the exogenous variables affecting import demand and prices were summarized for three scenarios, based on the predictions of broader studies of the agreement. The results suggest that the full long-term impact of the NAFTA would be to increase the value of all Mexican imports from the United States and Canada by 21 to 85%. The effect would vary greatly by product and country of origin. Mexican imports of particleboard, hardwood veneer, scrap and waste paper, and wood pulp would be the least affected, mainly because of their smaller tariffs and inelastic price responses. Imports of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) lumber, hardwood lumber, softwood plywood, and newsprint from the United States would increase the most under NAFTA.

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Buongiorno, Joseph. "Projected effects of US tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber and newsprint imports: a cobweb model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0153.

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Starting from the cobweb theorem, a model of demand, supply, multilateral trade, and prices was formulated for the softwood lumber and newsprint markets in Canada, the United States (US), and the rest of the world. Parameters were estimated with panel data from multiple years and countries. The model was used to project the effects of US tariffs on softwood lumber and newsprint imports from Canada. To assess the uncertainty of the projections, multiple replications were performed by repeated sampling from the parameters’ statistical distributions. The results suggested that the initial shock of the tariffs dampened out and took 3 to 4 years to stabilize. In the long run, other things being equal, a 20.83% US tariff on softwood lumber imports from Canada decreased US imports from Canada by 4.7% to 8.0% and raised the US price by 0.3% to 2.3% and the US production by 0.9% to 1.7%, with 95% probability, while it lowered the Canadian price by 0.7% to 3.0% and Canadian production by 1.1% to 2.4%. A 28.69% US tariff on newsprint imports from Canada decreased US imports from Canada by 3.2% to 7.0% and raised the US price by 1.4% to 3.3% and the US production by 2.9 to 6.3%, while it lowered the Canadian price by 0.8% to 1.9% and the Canadian production by 1.6% to 3.5%.

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Boggild, Andrea K., Anne E. McCarthy, Michael D. Libman, David O. Freedman, and Kevin C. Kain. "Underestimate of annual malaria imports to Canada." Lancet Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2017): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30010-5.

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Parajuli, Rajan, and Daowei Zhang. "Welfare impacts of the 2006 United States – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0141.

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In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.) – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lumber. We find that SLA 2006 reduces the U.S. lumber imports from Canada by 7.78% in the months when export taxes took effect. The welfare analysis based on a partial equilibrium framework shows that U.S. lumber producers gained $1.6 billion and U.S. consumers lost $2.3 billion in 9 years under SLA 2006.

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HANAS, Liubov, Andrii TODOSHCHUK, and Olha KHOMIK. "Peculiarities of importing vehicles from the USA." Economics. Finances. Law 11/3, no. - (November 30, 2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.11(3).2.

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Introduction. In recent years, there is a tendency of growth in imports of vehicles. This situation is due to the formation of demand in the domestic market. Domestic enterprises are unable to meet this demand. The structure of imports is dominated by imports from EU countries (67.61%), but other markets such as the USA and countries of America (27.72%), North Korea (2.29%) and other countries are gaining new momentum. Imports of vehicles from the USA, Canada, Georgia and North Korea have now undergone certain logistical changes, because a large number of seaports are under occupation. This situation has caused a change in the route through the ports of the EU countries. Nevertheless, the prospects for expanding imports of vehicles from the USA are significant, because this market is represented by newer models, a wide range and nomenclature, cheaper segment, the availability of purchase due to the presence of a number of online auctions. The purpose of the paper is to form a detailed model of vehicle imports from the USA. The following methods were used in writing the paper: analysis, comparison, explanation, theoretical generalization, grouping, etc. Results. The paper analyzes the features of vehicle imports from the USA, presents the characteristics of the largest auctions representing used, damaged and new vehicles, describes how to participate in auctions, gives the structure of vehicle imports for 2021, identifies the prospects for vehicle imports. Also, in the publication there is a detailed model of import of vehicles from the USA, which provides a step-by-step description of import from the moment of searching at the auction to the moment of customs clearance in Ukraine, considering specifics of loading, delivery to the port of departure, choice of logistic method of sea transportation, insurance method, making changes in the supply chain by building new routes through the EU countries and customs clearance. Conclusions. The use of this model by a number of companies starting to import vehicles from the USA or planning to import, as well as having problems at certain stages of the import process, will allow to take into account all the nuances of this process and avoid mistakes. A detailed import model takes into account not only the selection of vehicles at auctions, but also transportation, insurance, shipping, and customs clearance.

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Al-Zyoud, Hussein, and Fathi Elloumi. "Dynamics of Canadian Trade Pattern: A Time-Series Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (February 15, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p115.

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This paper analyses the trends and directions of exports and imports of Canada using the time series data for the period 1981 to 2014. Instantaneous and compound growth rates are calculated by using the log-linear regression model in conjunction with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for forecasting future exports and imports. The results of this study show that there is an increasing trend for both exports and imports. As far as the growth rates are concerned, the two estimated log-linear models depict a comprehensive annual picture of Canadian merchandise trade. The exports grow at an instantaneous rate of 4.46% and at a slightly higher than compound annual growth rate of 4.6%. The overall growth rate of imports is 5.41% and compound annual growth rate is 5.27%. The compound growth rate is marginally higher than the instantaneous growth rate.The results of the Johansen test for analyzing the long-run relationship between export, import and GDP have further demonstrated that the variables are co-integrated, and have established a long-run association among them.

