Dissertations / Theses: 'Import livestock'

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Tincher, Louise Horowitz. "Taking Stock: The Import of European Livestock into Virginia and its Impact on Colonial Life." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625411.

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Nordin, Camilla. "Investigation of the livestock prices in Sweden and the effect of the membership of the European Union." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomi, geografi, juridik och turism, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41200.

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The aim with this research is to investigate if there is a relationship between import of meat and the price on livestock in Sweden. It also investigates if the Swedish membership of the European Union has affected both the price on livestock and the quantity of import of meat to Sweden. The research is based on a publication from Swedish Board of Agriculture, which indicates that the membership of the European Union has affected the consumer price on agricultural products. This gave the idea that this could have happened on prices of livestock as well. The data is collected from Swedish Board of Agriculture and SCB, for the years of 1970-2019. Regression analysis and paired t-test were supposed to be used for data analysis. The results of stationarity tests implies that regression analysis should not be used regarding the non-stationary result. Therefor were only the stationarity tests and the t-test used. The result of t-test showed that the membership of European Union has affected both price and import in Sweden. To exclude other reasons for the price decrease and the increase of import than the membership is not possible. When comparing the data with other factors and literature the conclusion is that events in the end of the 20th century did affect the price level of livestock and the increased demand for imported meat. Key

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3

Brouwer, Adele. "Multi-market analysis of the impact of trade restrictions on importing live animals into South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04142005-145135.

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4

Alcedo, Mary Jane B. "Impact of Capacity Development in Livestock Production: The Case of Farmer Livestock School in the Philippines." 名古屋大学教養教育院, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/21049.

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5

Рябуха, Г. І. "Державне регулювання розвитку галузі тваринництва в Україні." Thesis, Чернігів, 2019. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/18357.

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Рябуха, Г. І. Державне регулювання розвитку галузі тваринництва в Україні : дис. ... канд. екон. наук : 08.00.03 / Г. І. Рябуха. - Чернігів, 2019. - 210 с.
Дисертація присвячена обґрунтуванню теоретичних підходів та розробленню практичних рекомендацій щодо державного регулювання розвитку галузі тваринництва в Україні. У роботі систематизовано методичні засади державного регулювання галузі тваринництва через використання і адаптацію додаткових інструментів і механізмів надання субсидій та кредитів, що дозволить вибудовувати засади ефективного, конкурентоспроможного розвитку на основі запропонованої моделі з випуску банком облігацій для господарств галузі з наданням ресурсу у вигляді рефінансування за пільговою ставкою з обчисленням різниці між ставкою рефінансування та індексом цін на оптові м’ясо-молочні продукти. Здійснено аналіз еволюції теоретичної думки та поглиблено категоріально-понятійний апарат економічної науки за рахунок уточнення поняття «державне регулювання галузі тваринництва». Проаналізовано тенденції розвитку галузі тваринництва в умовах продовольчих викликів. Здійснено оцінку інструментів і заходів: контроль над цінами, санітарні заходи, кількісні обмеження, ліцензування, сертифікація товарів, і доведено необхідність враховувати специфічні елементи макроекономічної політики держави при виборі регулювання в умовах імплементації положень Повної та всеохоплюючої Угоди про вільну торгівлю між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Узагальнено зарубіжний досвід надання державної підтримки галузі тваринництва. Удосконалено механізм часткової компенсації відсоткової ставки банкам за кредитами, наданими на пільгових умовах для посилення конкурентних позицій вітчизняних виробників продукції тваринництва.
Диссертация посвящена обоснованию теоретических подходов и разработке практических рекомендаций в аспекте государственного регулирования развития отрасли животноводства в Украине. Обоснованы приоритетные направления государственного регулирования отраслей аграрного сектора экономики, в части определения совокупности экономических, организационно-правовых мер, направленных на развитие мультифункционального сельского хозяйства для обеспечения продовольственной безопасности страны, укрепление конкурентных позиций на мировом аграрном рынке. Усовершенствован категориально-понятийный аппарат экономической науки за счет уточнения понятия «государственное регулирование отрасли животноводства». Расширены теоретические представления о закономерностях функционирования животноводства на основе исчисления индикаторов формирования ресурсов. При этом учтены как специфические особенности скотоводства, свиноводства, овцеводства, птицеводства, пчеловодства, рыбоводства, кролиководства, звероводства, так и влияние регулирующих мер государства на отраслевую структуру производства продукции, что будет способствовать объединению интересов государства, потребителей и производителей в процессе комплексного регулирования развития отрасли животноводства. Изучение и оценка инструментов государственного регулирования отрасли животноводства показывает, что отечественное животноводство и аграрный сектор находится только в начальной стадии своего развития в аспекте оценки содержания и последствий регулирования. Этому должно способствовать применение предложенных в диссертации инструментов регулирования: ценообразование на продукцию животноводства; таможенная политика; ограничения импорта; квотирование производства отдельных видов продукции животноводства; дотирование экспорта; лизинг; разработка программ страхования для субъектов хозяйствования различного производственного направления при выращивании крупного рогатого скота, свиней, рыбы, птицы, применении специальных мер относительно импорта товаров, сертификация товаров; углубление кооперации между производственным сектором и перерабатывающими отраслями агропромышленного комплекса. Проведена оценка структуры и потенциала отечественного животноводства и установлено, что в 2019 году на программы государственной поддержки развития скотоводства направлено 1,4 млрд грн, что составляет 40 % от из общего объема в 3,5 млрд грн. В то же время динамика отечественного производства молока демонстрирует падение в 10615 тыс. т в 2015 г. до 10064 тыс. т в 2018 г. На основе расчетов сделан вывод, что наибольший удельный вес в птицеводстве составляют куры и петухи 84,1 % в 2001 г. и 91,5 % в 2018 г. Удельный вес других видов птицы не изменился, кроме гусей, где показатель уменьшился с 7,3 % в 2001 г. до 2,1 % в 2018 г. Такую тенденцию можно объяснить постоянным спросом на яйца и куриное мясо как на внутреннем, так и на внешнем агропродовольственном рынках. Определены подходы к обоснованию предложений по оценке влияния квот Европейского Союза и курсовых изменений на объемы экспорта отрасли животноводства. Среди рекомендаций акцентировано внимание на методическом обеспечении и последовательной разработке механизмов создания благоприятной среды с выделением межбанковского курса гривны к евро, а также таможенных ставок, действующих в режиме автономных торговых преференций. Разработаны методические подходы к усовершенствованию государственного регулирования отрасли животноводства при использовании и адаптации дополнительных инструментов и механизмов предоставления субсидий и кредитов. Предложено выстраивать принципы эффективного, конкурентоспособного развития на основе предложенной модели по выпуску банком облигаций для хозяйств области с предоставлением временного ресурса в виде рефинансирования по льготной ставке с вычислением разницы между ставкой рефинансирования и индексом цен на оптовые мясо-молочные продукты. В работе рассчитаны коэффициенты изменения поголовья свиней к производству мяса показывают, что при росте кредитов на 1 % увеличения производства мяса в 2020 г. составит 0,15 %, а при одновременном повышении поголовья свиней еще дополнительно вырастет на 0,24 %. Прогноз производства продукции животноводства отражает тенденцию к увеличению объемов до 2025 г., в частности мяса на 11 %, молока на 4 % и яиц на 12 %. Обосновано, что реализация экспортного потенциала животноводства приведет к системным изменениям в обеспечении государственного регулирования развития отрасли.
The thesis is dedicated to the reasoning of theoretical approaches and the development of practical recommendations concerning the state regulation of the development of animal husbandry in Ukraine. The methodological principles of the state regulation of the animal husbandry industry, through the application and adaptation of the newest instruments and subsidies and credits provision mechanisms, will allow for the implementation of principles of efficient and competitive development on the base of the offered model. The model has been systemized with the distribution of bonds via a bank for the economies of this animal husbandry industry, with the provision of temporary re-financing at reduced rate, and calculations of the difference between the re-financing rate and the indexes of the whole sale prices for the meat and dairy products. The analysis of the evolution of theoretical thought has been carried out and the categorical-conceptual apparatus of the science of economics has been deepened by clarifying the notion of «state regulation of the animal husbandry industry».The tendencies of the animal husbandry industry development in the conditions of food-based challenges have been analyzed. An evaluation of the price control, sanitary measures, quantitative restriction, licensing, and the certification of goods has been evaluated, and the necessity of taking into account the specific elements of the state’s macroeconomic policy while choosing regulatory methods and instruments and implementing the provisions of the Full and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union has been proven. Foreign experience in regards to the state support provisions for the animal husbandry industry has been generalized. The partial compensation mechanism of the banks’ interest rate for loans provided via preferential terms to strengthen the competitive positions of domestic livestock product producers has been improved.

