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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Hancock, Linda, and Linda Wollersheim. "EU Carbon Diplomacy: Assessing Hydrogen Security and Policy Impact in Australia and Germany." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238103.

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Hydrogen is fast becoming a new international “super fuel” to accelerate global climate change ambitions. This paper has two inter-weaving themes. Contextually, it focuses on the potential impact of the EU’s new Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on fossil fuel-generated as opposed to green hydrogen imports. The CBAM, as a transnational carbon adjustment mechanism, has the potential to impact international trade in energy. It seeks both a level playing field between imports and EU internal markets (subject to ambitious EU climate change policies), and to encourage emissions reduction laggards through its “carbon diplomacy”. Countries without a price on carbon will be charged for embodied carbon in their supply chains when they export to the EU. Empirically, we focus on two hydrogen export/import case studies: Australia as a non-EU state with ambitions to export hydrogen, and Germany as an EU Member State reliant on energy imports. Energy security is central to energy trade debates but needs to be conceptualized beyond supply and demand economics to include geopolitics, just transitions and the impacts of border carbon taxes and EU carbon diplomacy. Accordingly, we apply and further develop a seven-dimension energy security-justice framework to the examples of brown, blue and green hydrogen export/import hydrogen operations, with varying carbon-intensity supply chains, in Australia and Germany. Applying the framework, we identify potential impact—risks and opportunities—associated with identified brown, blue and green hydrogen export/import projects in the two countries. This research contributes to the emerging fields of international hydrogen trade, supply chains, and international carbon diplomacy and develops a potentially useful seven-dimension energy security-justice framework for energy researchers and policy analysts.

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Chapman, Andrew J., Timothy Fraser, and Kenshi Itaoka. "Hydrogen import pathway comparison framework incorporating cost and social preference: Case studies from Australia to Japan." International Journal of Energy Research 41, no. 14 (July 10, 2017): 2374–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3807.

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3

Paul, Kathleen. "“British Subjects” and “British Stock”: Labour's Postwar Imperialism." Journal of British Studies 34, no. 2 (April 1995): 233–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386075.

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If Conservative Party leader Winston Churchill fought World War II determined not to be the prime minister who lost the Empire, Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, and Herbert Morrison, who as Labour members of the Coalition government served with him, were equally determined to hold on to Empire once peace was won. The Empire/Commonwealth offered both political and economic benefits to Labour. Politically, the Commonwealth provided substance for Britain's pretensions to a world power role equal in stature to the new superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union. For this claim to be effective, however, the Commonwealth needed to be demographically strong and firmly united under British leadership. Economically, imperial preferences and the sterling area offered a financial buffer against Britain's true plight of accumulated wartime debts and major infrastructural damage and neglect. Receiving over 40 percent of British exports and providing substantial, and in the case of Australia and New Zealand, dollar-free imports of meat, wheat, timber, and dairy produce, the Commonwealth seemed a logical body on which the United Kingdom could draw for financial support. In short, postwar policy makers believed preservation of the Empire/Commonwealth to be a necessary first step in domestic and foreign reconstruction.Yet in 1945, a variety of circumstances combined to make the task of imperial preservation one of reconstitution rather than simple maintenance. First, it seemed that, just at the moment when Britain needed them most, some of the strongest and oldest members of the Commonwealth appeared to be moving away.

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Chintraruck, Alin. "Contemporary Water Management Issues in Thailand in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2013): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v4i5.755.

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Water management is a complex and multifarious issue that joins together a wide range of different problems and approaches. Since water is essential to human life, governments must make efforts to ensure that everyone receives the water necessary but, at the same time, they have to wrestle with the fact that water is a scarce resource that must be priced for consumption under conditions of constantly increasing demand from cities, industry, agriculture and tourism. Examination of three case studies, Australia, Singapore and Japan, indicates that contemporary water management issue may be considered in a number of categories and analysis has taken place on four such categories. These are global climate change, disaster mitigation, political and legal modernization and allocation of water resources. The case studies inform the discussion of water management practices and prospects for Thailand and it is shown that the country is progressing towards the examples represented by the more developed and advanced countries insofar as it is ever possible to import a water management solution into the very specific geographical, hydrological, social, political and cultural conditions in effect in a specific location.

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5

Muhammad, Andrew, Keithly G. Jones, and William F. Hahn. "The Impact of Domestic and Import Prices on U.S. Lamb Imports: A Production System Approach." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 36, no. 2 (October 2007): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007103.

