Academic literature on the topic 'Imports – Canada'
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Journal articles on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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Mao, Yinxuan, and Dayan Lin. "Research on Diversified Selection of Soybean Import Sources from the Perspective of Import Risk Minimization." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1019.
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From the perspective of reducing import risks, this paper quantitatively analyzes the optimization path of China's soybean import structure in 2020. The research conclusion shows that compared with 2000, China's soybean import sources will gradually diversify in 2020, and the import risk will increase significantly. In order to minimize the risk of soybean imports, China needs to increase soybean imports from the United States, while appropriately reducing soybean dependence on Brazil and Argentina. In addition, other import source countries such as Canada and Russia still have great import potential, which helps to diversify the concentrated import risks.
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Prestemon, Jeffrey P., and Joseph Buongiorno. "The impacts of NAFTA on U.S. and Canadian forest product exports to Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 794–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-089.
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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will lower barriers to trade and investment across the continent. This paper presents predictions of the effects of NAFTA on Mexico's imports of intermediate wood products, scrap and waste paper, pulp, and newsprint from the United States and Canada. Predictions were made with a partial equilibrium model. Model development involved estimating (i) elasticities of Mexico's import demand with respect to price and demand shifters and (ii) elasticities of prices with respect to their determinants, and then predicting, with these elasticities, the impacts of NAFTA on imports and prices. The effects of NAFTA on the exogenous variables affecting import demand and prices were summarized for three scenarios, based on the predictions of broader studies of the agreement. The results suggest that the full long-term impact of the NAFTA would be to increase the value of all Mexican imports from the United States and Canada by 21 to 85%. The effect would vary greatly by product and country of origin. Mexican imports of particleboard, hardwood veneer, scrap and waste paper, and wood pulp would be the least affected, mainly because of their smaller tariffs and inelastic price responses. Imports of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) lumber, hardwood lumber, softwood plywood, and newsprint from the United States would increase the most under NAFTA.
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Buongiorno, Joseph. "Projected effects of US tariffs on Canadian softwood lumber and newsprint imports: a cobweb model." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0153.
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Starting from the cobweb theorem, a model of demand, supply, multilateral trade, and prices was formulated for the softwood lumber and newsprint markets in Canada, the United States (US), and the rest of the world. Parameters were estimated with panel data from multiple years and countries. The model was used to project the effects of US tariffs on softwood lumber and newsprint imports from Canada. To assess the uncertainty of the projections, multiple replications were performed by repeated sampling from the parameters’ statistical distributions. The results suggested that the initial shock of the tariffs dampened out and took 3 to 4 years to stabilize. In the long run, other things being equal, a 20.83% US tariff on softwood lumber imports from Canada decreased US imports from Canada by 4.7% to 8.0% and raised the US price by 0.3% to 2.3% and the US production by 0.9% to 1.7%, with 95% probability, while it lowered the Canadian price by 0.7% to 3.0% and Canadian production by 1.1% to 2.4%. A 28.69% US tariff on newsprint imports from Canada decreased US imports from Canada by 3.2% to 7.0% and raised the US price by 1.4% to 3.3% and the US production by 2.9 to 6.3%, while it lowered the Canadian price by 0.8% to 1.9% and the Canadian production by 1.6% to 3.5%.
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Boggild, Andrea K., Anne E. McCarthy, Michael D. Libman, David O. Freedman, and Kevin C. Kain. "Underestimate of annual malaria imports to Canada." Lancet Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2017): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30010-5.
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Parajuli, Rajan, and Daowei Zhang. "Welfare impacts of the 2006 United States – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 7 (July 2016): 950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0141.
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In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.) – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lumber. We find that SLA 2006 reduces the U.S. lumber imports from Canada by 7.78% in the months when export taxes took effect. The welfare analysis based on a partial equilibrium framework shows that U.S. lumber producers gained $1.6 billion and U.S. consumers lost $2.3 billion in 9 years under SLA 2006.
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HANAS, Liubov, Andrii TODOSHCHUK, and Olha KHOMIK. "Peculiarities of importing vehicles from the USA." Economics. Finances. Law 11/3, no. - (November 30, 2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.11(3).2.
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Introduction. In recent years, there is a tendency of growth in imports of vehicles. This situation is due to the formation of demand in the domestic market. Domestic enterprises are unable to meet this demand. The structure of imports is dominated by imports from EU countries (67.61%), but other markets such as the USA and countries of America (27.72%), North Korea (2.29%) and other countries are gaining new momentum. Imports of vehicles from the USA, Canada, Georgia and North Korea have now undergone certain logistical changes, because a large number of seaports are under occupation. This situation has caused a change in the route through the ports of the EU countries. Nevertheless, the prospects for expanding imports of vehicles from the USA are significant, because this market is represented by newer models, a wide range and nomenclature, cheaper segment, the availability of purchase due to the presence of a number of online auctions. The purpose of the paper is to form a detailed model of vehicle imports from the USA. The following methods were used in writing the paper: analysis, comparison, explanation, theoretical generalization, grouping, etc. Results. The paper analyzes the features of vehicle imports from the USA, presents the characteristics of the largest auctions representing used, damaged and new vehicles, describes how to participate in auctions, gives the structure of vehicle imports for 2021, identifies the prospects for vehicle imports. Also, in the publication there is a detailed model of import of vehicles from the USA, which provides a step-by-step description of import from the moment of searching at the auction to the moment of customs clearance in Ukraine, considering specifics of loading, delivery to the port of departure, choice of logistic method of sea transportation, insurance method, making changes in the supply chain by building new routes through the EU countries and customs clearance. Conclusions. The use of this model by a number of companies starting to import vehicles from the USA or planning to import, as well as having problems at certain stages of the import process, will allow to take into account all the nuances of this process and avoid mistakes. A detailed import model takes into account not only the selection of vehicles at auctions, but also transportation, insurance, shipping, and customs clearance.