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Beukes, Petrus Cornelius. "Livestock impact assessment and restoration strategies in the semi-arid Karoo." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9065.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Karoo rangelands exhibit spatial and temporal patterns that have important implications for the livestock industry. Spatially, there are gradients, often abrupt, in ecosystem structure and functioning, while plant composition and productivity are highly variable over time. A predictive understanding of these patterns, and the processes that cause them, is a prerequisite for developing appropriate restoration strategies. This thesis comprises several studies that attempt to relate vegetation patterns and processes to restoration strategies in southern Africa's Succulent- and Nama karoo ecosystems. One hypothesis is that small-scale changes in soil physical and chemical properties are responsible for the fine-scale patterning evident in winter-rainfall Succulent karoo ecosystems. Alternatively, these patterns could be the result of area-selective grazing by livestock. To evaluate these hypotheses, plant and soil data were collected along soil- and grazing gradients radiating from a watering point in a Succulent karoo landscape. Results indicated that properties inﬂuencing soil hydrology and nutrient status are important determinants of pattern, and that long-term area-selective grazing can permanently change some of these properties. The hypothesis that the stasis of severely degraded patches in this biosphere is a consequence of poor water inﬁltration and seed limitation was tested in a restoration experiment. It appeared that natural seed availability is not limiting, but water inﬁltration has to be improved to initiate the restoration process. Removal of shrub material in long-ungrazed and moribund areas on the outer perimeter of the biosphere, had a positive impact in releasing resources for more seedlings and young growth, but did not alter plant species richness. Stocking rate, composition and management of livestock profoundly inﬂuence the dynamics and composition of summer-rainfall Nama karoo vegetation. Proponents of non-selective grazing (NSG) argue that the periodic concentration in high densities of livestock in small areas, followed by long resting periods, improves vegetation composition as a consequence of low grazing selectivity, and enhances vegetation productivity and soil ecosystem processes as a result of intense hoof-action, dunging and urination impacts. Despite its application in farming systems, no studies have yet tested the predictions of NSG. I evaluated the effects of NSG on the soils and vegetation of Nama karoo rangeland in a fully replicated experiment. NSG did not alter the fertile-patch matrix, but improved soil infiltration. Plant compositional and cover changes could not be related to NSG. Rainfall was a much stronger driving force. I also explored the economics of NSG at the farm scale under different rainfall and stocking scenarios. An ecological-economic model predicted that NSG would be a viable option in higher rainfall (>200mm) areas because of the forage buffering capacity which enables the manager to maintain livestock through unpredictable droughts. Restoration strategies for the Succulent Karoo have to focus on the resource-retention capacity of the soils. Livestock can reduce this capacity; low-stocking, ﬂexible farming systems are therefore recommended for these more fragile ecosystems. Livestock in the more resilient Nama Karoo can be managed in a NSG system that can lead to an improvement in ecosystem functioning and maintain productivity in times of drought.

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Mizutani, Fumi. "The ecology of leopards and their impact on livestock ranches in Kenya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248994.

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Kaminski, Samantha. "Impact of Environmental Factors on Ovarian Function and Endocrine Activity in Livestock." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27032.

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Ovarian function is important in reproductive efficiency since the ovary is the site of oocyte development, as well as production and secretion of hormones necessary for proper follicle development, ovulation, and maintenance of pregnancy. However, many environmental factors can affect female reproductive function. For example, physical exercise during gestation has previously demonstrated to increase availability of nutrients and oxygen to the developing offspring, decrease mortality rates, and increase birth weights. Unfortunately there is limited information regarding ovarian development and fertility of offspring born to exercised mothers. Nutrition has also been demonstrated to affect reproductive function by altering steroid and metabolic hormone concentrations which can overall affect ovulation rates, oocyte quality, pregnancy rates, and fetal development and survival. Therefore, the objective was to investigate how manipulation of certain environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, or arginine supplementation, can influence ovarian function and endocrine activity of female livestock species.

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De, Oliveira Silva Rafael. "Modelling sustainable intensification in Brazilian agriculture." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28821.

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At the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change COP15 (2009) Brazil presented ambitious commitments or Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) mitigation by 2020. At COP21 (2015), the country presented new commitments and a framework to achieve further mitigation targets by 2030 as so-called Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Both NAMAs and INDCs focus on the land use change and agricultural sectors, but the INDCs include a commitment of zero illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030. This research focuses on the contribution of the livestock sector to reducing GHGs through the adoption of sustainable intensification measures. A detailed linear programming model, called Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases for Livestock Emissions (EAGGLE), of beef production was developed to evaluate environmental trade-offs. The modelling encompasses pasture degradation and recovery processes, animal and deforestation emissions, soil organic carbon dynamics and upstream life-cycle inventory. The model was parameterized for the Brazilian Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes and further developed for farm-scale and regional-scale analysis. Different versions of the EAGGLE model was used to: (i) Evaluate the GHG mitigation potential and economic benefit of optimizing pasture management through the partitioning of initially uniform pasture area; (ii) to define abatement potential and cost-effectiveness of key mitigation measures applicable to the Brazilian Cerrado; (ii) to demonstrate the extent of cost-effective mitigation that can be delivered by the livestock sector as part of INDCs, and to show a result that underpins the national INDC target of zero deforestation; and (iv) to evaluate the consequences of reducing (or increasing) beef production on GHGs in the Cerrado. Counter-intuitively, a sensitivity analysis shows that reducing beef consumption could lead to higher GHG emissions, while increasing production could reduce total GHGs if livestock is decoupled from deforestation.

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Rosales, Rolando Barahona. "Condensed tannins in tropical forage legumes : their characterisation and study of their nutritional impact from the standpoint of structure-activity relationships." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298970.

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11

Kleinhenz, Katie Elizabeth. "The Impact of Ceftiofur Removal on Recovery of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli Resistant to Third Generation Cephalosporins." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357225078.

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Vella, de Brincat Mireille. "Assessment of the impact of EU accession on the livestock industries of Malta." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409043.

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Heffernan, Claire. "The socio-economic impact of restocking destitute pastoralists : a case study from Kenya." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364466.

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Prinsloo, Tania. "Livestock traceability systems in Swaziland and Namibia : towards an impact-for-sustainable-agriculture framework." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65508.

