Journal articles: 'Importation of products'

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Oguntunde, P. E., O. O. Ojo, O. A. Oguntunde, and H. I. Okagbue. "Crude Oil Importation and Exportation in Nigeria: An Exploratory and Comparative Study." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2172.

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Nigeria is an oil producing country and crude oil is an important asset to its economy. This research focuses on the analysis of importation and exportation of crude oil products (measured in million barrels). Comparisons between the total importation and exportation were made and descriptive analysis was performed on the crude oil components. Poisson regression was used to establish the relationship between total importation and the importation of the petroleum products under consideration. The results show that Nigeria makes more importation than exportation of these products.

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Valerius, Jaqueline, João Carlos Garzel Leodoro Da Silva, Romano Timofiecsyk Júnior, and Pedro José Steiner Neto. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE US IMPORTATION SEASONALITY OF WOODEN MOLDINGS MADE OUT OF BRAZILIAN AND CHILEAN CONIFERS." FLORESTA 52, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v52i1.62588.

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Conifer wood moldings are classified as high value-added wood products and are used for several purposes in civil construction. Brazil is the world’s leading exporter of this product and the United States are its main destination market. It is very important to analyze the behavior of such importations and exportations to set strategies to obtain or increase the competitive advantage and improve the commercialization of these products. The objective of this study was to analyze the US importation seasonality of conifer wood moldings from Brazil and Chile, the main competitor of the Brazilian product in the US market. To write this paper, monthly data of the quantity of US importations of Brazilian and Chilean moldings from the period of 2011 to 2017 were collected from the database of the United States Department of Agriculture/Foreign Agricultural Service. The methodology proposed by Hoffman (2006) was employed to calculate the seasonal and seasonality indexes. The results indicated that the US importation of conifer wood moldings, both from Brazil and Chile, have a seasonal behavior, with great variation of the seasonal index.

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Brzilova Milenkovikj, Ksenija, Vanja Bobevska, Jasmina Kimovska, Verče Jovanovska Jankovska, Elizabeta Karadžinska, Nada Popstefanova, Olivera Paneva, Stefan Petrovski, Maja Velinovska Cadinovska, and Sanja Uskokova. "ANNEX 21 Importation of medicinal products." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 68, no. 03 (December 31, 2022): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.069.

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Wanyoike Kariuki, Esther Kalekye;. "Economic and Social Effects of Parallel Importation of Pharmaceutical Products on Organisational Performance in Pharmaceutical Firms in Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjeds.v2i1.111.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on the organisational performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The paper is guided by research objectives that are focused on: the economic effects of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on organisational performance and the social effects of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on organisational performance. This paper concludes that the issue of economic and social effects of parallel importation and how they affect the organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies in Kenya is rich for exploration and recommends that a study be conducted focusing on parallel importation and organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies; especially now that a clear legal framework on parallel importation has been put in place.

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Jargin, Sergei V. "Barriers to importation of medical products in Russia." Lancet 372, no. 9651 (November 2008): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61728-6.

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邬, 嫣珊. "The 830 Chinese Agricultural Products Importation and ECFA." Business and Globalization 03, no. 03 (2015): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/bglo.2015.33006.

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Nur, Amirul Mohammad. "IMPOR PARALEL DALAM HUKUM MEREK INDONESIA." Yuridika 30, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v30i2.4660.

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Free trade begins with free movement of goods, services, and persons which give chance of importing goods, services, and persons from overseas freely come to Indonesia. Genuine importation in the same goods in a different markets region, will creating it’s own market. The differences of jurisdiction territory and barriers to entry will give opportunity to market participants selling their imports products competitively. Parallel Importation occur when importers bring their genuine products, together with the Licensee (license holder) selling their genuine products competitively-cheaper, in the same time (parallel), with the selling genuine product by Trademark Owner. Trademark protection have important roles on parallel importation, good comprehension of Trademark exploration rights and protection for related parties will avert market participants from business loss. For law enforcement authorities also able to resolve parallel import disputes in a fair way and truly based on Trademark Law.

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MACDIARMID, S. C. "Risk analysis and the importation of animals and animal products." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.12.4.742.

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Winder, Alvin E., Ted T. L. Chen, and William C. Mfuko. "Influence of American Tobacco Imports on Smoking Rates among Women and Youth in Asia." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 14, no. 4 (January 1994): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hp43-apjg-xe5n-fd8y.

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This study addresses the question: has the opening of their markets to American tobacco products in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan led to an increase in smoking behavior among women and youth? The data on smoking rates for women and youth is presented. This data was obtained for each country before markets were opened to the importation of American tobacco products through the agency of non-governmental organizations in these countries. Comparison data was obtained from similar Asian countries whose markets were not opened. The data from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan show a sizeable increase in smoking rates for women and youth. The authors believe, based upon anecdotal data, that importation of tobacco products combined with aggressive marketing and advertising by American firms is, in a good measure, responsible for the reported increase.