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Cheng, Baodong, Guangyuan Qin, and Weiming Song. "Analysis of the log import market and demand elasticity in China." Forestry Chronicle 91, no. 04 (August 2015): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-066.

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Using country-specific data from 1992 to 2012, we estimated the demand elasticity of the log import market using the source-differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, the Error Correction Model (ECM), and both models in combination (ECM-AIDS), considering imports from Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. Regardless of which model used, the expenditure elasticity values were mostly positive, indicating a positive correlation between import volume and total import expenditure. Self-compensated price elasticity was negative, indicating that logs from all countries except Malaysia are relatively more sensitive to price, while import volumes from these countries are less sensitive to price. Cross-price elasticity values calculated using the static AIDS model showed that logs imported from Malaysia, Myanmar, and Russia are mutually complementary with logs imported from the other countries. Logs from Australia, Malaysia, and Indonesia; Canada and Indonesia; the US and New Zealand; and, Myanmar and Indonesia are mutually replaceable. The dynamic AIDS model found the same pattern regarding supplementarity, but indicated that logs from Australia, Canada, and Indonesia; the US and New Zealand; New Zealand and Indonesia; and Myanmar and Indonesia are mutually replaceable.

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Kugler, Kholofelo. "China – Anti-dumping Measures on Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada (China–Cellulose Pulp), DS483." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 750–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000350.

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This dispute concerns an anti-dumping measure imposed by China on imports of cellulose pulp form Canada. Canada specifically challenged the determination of injury made by China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) in the anti-dumping investigation. MOFCOM applied an ad valorem duty on imports from producers in the investigated countries. It applied anti-dumping duties of 13% on cooperating Canadian producers and 23.7% on all other Canadian producers, except for one producer that was excluded from the investigation due to a de minimis dumping margin.

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Tatem, Andrew J. "Underestimate of annual malaria imports to Canada – Author reply." Lancet Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2017): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30025-7.

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11

Travasso, C. "Canada bans imports of drugs from three Indian facilities." BMJ 349, oct10 3 (October 10, 2014): g6153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6153.

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12

Yasui, Tadashi. "The Unreliability of Merchandise Trade Statistics." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 6 (June 1, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018027.

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This article contends that merchandise trade statistics are insufficiently reliable for accurate economic analysis and informed trade policy decisions. The official trade figures analysed for this article appear to be significantly overvalued. Re-exports combined with re-imports caused both world import and export data to be exaggerated by as much as 20%. Import data was further inflated, and bilateral export data was unreliable even between developed countries. Compared with official figures, the article’s case study estimates that the US merchandise trade deficit is nearly 20% less with China, nearly double with Mexico, and over triple with Canada.

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Koo, Won W. "Effects of Dumping vs. Anti-dumping Measures: The US Trade Remedy Laws Applied to Wheat Imports from Canada." Journal of World Trade 41, Issue 6 (December 1, 2007): 1163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2007044.

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Empirical estimation of the effects of dumping (and/or subsidization) usually has been assessed by estimating it after the imposition of an anti-dumping duty (and/or countervailing duty) order. This article examines, theoretically and empirically, the difference between the economic effects of dumping and anti-dumping measures, using US trade remedy law against hard red spring (HRS) wheat imports from Canada. An econometric model is developed and used to estimate the effects of the decline in HRS wheat imports from Canada after the imposition of anti-dumping/countervailing duties by US authorities. This study found that the anti-dumping/countervailing duties on Canadian HRS wheat imports resulted in an increase in HRS wheat price by $0.14/bushel. Although, in theory, the economic effects of dumping are seemingly identical to those of an anti-dumping measure, they are not equal in practice. In fact, the volume of dumped imports entering the US market on the strength of dumping and the volume of dumped imports driven from the US market after the imposition of an anti-dumping measure are not identical. Implementation of the trade remedy laws is certainly not designed to equate, scientifically, the two effects.

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Oberholtzer, Lydia, Carolyn Dimitri, and Edward C. Jaenicke. "International trade of organic food: Evidence of US imports." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 3 (May 16, 2012): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170512000191.

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AbstractOver the past decade, organic food sales and farmland have grown rapidly worldwide. As the US market for organic food has expanded, anecdotal evidence indicates that imports of organic food have increased. US organic handlers may be importing to meet consumer demand for out-of-season products, as well as products not grown domestically. Handlers may also be importing organic products that are in short supply or to reduce input costs. This paper provides the first examination of imports of organic products into the USA. Data from a national survey of certified organic handlers in 2007 are used to examine the extent, types and origins of imported organic commodities. A Heckman model is employed to investigate the factors that influence an organic handler's decision to import organic products, and the level at which organic handlers import a product. Summary results show that while many of the products being imported into the USA are those that cannot be produced domestically, such as coffee and tropical fruits, some oft-imported commodities are those that can be produced in the USA, such as soybeans, wheat, barley and berries. The summary results also show that organic handlers are procuring almost a half of their imported products from a few countries, including Canada, China, Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia. In the econometric analysis, we found those handlers prioritizing local suppliers negatively affected the facility's decision to import products. The use of a social label, such as Fair Trade, positively affected a handler's decision to import. The size of organic sales was important to both the decision to import and the share imported, with larger firms more likely to import and smaller firms less likely to import. However, once a smaller firm had decided to import, they imported a larger share. Finally, our analysis found that experiencing limited supplies or prioritizing price with suppliers did not influence a handler's decision to import products. Based on the findings, we suggest future research avenues, including studies that address consumer preferences and the impact of increased imports on domestic organic farms.

