Academic literature on the topic 'Importation of products'
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Journal articles on the topic "Importation of products"
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Oguntunde, P. E., O. O. Ojo, O. A. Oguntunde, and H. I. Okagbue. "Crude Oil Importation and Exportation in Nigeria: An Exploratory and Comparative Study." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2172.
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Nigeria is an oil producing country and crude oil is an important asset to its economy. This research focuses on the analysis of importation and exportation of crude oil products (measured in million barrels). Comparisons between the total importation and exportation were made and descriptive analysis was performed on the crude oil components. Poisson regression was used to establish the relationship between total importation and the importation of the petroleum products under consideration. The results show that Nigeria makes more importation than exportation of these products.
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Valerius, Jaqueline, João Carlos Garzel Leodoro Da Silva, Romano Timofiecsyk Júnior, and Pedro José Steiner Neto. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE US IMPORTATION SEASONALITY OF WOODEN MOLDINGS MADE OUT OF BRAZILIAN AND CHILEAN CONIFERS." FLORESTA 52, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v52i1.62588.
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Conifer wood moldings are classified as high value-added wood products and are used for several purposes in civil construction. Brazil is the world’s leading exporter of this product and the United States are its main destination market. It is very important to analyze the behavior of such importations and exportations to set strategies to obtain or increase the competitive advantage and improve the commercialization of these products. The objective of this study was to analyze the US importation seasonality of conifer wood moldings from Brazil and Chile, the main competitor of the Brazilian product in the US market. To write this paper, monthly data of the quantity of US importations of Brazilian and Chilean moldings from the period of 2011 to 2017 were collected from the database of the United States Department of Agriculture/Foreign Agricultural Service. The methodology proposed by Hoffman (2006) was employed to calculate the seasonal and seasonality indexes. The results indicated that the US importation of conifer wood moldings, both from Brazil and Chile, have a seasonal behavior, with great variation of the seasonal index.
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Brzilova Milenkovikj, Ksenija, Vanja Bobevska, Jasmina Kimovska, Verče Jovanovska Jankovska, Elizabeta Karadžinska, Nada Popstefanova, Olivera Paneva, Stefan Petrovski, Maja Velinovska Cadinovska, and Sanja Uskokova. "ANNEX 21 Importation of medicinal products." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 68, no. 03 (December 31, 2022): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2022.68.03.069.
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Wanyoike Kariuki, Esther Kalekye;. "Economic and Social Effects of Parallel Importation of Pharmaceutical Products on Organisational Performance in Pharmaceutical Firms in Kenya." Editon Consortium Journal of Economics and Development Studies 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/ecjeds.v2i1.111.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on the organisational performance of pharmaceutical firms in Kenya. The paper is guided by research objectives that are focused on: the economic effects of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on organisational performance and the social effects of parallel importation of pharmaceutical products on organisational performance. This paper concludes that the issue of economic and social effects of parallel importation and how they affect the organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies in Kenya is rich for exploration and recommends that a study be conducted focusing on parallel importation and organizational performance of pharmaceutical companies; especially now that a clear legal framework on parallel importation has been put in place.
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Jargin, Sergei V. "Barriers to importation of medical products in Russia." Lancet 372, no. 9651 (November 2008): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61728-6.
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邬, 嫣珊. "The 830 Chinese Agricultural Products Importation and ECFA." Business and Globalization 03, no. 03 (2015): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/bglo.2015.33006.
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Nur, Amirul Mohammad. "IMPOR PARALEL DALAM HUKUM MEREK INDONESIA." Yuridika 30, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v30i2.4660.
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Free trade begins with free movement of goods, services, and persons which give chance of importing goods, services, and persons from overseas freely come to Indonesia. Genuine importation in the same goods in a different markets region, will creating it’s own market. The differences of jurisdiction territory and barriers to entry will give opportunity to market participants selling their imports products competitively. Parallel Importation occur when importers bring their genuine products, together with the Licensee (license holder) selling their genuine products competitively-cheaper, in the same time (parallel), with the selling genuine product by Trademark Owner. Trademark protection have important roles on parallel importation, good comprehension of Trademark exploration rights and protection for related parties will avert market participants from business loss. For law enforcement authorities also able to resolve parallel import disputes in a fair way and truly based on Trademark Law.
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MACDIARMID, S. C. "Risk analysis and the importation of animals and animal products." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.12.4.742.
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Winder, Alvin E., Ted T. L. Chen, and William C. Mfuko. "Influence of American Tobacco Imports on Smoking Rates among Women and Youth in Asia." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 14, no. 4 (January 1994): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hp43-apjg-xe5n-fd8y.
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This study addresses the question: has the opening of their markets to American tobacco products in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan led to an increase in smoking behavior among women and youth? The data on smoking rates for women and youth is presented. This data was obtained for each country before markets were opened to the importation of American tobacco products through the agency of non-governmental organizations in these countries. Comparison data was obtained from similar Asian countries whose markets were not opened. The data from Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan show a sizeable increase in smoking rates for women and youth. The authors believe, based upon anecdotal data, that importation of tobacco products combined with aggressive marketing and advertising by American firms is, in a good measure, responsible for the reported increase.
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Roisah, Kholis, Rahayu Rahayu, Darminto Darminto, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Leony Sondang Suryani. "Governance and regulation of local working requirement and importation: Pharmaceutical industry study." Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no. 3 (2022): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i3art6.
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This paper aims to analyze the governance and regulation of local working requirement (LWR) and importation of pharmaceutical products in Indonesia. Based on the theoretical perspectives of Cottier and Panizzon (2004) and Champ and Attaran (2002), this study aims to analyze the important role of patents through LWR and importation, both directly or indirectly to facilitate the transfer of technology and to stimulate technology transfer with the availability of technology information through patent documents. The research was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. A doctrinal approach was used in this study in the context of reviewing the laws and regulations in the field of patents, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereinafter TRIPS Agreement), health law, and its derivative regulations. The theory used in this study is about the politics of patent law which focuses on the national interest to pursue local production of patented inventions. The results showed that LWR, pharmaceutical importations provisions, and intellectual property rights law policies as a whole in Indonesia need to be harmonized and integrated with policies on technology transfer, industrial development, trade, and investment. The results underscore the main way in which LWR can contribute directly to the transfer of technology in developing countries.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Importation of products"
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Sacco, Solomon Frank. "A comparative study of the implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa of the international law rules that allow compulsory licensing and parallel importation for HIV/AIDS drugs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1100.
