Relevant bibliographies by topics / Import penetration

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Import penetration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 22 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Import penetration"

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Paz, Lourenço S., and Kul Prasad Kapri. "The Effects of the Chinese Imports on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 7, no. 3 (2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030076.

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This study examines the impacts of imports from China and from the Rest of the World (ROW) on the wages of Brazilian manufacturing workers during 2000–2012. In this period, import penetration in Brazil grew by 25 percent, and the Chinese share of it increased from 3 to 20 percent. Using household survey data that encompass both formal and informal workers, we find that imports from China and from the ROW had different effects on manufacturing skilled and unskilled workers’ wages. Both the skilled and unskilled workers were negatively affected by an increase in the Chinese import penetration of intermediate inputs. For skilled workers, the ROW import penetration effect was negative for labor-intensive industries and positive for the other industries, while the Chinese import penetration had a positive effect on skilled workers’ wages. For the unskilled workers, we find that those in unskilled-labor intensive industries experienced positive impacts from both China and ROW import penetrations, whereas larger import penetrations reduced the wages for unskilled workers in the other industries.
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Clements, Kenneth W., Long Hai Vo, and Marc Jim Mariano. "Modelling import penetration." Economic Modelling 102 (September 2021): 105590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105590.

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Whitney, James D. "Imperfect competition and import penetration." Atlantic Economic Journal 16, no. 1 (1988): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304057.

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Langhammer, Rolf J. "Import market penetration in services." Intereconomics 26, no. 6 (1991): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929011.

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Paz, Lourenço S. "The China Shock Impact on Labor Informality: The Effects on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers." Economies 10, no. 5 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10050109.

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The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and ‘rest of the world’ import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state.
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Matsubara, Kiyoshi. "Import Penetration and Domestic Process Innovation." International Economy 2001, no. 52 (2001): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.2001.143.

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Matsubara, Kiyoshi. "Import Penetration and Domestic Process Innovation." Review of International Economics 13, no. 4 (2005): 646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00528.x.

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Chappell, William F., and Bruce Yandle. "The Competitive Role of Import Penetration." Antitrust Bulletin 37, no. 4 (1992): 957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9203700404.

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loannidis, Chris, and David Whitmarsh. "Import penetration and UK fisheries policy." Marine Policy 14, no. 5 (1990): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(90)90007-e.

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Chappell, William F., and Bruce Yandle. "An entry model of import penetration." Atlantic Economic Journal 19, no. 1 (1991): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02303289.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Import penetration"

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Onaran, Özlem. "The effect of import penetration on labor market outcomes in Austrian manufacturing industry." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1264/1/document.pdf.

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This paper estimates the effects of imports on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria for the period of 1990-2005 using panel data of manufacturing industry. Imports are disaggregated according to their origin and as final vs. intermediate imports. There is evidence of significant negative effects of imports on employment, wages and the wage share. Particularly workers in high skilled sectors experience negative effects. Offshoring to both Eastern Europe and the developed countries have a negative impact on employment, whereas offshoring to the East has a positive effect on wages, indicating the dominance of scope effects. (author´s abstract)<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Jan, Nawawi Bin Mohammed. "Business strategies for firms in declining industries caused by low-cost import penetration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28270.

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The major limitation of many studies on declining industries is the presumption that industrial decline is associated with the final stage of the industry life cycle. These studies often define the sample of their study as those firms where their dominant products are subjected to technological obsolescence and are experiencing a persistent decline in the demand of their products. Conversely, the current study identified factors that the cause of the shrinking in demand of the UK industries was not generally obsolete technology. The decline of UK industries was partly due to severe low cost import penetration that stimulated the shift in demand from the UK manufacturers to the cheaper imported products from the over-seas low cost manufacturers.
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Van, Walsum Judith M. (Judith Margaretha) Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "The EC policy response to import penetration and foreign direct investment in the European semiconductor industry : a political economy analysis." Ottawa, 1990.

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Moloto, Phineas Rameshovo. "Growth Trends in the South African Manufactured Export Industry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28425.

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Through empirical research the researcher gained an in-depth knowledge regarding the growth trends in the South African manufactured export industry as well as the factors determining the patterns of growth and champion industries. Finally, recommendations that may be used by relevant authorities and scholars were made. To researchers, a study at disaggregated level into the growth trends of each manufactured export sub-sector should be central to future research.<br>Dissertation (MA (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Economics<br>unrestricted
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Olsen, Gregory Dana. "Experimental investigation into catastrophic failure of pressure vessels due to hypervelocity impact /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008411.