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Bakari, Sayef. "Impact of Exports and Imports on Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Causality." International Academic Journal of Innovative Research 05, no. 01 (June 12, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajir/v5i1/1810003.

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Ellis, R. P., W. Powell, J. S. Swanston, and C. E. Thomas. "Genetical analysis of a barley mutant with reduced height and increased diastatic power." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 3 (June 1986): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063498.

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The United Kingdom produces enough barley grain to meet its needs for animal feed and brewing. The Scottish grain whisky trade, however, imports large quantities of high-diastase barley from Canada (Hayter & Allison, 1975). The breeding of highdiastase cultivars which could be grown in Scotland and so replace these imports has been pursued at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI).

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Grigoriadis, Lazaros G. "Exhaustion of trade mark rights and parallel imports in Canada." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11, no. 10 (September 15, 2016): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpw115.

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Pelley, Janet. "Flooded with U.S. hazardous waste imports, Canada rethinks its rules." Environmental Science & Technology 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 12A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es003058m.

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Kugler, Kholofelo. "Canada – Anti-Dumping Measures on Imports of Certain Carbon Steel Welded Pipe from the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Canada–Welded Pipe), DS483." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000337.

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Bai, Yuhang, Li Li, Fengting Wang, Lizhong Zhang, and Lichun Xiong. "Impact of Dairy Imports on Raw Milk Production Technology Progress in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052911.

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China’s dairy product import volume and output continue to grow rapidly, and to a certain extent, it will form a substitute for the Chinese dairy market. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of the import of dairy products on the technological progress of raw milk production in China. Using the data from 2005 to 2017, this paper uses the DEA model and the input-output model to analyze the impact of China’s dairy product imports on the technological progress of raw milk production. The model results show that: (1) there are differences in the technological content of dairy products from different importing countries; (2) The total technological content of imported dairy products hinders the improvement of the technological progress index of small, medium and large-scale production of raw milk in China, and has the most prominent negative impact on the technological progress of large-scale raw milk production in China; (3) The technological content of dairy products imports from New Zealand, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands and other countries can help improve the technological progress index of China’s moderate-scale production of raw milk, while importing countries from the United States, Canada and other countries hinder it.

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Niquidet, Kurt, and Jingwen Tang. "Elasticity of demand for Canadian logs and lumber in China and Japan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 12 (December 2013): 1196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0337.

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Over the past decade, Chinese demand for forest products has increased substantially. While domestic production has risen, this increased demand has been met mostly by imports. The boom has been a welcome benefit to large forest products exporting countries such as Canada, especially in light of the weakened demand that occurred in the United States (US) following the financial crisis. While estimates of demand parameters for the US are vast, little is known about Canada’s other two leading markets: China and Japan. Furthermore, many existing trade models assume that logs and lumber are homogenous, perfectly substitutable regardless of their origin. In this note, we apply a source-differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model to Chinese and Japanese log and lumber imports, with an emphasis on imports originating from Canada. Results indicate that the price elasticity of demand for Canadian lumber and logs in China is elastic. In contrast, in Japan, the price elasticity of demand for Canadian lumber is inelastic, but like China, demand for Canadian log imports is elastic. Expenditure elasticities suggest that Canadian wood products are expected to be favoured relative to other countries as demand in China grows; this finding may be attributed to marketing programs.

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Dunlevy, James A., and William K. Hutchinson. "The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Economic History 59, no. 4 (December 1999): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070002413x.

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Studies of the contemporary period for the United States and for Canada have established that the presence of an immigrant population is associated with an increase in trade between the immigrants' host and origin countries. We wish to discover if such a protrade phenomenon was systematically associated with the massive inflow of immigrants to the United States during the 40 years preceding World War I. Applying a gravity model to U.S. imports of 78 commodities from 17 countries at five-year intervals, we find support for a broad pro-import immigrant effect, especially for more fmished and more differentiated goods.

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Buongiorno, Joseph, Jean-Paul Chavas, and Jussi Uusivuori. "Exchange rates, Canadian lumber imports, and United States prices: a time-series analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 1587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-242.

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Softwood lumber imports by the United States from Canada more than doubled during the past 10 years. The objective of this paper was to investigate two possible reasons for this change: (i) the increase in value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar, and (ii) the rise in the price of softwood lumber in the United States. The method used was time-series analysis, leading to measures of feedback and long-term multipliers between imports, exchange rate, and U.S. price. The results, based on monthly data from January 1974 to January 1986, suggested that 68% of the rise in Canadian imports during this period was due to the rise in the price of softwood lumber in the United States. The exchange rate, however, was not found to have a significant effect on imports. The findings also indicate that the increase in imports has not led to a decline in the price received by U.S. producers.