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Roisah, Kholis, Rahayu Rahayu, Darminto Darminto, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Leony Sondang Suryani. "Governance and regulation of local working requirement and importation: Pharmaceutical industry study." Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no. 3 (2022): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i3art6.

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This paper aims to analyze the governance and regulation of local working requirement (LWR) and importation of pharmaceutical products in Indonesia. Based on the theoretical perspectives of Cottier and Panizzon (2004) and Champ and Attaran (2002), this study aims to analyze the important role of patents through LWR and importation, both directly or indirectly to facilitate the transfer of technology and to stimulate technology transfer with the availability of technology information through patent documents. The research was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. A doctrinal approach was used in this study in the context of reviewing the laws and regulations in the field of patents, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereinafter TRIPS Agreement), health law, and its derivative regulations. The theory used in this study is about the politics of patent law which focuses on the national interest to pursue local production of patented inventions. The results showed that LWR, pharmaceutical importations provisions, and intellectual property rights law policies as a whole in Indonesia need to be harmonized and integrated with policies on technology transfer, industrial development, trade, and investment. The results underscore the main way in which LWR can contribute directly to the transfer of technology in developing countries.

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Shaffer, Gregory, and David Pabian. "European Communities—Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 1 (January 2015): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0154.

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On May 22, 2014, the World Trade Organization’s Appellate Body (AB) issued its report on the controversial “ECSeal Products” dispute, finding that a European Union (EU or Union) prohibition on the importation and sale of seal products violated the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT). It did so, however, in a way that largely upheld the Union”s defense on animal welfare grounds, so that the prohibition remains effective. The decision marks the first time that the Appellate Body has found that a trade ban on animal welfare grounds falls within the exception under GATT Article XX(a) for measures necessary to protect public morals. This determination implicates the legality of future trade restrictions on animal welfare grounds, as well as restrictions imposed on human rights grounds, such as labor rights.

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Carlson, Geoffrey. "United States – Measures Affecting the Importation of Animals, Meat and Other Animal Products from Argentina (US–Animals, DS447)." World Trade Review 15, no. 1 (January 2016): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000610.

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Following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Argentina in 2001, the United States maintained import prohibitions on certain animals and animal products from Argentina. In this dispute, Argentina challenged two sets of measures: (1) the United States' prohibition on importation of fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a portion of northern Argentina and on the importation of animals, meat, and other animal products from the Patagonia region as a consequence of the failure to recognize Patagonia as an FMD-free region; and (2) the undue delay of the United States’ application of certain regulatory procedures under which the United States assessed Argentina's requests for re-authorization to import fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a certain area of northern Argentina and for the recognition of the Patagonia region as FMD-free.

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Kanani, Amos Cishunguluka, Shukuru Bwira David, and Rugambwa Sebuyange Jérôme. "Importation des Nourritures et Securite Alimentaire des Menages a Bukavu." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 20 (June 30, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n20p172.

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The objectives of this study were to explain the factors behind the high consumption of imported food products and to identify their contribution to household food security in Bukavu. The use of observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation allowed access to data, the analysis of which was based on both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings from this study revealed that 56% of households consume more imported products because they are the most available; 26% consume them because of quantity and 15% because of quality. However, the survey revealed that local products are more preferred (77%) by households. As for the feeling of being food secure with imported food, 71% of households admit that importing food is an alternative to the unavailability of local products, but does not give them the feeling of being food secure. In order to achieve real and guaranteed food security, the respondents generally suggest reviving the agro-pastoral sector by reforming the rural production system. Expliquer les facteurs de la consommation élevée des produits alimentaires importés et relever leur apport à la sécurité alimentaire des ménages à Bukavu ont été les objectifs de cette étude. Le recours à l’observation, l’entretien, le questionnaire et la documentation a permis l’accès aux données dont l’analyse a articulé le qualitatif et le quantitatif. Il est ressorti de cette étude que 56% de ménages consomment plus les produits importés parce que ces produits sont les plus disponibles ; 26% les consomment pour raison de quantité et 15% pour raison de qualité. Cependant, l’enquête a révélé que les produits locaux sont plus préférés (77%) des ménages). Quant au sentiment d’être en sécurité alimentaire à partir des aliments importés, 71% des ménages avouent que l’importation des aliments est une alternative à la disponibilité des produits locaux, mais ne leur donne pas le sentiment d’être en sécurité alimentaire. En vue d’une sécurité alimentaire réelle et garantie, les enquêtés suggèrent globalement la relance du secteur agropastoral impliquant la réforme du système de la production rurale.