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Al-Zyoud, Hussein, and Fathi Elloumi. "Dynamics of Canadian Trade Pattern: A Time-Series Analysis." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 3 (February 15, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n3p115.
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This paper analyses the trends and directions of exports and imports of Canada using the time series data for the period 1981 to 2014. Instantaneous and compound growth rates are calculated by using the log-linear regression model in conjunction with an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for forecasting future exports and imports. The results of this study show that there is an increasing trend for both exports and imports. As far as the growth rates are concerned, the two estimated log-linear models depict a comprehensive annual picture of Canadian merchandise trade. The exports grow at an instantaneous rate of 4.46% and at a slightly higher than compound annual growth rate of 4.6%. The overall growth rate of imports is 5.41% and compound annual growth rate is 5.27%. The compound growth rate is marginally higher than the instantaneous growth rate.The results of the Johansen test for analyzing the long-run relationship between export, import and GDP have further demonstrated that the variables are co-integrated, and have established a long-run association among them.
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Cheng, Baodong, Guangyuan Qin, and Weiming Song. "Analysis of the log import market and demand elasticity in China." Forestry Chronicle 91, no. 04 (August 2015): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-066.
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Using country-specific data from 1992 to 2012, we estimated the demand elasticity of the log import market using the source-differentiated Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model, the Error Correction Model (ECM), and both models in combination (ECM-AIDS), considering imports from Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. Regardless of which model used, the expenditure elasticity values were mostly positive, indicating a positive correlation between import volume and total import expenditure. Self-compensated price elasticity was negative, indicating that logs from all countries except Malaysia are relatively more sensitive to price, while import volumes from these countries are less sensitive to price. Cross-price elasticity values calculated using the static AIDS model showed that logs imported from Malaysia, Myanmar, and Russia are mutually complementary with logs imported from the other countries. Logs from Australia, Malaysia, and Indonesia; Canada and Indonesia; the US and New Zealand; and, Myanmar and Indonesia are mutually replaceable. The dynamic AIDS model found the same pattern regarding supplementarity, but indicated that logs from Australia, Canada, and Indonesia; the US and New Zealand; New Zealand and Indonesia; and Myanmar and Indonesia are mutually replaceable.
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Kugler, Kholofelo. "China – Anti-dumping Measures on Imports of Cellulose Pulp from Canada (China–Cellulose Pulp), DS483." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 750–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000350.
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This dispute concerns an anti-dumping measure imposed by China on imports of cellulose pulp form Canada. Canada specifically challenged the determination of injury made by China's Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) in the anti-dumping investigation. MOFCOM applied an ad valorem duty on imports from producers in the investigated countries. It applied anti-dumping duties of 13% on cooperating Canadian producers and 23.7% on all other Canadian producers, except for one producer that was excluded from the investigation due to a de minimis dumping margin.
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Tatem, Andrew J. "Underestimate of annual malaria imports to Canada – Author reply." Lancet Infectious Diseases 17, no. 2 (February 2017): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30025-7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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Black, Fiona A. "Book availability in Canada, 1752-1820, and the Scottish contribution." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7087.
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The objectives of this study are threefold: to describe and analyse what reading material was available in Canada; to explain the business methods by which it was made available; and, to delineate by specific criteria the Scottish contribution to such availability. The study is the first to use newspaper advertisements, circulating library catalogues and business records to examine book availability, at the individual title level, in selected colonial Canadian towns. The primary research material is analysed by means of a customized database, BOOKSCAN, which includes bibliographic, business and geographic information in a single database. BOOKSCAN is a union catalogue with one record for each title, and multiple repeatable fields which detail where, when, how (for sale or loan, at what price, etc.) and by whom the title was made available. Narrative and graphical analyses include: intellectual content, occupation of book provider, geographic route of acquisition, business practice and, country of origin of shipment. Scottish contributions in terms of authorship, publishers, wholesalers and book trade personnel are examined in detail, and some preliminary comparisons are drawn between the trade in the Canadian colonies and that in provincial Scotland. The principal findings question previous assumptions about the role of Scots in the early Canadian book trade. Scottish general merchants were frequently retailers of books in Canada, but Scottish publishers were not proactive in seeking Canadian markets, and Scottish printers tended not to emigrate to Canadian towns in this early period, as they did to American towns. The key business factor which determined whether Scottish publishers and booksellers exported to Canada was having a known contact in a Canadian town. Case studies of several Scots include: Alexander Morrison, bookbinder and stationer in Halifax; Richard, William, James and Alexander Kidston, general merchants in Halifax; and, John Neilson, printer in Quebec. The greatest quantities of books shipped from Scotland were not those works of the Scottish Enlightenment, which tended to be shipped from London, but were school books, Bibles and chapbooks, categories supplied by stationers. The role of wholesaling stationers in book exports, uncovered in this study, suggests that previous surveys of book exports from Scotland may greatly underestimate the total, as stationers' shipments were entered in the Customs Accounts generically as "stationery" rather than as "books". Wholesaling stationers in Scotland and Scottish general merchants in Canada are the two principal groups of Scots who contributed to early Canadian book availability. This study contributes new information to the book histories of both Scotland and Canada, and provides a methodological model for future comparative research.
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Sabiston, David R. "Exchange rate pass-through: A case of Canadian imports of foreign automobiles." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9518.