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Lembke, Svan, and Lee Cartier. "Wine consumers in British Columbia, Canada." International Journal of Wine Business Research 32, no. 3 (April 13, 2020): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-07-2019-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to redirect wine producer marketing strategies in British Columbia (BC) to better market their wine to the next generation of local consumers and compete against foreign imports. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted using representative data collected from BC wine consumers through a survey of 500 participants and subsequent focus groups to better understand and interpret the findings. Findings The findings confirm that the growth of wine sales in BC is driven by the Millennial generation. This generation shows some different wine purchasing and consumption behaviours than previous generations. BC wine producers compete against foreign imports by using their direct-to-consumer sales channel (s) and could also use their superior understanding for the next generation of wine consumers to better sell their local wines across multiple channels. Practical implications To onboard the next generation of Millennial consumers to BC wines, BC wine producers are advised to use the tasting room environment to learn more about their local consumers and also sell via other channels. Some gaps in consumer needs across generations are identified and BC producers are advised to further target this new consumer and meet the needs of the local Millennials better than the competition. Originality/value The study is unique in its location. BC wine producers have often used US research or anecdotal data from their own tasting rooms to inform marketing decisions. The researchers argue that this carries significant risk, especially as the next generation of BC wine consumers displays different purchasing behaviours than those reported in US research.

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HOGAN, WILLIAM, and DANIEL GEORGIANNA. "U.S. Fish Processing Capacity and Imports of Whole Groundfish from Canada." Marine Resource Economics 6, no. 3 (January 1989): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/mre.6.3.42871971.

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Singh, Tarlok. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Canada: An Evidence from Time-Series Tests." Global Economy Journal 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 361–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0009.

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This study examines the effects of international trade and investment on output and tests the null hypothesis of Granger non-causality among trade, investment and economic growth in Canada. The long-run model is estimated using several single-equation and system estimators to assess the robustness of results across methodologies. The single-equation, OLSEG, GMM, DOLS, NLLS and FMOLS, estimates of the model provide consistent support for the positive and significant long-run effects of exports and investment on output. The ML system estimates cross-validate the cointegrating relationship and reinforce the positive effects of exports and investment and the negative effects of imports on output. The over-parameterized level-VAR estimates suggest unidirectional Granger-causality from exports, imports and investment each to output. The estimates of the model with structural breaks support the long-run relationship, though the evidence is not unambiguous ubiquitously across all the tests. The evidence supporting the positive and significant long-run effects overwhelms the evidence providing weak or no support for the effects of trade on output. The results underline the need for the acceleration of exports (and investment) to offset the demand-reducing effects of imports and escalate the altitudes of output and economic growth.

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Leightner, Jonathan E. "Do Imports Increase Unemployment? Empirical Estimates That Are Not Model Dependent." Frontiers of Economics in China 16, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54605/fec20210302.

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Some Ricardian models would predict a fall in unemployment with trade liberalization. In contrast, the Heckscher-Ohlin model (Stolper Samuelson Theorem) would predict trade liberalization would cause a fall in wages for labor scarce countries, resulting in greater unemployment if there are wage rigidities. The choice of which theoretical model is used affects the empirical results obtained. This paper produces estimates of the change in unemployment due to a change in imports that are not model dependent. The estimates produced are total derivatives that capture all the ways that imports and unemployment are correlated. I find that unemployment increases with increased imports for Austria, Greece, Japan, Portugal, South Korea, Slovenia, and Sweden, but that unemployment decreases with increased imports for Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, the UK, and the US.

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Cao, Chong, and Guojun Yuan. "Foreign trade and virtual land resources: A case study of China's grain." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 68, No. 7 (July 22, 2022): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/85/2022-agricecon.

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This paper selects four grain crops of rice, wheat, soybean, and corn, analyzes their foreign trade from 2002 to 2020, and estimates the virtual land resource. The research results show that China's grain has always been in the state of net import. China mainly exports rice and imports soybeans, and the market structure has an obvious trend of simplification. The net import of virtual land resources in China's grain has grown significantly and has outstanding contribution ability. The average annual net import is 62.25 million ha, which is almost equivalent to the arable land area of China's one-cropping area. The net import contribution of soybean virtual land resources is about 101 times of its sown area, while corn, rice, and wheat account for about 10.42, 11.69, and 74.66% of its sown area. The net importers of virtual land resources are relatively concentrated, mainly in Brazil, the US, Argentina, Ukraine, and Canada.

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Acharya, Ram C. "Globally Trading Firms in Canada: Productivity and Global Value Chains." Journal of Comparative International Management 22, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1075635ar.