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"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Boudali, Benyahia. "Approche économétrique du commerce extérieur : importations des produits alimentaires, cas de l'Algérie." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010070.
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Le but de cette étude est d'approcher économétriquement les importations alimentaires de l'Algérie et plus particulièrement celles des produits de base : (blé, farines et semoules, sucre et huiles). Ces importations sont appréciées dans notre analyse économétrique comme le solde entre la consommation + stock et la production pour le blé et les farines et semoules et assimilés à la consommation + stock pour le sucre et les huiles. Leur analyse a consisté donc à la modélisation économétrique de la consommation pour les quatre produits et de la production du blé. Pour la modélisation de la consommation, on a utilisé à la fois les modèles statiques et les modèles dynamiques. Les variables explicatives utilisées ont été le revenu et les prix ainsi que la consommation retardée. Pour la production des céréales on a estimé séparément les rendements par spéculation et par secteur (prive, socialiste) et par région : (Alger, Oran, Constantine). Les variables explicatives utilisées dans ces derniers modèles sont la pluviométrie, les engrais et la variable (temps). En dernier, on a fait une analyse détaillée du commerce extérieur de l'Algérie, en général et du commerce extérieur agro-alimentaire en particulier.
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Boudali, Benyahia. "Approche économétrique du commerce extérieur, importations des produits alimentaires cas de l'Algérie." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596284x.
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Madiata, Malomba-Nganga. "L'avenir des exportations agricoles africaines sur le marché de l'Union européenne." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081928.
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Les négociations internationales du GATT, qui dans son dernier cycle de l'Uruguay Round, nous ont montré l'importance de l'agriculture du fait de son blocage dans les relations internationales entre les pays ou les groupes de pays. L'OMC qui a succédé en lieu et place du GATT depuis 1995 connaît toujours les mêmes problèmes quant à la libéralisation du commerce des produits agricoles. Bien qu'ayant son propre berceau agricole primaire et secondaire, l'agriculture tropicale africaine s'est développée d'une part grâce aux indépendances et à l'émancipation des pays de l'Amérique latine et des îles Carai͏̈bes et d'autre part du fait du transfert de toutes ces cultures des régions tropicales (Amérique latine, îles des Carai͏̈bes et les pays de l'Asie du Sud et Sud-Est) et qui a été facilité par la ressemblance climatique. De ce fait, l'Afrique Subsaharienne va exporter vers l'Europe des produits agricoles tropicaux tel que le café, le cacao, la banane, l'huile de palme, le sucre, le thé, le coton. . .
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Park, Jin-Pyo. "Les déterminants du choix d'un produit étranger : proposition d'un modèle intégrateur : application au marché coréen." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002319860204611&vid=upec.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'impact des variables liées au produit (image du pays d'origine et image de la marque) et des variables psychographiques du consommateur (patriotisme, animosité et ouverture sur les cultures étrangères) sur l'évaluation et l'intention d'achat du produit étranger. La revue de littérature conduit à la formulation du cadre conceptuel et à la réalisation d'une étude empirique auprès de 520 jeunes consommateurs coréens. Deux catégories de produit ont été retenues selon le niveau d'implication (ordinateur portable et pile), ainsi que deux marques dont le niveau de familiarité est différent (ordinateur portable : marques Sony et Safer, pile : marques Panasonic et Cencell) et trois pays d'origine aux niveaux de développement économique contrastés dans la région d'Asie orientale (Japon, Corée et Chine). Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que les variables liées au produit (image du pays d'origine et image de la marque) modifient l'évaluation et l'intention d'achat du produit étranger. Le patriotisme du consommateur influe positivement sur les choix des produits nationaux. Parmi les variables liées au produit, l'image du pays de fabrication a l'effet le plus fort sur l'évaluation et l'intention d'achat du produit étranger. Ces résultats suggèrent que les décisions de délocalisation de la fabrication d'un produit à l'étranger vers des pays à bas coûts de production doivent être assorties de mesures spécifiques d'accompagnement marketing quand l'image de ces pays est faible ou défavorable auprès du consommateurThis dissertation is interested in the impact of product related variables (country-of-origin image and brand image) and of consumer psychographic variables (patriotism, animosity and openness to foreign cultures) on the evaluation and the purchase intention of foreign products. The empirical study was conducted with 520 young Korean consumers. Two types of products with different levels of involvement have been used (laptop computer and battery), along with two brands exhibiting two levels of familiarity (laptop computer: brands Sony and Safer, battery: brands Panasonic and Cencell) and with three eastern asian countries of origin characterized by different levels of economic development (Japan, Korea and China). The results of this research show that variables related to the product (country-of-origin image and brand image) modify the evaluation and the purchase intention of the foreign product. The consumer patriotism influences positively the choices in favour of the national products. Among the variables related to the product, the country-of-manufacture image has the stronggest effect on the evaluation and the purchase intention of the foreign product. These results suggest that the delocalization decisions to manufacture a product in a low cost of production country should be associated with specific marketing actions when the perception of the image of this country is weak or unfavourable in the eyes of the consumer
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Bai, Clotilde Kai. "Organisation spatiale de la distribution des produits vivriers agricoles : réflexions à partir de l'exemple de la Côte-d’Ivoire." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010585.
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La croissance économique de la Côte-d’Ivoire est basée sur l'agriculture dont les ressources naturelles et humaines sont nombreuses. Occupant les premiers rangs mondiaux pour la production de café et de cacao, ce pays est pourtant obligé d'importer une part importante de sa consommation alimentaire, surtout des céréales. De nombreuses études recherchant les raisons fondamentales des difficultés alimentaires de la Côte-d’Ivoire , ont mis en exergue les phénomènes socio-économiques spécifiques à l'organisation générale de la distribution des produits vivriers. Nous avons choisi délibérément de nous dégager d'une optique strictement économique pour projeter ces phénomènes dans un cadre spatial auquel ils servent d'éléments d'approche. Considérant l'espace ivoirien en tant que support géographique d'une activité économique qu'il abrite, notre problématique se fonde sur les questions suivantes: en quoi les mécanismes de la distribution vivrière provoquent-ils des formes particulières d'organisation spatiale à l'intérieur des unités territoriales et réciproquement, en quoi l'organisation de l'espace influe-t-elle sur la structure de la distribution des cultures vivrières? Les réponses à ces questions se trouvent dans l'étude de l'économie agricole, l'espace géographique et les relations sociales en C. IIvory Cost economic growth is based on the numerous natural and human resources of agriculture. Among the first world producers of coffee and cocoa, this country is still bound to import a large part of its food consumption, mainly cereals. Several surveys on the fundamental reasons of i. C's food problems have pointed out the socio-economical phenomena specific to the general organisation of food distribution. We have delbierately chosen not to focus on the economical aspects only in order to shwo these phenomena in a spatial frame they help to understand. Considering that i. C. 's territory is the support of an economical activity it shelters, our problematic relies on the following questions: how do the food distirbution systems incite a particular shape of spatial organisation in the areas of the territory and mutually, how does the spatial organisation influence the food distribution in ivory cost? The answers to those questions are in the survey of agricultural economy, of geographical space and of social relations in Ivory Cost
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Dabrowski, Vladimir. "Systèmes d’approvisionnement et gestion des ressources végétales en Arabie orientale aux périodes antique et islamique (IVème s. av. J.-C. – XVIème s. ap. J.-C.) : approches archéobotanique et archéoentomologique." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MNHN0003.