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As U.S. lamb imports increased relative to domestic production, and the relative share of chilled to frozen lamb imports increased, importers of chilled lamb have become less responsive to domestic and import prices, while the direct opposite is the case for frozen lamb imports. From 1990 to 2003, chilled lamb imports from Australia and New Zealand became less and less responsive to U.S. prices, and frozen imports became more responsive. Unconditional own-price elasticities also show that, over time, imports of chilled lamb became less responsive to import prices while frozen imports became more responsive to import prices.

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6

Rein, Tony. "Case studies II — Australia." Computer Law & Security Review 6, no. 6 (March 1991): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(91)90180-4.

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7

Xu, Junqian, and Yuanyuan Wu. "A Comparative Study of the Role of Australia and New Zealand in Sustainable Dairy Competition in the Chinese Market after the Dairy Safety Scandals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122880.

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After the melamine milk scandal in 2008, China’s global imports of dairy products soared, especially after FTAs had been established with Australia and New Zealand. The dairy products of the two countries have a unique competitive trading advantage in the Chinese market. However, at a time when Chinese consumers are increasingly dependent on imported dairy products, a succession of whey protein scandals affecting New Zealand’s dairy products in 2013 had a negative psychological impact on Chinese importers and consumers, and this even affected the import status of New Zealand dairy imports to the Chinese market. The present paper, based on the United Nations Comtrade Harmonized System, studies the role of Australia and New Zealand in China’s dairy market. It calculates the trade competitiveness index, revealing the relative competitive advantages of Australia and New Zealand, and investigates the impact of the dairy products from these countries on China’s imports from the rest of the world across six dairy sectors in the period 1992–2017. We find that, under the food safety laws, the relative dairy import prices, milk scandals, and Free Trade Agreements, together with the competitive advantages of Australia and New Zealand, had a varied impact on the corresponding Chinese dairy imports across the relevant sectors in the context of China food safety laws after the melamine milk scandal. These findings acknowledge Australia and New Zealand’s competitiveness in the international dairy trade, and also lead to suggestions regarding their competitiveness and sustainable development in the Chinese market.

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Wu, P. S., H. Z. Du, X. L. Zhang, J. F. Luo, and L. Fang. "Occurrence of Phoma macdonaldii, the Causal Agent of Sunflower Black Stem Disease, in Sunflower Fields in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 11 (November 2012): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0485-pdn.

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Phoma macdonaldii Boerma is the pathogen of sunflower black stem disease, causing dark black, oval to long lesions on stems of sunflower plants. Infection during early growth stages can reduce yield by 10 to 30% (3). This fungal disease is distributed mainly in North and South America and Europe. In China, the first case was reported in Xinjiang in 2008 (1), and was believed to be introduced as a result of hybrid sunflower seeds being imported from abroad. The Chinese government included this fungus into its quarantine pests list in 2010 (2). Since China imports a great number of sunflower seeds to grow in its Northern provinces from epidemic areas such as the United States, Argentina, and France, monitoring the disease occurrence in planting areas became crucial. During 2010 and 2011 growing seasons, surveys were conducted in 37 commercial farms or individual households in 12 counties of five areas (Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Hebei, and Beijing). A total of 185 suspicious samples of sunflower black stem disease were collected and all were found from imported hybrid seed fields. The presence of P. macdonaldii was confirmed as following: 4 mm2 tissue pieces cut from lesion margins were disinfected with 1% NaOCl, plated on APDA (acid potato dextrose agar, 4.5 to 5.0 pH adjusted with lactic acid), and incubated at 25°C with 12L:12D photoperiod. After 3 days of incubation, colonies were opalescent or ivory in color, and fluffy or flocculent in appearance. After 4 to 6 days, a large number of spherical or oblate black-brown pycnidia were formed separately or in clusters with thin wall and papillate ostiole in diameter of 135 to 324 μm (average 178 μm). A light pink or opalescent gelatinous substance (pycnidiospores) exuded from the ostiole. Pycnidiospores were single celled, oval or kidney-shaped and hyaline both with and without oil balls, and 1.5 to 3.0 μm × 3.0 to 6.5 μm (average 2.0 × 4.7 μm). Sequences of ITS1-5.8S- ITS2 rDNA fragment of all isolates (GenBank Accession No. JQ979487, JQ979488) were identical and had 100% homology with P. macdonaldii isolates from Xinjiang (HM003206) and Australia (DQ351823, DQ351825) and 99% homology with isolates from the former Yugoslavia (DQ351821, DQ351822) in GenBank. Pathogenicity studies of the isolate were performed by injecting 10 × 106/ml spore suspension into the hypocotyl of four true leaves of sunflower seedlings with a syringe. Sterile water was injected as control. After being inoculated in a plastic bag in the shade at room temperature for 48 h, the plastic bag was removed and the seedlings were grown under natural light. Symptoms of black stem disease were observed in all P. macdonaldii inoculated seedlings and the fungus was reisolated from the lesions for confirmation. The current survey found that 105 of 185 suspicious samples were P. macdonaldii positive and were all from four counties in Xinjiang, suggesting that the disease has not spread to other areas since its introduction. The monitoring of sunflower black stem disease is continuing, as is the research for measuring P. macdonaldii adaptability in China and the development of rapid molecular detection technology. References: (1) W. M. Chen et al. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 23:609, 2008. (2) J. Luo et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 40:504, 2011. (3) E. Miric et al. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 50:325, 1999.