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Emanuel, Kevin. "Impact of high renewable penetration in a distribution network." Thesis, Emanuel, Kevin (2019) Impact of high renewable penetration in a distribution network. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52468/.

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The growth of renewable energy, especially PV system has been accelerated in the past decades. With this growth, several problems have been identified that can interfere with the power quality on the distribution network. These problems include; voltage rise, voltage unbalance, voltage sag/swell, flickering, and harmonic issue. IEEE 13 bus distribution network has been chosen to be the base of this research due to its flexibility and it has been modeled in DigSILENT Power Factory. The results of the study shown that the identified problems were real, and it needs to be addressed before damages can be done to the equipment. The proposed solution to the network was to double feed the network. Double feeding is a solution that proposed an extra connection to the grid in the farthest node in the distribution network. The proposed solution has been tested and promising results were found. Overall the study has been helpful to test the capability of a distribution network to handle a various degree of PV production level and how double feeding affected the power quality of the network. More research in the network is needed, especially with a real distribution network involved as a real network will behave differently compared to the simulated network.
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Ballew, Wesley D. "Taylor Impact Test and Penetration of Reinforced Concrete Targets by Cylindrical Composite Rods." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34098.

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We use the three-dimensional finite element code DYNA3D to analyze two problems: (a) the normal impact of a cylindrical monolithic or composite rod against a smooth flat rigid target, (commonly known as the Taylor impact test), and (b) the penetration of composite and monolithic steel cylindrical rods into reinforced concrete targets. The composite rod is made of either a steel or copper shell enclosing a ceramic. The ceramic and the steel are assumed to fail at a critical value of the effective plastic strain, whereas no failure is considered in the copper. The thermoviscoplastic response of steel and copper is modeled by the Johnson-Cook relation and the ceramic and concrete are assumed to be elastic-plastic. Values of material parameters in the constitutive relation for the reinforced concrete (RC) are derived by the rule of mixtures. Failure of a material is simulated by the element erosion technique for ceramic and steel, and element erosion along with stiffness reduction for the RC. The effect of the angle of obliquity of impact on the damage induced in the target is ascertained. <p> For the solid cylindrical copper rod impacting a smooth flat rigid target, the time history of the deformed length and the axial variation of the final diameter are found to match well with the experimental findings. For the composite rod, the diameter of the deformed impacted surface, the shape and size of the mushroomed region and the volume fraction of the failed ceramic material strongly depend upon the impact speed, the shell wall thickness and the thickness of the solid copper rod at the front end. <p> Some composite cylindrical rods impacting at normal incidence RC targets were found to buckle during the penetration process in the sense that their outer diameter at a cross-section close to the impacted end increased by at least 20%. For steel penetrators, the damage experienced increased as the nose shape got blunter and the angle of obliquity became larger whereas the damage induced to the target only increased with penetrator bluntness.<br>Master of Science
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Stevens, John Boyet. "Finite Element Analysis of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Impact and Penetration Problems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36650.

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We study axisymmetric deformations of depleted uranium (DU) and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) rods impacting at normal incidence both a rigid, planar target and a thick, deformable steel target. Each deformable material is modeled as elastic thermoviscoplastic; the flow stress increases with an increase in the effective plastic strain and effective plastic strain-rate but decreases with a rise in the temperature. An objective of this work is to ascertain when and where a shear band, defined as a narrow region of rapid, intense plastic deformation, forms in each material subject to impact loading. The Taylor impact simulations show that shear bands form earlier in WHA than in DU for the material parameters used. In the penetration simulations, shear bands form continuously in the ejecta of the DU penetrator while only one shear band occurs in the WHA ejecta followed by more uniform deformations. Note: In order to view the computer animations referenced in this thesis, one must have a QuickTime movie player and download the files named Ujce.mov Uz2e.mov Uz3e.mov Wjce.mov Wz2e.mov and Wz3e.mov from the same directory the "pdf" file resides in.<br>Master of Science
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Khastieva, Dina. "Energy Storage Impact On Systems With High Wind Energy Penetration." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1402063032.

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Blandin, Christopher. "Production of dielectric materials." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26568.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.<br>Committee Chair: Colton, Jonathan; Committee Member: Schultz, John; Committee Member: Zhou, Min. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Books on the topic "Import penetration"

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Goldar, Bishwanath. Import penetration and capacity utilization in Indian industries. Institute of Economic Growth, 2008.