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Ilyina, Elena Georgievna, Elizaveta Pavlovna Kudreshova, Aleksandr Valerievich Melnikov, Yulia Vladimirovna Mostovaya, Aleksandra Nikolaevna Romanenko, and Anastasia Aleksandrovna Khmelnitskaya. "Problems of organizing importation and examination of quarantine products in Astrakhan region." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2022, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2022-3-90-97.

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Today one of the important tasks is flexible, competent and effective planning of measures for phytosanitary control in the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union of the EAEU, including in Russia. The solution of this problem is significantly hampered by the lack of funding and the lack of highly qualified personnel, insufficient equipment of laboratory quarantine phytosanitary diagnostics. Modern cargo transportation of regulated products between countries depends on geographical, political, economic and many other factors, which necessitates the search for more efficient and shorter routes. The presence of such a transport opportunity as sea transportation between the ports of the Caspian Sea makes it possible to analyze new routes for transporting products to Russia from Iran, Azerbaijan and other countries. Quarantine products imported to Russia in 2021 are listed. The importance of organizing importation and inspection of imported regulated products in the territory of the Astrakhan region is justified. The functions of the phytosanitary inspection are listed. Possibility of easy passing the customs check-in and reducing the idle time for the vehicles during phytosanitary inspection are considered. A twelve-point algorithm is recommended for use including the cargo inspection procedures before transportation. The detailed steps are proposed to speed up transport operations of organizing a sanitary inspection in the port of Olya, in particular, introducing the innovative technologies and the IRIS mini-robot. The model of a mini-robot is illustrated and the prospects of the economic efficiency of the region and food supply of the population are considered. Economic analysis of using the innovative technologies in organizing transportation of the quarantine products has been carried out.

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VOSE, D. J. "Risk analysis in relation to the importation and exportation of animal products." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.16.1.997.

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WALTON, THOMAS E. "The Impact of Diseases on the Importation of Animals and Animal Products." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 916, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05271.x.

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Sheridan, Janie, Fiona Kelly, James Oughton, Aula Al-Jubbawey, Matthew Grey, Shameel Hussein, Edwardine Jayetileke, Mehul Mehta, and Shriyash Nair. "Importation of prescription medicines into New Zealand: a snapshot of intercepted products." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 33, no. 1 (January 13, 2011): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9457-y.

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Ovchinnikov, S. N. "The Concept of Import of Goods in the Context of Customs Procedures." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.122.1.064-070.

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The paper, based on comparative analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and acts of the Eurasian Economic Union, examines the legislative definition of the concept of import of goods, different approaches to understanding of the concept under consideration. The legislator’s definition of imports as importation of goods without the obligation to re-export them is not entirely consistent with the description of customs procedures in customs legislation, which gives rise to problems in law enforcement. In particular, the importation of alcoholic products by duty-free shops is considered as imports, which results in the requirement to obtain a license for the purchase (import) of alcohol products. The author highlights the discrepancy between this requirement and the law of the Eurasian Economic Community and the lack of uniformity of judicial practice on this issue. Conflicts of this kind in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Customs Code of the EAEU should be resolved in favor of international agreements. It is proposed to exclude the obligation to obtain a license to import alcohol products for duty-free shops.

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Onianwa, Okwudili O. "The Potential For High-Value Agricultural Products Under The North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Beef in Mexico and Canada." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 27, no. 2 (December 1995): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800028431.

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AbstractThe prospects for U.S. beef products in the advent of a North American Free Trade Agreement were examined using a system-wide approach to import allocation. Results indicate that increases in the standard of living in Mexico and Canada would stimulate increased importation of processed and unprocessed beef products. Bulk beef product in both countries had expenditure elasticities greater than one, while semi-processed and highly processed beef products had expenditure elasticities of less than one.

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Gascoigne, Catherine E. "‘Seeing the Wood for the Trees’: Revisiting the Consistency of Australia’s Illegal Logging Act with the Law of the World Trade Organization." Journal of Environmental Law 33, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 395–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqab005.

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Abstract In the absence of coordinated multilateral action, many countries seek to address environmental harm occurring in foreign jurisdictions by introducing measures that regulate the importation of certain products. In Australia, the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 (Cth) and the Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation 2012 (Cth) prohibit the import of timber that has been harvested in a manner that is contrary to the laws of the harvesting country. One unsettled question is whether the measure is inconsistent with the law of the World Trade Organization. This article considers this question ahead of the Commonwealth Government’s 10-year review of the Measure. To this end, the article examines the consistency of the Act with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The findings of the article are relevant to Australia and to other countries that design and implement measures to regulate the importation of products for environmental objectives.