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9

Yoon, Jai Hyung, and Francis In Yoon. "Terms of Trade, Intermediate Goods and International Real Business Cycles: Australia Case." International Studies Review 5, no. 2 (September 28, 2004): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00502006.

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This paper examines whether a two-sector business cycle model with intermediate and import goods successfully replicates stylized facts of the international real business cycle in a small open economy. Our model incorporates the neoclassical framework, with productivity shocks in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, terms of trade shock, import goods and intermediate goods. Our model is able to mimic the important features of business cycles in Australia. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector has a dominant role in a small open economy's business cycle. The productivity shock of the non-manufacturing sector increases imports more than exports.

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10

Mondin, Cristina. "Late Roman imported red slip ware in the Metelis region (Alexandria, Egypt)." Libyan Studies 47 (September 13, 2016): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.1.

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AbstractThe study of red slip ware (RSW) imports in the Metelis region was bolstered by the significant presence of fine wares at the site of Kom al-Ahmer. The ancient town is located 44 km southeast of Alexandria. The study of the pottery is based on over 32,000 sherds, of which 472 are fine ware and 364 are imports from the Mediterranean basin and Upper Egypt. The flow of imported fine wares reflects the political events affecting Africa Proconsularis, in particular the invasion of the Vandals. Imports from Africa represent almost a monopoly on fine pottery imports through the first half of the fifth century. After the invasion, these were significantly reduced. However, there was no decline in the number of imported vessels and, from the mid-fifth century onwards, a considerable amount of Cypriot RSW and a smaller quantity of examples from Upper Egypt could be found. Thus, the change in pottery imports involved their areas of origin. After the Byzantine Empire conquered the North African region, pottery imports from Africa resumed in many Mediterranean contexts. This does not seem to have been the case at Metelis, where Cypriot RSW remained dominant and the imports of Egyptian RSW A and Aswan fine ware increased.

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11

Miljkovic, Dragan, and Hyun Jin. "Import Demand for Quality in the Japanese Beef Market." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 2 (October 2006): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500006729.

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The case of reduction in ad valorem tariffs as a trade liberalization policy is considered in this article. It is shown that the reduction leads to a higher quality of imports, ceteris paribus. This hypothesis was tested on the case of Japanese beef imports from the United States and Australia. U. S. beef, according to the results of Gallup surveys, is considered by Japanese consumers to be a high quality product, while Australian beef is considered to be a low quality product. Empirical results support the hypothesis. Moreover, the recent domination of U. S. beef in the Japanese market is further explained by increasingly more efficient U. S. beef production relative to Australian production and a strong income effect, where an increase in per capita income leads to more demand for higher quality products.

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12

Mayes, David G. "The Implications of Closer European Integration for Australia and New Zealand." National Institute Economic Review 134 (November 1990): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019013400110.

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The European Community is an important trade partner for Australia and New Zealand taking 15 per cent of Australian exports and 18.5 per cent of New Zealand exports, while supplying 23.5 per cent and 18 per cent respectively of their imports. However, there has been a dramatic transformation during the 1950s, 60s and 70s away from the UK as the dominant partner (tables 1 and 2) especially in the case of New Zealand where the UK's share of exports went from 66 per cent in 1950 to 13 per cent in 1980.

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13

Bernzen, Amelie, and Boris Braun. "Conventions in Cross-Border Trade Coordination: The Case of Organic Food Imports to Germany and Australia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 5 (January 2014): 1244–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a46275.

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14

Burns, T. W., and E. Szczerbicki. "Implementing Concurrent Engineering: Case Studies from Eastern Australia." Concurrent Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 1997): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063293x9700500208.