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Using firm-level data in Canada from 2002 to 2008, I compare the economic performance of three types of firms: those that both export and import (called globally trading firms—GTFs), exporters-only, and importers-only. The results show that GTFs are more productive, larger, more capital intensive, pay higher wages, trade more goods, and trade with more countries than both types of one-way traders. These premia for GTFs were found even before they turned into GTFs (self-selection). Moreover, even after turning into GTFs, the productivity growth of a subset of them was faster than that of one-way traders. The higher the involvement in global value chains (GVCs), the higher was the performance of the “learning-by-turning GTFs”. The GTFs with higher productivity growth were the ones that imported from multiple countries, not those that imported only from China. By another measure, they were both-in-both GTFs—those that traded both final and intermediate goods, and in both directions (exports and imports). Even though they employed only 10% of Canada’s business sector workforce, they contributed 60% of its labour productivity growth.

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Wan, Yang, Changyou Sun, and Donald L. Grebner. "Analysis of Import Demand for Wooden Beds in the U.S." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 42, no. 4 (November 2010): 643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800003862.

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The market of wooden beds in the U.S. has been flooded with imports from China and Vietnam in recent years. Static and dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System models are used to assess the import demand for wooden beds from the top seven supplying countries. The analyses reveal that the antidumping investigation on China has some temporary trade depression effect on China, but trade diversion occurs to Vietnam, Indonesia, Canada, and Brazil. The formal implementation of antidumping duties since 2005 has not shown any significant effect on the trade pattern. U.S. consumers spend more on beds from newly industrialized countries and there are moderate degrees of substitution among wooden beds from most countries.

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REYNOLDS, KARA, and TATIANA YANGUAS. "China–Cellulose Pulp: China's Quest to Satisfy WTO Panels and the Appellate Body." World Trade Review 18, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561900003x.

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AbstractIn April 2017, a WTO panel ruled that China's anti-dumping investigation into imports of dissolving cellulose pulp from Canada violated the WTO's Anti-dumping Agreement. The panel found that China's description of the parallel price trends of dumped imports and domestic products failed to explain their finding that the dumped imports caused the decline in domestic prices. The ruling perhaps should not have surprised anyone as the WTO had made similar findings in disputes involving two previous Chinese anti-dumping investigations. This paper explores to what degree ‘parallel price trends’ can be used as a valid methodology to determine price depression, and whether it is the methodology itself that is problematic or China's implementation of that methodology that has caused it to lose three disputes over the past five years.

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Soroka, Tomasz. "Verbal Aggression Between Allies: Canada in Donald Trump’s Trade War Rhetoric." Politeja 18, no. 6(75) (December 16, 2021): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.75.05.

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The article explores Donald Trump’s protectionist rhetoric relating to bilateral trade relations between Canada and the U.S. In particular, it presents how Trump’s isolationist economic platform evolved into trade war rhetoric and how this rhetoric affected Canada. To that end, the article analyzes President Trump’s statements and policies regarding the renegotiations of NAFTA, his administration’s tariff policies relating to imports of Canadian softwood lumber, steel and aluminum, and Trump’s opinions published in social media, mainly on Twitter. It also takes a comparative look on Donald Trump’s and Justin Trudeau’s ideological profiles to explain Trump’s lack of sympathy and hardline rhetoric against Canada.

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Larue, Bruno, and Jean-Philippe Gervais. "The Impact of the Canada-U.S. Hog/Pork Trade Dispute on the Composition of U.S. Pork Imports." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 25, no. 2 (October 1996): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007851.

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Trade theorists have demonstrated that different trade policy instruments have different effects on the quality and source of imports. Countervailing duties (CVDs), like specific tariffs, should induce quality upgrading. However, the magnitude and timing of the quality adjustments are influenced by the credibility of the duties that can be legally contested and modified after annual administrative reviews. Index numbers are used to assess the timing and magnitude of the product mix and country mix substitution effects in U.S. pork imports in response to the U.S. CVDs on Canadian exports of live hogs and fresh, chilled, and frozen pork.

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Weintraub, Sidney. "Canada Acts on Free Trade." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 2 (1986): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165775.

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Prime Minister Brian Mulroney requested the opening of trade talks with the United States on September 26,1985. He did not use the words “free trade,” but that was the gist of the request. He explicitly rejected a common market or a customs union and implicitly dismissed the sectoral free-trade approach. The US administration responded positively and requested permission from the Congress to open negotiations. Negotiating teams have been appointed and discussions are taking place. All the actors noted that the negotiations will be difficult and may last several years. After more than a decade of avoiding the issue, Canada has acted. The context is complex because of growing US protectionism, including concern over certain imports from Canada, especially lumber. Fear of this protectionism was one reason for the Canadian decision. Another was concern about the future of Canada's economy. The Canadian economy has performed poorly for much of the past ten years.

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Liu, Jingyi, and Xiande Li. "Impact of Extreme Weather Disasters on China’s Barley Industry under the Background of Trade Friction—Based on the Partial Equilibrium Model." Foods 11, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111570.

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The world has entered a compound risk era with multiple crises, and the adverse impact of trade friction and extreme weather disasters on China’s barley import has become increasingly prominent. In this context, this study uses superimposed epoch analysis and partial equilibrium model to evaluate the impact of extreme weather disasters in China’s major barley-exporting countries on China’s barley industry in the course of China–Australia trade friction. The results show that: (1) extreme weather disaster caused barley production in France and Canada to decrease by 7.95% and 18.36% respectively; (2) when the two external shocks occur at the same time, China’s barley import volume tends to decline compared with the basic scenario, the import price rises sharply, there are certain trade-diverting effects in barley import, and China’s imports from countries not affected by extreme weather disasters will increase to a certain extent; (3) China’s barley production remains at a low rate of growth and is vulnerable to external shocks, facing certain import risks. This study provides important policy implications for preventing import risks and ensuring the sufficient supply of domestic barley.