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Food security and food safety go hand-in-hand, where consumers of meat products demand to know whether the meat products they have bought are safe for human consumption. Livestock traceability systems are now mandatory if one wants to export meat, especially after recent food scares and the risk of eating meat from cattle with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), more commonly known as mad cow disease. Europe has a beef shortage and imports large quotas of meat from developing countries, such as Swaziland and Namibia, but their strict regulations and legislation make the effectiveness of the two countries’ traceability systems non-negotiable. Swaziland upgraded their paper-based system to a modern computerised system, called the Swaziland Livestock Information and Traceability System (SLITS), started tagging communal farmers’ cattle free of charge in 2010 and implemented SLITS fully in 2014. The system is widely adopted and the success of the project is seen throughout Swaziland. Namibia expanded their traceability system, the Namibian Livestock Identification and Traceability System (NamLITS) to trace the cattle of communal farmers in the Northern Communal Areas (NCAs), an area excluded from any exporting of meat products because of the high risk of exposure to foot-and-mouth disease. Their cattle were ear-tagged and captured on NamLITS, ensuring that full traceability is in place. The new, expanded NamLITS and upgraded SLITS systems enabled the researcher to investigate the impact that traceability systems have on communal farmers, the benefactors of the two traceability systems. Two visits to Namibia and four visits to Swaziland were made, where the rich traceability culture was experienced, key stakeholders and system developers interviewed and questionnaires completed by the Swazi veterinary assistants and the Namibian animal technicians, the first point of contact with the communal farmers, but also fulfilling the role of key informants. Creating sustainable projects remained important to the researcher, and the element of sustainability became interwoven with the impact of the traceability systems on communal farmers. This thesis explores all the aspects of the data gathered, keeping in mind all the legislative requirements of traceability and its different aspects, and combines the two key elements of development projects, sustainability and making a real impact into a single framework, called the impact-for-sustainable-agriculture framework. This new framework is then applied to two case studies, concluding that the more layers of the three-layered framework one understands to be of importance and implements, the greater the probability of creating sustainable agricultural projects. Two case studies are discussed in parallel to create a consistent approach. The different layers are discussed in separate sections, enabling the reader to follow the build-up of the evidence to support the final framework. The thesis concludes by highlighting the main theoretical contributions: the design and application of the new framework; the methodological contributions in the data collection process, the documentation of the evidence and the final full picture of both countries, and the practical contributions: the witnessing of a rural dipping event, cattle dehorning and branding, attending a meeting with a group of anxious animal technicians in the midst of a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the NCAs, and telling the story of the communities from the perspective of having been there. Finally, possible future research aimed at investigating traceability systems in other parts of Southern Africa and applying the proposed framework to other developmental projects is suggested, as well as further enhancements to the proposed framework.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Informatics
PhD
Unrestricted

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15

Gruber, Ina. "The impact of socio-economic development and climate change on livestock management in Benin." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994941676/04.

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N'Guessan, Yapo Genevier. "Economic impact of ethanol production on U.S. livestock sector : a spatial analysis of corn and distillers grain shipment." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/397.

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Broaddus, Brent A. "IMPACT OF SEASON AND HEAT STRESS ON SOMATIC CELL COUNTS." UKnowledge, 2001. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/180.

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Infection data were obtained monthly from June, 1999 to September, 2000 at the University ofKentucky dairy. Quarter foremilk samples were collected for bacteriological determination andsomatic cell counts (SCC). The Livestock Stress Index (LSI) estimated heat stress and is calculatedby combination of temperature and humidity. For uninfected quarters the geometric mean SCC was29,000 cells/ml. For infected quarters the geometric mean SCC was 213,000 cells/ml. Coagulasenegativestaphylococci (CNS) infections comprised 61 percent of the total infected quarters with ageometric mean SCC of 155,000 cells/ml. Staphylococcus aureus infected quarters had a geometricmean SCC of 680,000 cells/ml. There were no significant correlations between log SCC and LSIwhen looking at the total sample period. However, evaluating October, 1999 through September,2000, significant correlations were found for LSI and log SCC of uninfected quarters (P andlt; 0.05) and`infected quarters (P andlt; 0.0001). All correlation coefficients were less than 0.12. The results suggest nomarked changes in SCC were observed in uninfected quarters during hot summer weather. Hotsummer weather may have a minor impact on SCC in infected quarters, but the effect is variable.Thus, infection status of the mammary gland, not heat stress, is the major factor determining SCC.

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Weyori, Alirah Emmanuel [Verfasser]. "Essays on livestock technology, diversification and welfare impact in sub–Saharan Africa / Alirah Emmanuel Weyori." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196809046/34.

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19

Ulry, Lydia A. "Descriptive Analysis of Livestock Projects Impact on Youth Development of Knowledge and Leadership Life Skills." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1502986881032935.

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20

Boonsaeng, Tullaya. "Three Essays on the Demand of Imported and Domestic Meat and Livestock in the United States." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08142006-103939/.

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This dissertation studies the demand for imported and domestic demand models for meat and livestock. The first essay focuses on the separability between import and domestic meat demand and the performance of static versus dynamic models of consumer behavior. A new dynamic system of demand functions is developed and used to test the separability restrictions on U.S. meat consumption data. Our results indicate that imported meat consumption is non-separable from the U.S. consumption and a dynamic specification of the AIDS model is superior to the static AIDS model. The second essay analyzes the demand for domestic and imported livestock by the US meat processing industry and explores the existence of long-run relationships in the derived demand models which are required for the specification of dynamic demand models. The results indicate that the static inverse input demand model performed better than the dynamic models for both the beef and pork processing industries. The results of this study indicate that there is not a long run relationship in the variables of the inverse demand models for livestock. The third essay investigates the impact of the discovery BSE in Canadian cattle on the imported and domestic demand for livestock and meat in the United States. The analysis is based on the results of the first and second essays of the dissertation. A multi-market partial equilibrium model is utilized to simulate the effects of policy-induced shifts in quantities of imports supplied from Canada on the meat and livestock industries. Our simulation results predict small effects on cattle and the results are similar to prediction from Armington type models even though separability strongly rejected.

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Branson, Johannah Helen. "The farm-level impact of policies to reduce nitrate emission from livestock waste : an economic analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300519.

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22

Dabrowska, Kornelia Anna. "LINKING PROFITABILITY, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND EXTERNALITIES: A SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF OHIO DAIRIES." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269360484.

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23

Byenkya, Gilbert Steven. "Impact of undesirable plant communities on the carrying capacity and livestock performance in pastoral systems of south-western Uganda." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/255.