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This thesis examines the role of exchange rate fluctuations on prices of automobiles imported into Canada over the period 1980(0)-1990(4). The theoretical model is motivated by the desire to synthesize existing models which only identify portions of incomplete exchange rate pass-through. The model captures general demand and supply influences by defining a rational expectations, dynamic optimization problem, with firms maximizing profits with respect to prices, subject to linear demand curves and quadratic adjustment costs. An extension to the model accounts for the possibility of strategic price interaction between competitors and, equally important, nests the original model. The model also strengthens the link between theoretical foundations and empirical estimation by providing a natural framework for recent econometric developments. In particular, favourable unit root and cointegration tests permit the theoretical model to be respecified as an error correction model (ECM) such that long-run equilibrium relationships can be separated from the short-run dynamics of a system. Following the theoretical foundations, each of the three separate automobile classifications (subcompact, compact/midsize, and large) is estimated using a traditional econometric approach, the Engle-Granger two-step procedure, and a Johansen (1991) /vector autoregressive (VAR) approach. Overall, results indicate that, regardless of the econometric methodology, U.S. automobile exporters pass through the largest amount of a change in exchange rates, followed in order by Germany and Japan. Knetter (1993) presents evidence to suggest little difference in pricing behaviour within common industries. Gross and Schmitt (1993) argue that the degree of pricing-to-market (PTM) varies across automobile sectors but remains similar within a given category. This thesis goes one step further and argues that pricing behaviour is different even within categories. Finally, in ranking the econometric techniques in terms of "best fit", under the assumption that the Johansen procedure identifies cointegrating vectors, the Johansen/VAR methodology produces ECMs with greater parameter stability, lower probability of model misspecification and better forecasting ability.
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Eckhardt, Rose. "An assessment of imported malaria and the risk of autochthonous transmission in Ontario, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95235.
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This thesis assesses the potential for autochthonous malaria transmission in Ontario, Canada. First, the spatial and temporal profile of imported malaria cases in Ontario is characterized. Next, the potential for interaction between the cases and mosquito vector is evaluated. Results of malaria tests that identified subjects as either positive (cases) or negative (controls) were overlaid with vector observation data. Case-control logistic regression showed that malaria cases were positively correlated with living in a neighbourhood with a high proportion of residents who are immigrants from malaria endemic areas. Cases were reported in the suburbs of the Greater Toronto Area, and only 9% were within a geographical area where autochthonous transmission would be possible. This research can identify points of inquiry into the potential for autochthonous malaria transmission in other areas, as well as highlight the importance of surveillance of a range of infectious diseases that are imported in Canada.Ce mémoire évalue le potentiel pour la transmission autochtone du paludisme en Ontario, Canada. Premièrement, le profil spatial et temporel des cas importés du paludisme est caractérisé. Ensuite, le potentiel de l'interaction entre les cas et le vecteur de moustique est évalué. Les résultats des tests du paludisme, qui identifie les sujets comme soit positif (les cas) ou négatif (les contrôles), sont superposés avec des données d'observation vectorielle. La régression logistique à cas témoins a montré que les cas du paludisme étaient positivement corrélés avec vivre dans un quartier avec une grande proportion des résidents qui sont des immigrants venants des lieux endémiques du paludisme. Les cas étaient rapportés dans les banlieues de la grande région de Toronto, et seulement 9% étaient au sein d'un milieu géographique où la transmission autochtone du paludisme était possible. Cette recherche identifie les points d'enquête dans le potentiel pour la transmission autochtone du paludisme dans autres régions, ainsi qu'illustre l'importance de surveiller la gamme de maladies infectieuses apportés au Canada.
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Sharma, I. Prakash Carleton University Dissertation Economics. "Import quota and product quality; the case of the Canadian clothing industry." Ottawa, 1992.
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Harkleroad, Brian Craig. "The difficulty in identifying a subsidy in the use of a natural resource: Canadian lumber imports." Thesis, Montana State University, 1989. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1989/harkleroad/HarkleroadB1989.pdf.
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Canadian stumpage price subsidies are claimed to be the cause of injury to the U.S. lumber industry. Legislative action has been taken which will impose a 15% export tax on Canadian lumber. This study examines the difficulty of identifying such a subsidy in the case of Canadian lumber imports, and more importantly, the difficulty of identifying subsidies in the use of natural resources as a whole. This is done through examination of resource depletion in the theory of the mine and the steady state timber management system. A model of the Canadian lumber market is then proposed. Examination of this model rejects the hypothesis that stumpage price systems are subsidies which injure the U.S. lumber industry.
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Ibarrola, Jorge. "Les prix imposés de revente étude de droit comparé des Etats- Unis, du Canada, de la suisse et de la communauté européenne." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26202.
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In large part for fear that it will foster and maintain manufacturers' or retailers' cartels, resale price maintenance is strictly forbidden in a number of countries. Moreover economic theory has allowed for a better understanding of the motivations and outcomes of this practice and has made possible a revision of the strict prohibition.This thesis first outlines the theories explaining the use of resale price maintenance. What emerges from these theories is that resale price maintenance is far from being an unequivocably deleterious form of conduct. Indeed, a manufacturer may seek to reach some results that are pro-competitive. Having outlined the arguments for and against the practice, an approach is proposed for detecting resale price maintenance that is likely to damage the consumers' interest. In fact, the problem arises only in cases of cartellization, or abuse of market power.
The second part of the thesis is devoted to an analysis of four legislative regimes: those of the United States of America, Canada, Switzerland and the European Community. Three of these regimes include a strong prohibition against resale price maintenance, whereas the fourth, the Swiss cartel law, treats the practice as per se legal. Despite the diverging legal status reserved to this practice, the comparative law study will demonstrate first the consistency of an economic approach to each situation, and the weakness of the legal reasoning within this area. The analysis of these regimes serves to affirm the conclusions, that resale price maintenance constitutes a real danger only in the case where there is a cartel or abuse of market power. Since these cartel or abuse of market power abuse are themselves usually prohibited, the additional prohibition against resale price maintenance is redundant, and prevents some manufacturers from achieving possible pro-competitive results.
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Harrod, Pamela A. "The general agreement on tariffs and trade and non-tariff barriers impact on international law and on trade in general and on import and export trade in Canada in particular." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5598.