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Бурмистрова, Olga Burmistrova, Сушков, Sergey Sushkov, Пильник, and Yuliya Pilnik. "Economic, forestry and technical aspects of the total biomass of the tree." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4524.

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A model of production and transportation task, with the inclusion of conditional vendor is given. The most difficult task is assessing the value of individual components of the forest and produced in the process of its processing products, as the range of manufactured products is extremely large and may be replaced by products from other production areas. The problem of optimal use of wood waste and reduce of transport costs on their importation from other regions of the country is considered.

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Stoyanova, Daniela. "The Importation of Roof Tiles from Sinope and Heraklea Pontica to the Western Black Sea Area." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560444.

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Abstract Based on new evidence, observations are offered on the importation of roof tiles from Sinope and Heraklea Pontica to the west Pontic poleis and the Thracian interior. The data indicate that the roof tiles of both Sinope and Heraklea were distributed mostly in the 4th century BC. Despite the intensive importation of products in Sinopean amphorae in later periods, there were no imports of roof tiles. The insignificant volume of the imports is still more remarkable bearing in mind the evidence of the widespread use of roof tiles. This decline in imports was most probably related to the emergence of large-scale local production and/or imports from other Black Sea poleis.

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Oladipupo, Abiola Matthew, and Ibidapo Clement Adedayo. "Is Imported Cabbage a Better Choice than Local Egg Fruit for Salad Preparation: An Economic Analysis of Ekiti State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2019.9.2/1005.2.255.263.

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The study deals with the possibility of reducing higher ratio of dependence on importation of food through the replacement of foreign products with locally produced and processed food products. In order to accomplish the objectives of the study, both primary and secondary data had been used. Accordingly, a multi-stage sampling technique was utilized to select the sample size. Descriptive and inferential statistics were eventually applied to the primary data collected. The results indicated undoubtedly that the locally produced and processed salad competed favourably and suitably with foreign salad products in terms of colour, odour, taste, and other sensory parameters evaluated accordingly. The orthodox budget analysis indicated that garden egg salad was more profitable than imported cabbage salad. The correlation outcome value of +1 indicated that local salad stands as a perfect substitute for foreign salad. Therefore, the phasing out of foreign salad so as to replace it with locally sourced salad is quite feasible. It had therefore been obviously and clearly established in this study that imported cabbage could be replaced with locally produced garden egg salad, thereby indicating that reducing the degree of dependence on food importation is absolutely viable.

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McKeith, Sarah. "Pharmaceutical Patents in Developing Nations: Parallel Importation and the Doctrine of Exhaustion." African Journal of Legal Studies 6, no. 2-3 (March 21, 2014): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342030.

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Abstract This article examines the impact of parallel importation and the doctrine of patent exhaustion on access to pharmaceutical products in developing nations around the world. Parallel importation is of particular relevance to developing countries given that it is in these countries where medicines are often limited and exorbitant prices can be charged for those drugs that are available. Against this backdrop, this article examines the international legal regulation of patent exhaustion and proposes a solution to the difficulties currently experienced by many developing countries in attempting to use parallel importation to promote public health and improve access to medicines. The solution proposed in this article comprises a regional approach to patent exhaustion, which involves the introduction of complimentary legal and policy measures to the regional framework that currently exists in the developing world. It is argued that this proposal strikes an optimal balance between protecting intellectual property rights and increasing access to medicines that works in the best interests of pharmaceutical patent holders and developing country patent users.

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Janow, Merit E., and Robert W. Staiger. "Canada – Dairy: Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk." World Trade Review 2, S1 (2003): 236–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001137.

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This paper summarizes and critically reviews the dispute brought before the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk, euphemistically referred to herein as Canada – Dairy. This dispute is centered on the WTO Agricultural Agreement, though it also involves the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement and GATT – 1994.

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JANOW, MERIT E., and ROBERT W. STAIGER. "Canada – Dairy Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk." World Trade Review 3, no. 2 (July 2004): 277–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745604001740.

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This paper summarizes and critically reviews the dispute brought before the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning Canada – Measures Affecting the Importation of Dairy Products and the Exportation of Milk, euphemistically referred to herein as Canada – Dairy. This dispute is centered on the WTO Agricultural Agreement, though it also involves the WTO Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) Agreement and GATT – 1994.

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McGivern, Brendan P. "The WTO Seal Products PanelThe Public Morals Defense." Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 2 (February 1, 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014010.

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A WTO Panel has rendered a split decision in a challenge by Canada and Norway to the EU ban on seal products. The Panel ruled that the ban violated the national treatment and MFN obligations of the EU under Article 2.1 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) as well as under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The Panel rejected the argument that the ban was "more trade-restrictive than necessary" under TBT Article 2.2. The Reports of the WTO Panel in European Communities - Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products (DS400, DS401) were released on 25 November 2013.