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The impact of undesirable plant communities (Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species dominated by Acacia species) on livestock carrying capacity and performance was investigated on 15 farms in an Acacia/Cymbopogon dominated pastoral system of south-western Uganda. Species prevalence based on basal cover for grasses, frequency for forbs and effective canopy cover for trees/shrubs were determined on farms. The PHYGROW model was used to predict forage productivity for computation of carrying capacity. The NIRS/NUTBAL nutritional management system was used to determine cattle dietary CP and DOM through fecal scans and to estimate animal performance. Cymbopogon afronardus had a prevalence of 10.29% among the grasses while Acacia gerrardii (34.37%) and Acacia hockii (33.66%) were the most prevalent woody species. Forage productivity differed significantly among the farms with a mean long-term annual forage yield of 4560(SE+41) kg/ha. Farms infested with Cymbopogon and woody species produced the least amount of forage and therefore had the lowest carrying capacities (0.38 -0.39 AU/ha) while improved farms had comparatively higher forage yields with higher carrying capacities (0.49 - 0.52 AU/ha). A mean carrying capacity for the system was estimated at 0.44 AU/ha using a 25% harvest efficiency for ANPP. All the farms were overstocked, on average by 3.2 times. Livestock BCS, diet CP and DOM were significantly different (P<0.0001) among the different farm types. BCS were highest on improved farms and lowest on Cymbopogon infested farms while dietary CP and DOM values were lowest on improved farms and highest on farms with a high woody component. Farms with a relatively high woody component exhibited intermediate BCS despite the high dietary CP values. Cattle on Cymbopogon infested farms had consistently lower body weights over the months although there were no significant differences in daily live weight gains among farms. Recommendations included need for research into appropriate control measures for both Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species, farmer sensitization about overstocking, research to improve forage quality on improved farms and need for feed supplementation for improved breeds on improved farms. Integration of NIRS/NUTBAL and PHYGROW models into the research and management systems was desirable. The observed increase in Sporobolus spp. required investigation.

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Nimmermark, Sven. "Odour impact : odour release, dispersion and influence on human well-being with specific focus on animal production /." Alnarp : Dept. of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology (JBT), Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a494.pdf.

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Barth, Neto Armindo. "Impact of grazing management and crop rotation on integrated crop-livestock system : implication on Italian ryegrass established by self-seeding." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/38017.

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Orientador : Prof. Dr. Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho
Co-orientador : Prof. Dr. Gilles Lemaire
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 25/02/2015
Inclui referências
Área de concentração: Produção vegetal
Resumo: Sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA) são reconhecidos por sua produção sustentável, tanto agrícola quanto pecuária, devido a melhor utilização dos recursos naturais. Diferentes combinações e proporções de espécies animais e vegetais em SIPA são responsáveis por produzir aproximadamente metade da produção mundial de alimentos. Nas regiões subtropicais do mundo, particularmente na América do Sul, a utilização do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) estabelecidos por ressemeadura natural em rotação com milho (Zea mays L.) e/ou soja (Glycine max L.), são amplamente difundido entre os produtores rurais. Em SIPA a prática de ressemeadura natural são considerados economicamente e ambientalmente mais vantajosos, uma vez que economiza gastos e energia (combustível fóssil). Sobre este arranjo em SIPA, diversas questões ainda não foram respondidas sob a influência das práticas de manejo sobre o estabelecimento do azevém anual proveniente de ressemeadura natural. Por exemplo as plantas de soja e milho tem diferentes estruturas de dosséis, que podem afetar o desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas de azevém anual. Outro ponto é o manejo do pastoreio em SIPA, particularmente o efeito dos diferentes método de pastoreio e intensidades de pastejo que podem afetar o crescimento do pasto. Uma vez que o manejo do pastejo pode restringir a seletividade animal (altas intensidades de pastejo e pastoreio rotativo), afetam negativamente o acúmulo da massa de forragem, densidade de perfilhos reprodutivos e produção de sementes. Entretanto, estudos sobre o entendimento das interações e complementariedades entre as fases lavoura e pastagens em SIPA é pouco abordado na literatura, principalmente com o azevém anual estabelecido por ressemeadura natural. A hipótese deste trabalho é que a rotação das culturas de verão (monocultura de soja ou rotação soja-milho) e diferentes manejos do pasto (método de pastoreio e intensidade de pastejo) afetam diferentemente o desenvolvimento e a resiliência do azevém anual em SIPA no curto e longo prazo. Para comprovar esta hipótese foram preparados três artigos com os seguintes objetivos: i) avaliar os efeitos das práticas de manejo, rotação de culturas, método de pastoreio e oferta de forragem afetam o restabelecimento dos pastos de azevém anual por ressemeadura natural e determinar se os pastos são capazes de restabelecer por mais de um ano sem a adição de sementes no solo. ii) avaliar o impacto da rotação de culturas de verão e o manejo do pasto na massa de forragem no inicio e no final da fase pastejo. iii) Analisar e modelizar a dinâmica do azevém anual em SIPA com uma base de dados histórica do ciclo de vida do pasto e determinar a resiliência sob diferentes práticas de manejo sob uma perspectiva de longo-prazo. Palavras chave: Sistemas mistos, intensidade de pastejo, método de pastoreio, soja, milho, resiliência.
Abstract: Integrated crop-livestock systems with no-till (ICLS) are recognized to sustained agriculture and livestock production by the efficiently use of natural resources. Different combinations and proportions of animal and plant species in ICLS are responsible for producing about half of the of the word's food. In subtropical regions of the world, mainly in South America, the utilization of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) established by self-seed in rotation with maize (Zea Mays L.) or soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is widely widespread. In ICLS, the harnessing of self-seeding is economically and environmentally advantageous because is capable to save money and energy (based on fossil fuel). In ICLS many question are unanswered about the Italian ryegrass established by self-seeding in face of different agricultural practices. For example soybean and maize have different canopy structures that can differently affect the pasture establishment phase. The grazing management in ICLS, particularly the effect of different stocking method and different grazing intensity can affect the dynamic of the pasture production. Since manage the pasture restricting the animal selection (i.e. higher grazing intensity and rotational stocking) affects negatively the herbage mass accumulation, the flowering structure and the seed production. However, the understanding of the interactions and of the complementarity between crops and pasture phases is poorly addressed in the literature, mainly in Italian ryegrass established by selfseeding. The hypothesis is that summer crop rotation (soybean monoculture or soybeanmaize) and the different grazing management (stocking methods and grazing intensities) affects differently the development and the resilience of Italian ryegrass in ICSL in short and long-term. To prove this hypothesis were prepared three articles with the following objective: i) to evaluate the effects of management practices, crop rotation, stocking method and herbage allowance on the re-establishment of Italian ryegrass pastures by self-seeding and determining if the pastures are able to establish themselves following a year without seed production. ii) to evaluate the impacts of summer crop rotation and grazing management on herbage mass at the beginning and at the end of grazing phase in ICLS. iii) to analyse and modelling the dynamics of Italian ryegrass in ICLS from an experimental database, based on a life-cycle basis to determine the resilience of different cropping systems in a long-term perspective. Key words: Mixed systems, grazing intensity, stocking method, soybean, maize, resilience.

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Van, der Merwe Sarel Johannes. "The impact of pastoral farming and wildlife management practices on lion-livestock interactions in the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/118.