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Prestemon, Jeffrey P. "Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement on Mexico's imports of forest products from the United States and Canada." 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33598977.html.
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Baêta, Maria Margarida Severo. "Relatório da tradução do Guide général d'impôt et de prestations pour les non résidents et pour les résidents réputés du Canada-2008 da Agence du Revenu du Canada." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/6916.
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Trabalho de projecto de mestrado, Tradução, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2012Tratando-se de um trabalho sério, ainda que só académico, a tradução da versão francesa do guia de impostos do Canadá: “Guide général d’impôt et de prestations pour les non-résidents et les résidents réputés du Canada – 2008”, pretende mostrar ao leitor do presente relatório a determinação do tradutor em querer colocar nas mãos do emigrante do Canadá uma versão em língua portuguesa. Como partes do presente relatório temos uma primeira parte onde é apresentada uma análise ao texto de partida, secundada por uma reflexão sobre a metodologia a seguir (centrada na análise textual efectuada), e uma terceira parte em que se dá espaço à teoria. A apresentação de alguns dos problemas, dos mais relevantes encontrados durante o processo de tradução, constitui a quarta parte do relatório. Finalmente, a ultimar as partes já mencionadas, será apresentado e censurado o projecto de tradução.
Abstract Being this report a serious assignment, although only for academic purposes, the translation of the French version of Canada’s Tax Guide “Guide général d’impôt et de prestations pour les non-résidents et les residents réputés du Canada – 2008”, intends to show the reader of the report the determination of the translator in facilitating the Canada emigrant a version in Portuguese language. This report is made of four basic parts; a first part where an analysis of the primary text is addressed and then a second which presents a reflection on the methodology to be followed (centered in the text analysis already pursued). The third part develops the theoretical sense of the report, while the fourth presents some of the most relevant problems encountered during translation.
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Spiegelaar, Nicole. "Agroforestry Community Gardens as a Sustainable Import-Substitution Strategy for Enhancing Food Security in Remote First Nations of Subarctic Ontario, Canada." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5912.
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The high prevalence of food insecurity experienced by remote First Nation (FN) communities partially results from dependence on an expensive import-based food system that typically lacks nutritional quality and further displaces traditional food systems. In the present study, the feasibility of import substitution by Agroforestry Community Gardens (AFCGs) as socio-ecologically and culturally sustainable means of enhancing food security was explored through a case study of Fort Albany First Nation (FAFN) in subarctic Ontario. Agroforestry is a diverse tree-crop or tree-livestock agricultural system that has enhanced food security in the developing world, as low input systems with high yields of diverse food and material products, and various ecological services.
Four study sites were selected for biophysical analysis: two Salix spp. (willow)-dominated AFCG test plots in an area proposed by the community; one “no tree” garden control test plot; and one undisturbed forest control test plot. Baseline data and a repeatable sampling design were established to initiate long-term studies on the productive capacity of willow AFCGs as a means to enhance food security in subarctic FN communities. Initial soil and vegetative analysis revealed a high capacity for all sites to support mixed produce with noted modifications, as well as potential competitive and beneficial willow-crop interactions.
Identification of barriers to food security and local food production in FAFN revealed a need for a locally-run Food Security Program (FSP) in partnership with the AFCGs to provide the personnel, knowledge and leadership necessary to increase local food autonomy and local food education and to manage the AFCG as a reliable food supply. Continued research on AFCGs and the FSP may allow wide-scale adoption of this strategy as an approach to enhance community food security and food sovereignty in remote FNs across Canada. An integration of conventional crops and native species in the AFCGs is recommended as a bicultural approach to enhance social, cultural and ecological resiliency of FN food systems. As an adaptable and dynamic system, AFCGs have potential to act as a more reliable local food system and a refuge for culturally significant plants in high-latitude FN socio-ecological systems, which are particularly vulnerable to rapid cultural and ecological change.
Books on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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Canadian Association of Importers and Exporters. I.E. Canada 75: 75th anniversary issue. Toronto: Canadian Sailings/Transportation & Trade Logistics, 2006.
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Canada. Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch. Import competition and market power: Canadian evidence. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2000.
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Canada. Dept. of Regional Industrial Expansion. Market Development Branch. Market Opportunities Catalogue: Import Trends. Canada. S.l: s.n, 1986.
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Wong, Edwin. Canada-Japan fisheries trade. Ottawa, Ont: Canada-Japan Trade Council, 1992.
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Wong, Edwin. Canada-Japan fisheries trade. Ottawa: Canada-Japan Trade Council, 1992.
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B, Reynolds Mathew, and Nelson James K, eds. Canadian imports and trade issues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
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Gorte, Ross W. Lumber imports from Canada: Issues and events. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2003.
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Gorte, Ross W. Softwood lumber imports: The 1996 U.S.-Canada agreement. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1996.
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Canada. Library of Parliament. Research Branch. The Special Import Measures Act: An overview. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1996.
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United States International Trade Commission. Certain steel wire rod from Canada, Germany, Trinidad & Tobago, and Venezuela. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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Li, Xin-tong, Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Softwood lumber trade and trade restrictions: gravity model." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 142–73. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0007.
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Abstract A gravity trade model can be used to determine the effects of policy on bilateral trade flows. The gravity model is initially explained and then used to determine the effect that U.S. tariffs have on softwood lumber (SWL) imports from Canada, using information from the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Quarterly data for seven Canadian and three U.S. regions for the period 2007-2017 are used to estimate a gravity model of SWL trade. The model is subsequently expanded to include Japan and China as separate regions, and then as a combined China-Japan region. The model is estimated using OLS and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood method for trade quantity and value. Findings indicate that: (1) the imposition of a countervailing and/or anti-dumping duty usually has a negative effect on Canada's physical exports, but not in all cases; (2) the value of softwood lumber trade decreases by 26% on average under a tax/tariff compared with no duties; (3) the tax/tariff has a smaller but still significant impact on Canadian exports when China and Japan are included, as SWL exports are diverted from the U.S.; and, not surprisingly, (4) duties affect the value of lumber exports to a much greater extent than quantity.