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Goldar, Bishwanath. Import penetration and capacity utilization in Indian industries. Institute of Economic Growth, 2008.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Import penetration of selected U.S. markets for manufactured products, 1975 and 1989. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Stephan, Johannes. Trade deficits in Poland and Estonia: Capital imports versus import penetration and the sustainability of current account deficits. Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 1998.

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Altshuler, Anatoly. Soviet impact dynamics and penetration mechanics: Three-part study on IPDM. Delphic Associates, 1991.

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Altshuler, Anatoly. Soviet impact dynamics and penetration mechanics: Final report. Delphic Associates, 1991.

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E, Anderson Charles, United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency., and Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (1986 : San Antonio, Tex.), eds. Hypervelocity impact: Proceedings of the 1986 symposium, San Antonio, Texas, 21-24 October 1986. Pergamon Press, 1987.

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Buzaud, Eric. Materials under extreme loadings: Application to penetration and impact. ISTE, 2010.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Annual performance report: Planetary and primitive object strength measurement and sampling apparatus : NASA/Washington grant NAGW-2439, for the period 2/1/95-1/31/96 (year two). California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, 1995.

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E, Schwer Leonard, Salamon N. J, Liu W. K, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Applied Mechanics Division., and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Winter Meeting, eds. Computational techniques for contact, impact, penetration, and perforation of solids: Presentead at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, San Francisco, California, December 10-15, 1989. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Import penetration"

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Borkakoti, Jitendralal. "The Impact of Import Penetration on Unemployment in UK Manufacturing." In International Trade and Labour Markets. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14577-5_5.

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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "What Is the Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector?" In The Secular Decline of the South African Manufacturing Sector. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55148-3_5.

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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "How Does Activity in Manufacturing Sector Respond to Trade and Exchange Rate Shocks? Evidence from Trade-Openness and Import Penetration Thresholds." In The Secular Decline of the South African Manufacturing Sector. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55148-3_9.

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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "Does an Increase in Trade-Openness and Import-Penetration Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector Output Growth and Employment Growth." In The Secular Decline of the South African Manufacturing Sector. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55148-3_4.

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Fang, Qin, and Hao Wu. "Rigid Projectile Penetration." In Concrete Structures Under Projectile Impact. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3620-0_3.

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Fang, Qin, and Hao Wu. "Mass Abrasive Projectile Penetration." In Concrete Structures Under Projectile Impact. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3620-0_4.

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Jeenah, Fatima Y., and Mahomed Y. Moosa. "The Impact of Trauma on the Psyche." In Penetrating Trauma. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49859-0_77.

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Jeenah, F. Y., and M. Y. H. Moosa. "The Impact of Trauma on the Psyche." In Penetrating Trauma. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20453-1_72.

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Jeenah, Fatima Y., and Mahomed Y. Moosa. "The Impact of Trauma on the Psyche." In Penetrating Trauma. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47006-6_91.

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Colella, V., G. Cortellazzo, A. Dei Svaldi, S. Amoroso, L. Minarelli, and K. M. Rollins. "Stress increase induced by impact precast pile driving." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022. CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003329091-131.

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Conference papers on the topic "Import penetration"

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Hida, Andi, Rajmonda Bualoti, Marialis Çelo, and Diamant Gashi. "Impact of Distributed PV Penetration on Power Transmission Lines." In 2024 IEEE International Humanitarian Technologies Conference (IHTC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ihtc61819.2024.10855049.

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Li, Yong, Zhengwei Pan, and Fei Shang. "High-Impact Overload Penetration Attitude Measurement Using Accelerometer Array." In 2025 5th International Conference on Sensors and Information Technology (ICSI). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icsi64877.2025.11009701.

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Öztürk, Fahriye, Sıtkıcan Saraçoğlu, and Işın Kortan. "Competitiveness Analysis of Selected Members of Commonwealth of Independent States and Turkey in Vegetables and Fruit Sector." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00820.