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Thesis (D. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009
All over the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, African lion numbers are plummeting to levels where, over large areas of their remaining distribution range, extinction has become a real threat. The main reason for the decreasing numbers is the increasing conflict between livestock farmers and lions. Lions are forced to kill livestock where their natural prey has been squeezed out by livestock and associated farming practices, and the farmers find it necessary to protect their livelihoods, often through the indiscriminate killing of lions. In the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana, lion/livestock interactions present a challenge to livestock owners and wildlife managers alike. The relatively low ecological carrying capacity and occupied lion habitats in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) force some expelled young adult and sub-adult lions southwards into the adjoining Wildlife Management Area (WMA) KD/15, which separates the KTP and the communal grazing area. This WMA most likely also contains resident prides. Some of these predators sporadically enter the livestock grazing area. Similarly, large stock often enters the WMA. It is mostly these boundary transgressions that result in livestock killing, and the reaction of livestock owners often leads to the killing of lions. To gather information concerning the nature and extent of the situation, two questionnaires were prepared with the assistance of the Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State, South Africa. One questionnaire targeted livestock owners while the other was aimed at wildlife officials of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana and SANParks in South Africa. Both covered the five-year period 2002-2006. A trial run was carried out to adjust to problem-specific circumstances before fieldwork commenced. Fieldwork was done during four consecutive seasons – in January, February, April and December 2007. Thirty livestock respondents and 13 wildlife officials were interviewed during the first two excursions into the study area. The third visit was to plot the cut-line between the WMA and the grazing area (by means of a Global Positioning System or GPS) and to make first-hand observations regarding movement over the cut-line. During all four visits the environmental (including grazing) conditions and density and distribution of wildlife and stock were observed in both the WMA and the grazing areas. The information gathered points towards a seemingly unsolvable situation. The exceptionally high daytime temperatures and food scarcity, brought about by erratic rainfall, overgrazing near boreholes, generally low carrying capacity and low phosphorus (P) levels, force large stock, i.e. cattle, horses, donkeys and mules, to graze far away from the safety of the cattle-posts during the cool hours of the night, thus making kraaling impractical. Such circumstances enhance exposure to lion predation especially in or near the WMA and the KTP fence. Some lions also penetrate deep into the grazing areas, especially in the arid western part of the study area. This study revealed certain weaknesses in current wildlife and livestock management practices in the study area, the sum of which put both farmers and the lion population under extreme pressure. Most of these shortcomings can be rectified without drastic invasive methods. Such adjustments can result in improved livestock and wildlife utilisation and protection of the lions. For example: the placement of mixed phosphorus and salt licks near cattle-posts to fulfil the need for vital micro and macro elements; addressing unnecessary livestock losses, which contribute to a lower income and less tolerance towards predation (e.g. botulism, which may stem from stock chewing on bones in their desire for more phosphorus, and losses to black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas, in poorly maintained kraals); more drinking troughs at boreholes to prevent unnecessary shoving and minimise energy waste; and the introduction of more bulls to herds to increase the calving percentage. The study further concluded that there is little reason why stockowners should consider protecting lions. It suggests that significant value can be added to the wildlife (and the protection of lions) in the specific area by making farmers and other local residents share in the relatively untapped ecotourism potential of the area.

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Snyman, Dirk. "A comparison of standard scientific methods and pastoralists’ perceptions of vegetation responses to livestock exclusion in Namaqualand, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4208.

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Thesis (MSc (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Protected areas do not always achieve the desired level of biodiversity conservation, while often reducing the welfare of indigenous communities by reducing availability of land for subsistence. Traditional agricultural landscapes are significant biodiversity refugia and can contribute meaningfully to conservation. Rangelands comprise one-third to one-half of the world’s terrestrial surface, providing livelihoods for around 220 million people, usually in a communal subsistence system. Colonial practices impinged on traditional land-use practices with far-reaching social and environmental impacts. This has resulted in management based on assumptions regarding vegetation dynamics and traditional lifestyles that are increasingly shown to be inaccurate. A comparison of a vegetation survey based on conventional scientific methods and a survey of the perceptions of pastoralists was undertaken to highlight differences and similarities between the two knowledge systems with the hope of providing guidelines for more sustainable land-use practices in the communal rangelands of Namaqualand, South Africa. Vegetation responses to removal of grazing pressure revealed complex interactions that do not correspond with the prevailing management paradigm. Rather than a predictive relationship between livestock and vegetation, environmental factors play a large role in determining plant composition, abundance and cover. Pastoralists’ perceptions reflected this complexity in rangeland resource dynamics. The impact of livestock on rangeland resource dynamics was perceived by herders to be secondary to a range of environmental and climatic factors. Both sets of results were at odds with the theories that currently govern management in this system. Studies in rangeland systems must take the complexity of the subject into account. Research into such socio-ecological systems must take a multiplicity of factors – social, environmental, economic, political and other – into account. Implications for management are that it is inappropriate to adhere strictly to the conventional, conservative strategies that are prescribed by conservation and agricultural authorities. Rather, a more flexible, opportunistic grazing strategy would allow the persistence of traditional subsistence livelihoods without serious negative consequences for biodiversity conservation.
AFRIKAANSR OPSOMMING: Die instelling van beskermde gebiede lewer nie altyd die gewenste vlak van biodiversiteitsbewaring, terwyl die welvaart van plaaslike gemeenskappe dikwels daaronder ly deur die afname in grond beskikbaar vir bestaanspraktyke. Tradisionele landboulandskappe is beduidende biodiversiteitshawens wat ‘n belangrike bydrae tot bewaring kan maak. Weivelde bevat ‘n derde tot ‘n helfte van die wêreld se landsoppervlakte en ondersteun rondom 220 miljoen mense, gewoonlik binne ‘n gemeenskaplike bestaansstelsel. Kolonialisasie het inbraak gemaak op tradisionele bestuurspraktyke, met verrykende sosialeen omgewingsimpakte. Dit het gelei tot bestuurspraktyke gebaseer op standpunte oor plantegroeidinamika en traditionele lewenswyses wat toenemend verkeerd bywys word. ‘n Vergelyking van ‘n plantegroei opname gebaseer op konvensionele wetenskaplike metodes en ‘n opname van die standpunte van veewagters is onderneem om die verskille en ooreenkomstes tussen die twee kennisstelsels uiteen te lê met die hoop om riglyne vir meer volhoubare bestuurspraktyke in die meentgronde van Namakwaland, Suid-Afrika te verskaf. Plantegroei reaksies tot die verwydering van weidingsdruk wys op komplekse interaksies wat nie ooreenstem met die heersende bestuursparadigma. Eerder as ‘n voorspelbare verwantskap tussen vee en plantegroei, omgewingsfaktore speel ‘n groot rol in die bepaling van plantgemeenskapsamestelling, -getalle en grondbedekking. Die veewagters se standpunte het hierdie kompleksiteit in plantegroeidinamika weerspiëel. Die impak van vee op die weiveldhulpbron is deur veewagters as sekondêr beskou teenoor ‘n reeks omgewings- en klimaatsfaktore. Beide stel resultate is in teenstelling met die teoriëe wat tans bestuur in hierdie stelsel bepaal. Studies in weiveldstelsels moet die kompleksiteit daarvan in ag neem. Navorsing oor hierdie sosio-ekologiese stelsels moet ‘n verskeidenheid faktore – sosiale-, omgewings-, ekonomiese-, politiese- en ander – in ag neem. Implikasies vir bestuur is dat dit onvanpas is om te volhard met konvensionele, konservatiewe strategiëe voorgeskryf deur bewarings- en landboukundige gesagte. ‘n Meer aanpasbare, voordeelnemende weidingsstrategie sal die voortbestaan van traditionele bestaanslewenspraktyke toelaat sonder ernstige negatiewe nagevolge vir biodiversiteitsbewaring.

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Leelaruban, Navaratnam. "Spatial Scale Dependence of Drought Characteristics and Impact of Drought on Agriculture and Groundwater." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25912.