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Jargin, Sergei V. "Barriers to the importation of medical products to Russia: in search of solutions." Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hls.2013.e13.

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Barriers to the importation of foreign medical products to Russia contribute to higher prices on the domestic market, which is a disadvantage for healthcare. Such barriers, valid also for the import of professional literature, resulted in persistence of some outdated concepts and methods in medicine. Policies promoting domestic medical products can result in their biased characterization in scientific reports. In conclusion, more international trust is needed for successful co-operation on the lawful basis and elimination of unfair practices in the interests of healthcare and medical research.

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Sung-Il Park, 권세민, Gitae Yeo, and 정현재. "Efficiency Measurement of the Exportation and Importation Warehousing Enterprises - Focusing on Fisheries Products -." KOREA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL REVIEW 27, no. 2 (June 2012): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.27.2.201206.95.

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Chiang, Yuan-Chen Jessica. "Parallel Importation of Copyright Products in Taiwan: A Struggle with International Trade Policy." Journal of World Intellectual Property 13, no. 6 (November 2010): 744–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2010.00402.x.

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Olusanya, Micheal O., Martins A. Arasomwan, and Aderemi O. Adewumi. "Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Optimizing Assignment of Blood in Blood Banking System." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/713898.

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This paper reports the performance of particle swarm optimization (PSO) for the assignment of blood to meet patients’ blood transfusion requests for blood transfusion. While the drive for blood donation lingers, there is need for effective and efficient management of available blood in blood banking systems. Moreover, inherent danger of transfusing wrong blood types to patients, unnecessary importation of blood units from external sources, and wastage of blood products due to nonusage necessitate the development of mathematical models and techniques for effective handling of blood distribution among available blood types in order to minimize wastages and importation from external sources. This gives rise to the blood assignment problem (BAP) introduced recently in literature. We propose a queue and multiple knapsack models with PSO-based solution to address this challenge. Simulation is based on sets of randomly generated data that mimic real-world population distribution of blood types. Results obtained show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for BAP with no blood units wasted and very low importation, where necessary, from outside the blood bank. The result therefore can serve as a benchmark and basis for decision support tools for real-life deployment.

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Skasko, Oleg, and Iryna-Lyudmyla Mohyla. "INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON IMPORTATION OPERATIONS OF UKRAINE." Economic Analysis, no. 31(3) (2021): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.03.060.

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Introduction. The article assesses the losses of import-oriented sectors of the Ukrainian economy as a result of possible mirror sanctions of the Republic of Belarus. The authors are convinced that the mirrored sanctions imposed by Belarus will cause a significant collapse in imports of certain critical goods in Ukraine, will significantly affect the decline in total GDP. It is substantiated that the high concentration of imports of fuels and lubricants and even one of the suppliers requires the Government of Ukraine to take measures to diversify imports, increase domestic fuel production, involve the alcohol industry in the production of technical alcohols, which would become part of gasoline products, reorientation of ground and development of underground electric transport, etc. Purpose. Rationale for the change in the vector of import flows of Ukraine and the increase in domestic production of Ukraine, caused by the potential threat of international sanctions against the Republic of Belarus. Method (methodology). The study was conducted using systematic and dialectical approaches, methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific abstraction, logical approach to the study of economic processes of foreign trade of Ukraine, analysis of time series – to study the dynamics of foreign trade of Ukraine in terms of product groups; causal links – justification of changes in the geographical vector of export-import orientation of Ukraine due to potential international sanctions against Belarus; system approach – to identify promising areas of development of the domestic economy and the search for new areas of foreign trade. Results. The theoretical concept of economic security of Ukraine in the direction of increasing domestic fuel production, involvement of the alcohol industry in the production of technical alcohols, which would become part of gasoline products, reorientation of ground and underground electric transport, implementation of new sources of fuel imports, etc.

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Shaffer, Gregory. "United States—Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 1 (January 2013): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0192.

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In a Mexican challenge against U.S. criteria for labeling tuna products as “dolphin-safe,” the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), on May 16, 2012, held against the United States while reversing various findings of the panel. The case was one of three WTO Appellate Body decisions issued in 2012 that interpreted and applied the key substantive provisions of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement or TBT) for the first time. Systemically, the decision is important for its interpretation of the TBT Agreement’s substantive obligations, the types of labeling that fall within the scope of the Agreement, the legitimacy of labeling based on foreign process and production methods (PPMs), and the relation of other international law to WTO law.

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Regan, Donald H. "Measures with Multiple Purposes: Puzzles from EC—Seal Products." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009478.