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15

Bagheri, Mohammad B., and Matthias Raab. "Subsurface engineering of CCUS in Australia (case studies)." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18125.

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Carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) is a rapidly emerging field in the Australian oil and gas industry to address carbon emissions while securing reliable energy. Although there are similarities with many aspects of the oil and gas industry, subsurface CO2 storage has some unique geology and geophysics, and reservoir engineering considerations, for which we have developed specific workflows. This paper explores the challenges and risks that a reservoir engineer might face during a field-scale CO2 injection project, and how to address them. We first explain some of the main concepts of reservoir engineering in CCUS and their synergy with oil and gas projects, followed by the required inputs for subsurface studies. We will subsequently discuss the importance of uncertainty analysis and how to de-risk a CCUS project from the subsurface point of view. Finally, two different case studies will be presented, showing how the CCUS industry should use reservoir engineering analysis, dynamic modelling and uncertainty analysis results, based on our experience in the Otway Basin. The first case study provides a summary of CO2CRC storage research injection results and how we used the dynamic models to history match the results and understand CO2 plume behaviour in the reservoir. The second case study shows how we used uncertainty analysis to improve confidence on the CO2 plume behaviour and to address regulatory requirements. An innovative workflow was developed for this purpose in CO2CRC to understand the influence of each uncertainty parameter on the objective functions and generate probabilistic results.

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Hou, Yumei, Wasim Iqbal, Ghulam Muhammad Shaikh, Nadeem Iqbal, Yasir Ahmad Solangi, and Arooj Fatima. "Measuring Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance: A Case of South Asia." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060325.

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When assessing energy efficiency, most studies have frequently ignored environmental aspects even though the concept has been widely used in the past. This study evaluates the energy efficiency and environmental performance of South Asia by using DEA (data envelopment analysis) like mathematical composite indicator. We construct a comprehensive set of indicators, including an energy self-sufficiency ratio, energy production over consumption ratio, energy imports, diversification index of energy imports, energy reserve ratio, GDP productivity, energy intensity, per capita energy consumption index, carbon emission index, carbon emission index per unit of energy consumption and share of renewable energy in order to develop an energy efficiency and environmental performance index. Unlike other studies, this study first examines each indicator and then estimates a combined score for each country. The results reveal that Bhutan as a more secure country and Pakistan showed a decreasing trend, while Sri Lanka and India performed satisfactorily. Remarkably, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan showed a decreasing trend. This study proposes a policy that increases the cross-border trade of renewable energy for long term energy efficiency and environmental performance.

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HOU, Baohong, Bernd H. MICHAELSEN, Ziying LI, John L. KEELING, and Adrian J. FABRIS. "Paleovalley-related Uranium: Case-studies from Australia and China." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88, s2 (December 2014): 1355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12381_9.

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18

Newman, Joshua. "Measuring Policy Success: Case Studies from Canada and Australia." Australian Journal of Public Administration 73, no. 2 (June 2014): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12076.

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Fox-Hughes, Paul. "Springtime Fire Weather in Tasmania, Australia: Two Case Studies." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00020.1.

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Abstract A number of severe springtime fire weather events have occurred in Tasmania, Australia, in recent years. Two such events are examined here in some detail, in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in the events. Both events exhibit strong winds and very low surface dewpoint temperatures. Associated 850-hPa wind–dewpoint depression conditions are extreme in both cases, and evaluation of these quantities against a scale of past occurrences may provide a useful early indicator of future severe events. Both events also feature the advection of air from drought-affected continental Australia ahead of cold fronts. This air reaches the surface in the lee of Tasmanian topography by the action of the föehn effect. In one event, there is good evidence of an intrusion of stratospheric, high potential vorticity (PV), air, supplementing the above mechanism and causing an additional peak in airmass dryness and wind speed.

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Carter, Jennifer L., and Greg J. E. Hill. "Critiquing environmental management in indigenous Australia: two case studies." Area 39, no. 1 (March 2007): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00716.x.

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21

Ubaid, Ayesha, Farookh Hussain, and Muhammad Saqib. "Container Shipment Demand Forecasting in the Australian Shipping Industry: A Case Study of Asia–Oceania Trade Lane." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090968.