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Les campagnes de fouilles menées sur plusieurs sites antiques et islamiques en Arabie orientale ont livré des macrorestes botaniques et entomologiques. Les sites inclus dans le corpus sont Qal’at al-Bahreïn (Royaume de Bahreïn), Kush et Mleiha (E.A.U.) et Fulayj et Qalhât (Sultanat d’Oman). Ce travail se base sur des analyses carpologiques, anthracologiques, xylologiques et archéoentomologiques. Il s’attache à déterminer les stratégies d’approvisionnement et de gestion des ressources végétales mises en place par les sociétés des périodes historiques, de l’Antiquité à l’arrivée des Portugais dans l’océan Indien, au sein d’un environnement aride contraignant et d’un contexte de dynamiques commerciales. L’agriculture est reconnue sous la forme de palmeraies, un agrosystème oasien, polycultural et irrigué, au sein desquelles étaient cultivés des céréales, des légumineuses, des fruitiers et des condiments. Des informations concernant les modalités de stockage et des mesures de conservation et de protection des denrées alimentaires ont été mises en évidence dans le contexte incendié de Mleiha. Les ravageurs des produits stockés auxquels les sociétés devaient faire face ont été déterminés. L’acquisition du combustible se basait sur une optimisation des ressources disponibles issues des différentes formations végétales de la région, du système agricole et d’activités de rejets. Un grand nombre de taxons allochtones a été trouvé, correspondant à des plantes cultivées et du bois de plantes sauvages ligneuses, ainsi que des insectes. Les plantes cultivées correspondent surtout à des taxons d’origine tropicale et sub-tropicale pour lesquels il est généralement difficile de déterminer s’ils ont été importés ou s’ils ont pu être acclimatés localement. Le contexte de dynamiques commerciales au sein du golfe Persique et de l’océan Indien aux périodes antique et islamique semble avoir favorisé l’importation et l’acclimatation de plantes allochtones, voire d’insectes, en Arabie orientaleExcavations conducted on several classical and Islamic period sites in eastern Arabia have provided botanical and insect macroremains. The sites included in our study are Qal’al al-Bahrain (Kingdom of Bahrain), Kush and Mleiha (U.A.E.) and Fulayj and Qalhât (Sultanate of Oman). This work is based on the analysis of seeds/fruits, charcoal (anthracology), wood (xylology) and insect remains (entomology). It aims at understanding the supplying strategies and the management of plant resources by the societies of historical periods, from Antiquity to the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, in an environment marked by aridity and a context of trade dynamics. Agriculture is recognised in the form of date palm gardens, an oasis agrosystem with multi-cropping and irrigation in which cereals, pulses, fruit trees and condiments were cultivated. Information concerning the storage as well as measures of conservation and protection of foodstuffs has been obtained from a burnt context at Mleiha. Parasites attacking storage of food that the past populations had to face have been determined. The procurement of fuel was based on the optimal use of resources present in the different local plant communities, in agricultural systems and the use of waste. A large number of allochtonous plant taxa have been identified, corresponding to cultivated plants and wood from wild-growing trees, as well as insects. The cultivated plants correspond mainly to taxa of tropical and subtropical origin for which it is generally difficult to determine if they were brought to the sites as importations or if they could have been acclimatised locally. The context of trade dynamics across the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean during the classical and Islamic periods seem to have favoured the importation and acclimatisation of allochtonous plants, or even insects, in eastern Arabia
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Grosse, Philippe. "Le défi français à la prééminence anglaise au Brésil, 1822-1850." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040228.
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La France possède une industrie qui en couvre les principales branches, dimensionnée pour faire face aux besoins de la consommation, mais partie avec retard dans la révolution industrielle, elle n’est pas apte à soutenir la concurrence de nations rivales plus avancées; le gouvernement est contraint d’appliquer des mesures protectionnistes pour sauvegarder l’emploi; de nombreuses institutions ont pour but de favoriser le développement du commerce et de l’industrie; mais les Français ont un esprit d’entreprise peu développé; la prudente circonspection des négociants français s’oppose au caractère hardi et aventureux des Anglo-saxons. La Grande-Bretagne s’est dotée, surtout dans le textile, d’un outil de production industrielle innovant et performant, dimensionné pour dépasser largement les besoins du marché intérieur; ses négociants et ses fabricants possèdent un esprit qui les tourne vers le commerce extérieur dans leur recherche de profit; enfin le pays possède des institutions financières solides et une flotte de commerce à laquelle le Navigation Act pris sous Cromwell a permis de donner un grand développement; mais une détresse profonde qui sévit dans les classes laborieuses vient sérieusement ternir ce tableau flatteur. Entre 1822 et 1850 la France voit la production de son industrie manufacturière plus que doubler, son commerce extérieur tripler; elle double la part de marché qu’elle possède dans les exportations de produits naturels et manufacturés au Brésil; cela constitue pour la France une réussite, mais n’aurait elle pas pu mieux faire? La thèse tente d’apporter des éclairages sur les responsabilités relatives de la politique suivie par le gouvernement et du comportement des acteurs privésThe French industry covers the main branches of which it is composed, and is designed to cope with the consumption of the country; but having started tardily it cannot withstand the competition of more advanced rival nations; the government has to promote protectionist measures to safeguard employment; numerous institutions exist to boost the development of trade and industry; but French people lack the spirit of enterprise; the prudent circumspection of French merchants is opposed to the bold and adventurous character of Anglo-Saxons. Great Britain has developed, mainly in their textile industry, an innovating and performing tool for industrial production, designed to exceed considerably the needs of domestic market; the merchants and manufacturers have a spirit oriented toward international trade to make a profit; and the country has solid financial institutions and a merchant shipping to which the Navigation Act promulgated by Cromwell gave a big advantage; but a big distress which exists in the working classes tarnishes this flattering landscape. Between 1822 and 1850 the production of French industry more than doubled, the foreign trade tripled; and its market share for exports of natural and manufactured products to Brazil doubled; this was a success for France, but could she have done better? The thesis tries to throw some light on the comparative responsibilities of the governmental policies and the behaviour of the private sector
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Deplagne, Constance. "Recherche sur le conflit de lois en matière d’accès aux ressources biologiques humaines." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100093.