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Drought is a water related natural hazard. It is difficult to characterize drought because of its diffused nature and spatiotemporal variability. However, understanding the variability of drought characteristics such as severity, frequency, duration, and spatial extent is critical in drought mitigation and planning. Impact of drought on agriculture, water supply, and energy sectors has been long-recognized. The current understanding of drought and its impact is limited due to its complex characteristics and ways in which it impacts various sectors. This study focuses on two important aspects of drought: variability of drought characteristics across different spatial scales, and impact of droughts on crop yield and groundwater. Two drought indices, one integrating severity and spatial coverage, and also taking into account the type of specific crops, were investigated for county level use. The developed indices were used in studying drought at the county level, and its impact on crop yields. These indices can be used for resource allocation at the county level for drought management. Drought is reported in the United States (U.S.) for different administrative units at different spatial scales. The variation of drought characteristics across different spatial scales and scale dependence was investigated, demonstrating the importance of considering spatial scales in drought management. A methodology is proposed to quantify the uncertainty in reported values of drought indices using geostatistical tools. The uncertainty was found to increase with increasing spatial scale size. Artificial Neural Network and regression methods were used to model the impact of drought on crop yield and groundwater resources. Relationships of crop yields and groundwater levels with drought indices were obtained. Overall, this study contributes towards understanding of the spatial variation of drought characteristics across different spatial scales, and the impact of drought on crop yields and groundwater levels.
North Dakota Water Recourses Research Institute (ND WRRI) Fellowship Program
North Dakota State University Graduate School Doctoral Dissertation Award

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Ndou, Portia. "Socio-economic impact of the participatory and conventionally implemented irrigation and livestock development projects: a case of Beitbridge and Mberengwa Districts of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/82.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of participatory and conventional approaches to livestock and irrigation project implementation in Zimbabwe’s Beitbridge and Mberengwa districts. The conventional livestock projects performed better than the participatory. Despite the breed for the participatory livestock projects being unsuitable for the environment, the farmers failed to utilize the drugs and surplus funding set aside for replacement of dead cattle. Farmer training was found to be of paramount importance in the establishment of the livestock projects in spite of the participatory approach used for the implementation of the projects. Also the technical backup and support for the livestock project beneficiaries is important to ensure early rectification of problems that may affect the smooth running of the projects as well as an opportunity to introduce new technical advice to boost production. Livestock projects take long period of time to establish, i.e. for the financial turn over to be realized. It takes long time for farmers in these projects to make investments from the proceeds of the livestock projects. For this reason, there is need for the number of beneficiaries for each pass-on livestock project to take into account the number of beasts at project establishment and also the number per each beneficiary group. However, the projects should still be encouraged as they will take full operation at a later stage and be of benefit to the rural disadvantaged who cannot access other means to own cattle, which in turn play a pivotal role in crop production (through draft power, manure provision) and cash earnings that indirectly ensures food security. Regardless of approach used, livestock projects should be strongly supported because the districts under study are prone to poor crop production and hence the cattle can be a source of income and food. Participatory irrigation projects performed better than the conventionally implemented, despite their small hectarages. This proved that farmer participation can greatly improve the efficiency of development work and eliminate many of the problems regarding proprietorship and enhance development activities at community level. Conventional irrigation projects were plagued by problems of mismanagement and theft as was reflected by poor performance and malfunction of the conventional Chingechuru and Chimwe-Chegato irrigation schemes. Fencing theft atChingechuru irrigation scheme had brought it to a stand still. However, the larger incomes associated with the conventionally implemented irrigation projects were the result of the larger areas under cropping for these projects. Production levels in participatory irrigation schemes were good. Adoption of most technical innovations in livestock projects was found to be associated with the conventional approach. Asset procurement was a function of the farmer’s accessibility to non-project income, like formal employment, and procurement of specific assets applied more to project type than the approach to project implementation. This study found that the approach used in implementation had a greater influence on the performance of irrigation projects than livestock projects.

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Hrabok, Jackie T. "Nematode parasites of reindeer in Fennoscandia : population dynamics, anthelmintic control and its environmental impact /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200689.pdf.

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Nascimento, Everton Frank Gonçalves do. "Análise da pecuária extensiva como possível vetor de intensificação dos processos erosivos na fazenda depósito xanadu, terra indígena São Marcos, Roraima." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2017. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=411.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Caracteriza os impactos ambientais ocasionados pela pecuária bovina na fazenda Depósito Xanadu, na Terra indígena São Marcos, em Roraima.
It characterizes the environmental impacts caused by cattle raising at the Xanadu Depot farm, in the indigenous Land São Marcos, in Roraima.

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Munoz, Vargas Lohendy M. "Impact of Metabolic Stress, Microbiome, and Lymph Node Colonization on Salmonella Shedding in Dairy Cattle." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492625962680584.

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Rahman, Abdur. "Seasonal availability and utilisation of feed resources and their impact on the nutrition of livestock in an agro pastoral system of the Hindu Kush Karakoram Himalayan region of Pakistan." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252131.

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Construction of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) has led to more rapid socio-economic change in areas close to highway than in more remote areas such as the Gilgit Ghizer Region (GGR) in Northern Pakistan. In the present study the aim was to compare the livestock enterprise in the developed region (i.e KKH) with the less developed area (i.e. GGR). A 2 x 3 factorial design was used with two geographical transects and three cropping zones and one village being studied within each cell. Nutritional inputs to, and productive outputs from, the livestock system, together with their interaction were investigated. Wheat straw (48%), lucerne (24%) and maize stover (13%) were the dominant feeds. Cereal crop residues and lucerne were main sources of energy and protein respectively. The main livestock species kept were cattle (51%), goats (31%), sheep (10%) and donkeys (8%). Overall, 65% of the herd was made up of non-productive animals. Feed sufficiency was 33% greater in the KKH transect (P < 0.05) and feed offered was 33% higher per unit liveweight in the KKH transect (P < 0.05). Stored feeds and herd weight per household were higher in the GGR transect (P < 0.05). Daily milk yield and calving rate were higher (P < 0.05) in the KKH (2.9 l/d and 0.82) compared with the GGR transect (2.3 l/d and 0.52). However proportions of fodder and cattle sold were higher (P < 0.05) in the GGR transect (16.5 % and 8%) than in the KKH transect (8.5% and <1). Overall, performance was higher in the KKH transect and this was related to herd size being better matched with feed resources. Larger herds in the GGR transect reduced animal performance but detrimental effects appeared to be partly masked by differences in the quality of summer pasture resources between transects.

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Hellberg, Lou. "Communicating Sustainable Consumption?: How the Environmental Impact of Animal-Based Food Consumption is Expressed by Swedish Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21923.

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The demand and consumption of food products created by the livestock- and fishing industries, have a major environmental impact, affecting climate change, biodiversity, and ecosystems. Yet, there seems to be a lack of public awareness of the direct impact one’s choice of food has on the environment, which suggests that more effective efforts are needed in order to introduce the concept to consumers. By the influence of a post-humanist perspective, this thesis investigates how the environmental impact of consuming animal-based food is communicated by Swedish environmental non-governmental organizations, and how the organizations are actively working to change consumers’ dietary habits by selecting more sustainable options. The research has focused on the external communication channels of the organizations, where verbiage and imagery have been analyzed in context, by using an analytical perspective of a constructionist view of communication, of where I acknowledge that communication has changed in our digital society. The findings indicated that the organizations are showing clear efforts and willingness of communicating the environmental impact of consuming animal-based food, although these efforts remain quite limited. The promotion of a plant-based diet as a way to help mitigate climate change was also communicated to a fair extent, but the organizations seemed to be privileging the preferences of consumers for animal-based food products over the actual need for them. Given that scientific evidence has shown that human consumption of animal-based food products has a major environmental impact, the overall produced knowledge by the organizations’ communication of consuming such products is still lacking. This suggests that more effective communication efforts are still needed, given the severity of the issue, which requires a drastic social change in eating habits as currently practiced in developed nations, in order to effectively mitigate climate change.