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Mehmood, Usman, Salman Tariq, Zia ul Haq, Ephraim Bonah Agyekum, Salah Kamel, Mohamed Elnaggar, Hasan Nawaz, Ammar Hameed, and Shafqat Ali. "Can Financial Institutional Deepening and Renewable Energy Consumption Lower CO2 Emissions in G-10 Countries: Fresh Evidence from Advanced Methodologies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 3, 2022): 5544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095544.

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To tackle the challenges associated with global warming and climate change, several countries set their targets to lower carbon emissions in accordance with COP21 (Paris Conference). Even though studies highlighted the different aspects that contribute to environmental degradation, there still exists the scarcity of adequate research that emphasizes the environmental implications of financial institutional deepening, renewable energy consumption (REC), and technology innovations. Therefore, this study investigated the significance of financial institutional deepening, REC, gross domestic product (GDP), imports, exports, and technology innovations to achieve sustainability in G-10 countries, namely The Netherlands, Germany, France, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Sweden, Japan, Belgium, Canada, and Italy from 1990 to 2020. The results obtained from cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) and the dynamic common correlated effects mean group (DCCEMG) models reveal that financial institutional deepening and imports positively impact CO2 emissions (CO2e) both in the long and short run. A 1% increase in financial institutional deepening and import will increase CO2e by 0.5403% and 0.2942% in the short run and 0.2980% and 0.1479% in the long run levels, respectively. Contrary to this, REC, GDP, exports, and technology innovations improve environmental quality in these countries. The Dumitrescu & Hurlin causality test shows bidirectional causality between imports and CO2e, GDP and CO2e, exports and CO2e, and financial institutional deepening and CO2e, compared to unidirectional causality from technology innovations to CO2e and from REC to CO2e. Apart from this, the outcomes suggest that policymakers in G-10 countries have to consider their financial markets and firms to revise their current environmental policies.

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Lutz, Brenda J., and James M. Lutz. "Factory Farming and Potential Problems in International Trade." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 3 (September 24, 2009): 1850174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1518.

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Trade in products from intensive farming of livestock has the potential to lead to disputes, especially as opposition to factory farming on ethical, health, environmental, and developmental grounds has increased. Many European countries currently prohibit livestock agricultural practices that are allowed in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere, thus creating the possibility of international economic conflict. WTO regulations permit the consideration of health and environmental factors as possible causes for placing limitations on imports but not ethical or developmental causes. While the WTO currently does not directly recognize concerns about animal welfare and developmental issues, interest groups and parties emphasizing these factors can support other efforts to limit imports.

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VanSickle, John J., Edward A. Evans, and Robert D. Emerson. "U.S.-Canadian Tomato Wars: An Economist Tries to Make Sense Out of Recent Antidumping Suits." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 35, no. 2 (August 2003): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800021258.

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U.S. growers filed an antidumping case against Canadian growers of greenhouse-grown tomatoes, alleging that U.S. growers were being injured, or threatened with material injury, by imports from Canada. The U.S. Department of Commerce determined that imports of greenhouse-grown tomatoes were being sold in U.S. markets at less than fair market value. The U.S. International Trade Commission determined the “like product” to be all fresh market tomatoes, concluding the domestic industry was not materially injured. Anecdotal evidence used by the Commission Department in determining like product ignores the wealth of knowledge that economics can add. An economic model is proposed for purposes of determining like product.

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Coffin, H. Garth. "Canada–U.S. Trade Relationships: Developments and Implications." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, no. 2 (October 1987): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001392.

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Canada and the United States are the world's largest trading partners. The total volume of two-way merchandise trade in 1985 was $165 billion Canadian ($124 billion U.S.). Canadian dependence on U.S. markets has grown to the point that nearly 80% of our exports are destined for our southern neighbor. By the same token, more than 70% of Canada's imports originate in the U.S. That volume represents 20% of total exports from the U.S., the largest proportion going to any individual country. Obviously, trade relations between Canada and the U.S. are very important to both countries. Indeed, given their combined role in total world trade, the importance of trade relations between them goes beyond whatever it might be to those two countries alone.

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Borja-Bravo, Mercedes, José Alberto García-Salazar, and Rhonda K. Skaggs. "Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 5 (September 2013): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-108.