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La plupart des substances du corps humain sont utilisables indépendamment dutout dont elles proviennent (pour la greffe, la recherche, l’assistance médicale à laprocréation, etc.). En amont, cela implique un processus d’accès à ces ressourcesbiologiques humaines. Ce processus se divise en deux phases : leur individualisation – parleur prélèvement et leur statut juridique – et leur circulation.À l’heure actuelle, ce processus est directement touché par le phénomène de lamondialisation. Ainsi, les organes, les tissus et les cellules humains, mais aussi les patients dont ils proviennent, circulent au-delà des frontières à des fins thérapeutiques comme scientifiques. L’encadrement de ces pratiques par les textes de droit international public se révélant insuffisant, des situations de conflit de lois prospèrent. Le droit international privé doit alors être sollicité. Or, aucune règle de conflit de lois n’a été consacrée en ce domaine, ni par la loi, ni la jurisprudence. Plus encore, en apparence, les caractéristiques du droit de la bioéthique (origine humaine des ressources, omniprésence du droit public et différences parfois importantes de législations entre les États) semblent faire obstacle au raisonnement conflictuel. La présente étude se propose, au regard du droit positif, d’appréhender le conflit de lois en matière d’accès aux ressources biologiques humaines. Il sera donc question de le résoudre mais également d’analyser la mise en oeuvre des solutions proposéesMost substances in the human body can be used independently of their body oforigin (for transplantation, research, medically assisted procreation, etc.). Upstream, thisentails a process of access to these human biological resources. This process is divided intotwo phases: individualization of human biological resources - through their extraction andlegal status - and their circulation. At present, this process is directly affected by the phenomenon of globalization.Thus, human organs, tissues and cells, but also patients, are moving or are being moved across borders for therapeutic and scientific purposes. As the regulation of these practices by public international law texts is insufficient, situations of conflict of laws arise. Private international law must then be sought. However, no conflict-of-law rules has been established in this field, either by law or in the case law. Moreover, on the surface, the features of bioethics law (human origin of the resources, omnipresence of public law and differences in legislation between States) appear to hinder a conflict-of-law reasoning. The present study aims, from the point of view of positive law, to address conflict of laws concerning access to human biological resources. It will therefore seek to solve them and analyse the implementation of the proposed solutions
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Pavez, Iciar. "Les contrats inter-entreprises dans le commerce de produits périssables : le cas des exportations de fruits du Chili analysé avec la Théorie des Coûts de Transaction et l’Analyse Institutionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0016/document.
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Cette thèse examine les déterminants qui expliquent les types de contrats choisis par les exportateurs et les importateurs pour gérer les risques du commerce international. Elle analyse le cas des exportations chiliennes comme l'un des leaders de l'hémisphère sud sur le commerce des fruits. En appliquant la Théorie de Coûts de Transaction et l'Analyse Institutionnelle, ce travail étudie l'influence de l'incertitude environnementale et comportementale ainsi que la spécificité des actifs sur le degré de complétude, la formalisation et l'exécution des contrats. Cette recherche applique une méthodologie multistrand intégrant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. L'analyse utilise les informations provenant de 39 entretiens directs avec des exportateurs et des importateurs et de 65 enquêtes auprès d' exportateurs conduites à l'aide d'un questionnaire. Elle s'appuie également sur une base de données exhaustive issue des douanes chiliennes et documentant les 170370 transactions avec leurs contrats respectifs réalisées par le Chili dans ses exportations vers l'ensemble du monde sur la période 2009-2010. Elle s'appuie enfin sur 44 cas d'arbitrage international dans le commerce de fruits et légumes. Les résultats montrent que les niveaux d'incertitude environnementale liés aux « risques - pays importateurs » conduisent à des contrats plus complets tandis que des niveaux d'incertitude liés à la périssabilité des fruits conduisent à des contrats moins complets. De son côté, la pénurie d'offre sur le marché met l'entreprise exportatrice dans une position favorable pour négocier des contrats plus complets. Ces transactions internationales sont supportées par des moyens oraux et écrits; dans le négoce international des fruits, les contrats signés sont plus importants que pressenti, et leur rôle est davantage destiné à satisfaire les exigences institutionnelles qu'à compenser les risques. Pour faire respecter les contrats, les entreprises adoptent des mécanismes formels comme les inspections, les assurances et l'arbitrage, ainsi que des mécanismes informels tels que la confiance et la réputation. Cette étude a ses limites car elle porte principalement sur le point de vue de l'exportateur, la base de données des douanes ne fournissant pas l'identité de l'importateur et l'analyse transversale ne permettant pas d'observer l'évolution des pratiques contractuelles dans la durée. Jusqu'à présent, peu de recherches empiriques ont été faites sur les contrats intégrés dans différents contextes institutionnels; cette thèse contribue donc à la connaissance des choix contractuels dans 117 pays importateurs et plus généralement à la compréhension du commerce international des produits périssables. Elle est sur le plan académique, une contribution à la littérature économique et gestionnaire des contrats (complétude, formalisation, exécution) et des changements de forme de gouvernance dans les filières internationalesThis doctoral dissertation examines the determinants explaining the type of contracts chosen by exporters and importers to manage the hazards of international trade. It analyzes the case of Chilean off-season exports as one of the southern-hemisphere leaders in the fruit trade. Applying Transaction Cost Economics and Institutional Analysis as a framework, this work will analyze the influence of environmental and behavioral uncertainty and time-specificity on the degree of completeness, formalization and enforcement of contracts. A multi-strand research design integrating qualitative-quantitative methods is applied to analyze information gathered through: 39 face-to-face interviews with exporters and importers; questionnaire surveys from 65 exporters; an exhaustive Chilean customs database containing 170,370 shipments and contracts from Chile to worldwide buyers; and 44 international arbitration cases for the fruit and vegetable trade. The results show that high levels of uncertainty in the alternative importing countries increase the use of more complete contracts. When levels of fruit perishability are high, this often leads to less complete contracts. Shortage of market supply allows the exporting company a favorable position to negotiate a more complete contract. International transactions are supported by oral and written means; the use of signed contracts is more important than perceived in the fruit industry, but its role is more oriented to respond to institutional requirements rather than as a mechanism to offset hazards, such as exporting to risky countries or dealing with distrustful importers. To enforce contracts firms adopt formal and informal mechanisms. These include inspections, insurance, arbitration, in addition to trust and reputation. Limitations of this study include: the customs database does not include the identity of the importer, the cross-sectional analysis performed does not allow observing the evolution of contracting practices, the study is placed predominately from the exporter's perspective. There is also little empirical research on contracts analyzing transactions embedded in different institutional settings. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of contractual choices in 117 importing countries. It contributes to the understanding of international trade of perishable products. It also contributes to the economics and management literature on international contract completeness, formalization, enforceability, and to literature focusing on the changes of governance in the international supply chains
Books on the topic "Importation of products"
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Tribunal, Canadian International Trade. An inquiry into the importation of dairy product blends outside the coverage of Canada's tariff-rate quotas. [Ottawa]: Canadian International Trade Tribunal, 1998.