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Demand forecasting has a pivotal role in making informed business decisions by predicting future sales using historical data. Traditionally, demand forecasting has been widely used in the management of production, staffing and warehousing for sales and marketing data. However, the use of demand forecasting has little been studied in the container shipping industry. Improved visibility into the demand for container shipments has been a long-held objective of industry stakeholders. This paper addresses the shortcomings of both short-term and long-term shipment demand forecasting for the Australian container shipping industry. In this study, we compare three forecasting models, namely, the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Holt–Winters’ seasonal method and Facebook’s Prophet, to find the best fitting model for short-term and long-term import demand forecasting in the Australian shipping industry. Demand data from three years, i.e., 2016–2018, is used for the Asia–Oceania trade lane. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and 2-fold walk-forward cross-validation are used for the model evaluation. The experiment results observed from the selected metrics suggest that Prophet outperforms the other models in its comparison for container shipment demand forecasting.

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RICH, JOE. "Hellenism and Hebraism in Australia: A Case Study." Journal of Religious History 14, no. 1 (June 1986): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1986.tb00455.x.

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23

Chugunova, Alexandra V., and Olga A. Klochko. "Relationship between Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and International Trade: The Case of Russian Pharmaceutical Industry." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-1(88)-81-94.

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This research studies the relationship of cross-border mergers and acquisitions to international trade through the lens of Russian pharmaceutical market. To this aim, the study analyses the woks of foreign economists dedicated to evaluating the link between foreign direct investment and international trade, and the influence of mergers and acquisitions on countries’ export and import flows. The research also presents a correlation analysis between the volume of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports and cross-border deals performed by foreign pharmaceutical companies in Russia. We characterize these deals and conduct a comparative analysis of the regional structure of Russian pharmaceutical exports and imports as well as of the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions. The results of the analysis indicate a positive relationship between cross-border mergers and acquisitions and Russian pharmaceutical exports, which is reflected in the export volume growth and its geographical diversification. However, it is outlined that particular problems of the industry hinder the amelioration of Russian positions in international exports. Similarly, the relationship between cross-border deals and Russian imports is positive: the major pharmaceutical products supply flow occurs from the countries of origin of buyers in cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted in the Russian pharmaceutical sector.

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Creighton, Colin, Vishnu N. Prahalad, Ian McLeod, Marcus Sheaves, Matthew D. Taylor, and Terry Walshe. "Prospects for seascape repair: Three case studies from eastern Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 20, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12384.

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Dr. Jasdeep Kaur Dhami, Manbir Singh,. "Analysis of Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 68–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.1057.

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The Indian Ocean woven together by transmission of trade, commands the control of majority of the world’s cargo ships, one third of the worlds cargo traffic and two thirds of total world’s oil shipments. The main aim of this paper is to analyse Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations. Time period of the study is from 1980 to 2019. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) contributes 11.7 per cent share in world exports, in case of member nations highest share is of Singapore 2.1 per cent followed by India and UAE 1.7 per cent, Australia 1.5 per cent, Thailand and Malaysia 1.3 per cent. Indonesia, South Africa, Bangladesh, Oman, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Sri Lanka the share in world exports is less than 1 per cent.

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Chaudhry, Peggy E., and Michael G. Walsh. "Managing the Gray Market in the European Union: The Case of the Pharmaceutical Industry." Journal of International Marketing 3, no. 3 (September 1995): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9500300303.

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The emergence of significant trade blocks, such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement, has established the need for studies on managerial strategies to effectively circumvent gray markets in these regional marketplaces. Therefore, this article reviews the necessary market conditions required to foster gray markets by specifically exploring the regulated price and legal environments of the pharmaceutical industry in the EU. The article addresses the significance of, and relationship between, Articles 30 (promoting the free movement of goods within the EU) and 36 (permitting limits on imports and exports in certain cases) of the EU Treaty. Relevant decisions of the European Court of Justice are summarized and analyzed, with particular emphasis on those applying the Exhaustion of Rights Doctrine established in the 1974 landmark case of Centrafarm v. Sterling Drug. The article also examines the limits that the European courts have placed on the doctrine and suggest possible tactics that may be employed by pharmaceutical managers attempting to curtail the distribution of gray market pharmaceuticals. Also addressed are managerial perceptions regarding gray markets in the EU by means of personal interviews with 13 multinational pharmaceutical firms. Four principal themes emerged in the interviews on the topic of parallel imports: the degree to which a firm's exposure to gray markets varies in the EU; the current consolidation of wholesalers to bolster parallel imports; national governments’ overt or covert condonation of parallel imports to reduce the national drug bill; and the lack of managerial control to prevent gray markets. In this connection, the article concludes with a discussion of various anti-gray marketing strategies to facilitate managerial control in this trade block. In general, the manager must employ strategic links between the regulated price and legal framework governing the pharmaceutical marketing environment in the EU with various anti-gray marketing strategies such as supply interference, product differentiation, and marketing information systems.