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Dick, Milene. "Avaliação dos impactos ambientais da produção de bovinos de corte no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72789.

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O crescimento da consciência ecológica ocasionado por problemas ambientais evidenciados nas últimas décadas tem direcionado esforços no sentido de repensar práticas e posturas a fim de minimizar os impactos das atividades humanas no planeta. Termos como sustentabilidade, têm sido recorrentes nas definições de rumos e possibilidades que orientam a adoção de práticas produtivas em diferentes níveis da sociedade. A importância de setor primário potencializa as cobranças quanto aos impactos ambientais das suas diferentes produções, particularmente no que tange à criação de ruminantes na realidade atual das mudanças climáticas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho buscou colaborar de diferentes formas para um maior conhecimento dos impactos dos sistemas pastoris de produção bovina característicos do Sul do Brasil sobre o meio ambiente. (1) Inicialmente foram descritas as principais ferramentas utilizadas em estudos de sustentabilidade, com vistas à determinação de sua aplicabilidade na avaliação dos ditos sistemas pecuários. São apontados conceitos e peculiaridades a serem considerados e propostas sugestões no que se refere ao uso das mesmas em avaliações de sistemas de criação em pastagens. (2) No primeiro estudo foram avaliados os impactos ambientais de dois sistemas de produção bovina típicos da Região Sul do Brasil (sistema extensivo ou cenário base e sistema melhorado), através da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Mais precisamente, buscou-se: caracterizar seus impactos em termos de: aquecimento global, uso da terra, depleção das águas, de minerais e de combustíveis fósseis, acidificação terrestre e eutrofização das águas. Valores de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e de uso da terra, de 22,5 kg de CO2 eq. e 234,78 m2a por kg de ganho de peso vivo, caracterizam o cenário-base. (3) No segundo estudo foram avaliados os impactos da aplicação de diferentes práticas melhoradoras no cenário-base sobre o balanço de GEE e demais aspectos ambientais relacionados à problemática do aquecimento global. Essas alterações incluíram no curto prazo: a introdução de gramíneas hibernais e estivais; introdução de leguminosas em substituição ao uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados; incrementos da taxa de desmame; intensificação do uso das pastagens e; aumento da taxa de descarte anual. Também foram considerados os efeitos do pastejo sobre os estoques de carbono do solo e a estabilização dos mesmos, numa perspectiva de médio e longo prazo. A diversidade dos resultados obtidos fornece subsídios para um maior entendimento das singularidades regionais, necessário para a proposição de alternativas de mitigação. Os diferentes cenários propostos demonstram diferentes possibilidades de mitigação dos efeitos destes sistemas produtivos sobre o ambiente, observando-se reduções de mais de 20 vezes das emissões de GEE e valores sete vezes menores de uso da terra. Os resultados obtidos são discutidos em função: de características climáticas e culturais da região que facilitam a obtenção de performances ambientais favoráveis e; da importância da dinâmica do carbono na biomassa aérea e radicular das plantas como elemento definidor da contribuição de sistemas pastoris de produção para a problemática do clima, bem como, para a questão ambiental em seu sentido amplo.
The growth of ecological consciousness caused by environmental problems highlighted in recent decades has directed efforts to rethink attitudes and practices to minimize the impacts of human activities on the planet. Terms such as sustainability have been recurrent in definitions of directions and possibilities that drive the adoption of production practices at different levels of society. The importance of the primary sector potentiates the charges regarding the environmental impacts of its various productions, particularly in relation to ruminant breeding in the current reality of climate changes. In this context, the present study sought to collaborate in different ways to a better understanding of the impacts on the environment of grazing systems for cattle production, characteristic of southern Brazil. (1) Initially, the main tools used in sustainability studies were described, with a view to determining their applicability in evaluating livestock grazing systems. Concepts and peculiarities are pointed, and suggestions regarding the use of these tools in evaluation of breeding pasture systems are proposed. (2) In the first study, the environmental impacts of two cattle production systems typical of Southern Brazil were assessment. (extensified system or baseline scenario and improved system), through the Life Cycle Assessment. More precisely, it was sought to characterize their impacts in terms of: global warming, land use, depletion of waters, minerals and fossil fuels, terrestrial acidification and eutrophication. The values of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and land use, of 22.5 kg CO2 eq. and 234.78 m2a per live weight kg, characterize the baseline scenario. (3) In the second study, the impacts of the application of different improved practices in baseline scenario on the GHG balance and other environmental aspects related to the issue of global warming were assessment. In the short-term, these changes included: the introduction of winter and summer grasses, the introduction of leguminous to replace the use of nitrogen fertilizers; the increasing of weaning rates, the intensification of pasture uses and, the increasing of the annual disposal rate. Furthermore, the effects of grazing on soil carbon stocks were also considered, in a medium and long term. The diversity of the obtained results provides subsidies to a greater understanding about regional singularities, which is necessary for proposing alternatives to mitigate their effects. The different baseline scenarios present different possibilities of mitigation the effects of these production systems on the environment, observing reductions of more than 20 times the GHG emissions and seven times lower values of land use. The results are discussed with reference to: climatic and cultural characteristics of the region that facilitate the achievement of favorable environmental performances and, the importance of the dynamics of carbon in root and aerial biomass of plants as a defining element of the contribution of pastoral production systems for climate issues, as well as for environmental issues in a broader sense.

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36

Dias, Rafael Antunes. "Padrões de diversidade em comunidades de aves relacionadaos a varáveis de habitat em campos temperados do sudeste da América do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/72388.