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M, Adams Charles. Trends in the importation of selected fresh and frozen seafood products into the southeastern United States. [Gainesville, Fla.]: Florida Sea Grant College Program, 1989.
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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Veterinary Services. Risk analysis for importation of classical swine fever virus in swine and swine products from the European Union. Riverdale, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2000.
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United States International Trade Commission. Probable economic effect of providing duty-free treatment for U.S. imports of certain high technology products: Report to the President on investigation no. TA-131(b)-9 under section 131(b) of the Trade Act of 1974. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1985.
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Fellmann, Thierry. Importations des produits alimentaires à Mayotte. [Mamoudzou]: Collectivité territoriale de Mayotte, Direction de l'agriculture et de la forêt, 1992.
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Trade, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on. Legislation to prohibit the importation of products made by Toshiba Corp. and Kongsberg Vaapenfabrik Co.: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, July 14, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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Trade, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on. Legislation to prohibit the importation of products made by Toshiba Corp. and Kongsberg Vaapenfabrik Co.: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, July 14, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Trade. Legislation to prohibit the importation of products made by Toshiba Corp. and Kongsberg Vaapenfabrik Co.: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, July 14, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
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United, States Congress House Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Livestock Dairy and Poultry. Review the inspection and increased importation of Canadian market swine and pork products: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, May 19, 1989, Sioux City, IA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry. Review the inspection and increased importation of Canadian market swine and pork products: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session, May 19, 1989, Sioux City, IA. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Importation of products"
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Vida, Irena, and Vandana Shah Plassmann. "Consumer Attitudes Toward Importation and Purchasing of Foreign Made Products: A Study of Young Estonian Consumers." In Proceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference, 236–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17383-2_44.
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Michaud, Michael, Mark Redman, and John Dalby. "Organic certification and the importation of organically produced foods." In Handbook of Organic Food Processing and Production, 31–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2107-5_3.
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"European Communities Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products." In La jurisprudence de l'OMC / The Case-Law of the WTO, 1998-2, e34-f63. Brill | Nijhoff, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004151529.i-f225.13.
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Rabbani, Abed G., Madan Mohan Dey, and Kehar Singh. "Determinants of Catfish, Basa and Tra Importation into the USA: An Application of an Augmented Gravity Model." In The Market for Aquaculture Products, 81–96. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315085999-6.
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Gwala, Ranson Sifiso. "The Legalisation of Cannabis in South Africa." In Rapid Innovation and Development in the Global Cannabis Market, 98–122. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6346-8.ch006.
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The recent legalisation of cannabis in South Africa has created a sizable market for the importation of cannabis products into the country. The cannabis-masterplan explains how the value creation features must be reflected in legislation. Cannabis products may already be imported with approval. This causes yet another delay and issue because it prevents the local market from being primary, secondary, and tertiary producers. Small-scale cannabis producers are a secondary segment of the value chain that can best solve this. Consequences can be anticipated from making cannabis farming the main source feeding into the value chain. The chapter suggests a value conceptual framework that creates new players, markets, and jobs for the local women and the youth, thus addressing one the sustainable developmental goals of creating employment.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana. "III.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts From Selected Case Law." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2020, 593–624. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197618721.003.0027.
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III.2.1United States—Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products. Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States / Second Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Mexico (WT/DS381/AB/RW/USA, WT/DS381/AB/RW2), Appellate Body Report circulated on 14 December 2018, adopted on 11 January 2019...
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"Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018, edited by Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo, 457–80. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072506.003.0023.
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Russian Federation—Measures on the Importation of Live Pigs, Pork and Other Pig Products from the European Union (WT/DS475/AB/RW), Appellate Body Report circulated on 23 February 2017, adopted on 21 March 2017 United States—Certain Methodologies and Their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China (WT/DS471/AB/R), Appellate Body Report circulated on 11 May 2017, adopted on 22 May 2017...
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Gomula, Joanna. "Introductory Note." In The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018, 449–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072506.003.0022.
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In 2017 panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in nine disputes. The disputes concerned alleged violations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), the Anti-Dumping Agreement, and the Agreement on Agriculture. Four of the disputes concerned restrictions placed on the importation of animal products (mainly poultry and pigs), such as licensing requirements and import restrictions, tariff rate quotas established following re-negotiations with principal suppliers, and SPS measures. The dispute over a ban on importation of pigs featured an important issue relating to the “regionalization” of SPS measures. Two disputes provided clarification as to the relationship between WTO agreements, in particular, the relationship between GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture. The year 2017 also saw another case in the “series” of the Airbus/Boeing subsidies disputes, with the United States scoring a victory over the European Union.
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Olawoye, Babatunde, Oseni Kadiri, Oladapo Fisoye Fagbohun, and Timilehin David Oluwajuyitan. "Celiac Disease Management through Gluten-Free Diets." In Celiac Disease. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95762.
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In recent times, there had been an increase in the consumption of food products made from cereals other than wheat flour. This is partly due to the surge or rise in wheat importation thereby led to a high foreign exchange spending for countries with comparative disadvantage in the cultivation and production of wheat grain. Aside from this, there had been a major concern on the health challenges emanating as a result of the consumption of food made from wheat flour. This health challenge is called celiac disease; an immune-mediated disease arising from the inability of the consumer to ingest gluten-containing products. This book chapter intends to write on the management of celiac disease using gluten-free diets.