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European Communities—Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products is the first case in which the dispute system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has wrestled with a regulation that pursued mul-tiple conflicting, legitimate purposes. (I will explain later why Brazil—Retreaded Tyres is not such a case.) This generates puzzles about applying the definition of a “technical regulation” to complex measures; about whether an exception to a ban can be justified by a purpose different from that of the ban; and about how to apply “less restrictive alternative” analysis to measures with multiple goals. The first of these puzzles is unique to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT); the second and third concern the TBT, the General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and probably other agreements.

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Silva, Gabriel Nery da. "Correlation analysis of exports of manufactured products and basic products in the State of São Paulo." Independent Journal of Management & Production 9, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v9i5.805.

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Participation in international trade has been important for national economy and keeps increasing over the years, and it may be noted by the importation and exportation activities. In this sense this study aims to verify whether there is correlation between exports of manufactured and basic products in the State of São Paulo, as well as between them and time. Therefore it was used data available at Ministério da Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços (MDIC) website relating to the amount in US$ of both manufactured products and basic products exported in the State of São Paulo from 2006 to 2016. The analysis was performed by using simple linear regression statistical calculation, aiming to verify whether there is correlation. Findings indicate there is strong correlation between the exports of basic products and time; there is no correlation between the exports of manufactured products and time; there is no correlation between the exports of basic products and the exports of manufactured products. Findings may help practitioners in forecasting demands as well as the understanding about exports behaviors when making-decisions.

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Pereira, J. G., V. M. Soares, E. A. R. Santos, L. E. Tadielo, D. C. P. Pellegrini, E. H. Duval, and W. P. Silva. "Profile of the Illegal Import of Products of Animal Origin to Brazilian Cities at the Border with Argentina and Uruguay." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 10 (August 30, 2017): 1605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-123.

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ABSTRACT International food transit is a risk to public and animal health when not subject to legal importation sanitation procedures. Due to the extensive border area, illegal food import in Brazil is a common practice, especially in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a state that borders with Argentina and Uruguay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of Brazilians living in cities in RS that border with Argentina (BR-AR) or Uruguay (BR-UR) regarding the practice of illegal import of products of animal origin and to determine associations between the population characteristics and illegal import. A questionnaire with information related to the personal profile, habits of acquisition of imported food, and knowledge of health risks deriving from the consumption of the imported products was elaborated. The questionnaire was administered in six cities in RS (three cities bordering Argentina and three cities bordering Uruguay) and responses were obtained from 744 individuals. The variables city, sex, level of education, and knowledge were subjected to the chi-square test to verify the association between these variables and food import. Part of the interviewees admitted to illegally importing products of animal origin at both BR-AR (65.17%) and BR-UR (76.28%) borders. Dairy products were the main imported goods, followed by raw and processed meat. The study revealed that illegal import is common at the frontier region of RS, especially that of products of animal origin, dairy, and raw and processed meat. Although illegal importation occurs at all the cities under study, it was higher at the BR-UR border. Also, knowledge of the health risks influences the decision to import food or not.

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Izadnia, Rodd. "Colombia – Measures Relating to the Importation of Textiles, Apparel and Footwear (Colombia–Textiles), DS461." World Trade Review 16, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000434.

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This dispute concerned the imposition by Colombia of a ‘compound tariff’ on the importation of certain textiles, apparel, and footwear classified under Chapters 61 through 64 of Colombia's Customs Tariff. The compound tariff was composed of an ad valorem levy, expressed as a percentage of the customs value of goods, and a specific levy, expressed in units of currency per unit of measurement. The ad valorem component of the compound tariff was 10% for all products regardless of their value; the specific component depended on price thresholds for certain textiles, apparel, and footwear, imposing a higher levy on products imported below the price threshold set out in the corresponding Chapter of Colombia's Customs Tariff.

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Free, Michael J., Jonathan A. Green, and Margaret M. Morrow. "Health Technologies for the Developing World: Promoting Self-reliance through Improving Local Procurement and Manufacturing Capabilities." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 9, no. 3 (1993): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300004645.

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AbstractTo reduce their dependency on donors or the international currency costs of essential health care products, developing countries are building or improving capability for local manufacturing or competitive international procurement. Through long-term strategic planning, public/private partnerships, collaboration with firms in industrialized nations, and farsighted donor policies, the capacity for alternative supply can be increased in stages from importation through local processing and packaging to full production and multiproduct enterprises.

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Remigio, Alejandro Matsuno, Nada Morsy Elzahar, and Sadia Sultan. "Systemic Issues in the Panel Report in Indonesia – Chicken (Article 21.5: Brazil)." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 6 (June 1, 2021): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021030.