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Stratton, Jon. "Perth Cultural Studies." Thesis Eleven 137, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513616647559.

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In the early 1980s Perth was probably the most important city in Australia for Cultural Studies. Through that decade many intellectuals who became leaders in Australian Cultural Studies and important players in Cultural Studies outside of Australia worked in Perth. Among them were John Fiske, John Frow, John Hartley, Tom O’Regan, Lesley Stern, Graeme Turner and, a decade later, Ien Ang. This essay discusses the presence of these academics in Perth and advances some reasons why Perth became so important to Cultural Studies in Australia. It also discusses the kind of Cultural Studies that became privileged in Perth and considers some of the reasons for this. Perth Cultural Studies in the 1980s was primarily text-based and focused on screen-related popular culture, especially television programs and popular film. Cultural Studies in Perth developed in a city thought of as marginal to Australia, in institutions that were either not universities or, in the case of Murdoch University, was a very new university, by cosmopolitan academics who mostly came from either elsewhere in Australia or from the United Kingdom.

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전가일. "Comparative cultural case studies on neighborhood playgrounds of Korea and Australia." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education 36, no. 3 (June 2016): 591–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2016.36.3.025.

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Howgrave-Graham, Alan R. "Case Studies on Environmental Sustainability in Australia: A Multi-level Review." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, no. 3 (2011): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i03/54932.

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Anand, Divya. "Sustainable development and environmental politics: Case studies from India and Australia." Thesis Eleven 105, no. 1 (May 2011): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513611400393.

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Dantas, Jaya A. R., Penelope Strauss, Roslyn Cameron, and Claire Rogers. "Women Migrants in Western Australia: Case Studies of Resilience and Empowerment." Social Change 50, no. 1 (March 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719901074.

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This article presents findings from an exploratory research using descriptive case studies of 12 migrant women in Western Australia. The purposive sample represents the government, academia, the private sector, community, civil society and not-for-profit organisations and is ranged in age from the late 20s to the 70s. Underpinned by theoretical frameworks of resilience and empowerment, women have shared their personal case narratives, and five case studies are presented in this paper. Our findings resonate with the vital and uncontested importance of education, the desire to be empowered, the capacity to be resilient and adaptive and the importance of giving back to the community. Key recommendations include the need for migrant women’s continued access to avenues of empowerment and furthering education. The provision of adaptive structures builds resilience and grows strong communities where women feel empowered. We propose that women migrants, through alliances and collaboration, cross borders of learning and work towards generating change and transformation.

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Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh. "Building vibrant school–community music collaborations: three case studies from Australia." British Journal of Music Education 29, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051711000350.

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This paper explores the relationship between school music and community music in Australia. While many Australian schools and community music activities tend to exist in relative isolation from one another, a range of unique school–community collaborations can be found throughout the country. Drawing on insights from Sound Links, one of Australia's largest studies into community music, this paper explores three case studies of these unique school–community collaborations. These collaborations include a community-initiated collaboration, a school-initiated collaboration and a mutual collaboration. The author brings these collaborations to life for the reader through the words and experiences of their participants, and explores their structures, relationships, benefits, and educational and social outcomes. These descriptions feature important concepts, which could be transferred to a range of other cultural and educational settings in order to foster more vibrant school–community collaborations.

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ROBERTSON, B., M. I. SINCLAIR, A. B. FORBES, M. VEITCH, M. KIRK, D. CUNLIFFE, J. WILLIS, and C. K. FAIRLEY. "Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 3 (June 2002): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802006933.

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Few studies have assessed risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in industrialized countries, even though it may be numerically more common than outbreaks of disease. We carried out case-control studies assessing risk factors for sporadic disease in Melbourne and Adelaide, which have water supplies from different ends of the raw water spectrum. In addition to examining drinking water, we assessed several other exposures. 201 cases and 795 controls were recruited for Melbourne and 134 cases and 536 controls were recruited for Adelaide. Risk factors were similar for the two cities, with swimming in public pools and contact with a person with diarrhoea being most important. The consumption of plain tap water was not found to be associated with disease. This study emphasizes the need for regular public health messages to the public and swimming pool managers in an attempt to prevent sporadic cryptosporidiosis, as well as outbreaks of disease.

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Ross, Andrew, and Pedro Martinez-Santos. "The challenge of groundwater governance: case studies from Spain and Australia." Regional Environmental Change 10, no. 4 (March 14, 2009): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-009-0086-8.