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"United States – Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products." In Dispute Settlement Reports 2019, 1101–314. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108991056.001.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Importation of products"
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Ubando, Aristotle T., Jeremias A. Gonzaga, Ivan Henderson V. Gue, and Jose Bienvenido M. Biona. "A computational architecture for evaluation of the fuel consumption for importation of products." In 2017 IEEE 9th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM ). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hnicem.2017.8269460.
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Imohiosen, Odion Uvo-Oise, and Sarah Abidemi Akintola. "Effect of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Delonix regia Sawdust on Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Drilling Fluid." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207200-ms.
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Abstract Over the past years, there has been an increase in the importation of Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), an important drilling mud polymer additive, in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. However, the ripple effects of the importation of this polymer and other oilfield chemicals on the Nigeria oil and gas industry includes rising cost of oil and gas field development, limited oil and gas industry growth, and capital flight. In order to mitigate this trend, studies on the use of local substitutes such as starch and its derivatives have gathered momentum with risk such as competition with food supply and increase in food cost. The use of sawdust wastes which offers a non-competing and a cheap source of feedstock in the production of CMC have rarely been investigated. The study therefore investigated production of CMC from sawdust waste of a highly underutilized wood (Delonix regia), after which drilling mud tests were conducted to determine the rheological and filtration properties of mud treated with the CMC products. The CMC production adopted the Williamson ether synthesis process in a slurry medium involving two main reactions of mercerization and etherification. All reaction parameters were held constant except the etherifying agent concentration. The CMC products were characterized using FTIR Spectroscopy. The synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose products yielded good filtration and rheological properties suitable for drilling fluid applications. The use of low concentrations of about 0.5g to 1.0g of the synthesized products per laboratory barrel of mud could reduce filtration volume by 11.4% to 32.9% at low temperature and pressure conditions. The synthesized CMC products obtained from this work can be used as local substitute of low viscosity foreign CMC products.
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Ekeinde, Evelyn Bose, Adewale Dosunmu, Diepiriye Chenaboso Okujagu, and Josephine Omolola Ugherughe. "Imperatives of Modular Refineries and their Impact on Product Availability in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211932-ms.
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Abstract Nigeria is richly blessed with crude oil, with a proven reserve of 37billion barrels. Despite the abundance of this "black gold", Nigeria has over the years lacked the capacity to meet the country's demand for petroleum products locally and has resorted to the importation of petroleum products. This is largely due to the fact that the four state-owned conventional refineries, with a combined refining capacity of 445,000 bpd have been operating below optimal conditions, with a combined capacity utilization of 17% in 10years, from 2009 to 2018. Though establishing conventional refineries is highly capital intensive and significantly takes a long time to build and commission, the modular refinery option is however a less capital intensive alternative. This paper discusses the vital roles or importance of modular refineries as well as how it impacts on the availability of petroleum products in the Nigeria. It was discovered that Nigeria has lots of benefits to reap from exploiting modular refinery initiative, amongst which are eliminating fuel shortages and deficits, job creation, overall improvement of the economy and GDP growth, conservation of foreign exchange, among others. It was concluded that the right policy drive to encourage investors to dive into this initiative be put in place to enable Nigeria transit into an exporter of petroleum products.
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Eickel, Bianca, and Richard Perassi. "The evolution graphic-symbolic communication positioning of the Multilaser technological brand." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.97.
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With the globalization process, the concept of technology is widespread in the construction of a more simplified society (Harvey, 2008). Over time, technology evolves and transforms, during this process, communication and culture follow the changes. Companies inserted in this sociocultural network seek to communicate with the consumer, and thus the positioning is irrefutable in this marketing process. If technology, communication, and culture change and transform over time, then brand positioning must also follow this movement (Sant'Anna, 1998). Advertising uses the word technology as a sales argument and to position the brand in the minds of consumers, however, there is confusion in the representation of graphic visuality in technology companies when it comes to giving imagery meaning to the technology itself. It is believed that part of it is given by the cultural, political, and tooling aspects available for these constructions, as well as, it is intended to study the possible cause of hypertrophy of the aesthetic function in communication products, a concept addressed by Perassi (2001) when elucidating a pathology of representations that mischaracterize the referential and advertising function. Based on this context, the theme of this proposal will describe the evolution process of the graphic-symbolic communication positioning of the Multilaser technological brand, and thus analyze the changes in positioning from the perspective of design. The chosen brand brings relevance to the study because it went through historical milestones in its business and communication structure, which will contribute to the descriptive analysis of its evolution. The company was founded in Brazil in 1987. It started operating in the printer and photocopying segment, recycling cartridges until 2003, after the company entered the computer, accessories, and cell phone line, and consequently changed its positioning and starts to compete with major players in the world technological market. It currently has 44 thousand points of sale in Brazil, and portfolio of 15 departments. The problem of the proposal takes into account a large amount of importation of technological products, and soon it is believed in the importation of communication, and design references. The study is justified by the need to assess the perception of confusion in graphic representation and hypertrophy of the aesthetic function in communication in the Brazilian technological segment. To achieve the result, a qualitative methodological approach will be used, aimed at the perception of meanings that are intrinsic in beliefs, values, and attitudes in human relationships. Therefore, so that the research objectives are achieved, the study will be divided into three stages of development: exploratory, bibliographical, and documentary. The discussions that take place in this proposal bring the relationship between communication and culture, visual communication as a form of brand positioning, as well as graphic advertising representation in communication from the perspective of design. The study will be limited to graphic products for advertising communication, which is expected to understand a look at the advancement of knowledge in visuality and graphic-symbolic positioning of Brazilian technology brands, as well as the role of professionals in the field of design.
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Ayodele, Emmanuel, Chibuikem Ezeonu, Freda Amuah, Daniel Sangoleye, and Funmilayo Ayodele. "The Effect of Sugarcane Fibres and MICA as Loss Circulation Material in Water Based Mud." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211951-ms.