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The Panel Report in the compliance proceedings under Article 21.5 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Dispute (DSU) in the case Indonesia – Measures Concerning the Importation of Chicken Meat and Chicken Products (Indonesia – Chicken (Article 21.5 – Brazil)) provides interesting guidance on systemic issues regarding the compliance phase of the WTO dispute settlement procedures. Scope of Article 21.5 of the DSU, Amended measures, Reasonable Period of Time, RPT, Compliance proceedings, Judicial economy, Import restrictions, Undue delay in approvals, Article XI of the GATT 1994, Article 8, Annex C of the SPS Agreement, Chicken meat and chicken products

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Alcover, Maria. "Russian Federation – Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (Russia–Pigs (EU)), DS475." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (October 2017): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000404.

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This dispute arose after African Swine Fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease of pigs, was detected in four member States of the European Union (EU) and Russia stopped accepting imports of pigs and pig products from the EU. The EU presented claims with respect to two measures: (i) the ‘EU-wide ban’, consisting of Russia's ban on the importation of the products at issue from the entire EU; and (ii) the ‘country-specific import bans’ imposed by Russia on imports from the four EU member States – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. There were two categories of products at issue: ‘treated products’ (finished products subject to a treatment that ensures destruction of ASF) and ‘non-treated products’ (products including live pigs, and raw meat preparations). Treated products were not subject to the EU-wide ban. The EU brought multiple claims under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement).

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METCALF, H. E., and M. D. MCELVAINE. "Risks related to the introduction of exotic diseases through importation of animals and animal products." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.14.4.907.

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Sidorenko, Galina Annatolyevna, and Valery Pavlovich Popov. "OPTIMIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BAKERY PRODUCTS WITH A CARROTS IMPORTATION AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENT." Theoretical & Applied Science 71, no. 03 (March 30, 2019): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.03.71.25.

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LEVY, PHILIP I., and DONALD H. REGAN. "EC–Seal Products: Seals and Sensibilities (TBT Aspects of the Panel and Appellate Body Reports)." World Trade Review 14, no. 2 (April 2015): 337–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000051.

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AbstractThe EC–Seal Products case stemmed from complaints by Canada and Norway against European Union regulations that effectively banned the importation and marketing of seal products from those countries. The EU said it had responded to European moral outrage at the killing of seals. Canada and Norway challenged the regime under various provisions of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement and the GATT. This article considers TBT aspects of the Panel and Appellate Body decisions. It discusses issues such as whether there is any bright line to be drawn between legitimate and illegitimate purposes in regulation, the proper legal meaning of a ‘technical regulation’, and the interpretation of TBT 2.1.

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Guo, Zhichao, and Feiyu Qin. "An Empirical Analysis of the Role of Forage Product Trade on Grassland Quality and Livestock Production in China." Land 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111938.

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The restoration of grassland ecosystems and the development of the livestock industry in China are constrained by a gap in livestock feed supply and demand. The importation of forage products, as an important means to bridge this feed gap, deserves attention for its relationship with grassland quality and livestock production. This paper empirically examines the relationship between forage products trade and grassland quality, as well as livestock production. The paper uses a cointegration test and error correction model based on data on forage product trade, grassland quality, and livestock production in seven livestock-type regions from 2006 to 2020. The results show that forage product trade has a long-term stable equilibrium relationship with grassland quality in China. The relationships between forage product trade and livestock production in different livestock-type regions are heterogeneous. Among these heterogeneous results, livestock production in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, Loess Plateau Region, Southwest Mountain Region, and Northeast Region are closely related to forage product trade. It appears that importation of feed reduces pressure on natural grasslands, as well as providing high-quality feed that improves livestock production. The above findings can help explain the characteristics of livestock production in different livestock-type regions in China, as well as provide empirical evidence and new ideas for restoring grassland environments and developing herbivorous animal husbandry.

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Sohlberg, Marcus. "Russia – Measures Affecting the Importation of Railway Equipment and Parts Thereof, DS499." World Trade Review 19, no. 3 (June 8, 2020): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000233.

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The dispute concerns a challenge by Ukraine of certain measures imposed by Russia concerning conformity assessment procedures for railway products, produced in Ukraine and exported to Russia. Ukraine alleged that the Russian measures prevented imports from Ukraine into Russia. For example, Russia was accused of suspending Ukrainian suppliers’ certificates of conformity, as well as refusing to process new certificate applications, due to alleged impossibility of carrying out required annual on-site inspections in Ukraine due to security concerns. These measures were subject to challenge by Ukraine under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), which applies to WTO Members’ technical regulations and related conformity assessment procedures. Two of the Appellate Body's most noteworthy findings reversing the Panel are addressed below.

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Sheinblat, Hemi. "The Importation of the American Supermarket Model to Israel, 1957-1967." Iyunim Multidisciplinary Studies in Israeli and Modern Jewish Society 38 (December 31, 2022): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.51854/bguy-38a144.