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Our paper aims to quantify levels of competitiveness of the selected Commonwealth of Independent States countries(Belarus, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine) and Turkey in vegetables and fruit sector and sub-sectors during the 1995-2012 period with respect to world market. Because only these CIS countries have prolonged annual data for vegetables and fruit sector in this period, these countries are selected for our paper. Our paper uses export and import data obtained from UNCTAD database and the data set covers the period of 1995 to 2012. To investigate competitiveness of these five countries five indexes are calculated: The Relative Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), The Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), The Relative Import Penetration Index (RMP), The Relative Trade Advantage Index (RTA) and The Revealed Competitiveness (RC). Our findings indicate that Moldova and Turkey have high comparative advantage in vegetables and fruit sector than Belarus, Russia and Ukraine with respect to the world market. The comparative advantage level of Turkey has decreasing trend during the 1995-2012 period. The import penetration of Moldova has been higher level than Turkey which can be said as her rival.
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Purwanto, Alloysius Joko, and Dian Lutfiana. "Future Urban Mobility Development Framework to Maximise Benefits of Plugin Electric Vehicle Penetration in ASEAN Countries." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/wxva8048.

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Several Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members have recently developed strategies for low carbon-emission mobility to decrease oil import dependency. The strategies emphasise, amongst others, the importance of removing obstacles to electrification of transport and promoting market development of road plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Concerns about the impacts of PEV penetration include how to ensure that (i) electricity used to feed the vehicles will be produced mostly from renewable energy sources to lower carbon emissions, and (ii) additional electricity demand will not put additional stress on urban electricity grid systems. We deduce two recommendations. First, because they use fossil-fuel energyintensive electric power, ASEAN countries need to increase urban density and compactness and stop urban sprawl, which will minimise energy use in transport, including PEVs. Generalised PEV travel cost will continue to decrease as new technology is increasingly adopted and the use of PEVs becomes more widespread. Only when a country develops renewable energy to generate electricity, such as through home-based solar photovoltaic systems, can it relax its policies on urban sprawl. Second, ASEAN countries need to avoid putting stress on the electric power grid and to maximise the use of renewables to generate power. Integrating these objectives will help determine the location of charging facilities and the measures to support mobility
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Demaske, Brian J., and Tracy J. Vogler. "Hypervelocity penetration of granular silicon carbide from mesoscale simulations." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-033.

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Abstract Penetration of gold rods into SiC powder targets at velocities of 1 to 3 km/s are investigated using mesoscale simulations. The range of impact velocities is chosen to coincide with previous penetration experiments and represents a new regime over which to test the applicability of mesoscale simulations of granular materials. Both 2D and 3D geometries of the combined penetrator and powder system are considered. Analysis of the penetration depth histories at various impact velocities shows the penetrator undergoes an initial transient period of rapid deceleration within the first several microseconds before converging to a steady state characterized by jumps in the penetration velocity on the order of a few hundred meters per second. Steady-state penetration velocities obtained from 2D and 3D simulations agree well with one another, but lie below those computed using hydrodynamic theory, which indicates a non-zero strength for the simulated powders over this range of impact velocities. For comparable initial powder densities, 3D simulations predict steady-state penetration velocities in good agreement with those measured in penetration experiments on pre-compacted SiC powder specimens.
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Vaughn-Kukura, Nathan, Miles Buechler, Mack Kenamond, and Mikhail Shashkov. "Overset Mesh Method for Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Contact on Unstructured General Polyhedral Meshes." In 2024 17th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/hvis2024-052.

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Abstract We present an overset mesh method for Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) hydrodynamic contact on unstructured polyhedral meshes in the FLAG hydrocode at LANL. This capability enables simulations of contact and sliding between materials where one or both materials deforms too severely for a pure Lagrangian simulation, e.g. simulating penetration experiments. The overset mesh method couples two ALE meshes by applying contact forces at material boundaries to resist material penetration while conserving mass, momentum, and energy of the combined system. It accommodates any pair of conformal free surfaces and subzonal material interfaces, in 1D, 2D and 3D, in Cartesian and axisymmetric (1D spherical and cylindrical, 2D cylindrical) geometries, for unstructured general polyhedral meshes. The method is parallelized with a rendezvous decomposition to allow each mesh to be arbitrarily decomposed. We perform verification and validation tests with a variety of gas dynamics simulations and compare 2D and 3D overset simulations to experiments of high velocity solid penetration, showing good agreement in penetration depth and penetrator deformation and capturing a range of penetration phenomena.
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Coppinger, Matthew J., W. Casey Uhlig, and John H. J. Niederhaus. "Simulating Lateral Drift of a Shaped Charge Jet in ALEGRA." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-024.