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Abstract With the ever increasing need for Nigeria to incorporate the local industries in the oil and gas sector, to reduce the total production cost of a barrel of oil and reduce the need of depending on foreign products used in oil and gas processes. This has mandated for local materials to be tested as an alternative to some imported products used in oil and gas production processes. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using foreign mica and sugar cane fibre as loss circulation materials. Water based muds were formulated from sugarcane fibre that is locally sourced, and the conventionally used foreign Mica. Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate are evaluated). The concentration of the LCM were varied, the expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology and filtration results of mud samples and the effects of varying the concentration (1g, 3g, and 5g) of both foreign fibre (Mica) and sugarcane fibre, determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 3g, the sugarcane fibre mud has a better rheology than the Mica mud, but at a concentration above 5g, Mica mud shows a better yield point values than sugarcane fibre mud, that is, as the concentration of sugarcane fibre is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased, till the concentration of 5g and above is attained in a 350ml lab barrel. The viscosity, filtrates and filter cake thickness of the drilling fluid produced from the sugarcane fibre were almost at par with that of foreign based Mica. It's recommended that the sugarcane fibre should be considered as an alternative to Mica as a loss circulation material, with more research on the oil based mud with sugar cane fibre as loss circulation materials.
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Bookoff, Leslie I., and Dinesh N. Melwani. "Strengthening a Patent Portfolio by Smart Patent Procurement." In ASME 2009 4th Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2009-83008.
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Medical device developers frequently invest enormous amounts of money and inventor hours to develop and commercialize new devices and treatments. Once commercialized, however, these devices and treatments often can be duplicated by competitors for a fraction of the initial investments. A strong patent portfolio protects these investments by deterring the manufacture, sale, and importation of unauthorized duplications. In addition, a strong patent portfolio can capture venture capital interest and increase a company’s market value. Medical device developers should employ prudent defensive and offensive patent strategies during the early stages of product development. Such strategies not only provide for an effective defense against unauthorized product duplication but also increase the value of their products. This presentation will provide insights into building a strong patent portfolio that can withstand the attacks of competitors. In particular, this presentation will discuss various effective strategies that include: • Timely Invention Capture and Patent Filings — + Discover the activities that can cause an unintentional loss of patent rights and how to avoid them. + Learn the necessary recording and documentation of inventive activity needed to prevail in litigation. + Hear how patents can help you control a competitor’s ability to improve their products by obtaining blocking patents. • Creating a Valuable Application Disclosure — + Use your technical expertise to help your patent attorney fully disclose your invention and all conceivable variations and modifications. + Know why the Patent Office requires disclosing the “best” way of practicing your invention, and how failing to do so can affect your patent rights. • Obtaining Commercially Significant Claims — + Consider what it will take to prove infringement of your claims. + Ensure your claims target as many infringers as possible through the use of various claim types and scope. + Be certain your claims account for future improvements or “design-arounds” to your product. + Ensure your patent attorney is aware of the competition and has drafted claims that cover their devices and foreseeable enhancements. • Inventorship and Ownership — + Understand improper inventorship and how it can destroy patent rights. + Find out who is an “inventor” and how to determine inventorship. + Ensure your company owns the rights to a patent. • Avoiding Patent Procurement Pitfalls — + Learn about the Patent Office’s “Duty of Disclosure” and who must comply. + Ensure your compliance with the “Duty of Disclosure.” + Understand how inventor and corporate failure to comply with the “Duty of Disclosure” can destroy patent rights. In summary, building a strong patent portfolio in concert with a company’s business objectives is imperative in today’s technologically complex and rapidly changing economy. Many successful companies understand that a strong patent portfolio, which protects core technologies and contains offensive and defensive patents, can provide a competitive advantage in the marketplace. By employing the strategies in this presentation, a company can build a strong patent portfolio that reflects present and future business goals and enhances the value of the company.
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Del Cueto, Beatriz. "From Natural to Artificial: Vernacular housing in the Spanish Caribbean." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14218.
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The Spanish American War of 1898 and the colonization of the Spanish Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic) by the Government of the United States (U.S.), brought about changes to local vernacular housing. The Spanish colonizers substituted indigenous traditional means and methods of construction and replaced them with continental techniques and new materials. The U.S. occupation produced yet another transformation through the extensive use of portland cement which became the protagonist for their new domestic architecture. Even though cement had been introduced into the region two decades prior, to build industrial structures and through the importation of pre-manufactured new materials made with cement, it was slowly accepted for residential buildings, being promoted as fireproof, vermin-proof, and with the strength to resist hurricanes and earthquakes. Erection methods were faster, the dwellings were lighter, and built with the use of repetitive methods facilitated by reusable molds. Catalogs produced in each of these territories with the new prefabricated cement architectural elements would maintain the essence of the vernacular translated into cement and reinforced concrete. These architectural evolutions are traced with the use of historic archival materials: cartography, architectural layouts, photography, and extant contemporary representations.
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Ayodele, Emmanuel, David Ekuma, Ikechukwu Okafor, and Innocent Nweze. "Comparative Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Irvingia Gabonensis Ogbono and Foreign Polymer for Bentonite Formulated Mud." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207112-ms.
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Abstract Drilling fluid are complex fluids consisting of several additives. These additives are added to enhance and control the rheological properties (such as viscosity, gel strength and yield point) of the mud. These properties are controlled for effective drilling of a well. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using industry-based polymer and Irvingia Gabonensis (ogbono) as viscosifiers. Water based muds were formulated from the aforementioned locally sourced viscosifier and that of the conventional used viscosifier (Carboxylmetyl cellulose, CMC). Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (such as yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate) are evaluated. The concentration of the viscosifiers were varied. The expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology of mud samples and the effect of varying the concentration (2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, and 10g) of both CMC and Ogbono and determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 2g, the ogbono mud has a better rheology than the CMC mud, but at a concentration above 2g, CMC mud shows a better rheology than ogbono mud, that is, as the concentration of CMC is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased while as the concentration of ogbono is increased the rheological properties decreased. The viscosity of the drilling fluid produced from the ogbono were lower than that of CMC, it could be used together with another local product such as cassava starch, offor or to further improve the rheology and then be a substitute to the conventional viscosifiers.
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Aguila, Rupert Karlo D., Edwin N. Quiros, and Jose Gabriel E. Mercado. "Investigation of Performance and Emissions of a CRDI Passenger Van Fuelled With Coconut Methyl Ester-Diesel Blends Using Drive Cycle and Steady Speed Operation." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1708.