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McShane, Ian, Chris Wilson, and Denise Meredyth. "Broadband as Civic Infrastructure: The Australian Case." Media International Australia 151, no. 1 (May 2014): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1415100117.

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Australian municipal governments have lagged behind many of their international counterparts in local public broadband provision. However, by 2014 there are signs that the gap is closing, with significant new investment in public wi-fi by city governments across Australia. This article contextualises the current interest in public wi-fi by analysing international developments in municipal broadband and the spasmodic involvement of Australian local authorities in this field. We argue that the rhetoric of broadband as a ‘fourth utility’ unduly prioritises the role of higher governments in Australia, constraining a full exploration of how broadband might be imagined as a form of civic infrastructure.

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Melleuish, Greg. "Constitution and Culture: The Unusual Case of Australia." Telos 2019, no. 189 (2019): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3817/1219189053.

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Rolfe, Mark. "idea of national humour and Americanisation in Australia and Britain." European Journal of Humour Research 10, no. 2 (August 11, 2022): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.689.

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The widespread notion of a unique national humour involves an impulse to apply the commonplace assumptions of national identity that demand uniqueness of identity, history, language and culture for a political society. What is deemed true and distinctive of the nation must be also be true and distinctive of its national humour, goes the thinking. However, such cultural exclusivity has not been reconciled with cultural exchanges between nations. Paradoxically, conceptions of national humour have been formulated in dynamic tension with such exchanges during the various phases of globalization that have taken place since the 19th century. The Americanisation of humour, in particular, has been an important component of such transmissions and resulted from the commercial popular culture dominated by America since the nineteenth century. Australia is a prime example examined here along with examples from Britain. To complicate matters of transmission, Americanisation sometimes arrived in Australia via Britain as well as directly from America itself. Australians and Britons periodically reacted against American culture, including humour, as a threat to national identity. But this was part of a dynamic tension played out between modern and traditional, imported and local in their selections and adaptations of humour imports from America. There is a huge and historic complexity of cultural anxiety and cultural transfer lying behind the apparent cultural comforts of belonging to a nation-state. Moreover, humour has played its part in the continual discursive recreation of the nation in the form of constant searches for the unique national humour of a people.

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Fatmawati, Andi Muhammad Akmal, Andi Muh. Akhyar, Azwar, and Achmad Nasyori. "Determination of Islamic Month Start by Moonsighting Australia (Case Study: 1 Dzulhijah 1441)." Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.122.16.

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The determination of the Islamic calendar is paramount in Islam because it strongly relates to worship, like Ramadan fasting, eid-al-fitr, and zakat fitr. Many studies have examined young moon visibility criteria in many Muslim countries, such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Singapore. However, no study on the initiation of the Islamic month has been conducted in Australia, a Muslim-minority country with middle-eastern immigrants seeking jobs. One of Australia's most trusted organizations to announce the start of Hijri month is Moonsighting Australia. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the determination of the Islamic calendar by Moonsighting Australia organization based on factors such as method, matla, rukyat time, hilāl visibility, and resistors (1 Dzulhijjah 1441 H). A descriptive study with a qualitative approach used literature reviews, content analysis, and case studies. Primary data were taken from a decision letter from Moonsighting Australia about the start of Dzulhijjah 1441 H, interviews with the coordinator, and relevant references. The findings showed that Moonsighting Australia applies a rukyat method by the naked eye - without any optical aids and hilāl visibility criteria consideration - every 29th of Hijri month. Also, it tunes the concept of matla wilayat al hukmi, where the sighting process and result are implemented throughout Australia’s territory. Keywords: Australia, Dzulhijjah, Hijri, Islamic Month, Moonsighting.

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Mushtaq, Afia, Noman Arshed, and Muhammad Shahid Hassan. "Sources of Banking Sector Development: Case of Pakistan." Journal of Finance and Accounting Research 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jfar/0102/04.

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Banking sector development is one of the key elements benchmarking economic growth. Several empirical studies for several instances have indicated a positive relationship between banking sector development and economic growth. This study intends to examine the sources of banking sector development of Pakistan, using capital formation, interest rate, trade deficit, general price level and remittances as the proposed indicators. There is a lack of studies which investigated the impact of investment and trade deficit on banking sector development. The empirical data for the study is taken from world development indicators for 38 years. For the reliable estimates, ARDL cointegration technique has been used to estimate the long run determinants of banking sector development. Domestic credit to private sector has been used as a proxy for the banking sector development because of its market orientation. The results show that increase in the investment, imports and general price level leads to increase in the provision of domestic credit which leads to banking sector development.