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Borja-Bravo, M., García-Salazar, J. A. and Skaggs, R. K. 2013. Mexican fresh tomato exports in the North American market: A case study of the effects of productivity on competitiveness. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 839–850. The North American market for fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill.) involves a complicated web of bilateral trading relationships between the United States, Mexico and Canada. Trade in fresh tomatoes between the three countries has changed significantly in recent years. In particular, Mexico's share of total US fresh tomato imports from all countries decreased from 93 to 88%, while Canada's share of US fresh tomato imports increased from 3 to 11% between 1996 and 2009. Mexico's declining competitive position in the US fresh tomato market is also evidenced by the fact that the Mexican share of combined Mexico–Canada exports to the United States decreased from 97% to 89% between 1996 and 2009. A spatial and inter-temporal model was used to analyze the impact of increased Mexican tomato yields on the North American fresh tomato market. Results indicate that for the average year between 2005 and 2008, 20% higher yields would have resulted in a 15.1% increase in Mexico's tomato production and a 28.9% increase in fresh tomato exports from Mexico to the United States. As a result of higher Mexican tomato sector productivity, Canadian and US producers’ shares of the US fresh tomato market would decrease and Mexico's would increase from 35.0 to 41.9%. The model shows that Mexico's share of US fresh tomato imports from both Mexico and Canada would grow from 88.1 to 90.3% as a result of the increased productivity. These results lead to the recommendation that increasing yields of this important export crop are key to maintaining and increasing the North American market competitiveness of Mexican-produced fresh tomatoes.

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Van Peeterssen, Alain. "Quelques commentaires sur le secteur extérieur de CANDIDE (version 1.1)." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 1 (June 25, 2009): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800658ar.

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Abstract The following ill-tempered article provides a review of the foreign sector of CANDIDE; after briefly commenting the disagregation by products and services, the author examines the geographical disagregation of imports and exports into and from Canada between the U.S. and the Rest-of-the-World. He found that the proposed CANDIDE procedure is not after all that much meaningful and does not bring any additional information, while being dangerous as far as the forecasters using this model hope to get good results for imports from and exports to the Rest-of-the-World. Finally, the author gives some hints about what could have been alternatively done about this problem of geographical disagregation.

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Bhandari, Ravneet S., Sanjeev Bansal, and Lakhwinder K. Dhillon. "Understanding Sino–US Trade War: An American Government Perspective." Management and Economics Research Journal 5 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2019.958453.

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To comprehend Sino–US trade relations, this research article decrypts the trade relations among China and the United States from the American government perspective (Presidency of Donald Trump). The American government claims that the Chinese government's high import levies and subsidies to Chinese firms cause the Sino–US trade war, bringing about economic misfortunes in the United States. The American government thus contends that forcing high levies on Chinese products (imports) can be corrective measures for Chinese governments' actions. This research article discovers that the American administration overestimates the deficits. Measures for diminishing China's imports cannot raise the American employment rate; on the contrary, China furnishes the United States with high caliber and low-cost products and services. Although China is one of the top investors for the United States, Chinese capitalists tend to capitalize the surplus by investing in American ventures and bonds. However, American administration limits Chinese capitals because of security concerns supported by various other nations (i.e., France, Germany, Britain, Australia, the European Union, Australia, Canada, and Japan). The fear for Chinese capitalists due to China's moving up to the high end of the value chain is an outcome of economic advancement. Consequently, the two nations should restrategize Sino–US trade patterns by developing trade and economic co-ordination by means of trade arrangements.

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Atozou, Baoubadi, and Koffi Akakpo. "Dynamic and Volatility of World Agricultural Market Prices: Impacts on Importations and Food Security in WAEMU." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 12 (November 19, 2017): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p180.

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Over the last decade, the use of foodstuffs such as corn, wheat and soybean in biofuels production has been growing sharply in the United States, Canada and Europe. This growth has increased total demand for agricultural commodities and stimulated agricultural prices. However, corn, rice, wheat and soybean are the most important sources of calorific energy for West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) member states’ population, and WAEMU countries are highly dependent on the imports of these products. Consequently, rising prices can have an important impact on imports and severe consequences on food security in these developing countries. This paper aims to investigate: (i) the short-term and long-term relationships between the prices of corn, rice, wheat, soybean and oil and their volatilities, and (ii) the effects of these agricultural commodities prices shocks on the imports of each WAEMU member states. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the Multivariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) model and the Granger causality test are used in this investigation. The results show that imports of agricultural commodities in WAEMU countries are highly and significantly sensitive to price changes in international market. In short term as well as in long term, there is a significant relationship between the prices of these products. We find a positive relationship in general between prices volatilities, and negative effects of price volatility on imports. Thus, distortions in world agricultural markets threaten considerably food security in WAEMU countries, especially access to food for vulnerable and low-income populations. Policy makers must adopt viable strategies to increase agricultural production and limit their dependence on imports.

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Grenier, Gilles, and Akbar Tavakoli. "Globalization and Wage Inequality in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector: A Time Series Analysis." Global Economy Journal 6, no. 2 (May 2006): 1850085. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1042.

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The deteriorating economic position of low-skilled workers relative to high-skilled workers appears to be one harmful effect of the economic globalization that took place during the 1980s and 1990s. In the present paper, we perform a time series investigation for Canada using as the dependent variable the relative wages of production and non-production workers in the manufacturing sector between 1970 and 2001. The independent variables include R&D, union density, immigration, imports from non-OECD countries, foreign direct investment, capital labor ratio, and number of workers in each group. The results show that the R&D expenditures and union density are two important variables in the explanation of the widening wage gap. The effects of immigration, imports, and FDI on wage inequality are found to be moderate.