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This article traces the story of the importation of the American supermarket to Israel between the late 1950s to the late 1960s. The public debates over the adoption of this retail model went beyond economic and commercial aspects to include political, social, and class struggles among different groups in Israeli society, illustrative of their heterogeneous complexity at the time. The appearance of the supermarket in Israel was both symbolic and real. For many, it symbolized progress and modernization, values originating in ‘American Consumerism’ in the framework of the Cold War to demonstrate the advantages of the American way of life. The supermarket model was established through two main entities: initially by the foreign-owned private company Shufersal and through the Histadrut Corporation and its government-supported chain of food stores. The establishment of the supermarket marked a significant change in the Israeli retail food trade and consumption and management patterns. These included self-service, frozen food products, weekly specials, background music, consumer benefits, attractive packaging, advertising which offered a ‘shopping experience’ that was new to Israel at the time.

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Bagwell, Kyle, and Alan O. Sykes. "Chile – Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products." World Trade Review 4, S1 (2005): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605001278.

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This study addresses the dispute brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by Argentina concerning certain Chilean measures affecting the importation of wheat, wheat flour, oil seeds, edible vegetable oils and sugar. The complaint by Argentina challenged two types of policies – a “price band system” that was applicable to four of those product categories, and safeguards measures that were applicable to three of them. The WTO panel ruled in favor of Argentina on both sets of measures. It found that the price band system violated Article IV of the Agriculture Agreement and Article II of GATT 1994. The safeguards measures, according to the panel, violated various provisions of the Safeguards Agreement, as well as Article XIX of GATT 1994. Chile elected not to appeal the panel ruling regarding the safeguards measures, but did appeal the adverse finding as to the price band system.

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Lee, Sung-Hyoung, and Cheong-Ghi Chun. "The WTO Korea Fishery Products Importation Restriction Dispute: The Radionuclides Case of South Korea with Japan." Korea International Trade Research Institute 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 655–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.12.5.201610.655.

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Bozidis, Petros, Chad D. Williamson, and Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley. "Mitochondrial and Secretory Human Cytomegalovirus UL37 Proteins Traffic into Mitochondrion-Associated Membranes of Human Cells." Journal of Virology 82, no. 6 (January 16, 2008): 2715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02456-07.

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ABSTRACT The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 exon 1 protein (pUL37x1), also known as vMIA, is the predominant UL37 isoform during permissive infection. pUL37x1 is a potent antiapoptotic protein, which prevents cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The UL37x1 NH2-terminal bipartite localization signal, which remains uncleaved, targets UL37 proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then to mitochondria. Based upon our findings, we hypothesized that pUL37x1 traffics from the ER to mitochondria through direct contacts between the two organelles, provided by mitochondrion-associated membranes (MAMs). To facilitate its identification, we cloned and tagged the human phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (huPSS-1) cDNA, whose mouse homologue localizes almost exclusively in the MAM. Using subcellular fractionation of stable HeLa cell transfectants expressing mEGFP-huPSS-1, we found that HCMV pUL37x1 is present in purified microsomes, mitochondria, and MAM fractions. We further examined the trafficking of the full-length UL37 glycoprotein cleavage products, which divergently traffic either through the secretory apparatus or into mitochondria. Surprisingly, pUL37NH2 and gpUL37COOH were both detected in the ER and MAM fraction, even though only pUL37NH2 is preferentially imported into mitochondria but gpUL37COOH is not. To determine the sequences required for MAM importation, we examined pUL37x1 mutants that were partially defective for mitochondrial importation. Deletion mutants of the NH2-terminal UL37x1 mitochondrial localization signal were reduced in trafficking into the MAM, indicating partial overlap of MAM and mitochondrial targeting signals. Taken together, these results suggest that HCMV UL37 proteins traffic from the ER into the MAM, where they are sorted into either the secretory pathway or to mitochondrial importation.

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Chalen, Izan, María Mercedes Cobo, Bernardo Gutierrez, Andrés Carrazco-Montalvo, Patricio Ponce, and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia. "The Shortcomings of COVID-19 Testing in Ecuador: Time to Incentivize Research and Innovation." Life 12, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12030325.

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The COVID-19 pandemic hit Ecuador severely. The country caught the attention of international media due to its high death toll and overwhelmed healthcare system. The clinical diagnostics system was rapidly overloaded, and the import of PCR tests was delayed. The case of Ecuador illustrates how middle-income countries rely heavily on the importation of biotechnological products for their healthcare systems. The Ecuadorian experience during the COVID-19 pandemic serves as a call for the formation of policies for the development of the biotechnological industry.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Importation of products'

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