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Peseta, Tai. "Professional doctorate research in Australia: commentary and case studies from business, education and Indigenous studies." Journal of Educational Administration and History 44, no. 2 (May 2012): 174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2012.659948.

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MORRISEY, DONALD, GRAEME INGLIS, KERRY NEIL, ANNA BRADLEY, and ISLA FITRIDGE. "Characterization of the marine aquarium trade and management of associated marine pests in Australia, a country with stringent import biosecurity regulation." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 1 (March 2011): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000014.

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SUMMARYTrade in ornamental marine species in Australia, a country with relatively stringent import controls, was investigated using a telephone survey of wholesalers and retailers, and a desktop review of internet import databases and hobbyist trading websites. Information on the regulatory framework was obtained from government and other published or online sources, and from staff of regulatory agencies. Although the trade is small relative to that in the USA, Europe and parts of Asia, Australia imports significant numbers of marine fish each year for the aquarium trade. Many of the more than 200 species imported have the potential to become environmental and/or economic pests. Imported individuals of native species could act as vectors of disease or affect the genetic diversity of native populations if they were released into the wild. Regulatory measures include the use of lists of permitted species of plants and animals, a case-by-case risk assessment process for species not on these lists, and requirements for health certification and quarantining of imported stock. Once within Australia, however, translocation is less rigorously controlled, being managed by individual states and based largely on lists of prohibited species, though generally with scope for case-by-case assessment and refusal of permits for unwanted species, such as recognized pests. Wholesalers and retailers interviewed generally showed a responsible attitude to the disposal of dead or unwanted stock, but awareness and understanding of the potential pest risk of ornamental marine species was generally poor. The importance of raising public awareness of the pest potential of ornamental marine species is likely to increase with the growing importance of mail-order and internet trade.

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Putnis, Peter. "The Press Cable Monopoly 1895— 1909: A Case Study of Australian Media Policy Development." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000114.

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In 1909, the Australian Senate conducted a Select Committee of Inquiry on Press Cable Services to Australia in response to claims that a monopoly of such services was in operation and had been organised by a cartel of key Australian newspapers in conjunction with Reuters Telegraph Company. Its report, and the extensive transcripts of evidence that accompany it, provide a detailed insight into arrangements for the receipt and distribution of overseas news in Australia between 1895 and 1909. The Inquiry, in its majority report, declared the arrangements to be ‘a complete monopoly’ in that they ensured that there was only one source of supply in Australia of press cables from the outside world. This paper analyses the findings of the Australian Senate Inquiry and the evidence put before it in terms of the light these shed on Reuters' modus operandi in Australia. It also provides an early case study of Australian government media policy development.

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Lu, Xin, Jing Qiu, Gang Lei, and Jianguo Zhu. "Scenarios modelling for forecasting day-ahead electricity prices: Case studies in Australia." Applied Energy 308 (February 2022): 118296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118296.

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Dorn, R. I., and D. Dragovich. "Interpretation of Rock Varnish in Australia: case studies from the arid zone." Australian Geographer 21, no. 1 (May 1990): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189008702997.

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Osborne, J. M., and D. R. Brearley. "Completion criteria - Case studies considering bond relinquishment and mine decommissioning: Western Australia." International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment 14, no. 3 (January 2000): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13895260008953323.

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Cooper, Malcolm, and Michael Flehr. "Government Intervention in Tourism Development: Case Studies from Japan and South Australia." Current Issues in Tourism 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2006): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500608668239.

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Hill, M. J., A. M. Smith, and T. C. Foster. "Remote Sensing of Grassland with RADARSAT; Case Studies from Australia and Canada." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 26, no. 4 (August 2000): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2000.10874779.

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Devenin, Veronica, and Constanza Bianchi. "Characterizing a mining space: Analysis from case studies in Chile and Australia." Resources Policy 63 (October 2019): 101402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101402.

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Creedy, John, and Richard Disney. "Pension Schemes and Incentives: Case Studies from Australia and the United Kingdom." Australian Economic Review 23, no. 1 (September 1990): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1990.tb00348.x.

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Sangha, Kamaljit K., Adèle Duvert, Ricky Archer, and Jeremy Russell-Smith. "Unrealised economic opportunities in remote Indigenous communities: Case studies from northern Australia." Social Sciences & Humanities Open 2, no. 1 (2020): 100093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100093.

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