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Li, Xin-tong, Fatemeh Mokhtarzadeh, and G. Cornelisvan Kooten. "Softwood lumber trade and trade restrictions: gravity model." In International trade in forest products: lumber trade disputes, models and examples, 142–73. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248234.0142.
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Abstract A gravity trade model can be used to determine the effects of policy on bilateral trade flows. The gravity model is initially explained and then used to determine the effect that U.S. tariffs have on softwood lumber (SWL) imports from Canada, using information from the 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement. Quarterly data for seven Canadian and three U.S. regions for the period 2007-2017 are used to estimate a gravity model of SWL trade. The model is subsequently expanded to include Japan and China as separate regions, and then as a combined China-Japan region. The model is estimated using OLS and a Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood method for trade quantity and value. Findings indicate that: (1) the imposition of a countervailing and/or anti-dumping duty usually has a negative effect on Canada's physical exports, but not in all cases; (2) the value of softwood lumber trade decreases by 26% on average under a tax/tariff compared with no duties; (3) the tax/tariff has a smaller but still significant impact on Canadian exports when China and Japan are included, as SWL exports are diverted from the U.S.; and, not surprisingly, (4) duties affect the value of lumber exports to a much greater extent than quantity.
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Tsuji, Leonard J. S., Meaghan Wilton, Nicole F. Spiegelaar, Maren Oelbermann, Christine D. Barbeau, Andrew Solomon, Christopher J. D. Tsuji, Eric N. Liberda, Richard Meldrum, and Jim D. Karagatzides. "Enhancing Food Security in Subarctic Canada in the Context of Climate Change: The Harmonization of Indigenous Harvesting Pursuits and Agroforestry Activities to Form a Sustainable Import-Substitution Strategy." In Sustainable Solutions for Food Security, 409–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77878-5_20.
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"United States – Measures Affecting Imports of Softwood Lumber from Canada (SCM/162)." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 3911–4074. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.130.
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"European Economic Community – Imports of Beef from Canada (L/5099, BISD 28S/92)." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 901–10. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.063.
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Irwin, Douglas A. "Foreign Retaliation." In Peddling Protectionism. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150321.003.0004.
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This chapter examines at the international reaction to the Smoot–Hawley tariff. The popular perception is that the tariff backfired by triggering retaliation against U.S. exports and the spread of trade blocs that discriminated against the United States, inflicting long-term damage for U.S. commercial and foreign policy interests. This perception is largely accurate. While countries did not broadcast that they were retaliating against the United States for imposing the tariff, the nature and timing of the measures they took strongly suggest that was the primary motivation. A month after the Smoot–Hawley tariff was imposed, a pro-American Liberal government in Canada lost a general election to the pro-British Conservatives, who erected trade barriers designed to shift Canada's imports from the United States to Britain. Other countries discriminated against U.S. exports as well, and the nation's share of world trade fell sharply.
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"Canada – Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Imports of Manufacturing Beef from the EEC (SCM/85." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 1457–80. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.084.
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"Canada – Discriminatory Practices of Provincial Liquor Boards Affecting Beer Imports (DS17/R, BISD 39S/27)." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 2631–702. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.115.
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"Canada/Japan: Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber (L/6470, BISD 36S/167)." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 1947–86. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.097.
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"United States – Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products from Canada (L/5198, BISD 29S/91)." In GATT Dispute Settlement Reports, 873–900. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108876667.062.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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BERTOLOZZI CAREDIO, Daniele, and Asta RAUPELIENE. "CETA AND ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS: AN ANALYSIS ON COMPARED ADVANTAGES OF THE MAIN ITALIAN AGRI-FOOD SECTORS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.116.
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At the age of second-generation agreements, the European Union is going to achieve a number of new trade deals, as well as others country, first of all the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement treated with Canada. A significant part of the debating about CETA is focused on the real need or not to reach new deal and add more liberalization, in particular regarding the Agri-food goods. EU, and above all Italy, can boast a number of excellent export Agri-food processed product, such as wine, cheese and pasta; at the same time, Italy has a need of primary goods, like wheat. Revealed Competitive Advantage is an indicator of the importance of a specific product and, specifically, it’s used to identify the advantage or disadvantage of a trade flow. Some of the main Italian products exported in Canada have been analysed, just like the main imported product from Canada, the wheat; as opposed to EU-28 import of Durum wheat, the other trades have showed a comparative advantage in trade. Finally, in three cases, Italy proves greater advantages in respect with the EU.
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Popchenko, M. I. "Legal regulation of crop seed with weed seeds in Canada." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-151.
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The quality control of crop seed lots for the content of weed seeds for sale in Canada, export or import is carried out the basis of two legislative acts: the Seed Regulations and the Weed Seeds Order. The Seed Regulations contain information about sampling of various crops and requirements for seeds depending on the culture and crop seeds class. The Weed Seeds Order contains list of divided into classes of noxious weed species, whose seeds are counted in seed lots of agricultural crops.
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Gijare, Sumant, Karthick K, Simhachalam Juttu, Sukrut Thipse, Akbar Badusha, and Jan Melin. "Development of Mission Profile Based Simulation Methodology for Fuel Consumption Prediction and Validation for Light, Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-047.