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Abstract For the past years, Different Philippine local regulations have been imposed to address oil importation and to address environment concerns. One requirement is reduced emission from diesel engines and at the same time reduce the use of fossil fuels for the. In accordance to the Clean Air Act and the Biofuels Act, The Philippine government is looking for possible alternatives to fossil fuels, One of the biodiesel the country is currently using is coconut methyl ester due to the abundance of coconut trees in the country. This research shows the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with coconut methyl ester in a CRDi Passenger van and will help the government justify the increase in blend percentage mandated in commercial fuels. This study is investigates 0%, 2%, 5% 10% and 20% Coconut Methyl Ester (CME)-diesel blends. The experiment consisted of Japanese 10-15 standard drive cycle test, steady state test at 40,60, & 80 kph was performed in the Vehicle Research and Testing Laboratory in the University of the Philippines Diliman equipped with chassis dynamometer, fuel flow meter and emissions analyzer. Performance parameters measured are Power, Specific Fuel Consumption and Mileage, while emission characteristics for CO, NOx, THC are measured. PM measurements were not measured for this experiment. In both Drive cycle and steady state test specific fuel consumption and mileage improved with addition of CME, however results showed they are independent of CME percentage. The best improvement was observed with 5%CME blended with neat diesel at 4.8% and 8.5% for drive cycle and steady state test respectively. Majority of the CME-diesel blends showed decrease in emission specifically in CO and THC emission which is consistent to published literature. For both steady state test and drive cycle test up to 29.5% decrease inn CO and up to 64% decrease in THC was observed. This can be attributed to the overall lean mixtures and in the increase of oxygenated fuel at higher CME blends. NOx emission however is consistent for all fuel blends in the drive cycle test while for the steady state test NOx emission is dependnt on the engine speed. Decreasing trend was obtained for 40 and 60 km/h while increasing trend was obtrained at 80 km/h, with respect to %CME. Average power produced for all the speeds was basically constant for all the blends as compared with neat diesel. Lastly, maximum power showed insignificant changes although majority of the blends showed a minimal power reduction as compared to neat diesel.
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Akharas, Ismail, Michael P. Hennessey, and Eric J. Tornoe. "Simulation and Visualization of Dynamic Systems in Virtual Reality Using SolidWorks, MATLAB/Simulink, and Unity." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23485.
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Abstract This paper introduces a novel method for playing dynamic animations of rigid body assemblies with internal motions in virtual reality (VR). Through previous research over a decade ago, an inexpensive, relatively straight-forward process has been developed that entailed using SolidWorks, MATLAB/Simulink, and movie player software to permit one to view 2D MP4 files, such as on a laptop, smart phone, etc. Inspired by the usefulness of these previous results, the approach presented here targets a VR environment, clearly representing a technological leap over viewing 2D MP4 files. It’s made possible by recent advances in VR & gaming software (e.g. Unity) along with some unique software interfacing, including use of CADLink, to permit importation of CAD files, such as from SolidWorks, into Unity. Those interested in VR visualization of their dynamic system can use the step-by-step process presented as a manual to guide them through the hardware and software setup and ultimately learn how to use SolidWorks, MATLAB/Simulink, and Unity interactively to visualize their simulations in VR. Another key point is that the analyst has considerable control and access over each step in the process, including the dynamic modeling, unlike that commonly found in large, structured dynamic simulation software packages. As an example to illustrate the process, a dynamic simulation of a classic pendulum/slider system was created using MATLAB/Simulink, which in effect numerically solves the ordinary differential equations of motion. The time-dependent displacement data for both the slider’s lateral movement and the pendulum’s angle, along with a time vector in incremental difference form, was saved as an Excel file. In turn, it was read by a C# script residing within Unity to permit an animation playback scenario of the SolidWorks CAD model of the entire pendulum/slider system (previously brought into Unity via CADLink with some reassembly), viewed more generally as an assembly with internal motions. Unity, a popular open-source piece of VR game development software used to produce both 2D and 3D video games and simulations, then serves as a platform to access the virtual world with the aid of an Oculus Rift (or Quest) VR headset and two hand controllers. In the end, the VR viewer can physically move around in the VR environment while at the same time view the playback motion of the pendulum/slider system from varying vantage points, just as one would expect in the real world. This work significantly advances the typical visualization experience with respect to dynamic system simulation & animation in addition to being widely applicable to generic mechanical assemblies.
Reports on the topic "Importation of products"
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Giles Álvarez, Laura, Juan Carlos Vargas-Moreno, Alejandra Mejía, Aastha Patel, and Nerlyne Jean-Baptiste. Une approche spatiale pour analyser l’insécurité alimentaire dans le département du Nord-Ouest d’Haïti. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004589.
Full textAbstract:
Cette étude présente une analyse de l’insécurité alimentaire et de ses facteurs sous-jacents dans le département du Nord-Ouest en Haïti. Ce département est l’un des plus vulnérable et le plus touché par l’insécurité alimentaire en Haïti, avec 55 % de la population ayant besoin d’une assistance urgente (IPC 2022). L’aide du Cadre intégré des phases de la sécurité alimentaire (IPC) et du Cadre de sécurité alimentaire (BID 2018) de la Banque Interaméricaine de développement (BID), cet article présente une analyse géo-spatiale, complétée par un examen d’autres facteurs socioéconomiques, pour donner un aperçu de ce qui aggrave cette crise alimentaire et des domaines les plus urgents à traiter. Les résultats montrent que le déclin de la production nationale - qui a été entravée par des infrastructures et des financements inadéquats, l’insécurité et les catastrophes naturelles - s’est produit parallèlement aux perturbations de la chane d’approvisionnement internationale, affectant les importations conjointement avec les recettes provenant de laide. L’ensemble de ces facteurs a un effet négatif sur la disponibilité de la nourriture. Les contraintes d’approvisionnement, les restrictions de mobilité, les chocs de prix et les risques pour les revenus durables ont également un impact négatif sur l’accès à la nourriture. Les difficultés d’accès à l’eau potable et aux infrastructures sanitaires, ainsi que le manque de diversité au niveau des régimes alimentaires, entravent également l’utilisation de la nourriture, décrite comme la disponibilité d’aliments de qualité nécessaires pour atteindre un statut nutritionnel adéquat. En outre, la stabilité alimentaire n’est pas garantie en raison des problèmes liés aux dotations naturelles de la région, au manque ou à la faible capacité des infrastructures d’irrigation, à la vulnérabilité aux chocs climatiques, aux fluctuations des prix et à l’insécurité. Sur la base de ces résultats, ce document recommande 23 actions visant à augmenter l’accès aux services de base, à promouvoir une nutrition adéquate, à soutenir une agriculture productive et durable et à accroître la résilience aux chocs et aux fluctuations inhérentes à l’écosystème alimentaire. Plus important encore, le déploiement efficace de ces mesures nécessitera une approche coordonnée à tous les niveaux administratifs de ltatocal et national, en collaboration avec le secteur privé et la communauté des donateurs.
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Türkiye - the Production, Importation and Marketing of Pharmaceutical Products. World Trade Organization, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/25208233-583.
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