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Abstract Shaped charge jet (SCJ) research has long been an active area for industrial, academic, and defense organizations. Traditionally, the depth of penetration (DOP) has been one of the most important metrics for the evaluation of shaped charge jet performance, and early 1D analytical penetration models based on hydrodynamic penetration were created with this metric in mind [1]. As the standoff of a shaped charge jet increases, the DOP reaches a maximum and then begins to decrease. A simple 1D hydrodynamic penetration model must account for the totality of the jet material on axis penetrating, and as a result experimental DOP at longer standoffs is lower than the analytical models predicted. Some analytical models reasoned that since a velocity gradient evolves as a SCJ forms, contributions to penetration from jet material below a minimum jet or penetration velocity should be eliminated. These were better able to account for the difference between analytical hydrodynamic and experimental DOPs [2]. The actual difference between analytical hydrodynamic penetration theory and experimentally recorded values is now regarded to be a result of 3D phenomena including particle tumbling and motion transverse to the jet axis known as lateral drift [2]. The origins of these 3D phenomena have been attributed to sources including variability in the uniformity of the explosive charge or the microstructure of the liner [2,3].
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Walters, William P., and Cyril L. Williams. "The Influence of Armor Material Parameters on the Penetration by Long-Rod Projectiles." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93716.

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The Alekseevski-Tate equations have long been used to predict the penetration, penetration velocity, rod velocity, and rod erosion of long-rod projectiles or kinetic-energy penetrators [1]. These nonlinear equations were originally solved numerically, then by the exact analytical solution of Walters and Segletes [2, 3]. However, due to the nonlinear nature of the equations, the penetration was obtained implicitly as a function of time, so that an explicit functional dependence of the penetration on material properties was not obtained. Walters and Williams [4, 5, 6] obtained the velocities, length, and penetration as an explicit function of time by employing a perturbation solution of the non-dimensional Alekseevski-Tate equations. Algebraic equations were obtained for a third-order perturbation solution which showed excellent agreement with the exact solution of the Tate equations for tungsten heavy alloy rods penetrating a semi-infinite armor plate. The current paper employs this model to rapidly assess the effect of increasing the impact velocity of the penetrator and increasing the armor material properties (density and target resistance) on penetration. This study is applicable to the design of hardened targets.
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Yaping, Tan, Jia Xin, Huang Zhengxiang, Cai Youer, and Zu Xudong. "Effect of Liquid Parameters on Protective Performance of a Liquid Composite Target Subjected to Jet Impact." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-093.

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Abstract In order to study the influence of liquid parameters on the protective performance of liquid composite targets (LCT), based on the theory of interaction between the jet and the LCT, three dimensionless numbers - C, G, and V - are obtained by dimensional analysis in this paper. These 3 dimensionless parameters represent the compressibility, inertia, and viscosity of the liquid, respectively. The empirical formula, P/H = 0.346C1.251G−0.7120V0.036, was obtained by fitting experimental data of the static depth of penetration (DOP) experiment which can predict the residual depth of penetration (RDOP) of the jet penetrating the LCT. It turns out that the 2 dimensionless parameters - C and G - which characterize the compressibility and inertia of the liquid, plays a decisive role in the protection performance of the LCT, while the influence of liquid viscosity is small. In addition, according to the research results of this paper, the protective performance of the LCT can be improved by selecting a liquid with high sound velocity, high viscosity, and low density.
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Daykin, Frances G., David W. Price, Alexander Harding, and Ernest J. Harris. "Shaped Charge Penetration Experiments." In 2024 17th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/hvis2024-049.

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Abstract Several series of shaped charge experimental trials have been conducted looking at jet formation, jet penetration and jet-stopper efficiency. Previous results have shown that layers of high strength steel and glass are highly beneficial in a jet-stopper. Hydrocode modelling results also suggested that dense metals could be used to create a more efficient jet-stopper. Eighteen SM-EOD 67 shaped charges have been fired into a variety of jet-stopper configurations incorporating various layers of high strength steel, glass, tungsten alloy and tantalum. The results suggest that the penetration depth into a tungsten alloy and glass stack would be approximately 9% less than into a high strength steel and glass stack with the same layer thicknesses. This corroborates the results of the modelling and confirms the beneficial use of dense metals in a jet-stopper. These trials have also re-confirmed the benefit of using layers of float glass within a jet-stopper to create a relatively light-weight yet efficient jet-stopper. Further work will investigate the benefits of using ultra-high strength steel in a jet-stopper and development of an improved glass model for use in jet-stopper penetration calculations.
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Reports on the topic "Import penetration"

1

Pierola, Martha Denisse, Dennis Sánchez-Navarro, and Mauricio Mesquita Moreira. Exchange Rate Devaluation and Import Substitution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009362.