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Murphy, Lawrence. "Energy Development in Canada — An Overview." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600102.

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While Canada is likely to remain a net energy supplier in total over the next twenty years, the country will experience imbalances regionally and for particular types of energy that raise concerns about the security of Canadian energy supply. The options available to deal with these imbalances can be looked at from three perspectives: (i) economic criteria, including options for new sources of conventional oil and gas, synthetic oil supplies, substitution for oil, renewable energy, imports and new technologies; (ii) commercial criteria, encompassing various types of commercial risk (reserves estimates, scheduling, technology, market, fiscal, financial, and so on); and (iii) political criteria, including regional economic development objectives, energy development policies, environmental regulations, and security of energy supply. The pursuit of national economic priorities suggests that the least-cost alternatives be pursued first. Economic priorities may require an appropriate sharing of risks, if private risks associated with desired energy development are unacceptable to investors. Government objectives go well beyond concern of economic efficiency into areas of regional economic growth, diversification of supply sources and protection of the environment. An energy strategy will ultimately emerge from the balancing of all these considerations.

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Pedlar, John H., Daniel W. McKenney, Denys Yemshanov, and Emily S. Hope. "Potential Economic Impacts of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Eastern Canada." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz317.

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Abstract The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky) continues to pose a significant risk to deciduous forests around the world. We assess Asian longhorned beetle-related risks in eastern Canada by generating current and future climate suitability maps, import-based likelihood of introduction estimates for each urban center in our study area, and potential economic impacts in both urban and natural settings. For the current period, climatic suitability for Asian longhorned beetle was highest in southern Ontario, but was projected to expand significantly northward and eastward by midcentury. High likelihood of Asian longhorned beetle introduction was associated with large urban centers, but also smaller centers with high levels of pest-associated imports. Potential costs for the removal and replacement of Asian longhorned beetle-impacted street trees ranged from CDN$8.6 to $12.2 billion, with the exact amount and city-level ranking depending on the method used to calculate risk. Potential losses of merchantable maple (Acer) timber were estimated at CDN$1.6 billion using provincial stumpage fees and CDN$431 million annually when calculated using a combination of economic and forestry product statistics. The gross value of edible maple products, which could potentially be affected by Asian longhorned beetle, was estimated at CDN$358 million annually. These values can help inform the scale of early detection surveys, potential eradication efforts, and research budgets in the event of future Asian longhorned beetle introductions.

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Alam, A. K. M. Shamsul, and A. F. M. Shamsuddin. "The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Canada`s Demand for Imports: 1971-1982." Journal of Economic Integration 3, no. 2 (September 15, 1988): 57–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1988.3.2.57.

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Cardoso, Miguel, and Brandon Malloy. "The Impact of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade between Canada and the United States." Canadian Public Policy COVID-19 (August 13, 2020): e2021028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-028.

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We examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted trade between Canada and the United States, using a novel dataset on monthly bilateral trade flows between Canadian provinces and U.S. states, merged with COVID-19 health data. Our results show that a one-standard deviation increase in COVID-19 severity (case levels, hospitalizations, deaths) in a Canadian province leads to a fall of 3.1 to 4.9% in exports and a 6.7% to 9.1% fall in imports. Decomposing our analysis by industry, we determine that trade in the manufacturing industry was most negatively affected by the pandemic, while the agriculture industry suffered the least disruption to trade flows. Our descriptive evidence suggests that lockdowns may have also reduced Canadian exports and imports. However, while our regression coefficients are consistent with that finding, they are not statistically significant, perhaps because of the lack of variation due to similar timing in the imposition of restrictions across provinces.

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Zanello, Rebecca, Yin Shi, Atefeh Zeinolebadi, and G. Cornelis van Kooten. "COVID-19 and the Mystery of Lumber Price Movements." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010152.

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The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes in the U.S. price of softwood lumber by more than 300% between 2020 and 2022. The increased volatility of lumber prices after the COVID-19 outbreak remains unexplained. In this paper, we examine how a calibrated random walk can induce similar price volatility through the development of a stochastic process. As a preferred approach, we employ an event model to estimate the impact of COVID-19 and other key events on the price of softwood lumber. The econometric model serves to provide evidence that the price volatility of softwood lumber is not completely random, and we can instead attribute part of the variation to recent regional and global events. We found that, while COVID-19 did result in a price jump, it was smaller than a rainfall event that restricted imports from Canada, while import duties and other trade actions had no discernible impact on U.S. lumber prices.

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Horn, Henrik, and Petros C. Mavroidis. "United States – Preliminary Determination with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada: What is a Subsidy?" World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 220–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605001308.

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In August 2001, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) issued a preliminary determination that Canadian schemes for allocating standing timber to private harvesters – “stumpage” programs – provided countervailable subsidies to Canadian softwood lumber producers. It also preliminarily determined that critical circumstances existed in the US softwood lumber industry, caused by Canadian imports. Provisional measures were imposed on the basis of a preliminary subsidy rate of 19.31 percent, applicable to all producers/exporters, and applied to all entries of softwood lumber from Canada.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Imports – Canada'

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