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"The very main objective for any innovative process to begin is the necessity. In doing so, the need of the automobile sector is mainly focused on passenger safety, comfort, reliability and above all the most defining factor would be to reduce fuel consumption (FC). In view of the Paris climate agreement in December 2015 and India’s commitment towards the ratification of the agreement to reduce the emission intensity of the GDP by 33%-35% by 2030 below 2005 levels and to create a cumulative carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion CO2 equivalent by 2030 about 36% compared to the 1990's levels, it is imperative to lay down strong policies and procedure to curb the fuel consumption and thereby reducing the carbon foot print. The growing imports on crude oil and the increasing CO2 emission per capita activity are major concern for authorities. In India one of the key sector which is responsible for the Greenhouse Gas Emission(GHG) contribution is transportation sector, of which road transportation alone contributes nearly 73% of overall GHG’s emission. Further bifurcation, it was found that the highest contribution of CO2 emission is from commercial vehicles, although the sales figures for this segment just hover around 4% of the overall annual sales volume of all vehicles. In view of the above factors, the regulation to bring a very robust methodology for the CO2 monitoring of commercial vehicle above Gross Vehicle Weight of 3.5-ton and possibility of making it a mandatory procedure is in progress. The fuel consumption measurement approach by simulation methodology shall be a substitute for the present legislation on constant speed fuel consumption (CSFC) where, the FC test would be carried only for defined speeds of 40,50 and 60 km/hr. As most of the countries like US, EU, Japan, China and Canada have moved towards mission profile based simulation for FC certification. India has also initiated the measures for simulation based FC prediction. As a precursor for simulation based FC prediction, in this paper we have followed a methodology which is comparable to the present FC prediction and monitoring procedure available in Europe. This pilot project involves strenuous testing of all the individual components of a vehicle as per defined methodology. With these inputs, we carried out simulation and compared with the real world fuel consumption. The results of the study revealed variations in the simulation compared to on-road test results. These deviations were due to the default table values in the software that are in-built which are more suited for the European conditions than for Indian conditions. To make the simulation tool more compatible with Indian driving and road conditions, it is proposed to have detailed study on vehicle acceleration limit, deceleration limit, gear shift pattern, driver behavior, auxiliary power consumption and above all, to formulate India specific mission profile which would be more relevant for bringing a more holistic fuel consumption prediction approach by simulation methodology."
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Robert, Chantal, and Nadia Be´langer. "To Comply: Why Should I?" In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27162.
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The National Energy Board (NEB) is a Canadian federal regulatory agency whose mandate under the NEB Act is to regulate the construction and operation of interprovincial and international oil, gas and commodity pipelines; the construction and operation of international and designated interprovincial power lines; the setting of tolls and tariffs for oil and gas pipelines under its jurisdiction; the export of oil, natural gas and electricity, and the import of natural gas. International and interprovincial pipelines are subject to the statutory requirements of the NEB Act and Regulations made by the NEB. The regulations typically incorporate consensus standards such as the Canadian Standards Association (CSA Z662 - Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems). The NEB tracks and monitors compliance to ensure that companies fulfill the requirements of the Act and Regulations as well as any conditions imposed at the time of approval of the facilities. In carrying out its mandate, the NEB promotes the safety of people, the protection of property and the environment, and economic efficiency in the Canadian public interest. Recently, the NEB has implemented a formal system to track and monitor compliance. In approving new projects, the NEB imposes conditions outlined in approval Orders and Certificates. It then tracks these conditions for compliance, completeness and effectiveness. The compliance information is gathered mainly from activities such as inspections, audits and company filings. This paper explores in greater detail the NEB’s role in terms of tracking and monitoring compliance, NEB expectations of regulated companies and the effectiveness of a self-reporting condition. It also discusses the advantages for companies to be in compliance and its importance.
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Cai, Zhong, Craig Smith, John Cole, and Chee Phuat Tan. "Applying Boundary Element Simulation to Generate Stress-Based Fracture Drivers: A Case Study for the Montney Unconventional Oil/Gas Play in Western Canada Basin." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204678-ms.
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Abstract Natural fracture distribution is critical to the hydrocarbon production from the Early Triassic Montney unconventional oil and gas play. The formation underwent several tectonic events, creating a unique natural fracture system. Identifying tectonic events and their stress field evolution is an import component in fracture system modeling and prediction. The objective of this paper is to identify the evolution of paleo-stress domains, to establish related tectonic models, and to generate the drivers for fracture network modeling which will aid in reservoir understanding and overall play development. Compared with other geomechanical approaches, the boundary element method (BEM) is better suited for the structural characteristics in the study area. Hence, the corresponding boundary element simulation (BES) was applied for the evolution of the paleo-stress domains. The methodology is a combination of 3D BEM and Monte Carlo simulations. The inputs include seismic interpreted faults and natural fractures from Formation Microimager logs. After applying the methodology, several best fit realizations were calculated, and the admissible paleo-stress domains were characterized by the tectonic models which are consistent with the regional tectonic evolution of the formation. The study area is about 400 km2 located at northeast British Columbia in the Western Canada Basin. The main structural features are the thrust and back-thrust faults, forming different fault blocks without any significant deformation structures. The Montney formation within the study area underwent several tectonic events: (1) regime of terrane collision, indentation and lateral escape during end of Middle Jurassic to Middle Cretaceous; (2) regime of left-lateral transpression dominated by strike-slip during end of Late Cretaceous and Paleocene; and (3) regime of right-lateral transtension dominated by strike-slip during end of Early and Middle Eocene which is maintained till present day. Three major stress domains were identified in the study area by the application of the BES method, one reverse event and two strike-slip events, representing paleo and present-day stress domains. These stress domains are consistent with the regional tectonic evolution history of the foreland basin. The stress field parameters, such as stress ratio and maximum horizontal stress azimuth, are consistent. The derived tectonic models are shown to be reliable drivers for the subsequent fracture modeling and geomechanics study.
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Johnson, D. Michael, Peter S. Cumber, Norval Horner, Lorne Carlson, and Robert Eiber. "Full-Scale Fracture Propagation Experiments: A Recent Application and Future Use for the Pipeline Industry." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-160.