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This paper assesses the LAC's import substitution response to the recent wave of currency devaluations. For this purpose, this document uses both descriptive data and a simple econometric model to establish the short-term relationship between exchange rate movements and import penetration (total and within manufacturing sector) in the region, with a special focus on those countries that had experienced the largest depreciations. The results suggest that there is a significant relationship between depreciation and the decrease in import penetration, indicating that a 1% increase in the local currency depreciation reduces the IP by 0.41% to 0.69% and varies in those sectors with a stronger presence of domestic production.
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2

De Paiva Abreu, Marcelo. Trade Liberalization and the Political Economy of Protection in Brazil since 1987. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011100.

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The paper analyses aspects of trade liberalization and the political economy of protection in Brazil since 1987. Section I considers the internal and external constraints to the continued adoption of a strategy based on import substitution industrialization. In section II trade liberalization up to 1994 is described including its adjustments related to the creation of Mercosur. It also places trade liberalization in the context of the wider reforms implemented in Brazil in the 1990s. The impacts of trade liberalization on import penetration, productivity and the cost of investment as well as its distributive effects are examined in section III. The relative importance of trade liberalization and inflation acceleration on the cost of investment is also discussed. Section IV deals with the political economy of trade liberalization and the protectionist backlash in the mid-1990s. An analysis is made of long-term factor mobility and the Brazilian case is compared with findings on other economies about the transition from a political economy of protection centered on the clash of "class interests" to one concerned with "special interests".
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3

Belytschko, Ted, Wing K. Liu, and Mark O'Neal. Contact-Impact Algorithms for Penetration Studies. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada231049.

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4

Micco, Alejandro, and Eduardo Levy Yeyati. Concentration and Foreign Penetration in Latin American Banking Sectors: Impact on Competition and Risk. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010818.

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In recent years, Latin American banking sectors have experienced an accelerated process of concentration and foreign penetration that has prompted diverse views regarding its implications for the competitive behavior of banks and for the financial stability of the system as a whole. Exploiting a rich bank-level balance sheet database for eight Latin American countries, we examine the evolution of concentration and foreign penetration indicators and their impact on competition and risk. We find that, while concentration did not reduce competition in the industry, foreign penetration appears to have led to less competitive banking sectors. Moreover, we find banking sector fragility to be positively related to competition and, through this channel, negatively related to foreign participation, despite the fact that foreign banks in the region are associated with higher insolvency risk due to higher leverage ratios and more volatile returns.
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5

García Zaballos, Antonio, and Rubén López-Rivas. Socioeconomic Impact of Broadband in Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009082.

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Broadband plays a key role in society, impacting GDP, productivity, and employment. In the Latin American and Caribbean region, which is characterized by low broadband penetration costly Internet connection, low usage, and sporadic adoption of mobile technology, a major goal for governments is to universalize access to and usage of broadband. This paper presents an econometric model which shows that, in Latin America and the Caribbean, on average, a 10 percent higher broadband penetration is associated with 3.19 percent higher GDP, 2.61 percent higher productivity, and 67,016 new jobs. It also defines the variables that a government can control to help increase the number of broadband subscriptions per capita in order to effectively improve socioeconomic conditions in the country.
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6

Lew, D., N. Miller, K. Clark, G. Jordan, and Z. Gao. Impact of High Solar Penetration in the Western Interconnection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000106.

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7

Milligan, M., B. Kirby, R. Gramlich, and M. Goggin. Impact of Electric Industry Structure on High Wind Penetration Potential. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/962494.

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8

Yeh, Peter Derek, Emily A. Donahue, Timothy J. Miller, Lloyd Rus Payne, John P. Korbin, and Russell D. Teeter. Plate Impact and Penetration at the Ballistic Launch Tube: Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1592896.

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9

Behner, Th, Ch E. Anderson Jr., D. L. Orphal, M. Wickert, V. Hohler, and D. W. Templeton. Failure and Penetration Response of Borosilicate Glass During Short Rod Impact. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada518605.

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10

Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.
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