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A full scale fracture propagation test facility has been developed to validate the design, in terms of the ability of the material to avert a propagating fracture, of a major new pipeline to transport gas 1800 miles from British Columbia in Canada to Chicago in the USA. The pipeline, being built by Alliance Pipeline Ltd, will transport rich natural gas, i.e. gas with a higher than normal proportion of heavier hydrocarbons, at a maximum operating pressure of 12,000 kPa. This gas mixture and pressure combination imposes a more severe requirement on the pipe steel toughness than the traditional operating conditions of North American pipelines. As these conditions were outside the validated range of models, two full-scale experiments were conducted to prove the design. This paper will provide details of the construction of the 367m long experimental facility at the BG Technology Spadeadam test site along with the key data obtained from the experiments. Evaluation of this data showed that the test program had validated Alliance’s fracture control design. The decompression data obtained in the experiments will be compared against predictions from a new decompression model developed by BG Technology. The use of the experimental facility and the model to support future developments in the pipeline industry, particularly in relation to the use of high strength steels, will also be discussed.
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Guo, Hongsheng, W. Stuart Neill, and Brian Liko. "The Combustion and Emissions Performance of a Syngas-Diesel Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine." In ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2016-9367.
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Remote communities in Canada heavily rely on reciprocating diesel generators for heat and power generation. These engines utilize diesel fuel that is imported at great expense and generate green-house gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions. Replacing diesel fuel in these engines by syngas derived from a thermo-chemical treatment of local renewable biomass can not only lower the fuel cost but also reduce GHG and pollutant emissions for remote communities. Besides, syngas-diesel dual fuel combustion can maintain the ability to revert back to diesel operation and therefore ensure reliable heat and power supply when syngas is not available. In this study, the combustion and emissions performance of a syngas-diesel dual fuel engine was investigated at low and medium loads. A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was modified to operate using a dual fuel strategy. The diesel fuel was directly injected to the cylinder, while syngas was injected into the intake port. The effects of syngas fraction and composition on energy efficiency, cylinder pressure, exhaust temperature, and combustion stability were recorded and analyzed. The emissions data, including PM, NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbon, were also analyzed and reported in the paper. The results suggest that the substitution of diesel by a syngas caused a slight decrease in brake thermal efficiency and an increase in CO emissions. The effect of a syngas on soot emissions depended on the composition and/or quality. The inert component content of a syngas significantly affected NOx emissions in a syngas-diesel dual fuel internal combustion engine.
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Marin, Nikolay, and Mariya Paskaleva. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S INVESTMENT POLICY AFTER CETA: EFFECTS ON THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.55.
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In this paper we analyze the changes of the EU’s investment policy provoked by the mixed trade agreements. The EU’s investment policy has turned towards attaining bilateral trade agreements. One of these “new-generation” agreements is the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). It is in a process of being ratified by the national parliaments of the EU members. This study is focused on the general characteristics of CETA and the eventual problems posed by its regulatory and wide-ranging nature. We prove that the significance of this agreement pertains not only to the economic influence, that it will have on the European and Canadian economies, but CETA is also the first trade agreement to have been negotiated with a focus on investment protection and a change in the EU’s investment policy. The current study reveals the influence arising from the conclusion of CETA on the Bulgarian economy with an emphasis on electronic industry, machinery industry and manufacturing. We estimate both – the direct and indirect effects on Bulgaria’s exports, imports, value added and employment. In order to estimate the influence, we apply the multi-regional input-output model. It is proved that CETA will have a low but positive impact on the Bulgarian economy. After constructing different scenarios of development, we prove that the influence of CETA on the Bulgarian economy will amount to 0.010% GDP. The average total employment will be increased by more than 172 jobs in Bulgaria, which in turn, relative to the labor market, represents less than 0.01% of the total employment.
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Hage, Ilige S., and Ramsey F. Hamade. "Micro FEM Simulations of Single-Cutting-Edge Sawing of Cortical Bone." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62589.
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The finite element method at the micro scale (mFEM) has been gaining in popularity to simulate biomechanical effects. In this paper, a 3D mFEM model is developed to simulate sawing of cortical bone under 2D orthogonal cutting conditions. The aim of the research was to develop a predictive model of the sawing forces and to report them as a function of depth of cut. To obtain the micro geometric input, a heterogeneous anisotropic model was created from several images taken via an optical microscope of the cortex of adult mid-diaphysal bovine femur. In order to identify the various regions representing the micro-architecture of cortical bone, such as osteons, Haversian canals, lamellae and lacunae, MATLAB was utilized for intelligent image processing based on pulsed coupled neural networks. After each micro-phase in the image was assigned the proper mechanical properties, these material-tagged micro-features were imported into the finite element method (FEM) solver. Results from the simulation were correlated to cutting force data that was determined experimentally. Experiments were conducted with individual stainless steel saw blade teeth that were removed from a typical surgical saw blade. The teeth were 0.64 mm thick, with a rake and clearance angle of −10 and 60 degrees, respectively. Representative of clinical conditions for power bone sawing, depths of cut per tooth between 2.5 micrometer and 10 micrometer were investigated. The simulated cutting forces from the mFEM model compared favorably to the experimental data.
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Lima, Isadora Êdua da Silva, JUAN CARLOS ALVAREZ-PIZARRO, LAYLA VICTÓRIA DA SILVA SOUSA, LUANNA SABRINA PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS, and DANIELE CRUZ COELHO. "EXPRESSÃO DE AQUAPORINAS E CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRAÚLICA DA RAIZ EM CULTIVARES DE FEIJÃO CAUPI SOBRE ESTRESSE HÍDRICO." In III Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Biologicas. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/iii-conbracib/6840.
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Introdução: O feijão caupi tem grande importância no País, tanto como alimento quanto como gerador de emprego e renda. As sementes são ricas em proteínas, minerais e fibras, e constituem um componente alimentar básico das populações rurais e urbanas das regiões Norte e Nordeste. Dessa forma torna-se imprescindível a realização de estudos visando avaliar o desempenho de cultivares desenvolvidas para o cultivo em regime de sequeiro, frente às limitações hídricas impostas que ocorrem em diferentes fases de crescimento. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do déficit hídrico sobre a capacidade hidraúlica das raízes e expressão de aquaporinas e selecionar as variedades mais tolerante à seca. Material e métodos: Foram utilizadas as cultivares xique-xique e pingo-de-ouro, e das variedades crioulas canapu de Crato e costelão. Analisou-se o fluxo de seiva e expressão de aquaporinas. Os resultados mostram que o estresse hídrico não afetou o fluxo/transporte de água através do xilema nas cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de feijão caupi estudadas. Para estudos de expressão de aquaporinas, recorreu-se da técnica de western blot. Resultados: Os resultados preliminares mostram que a deficiência hídrica após 5 e 14 dias de exposição induziu aumento na expressão de proteínas aquaporinas, sendo este incremento aparentemente maior nas raízes da cultivar pingo-de-ouro. Apesar da expressão de aquaporinas ter sido maior na cultivar pingo-de-ouro, não influenciou significativamente na taxa de fluxo da seiva de maneira significativa. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a medida de fluido da seiva é um parâmetro fisiológico efitivo para caracterizar as respostas da planta quando submetida a condições de estresse hídrico e que sua regulação foi similar entre as cultivares melhoradas e as variedades crioulas.
Reports on the topic "Imports – Canada"
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Dudoit, Alain, Molivann Panot, and Thierry Warin. Towards a multi-stakeholder Intermodal Trade-Transportation Data-Sharing and Knowledge Exchange Network. CIRANO, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mvne7282.
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The performance of supply chains used to be mainly the concern of academics and professionals who studied the potential efficiencies and risks associated with this aspect of globalisation. In 2021, major disruptions in this critical sector of our economies are making headlines and attracting the attention of policy makers around the world. Supply chain bottlenecks create shortages, fuel inflation, and undermine economic recovery. This report provides a transversal and multidisciplinary analysis of the challenges and opportunities regarding data interoperability and data sharing as they relate to the ‘Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Seaway Trade Corridor’ (GLSLTC)’s intermodal transportation and trade data strategy. The size and scope of this trade corridor are only matched by the complexity of its multimodal freight transportation systems and growing urbanization on both sides of the Canada-US border. This complexity is exacerbated by the lack of data interoperability and effective collaborations between the different stakeholders within the various jurisdictions and amongst them. Our analytical work relies on : 1) A review of the relevant documentation on the latest challenges to supply chains (SC), intermodal freight transport and international trade, identifying any databases that are to be used.; 2) A comparative review of selected relevant initiatives to give insights into the best practices in digital supply chains implemented in Canada, the United States, and the European Union.; 3) Interviews and discussions with experts from Transport Canada, Statistics Canada, the Canadian Centre on Transportation Data (CCTD) and Global Affairs Canada, as well as with CIRANO’s research community and four partner institutions to identify databases and data that they use in their research related to transportation and trade relevant data availabilities and methodologies as well as joint research opportunities. Its main findings can be summarized as follow: GLSLTC is characterized by its critical scale, complexity, and strategic impact as North America’s most vital trade corridor in the foreseeable further intensification of continental trade. 4% of Canadian GDP is attributed to the Transportation and Logistics sector (2018): $1 trillion of goods moved every year: Goods and services imports are equivalent to 33% of Canada’s GDP and goods and services exports equivalent to 32%. The transportation sector is a key contributor to the achievement of net-zero emissions commitment by 2050. All sectors of the Canadian economy are affected by global supply chain disruptions. Uncertainty and threats extend well beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. “De-globalization” and increasing supply chains regionalization pressures are mounting. Innovation and thus economic performance—increasingly hinges on the quantity and quality of data. Data is transforming Canada’s economy/society and is now at the center of global trade “Transport data is becoming less available: Canada needs to make data a priority for a national transportation strategy.” * “How the Government of Canada collects, manages, and governs data—and how it accesses and shares data with other governments, sectors, and Canadians—must change.”
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Cummings, John. Geese, Ducks and Coots. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208739.ws.
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Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots all have been implicated in agricultural crop and turf damage. Generally, goose, duck, and American coot damage to crops, vegetation and aircraft can be difficult to identify. Usually the damage to crops or vegetation shows signs of being clipped, torn, or stripped. Tracks, feces, or feathers found neat the damage can be used to help identify the species. Damage to aircraft is obvious if the bird is recovered, but if not, and only bird parts are recovered, a scientific analysis is required. Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots are federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which stipulates that, unless permitted by regulation, it is unlawful to “pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, barter, purchase, ship, export, or import any migratory birds alive or dead, or any part, nests, eggs, or products thereof.” Generally, geese, ducks, and coots can be hazed without a federal permit in order to prevent damage to agriculture crops and property with a variety of scare techniques. In most cases, live ammunition cannot be used.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.
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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Ports and Logistics Scoping Study in CAREC Countries. Asian Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210103-2.
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Members of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program rely on open-sea ports of third-party countries outside borders as conduits for exports and imports. These open-sea ports are located mostly in non-CAREC countries and act as international oceanic trade nodes to connect CAREC freight across cross-border railways, highways, inland sea shipping, and on river and canal barges. This study analyzes seaports and multimodal corridors serving CAREC landlocked countries. It aims to provide sufficient background about ports and logistics developments in the region. It also seeks to identify areas and potential activities that will require cooperation among member countries and development partners within the framework of the CAREC Program.