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Indivíduos, populações e espécies tendem a usar e selecionar habitats de modo não-aleatório. Consequentemente, a perda e a degradação de habitats geram impactos distintos sobre os organismos dependendo de seus atributos. Os efeitos da perda de habitat são claros – os organismos são eliminados ou desalojados por falta de habitat ou baixo sucesso reprodutivo. As consequências da degradação de habitat são mais sutis, e resultam na incapacidade de um ecossistema sustentar determinadas espécies. Como a perda e a degradação de habitat reduzem a disponibilidade de nichos, espera-se que táxons ecologicamente especializados e com requerimentos estreitos de nicho sejam mais propensos à extinção que generalistas. Organismos que são negativamente afetados por perda e degradação de habitat em geral exibem porte muito grande ou muito pequeno, baixa mobilidade, baixa fecundidade, reduzido recrutamento e estreitos requerimentos de nicho. Campos temperados constituem ambientes particularmente afetados por perda e degradação de habitat. No sudeste da América do Sul, como em muitas outras regiões do planeta, a expansão da agricultura e silvicultura são os principais responsáveis pela perda de habitat campestre. Os remanescentes de vegetação natural são usados para criação de gado, estando sujeitos à degradação pelo sobrepastejo, pisoteio e técnicas de manejo. Avaliar como a perda e degradação de habitat afetam a diversidade de organismos campestres é vital para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e manejo. A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar como a degradação e perda de habitat induzidas pela pecuária e silvicultura afetam a diversidade e a composição das comunidades de aves. Inicialmente, exploramos as relações entre variáveis de habitat e a composição da comunidade de aves num gradiente de altura da vegetação determinado por pastejo em campos litorâneos do Rio Grande do Sul. Posteriormente, avaliamos como variações no relevo interagem com variáveis de habitat e afetam a diversidade de aves em áreas de pecuária na Campanha gaúcha. Finalmente, avaliamos de que forma a perda de habitat resultante do estabelecimento de plantações industriais de celulose em áreas de campo afeta a composição de comunidades de aves campestres. Nossos resultados demonstram que a degradação de habitat decorrente do manejo de gado em campo nativo afeta a comunidade de aves de forma diferencial. Aves adaptadas a campos ralos ou generalistas tendem a ser beneficiadas pelo pastejo, ao passo que as espécies associadas à vegetação alta e densa são desfavorecidas. As variações na topografia reduzem os impactos da degradação de habitat nos campos. Essas variações interagem com o habitat e afetam de forma diferencial os distintos componentes da diversidade. Por outro lado, a perda de habitat decorrente da silvicultura gera um impacto de maior magnitude, alterando a composição das comunidades de aves e favorecendo aves não-campestres. Nesse contexto, impedir que novas áreas de campo nativo sejam convertidas em plantações de árvores passa a ser imperativo. Embora o manejo do gado aumente a diversidade em nível de paisagem ao criar um mosaico de manchas de vegetação de alturas distintas, maior atenção deve ser dada à manutenção e recuperação de formações densas de herbáceas de grande porte. Isso somente pode ser assegurado através de mudanças no regime do pastejo ou do desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo alternativas.
Individuals, populations and species tend to select habitats in a non-random way. Consequently, habitat loss and degradation will have different impacts on organisms according to their traits. The effects of habitat loss are straightforward – organisms are eliminated or displaced because of the inexistence of adequate habitat or of low breeding success. Effects of habitat degradation are more subtle and result in the reduction of the capacity of an ecosystem to support some subsets of species. Since habitat loss and degradation reduce niche availability, ecologically specialized taxa with narrow niche requirements are expected to be more extinction prone than habitat generalists. Temperate grasslands have been strongly impacted by habitat loss and degradation. In southeastern South America, the expansion of agriculture and industrial pulpwood plantations are the main sources of habitat loss. Remnants of natural grassland vegetation are used for livestock ranching, being subject to habitat degradation from overgrazing, trampling and inadequate management techniques. The evaluation of how habitat loss and degradation affect the diversity of grassland organisms is vital for the development of management and conservation techniques. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate how habitat degradation and loss related to cattle ranching and pulpwood plantations affect the diversity and composition of bird communities. We began by exploring the relationship between habitat variables and the composition of the bird community along a gradient of vegetation height determined by grazing in coastal grasslands of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We then assessed how variations in the relief interact with habitat variables e affect the diversity of birds in rangelands of the Campanha gaúcha. Finally, we evaluated how habitat loss related with grassland afforestation for pulpwood plantations affects the composition of grassland bird communities. Our results demonstrate that habitat degradation resulting from livestock ranching in natural grasslands affects bird communities in a differential way. Birds adapted to stunted grasslands or habitat generalists tend to benefit from grazing, whereas tall-grass specialists are negatively affected. Variations in topography are responsible for reducing the impacts of habitat degradation in grasslands. These variations interact with habitat and have a differential effect on distinct components of diversity. On the other hand, the magnitude of the impact of habitat loss from afforestation is larger, altering the composition of bird communities and favoring a series of non-grassland species. In this sense, protecting remaining grasslands from afforestation is imperative. Although cattle ranching increases diversity at the landscape level by creating a mosaic of vegetation patches of different height, more attention should be given in maintaining and recovering dense formations of tall grassland plants. This can only be achieved by changing grazing regimes or developing alternative management techniques.

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Le, Floch Eloi. "Devenir des Composés Pharmaceutiques après l épandage de Matières Fertilisantes d Origine Résiduaire (boues, effluents d élevage) : impact du procédé de traitement de la Mafor et du type de sol." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/fb63b8c7-7966-49f5-aec4-9ae8d2d7880e/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0074.pdf.

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Les Matières Fertilisantes d’Origine Résiduaire (Mafor) sont épandues sur les sols agricoles comme source de nutriments et de matière organique. Cependant, sous certaines conditions, ils peuvent aussi libérer des composés pharmaceutiques (CP) potentiellement dangereux pour l’environnement. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la mobilité des CP ioniques dans les sols amendés par des Mafor pour pouvoir mieux contrôler leurs usages. Pour cela, cette étude a consisté dans un premier temps à caractériser les Mafor et les sols en regardant principalement leur composition en matières organiques et leur capacités d’échange de cations. Dans un second temps, les facteurs majeurs de la mobilité ont été évalués par des expériences de désorption en batch de 9 CP ioniques depuis 10 Mafor et 3 sols amendés par 5 des Mafor précédentes. Pour les Mafor, en fonction du CP, la spéciation ionique a un rôle très important dans la désorption de ces molécules. Dans le cas des sulfamides, les espèces neutres sont fortement sorbées alors que les espèces anioniques sont faiblement retenues. Les comportements des CP lors de la lixiviation des Mafor seules ne permettent pas d’évaluer leurs comportements avec les sols amendés. Pour les sols, des corrélations peuvent être observées entre les espèces ioniques et les teneurs sorbées mais la relation entre les deux est moins directe en comparaison avec celle obtenu avec les Mafor. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré l’impact primordial de la spéciation ionique des CP lors de la désorption dans les Mafor et les sols, et l’importance des caractéristiques des sols dont la teneur en matière organique et la capacité d’échange cationique. Par la suite, des études pourraient être menées pour confirmer la faible sorption des espèces anioniques, pour élucider le comportement des espèces cationiques dans les Mafor et pour trouver une meilleure estimation de la spéciation ionique dans les sols
Residual Origin Fertilizing Materials (ROFM) are land spread on agricultural soils as a source of nutrients and organic matter. However, under certain circumstances, they can also release pharmaceutical compounds (PC) that are potentially dangerous for the environment. The objective of this thesis is to determine the mobility of ionic PC in ROFM amended soils in order to better control their uses. For this end, this study consisted of, firstly, characterizing the ROFM and the soils by examining their organic matter composition and their cationic exchange capacities. Secondly, the major mobility factors were evaluated by desorption batch of 9 ionic PC from 10 ROFM and 3 soils amended by 5 of the previous ROFM. For the ROFM, depending on the PC, the ionic speciation has a very important role in the desorption of these molecules. In the case of sulfonamides, the uncharged species are strongly sorbed whereas the anionic species are weakly retained. The behaviour of the PC, during the leaching of ROFM alone, does not allow the evaluation of their behaviour with amended soils. For soils, correlations can be observed between the ionic species and the sorbed amounts but the relation between the two is less direct in comparison with those obtained with the ROFM. The results from the study have shown the important impact of the PC ionic speciation during desorption in ROFM and soils, and the importance of soil characteristics such as the amount of organic matter and the cationic exchange capacity. Subsequently, studies could be carried out to confirm the low sorption of anionic species, to elucidate the behaviour of cationic species in ROFM and to find a better way to estimate the ionic speciation in soils

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Lin, Shu-Yu, and 林書宇. "A Study on the Restrictive Import Measures of Livestock Products containing β-agonist of Taiwan under the SPS Agreement." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72368755745290804972.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
96
In 2006, the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine promulgated that it was forbidden to manufacture, disperse, import, export, sell and exposure “β-agonist,” was a feed additive that was used to increase rate of carcass leanness in food-producing animals, because it could be harmful to human healthy according to science reports. In contrast, using β-agonist could decline production costs, thus other countries did not prohibit it generally and the FAO also allow it within a suggesting standard. On the other hand, the restrictive import measures of Taiwan would probably become trade barriers under the WTO Rules. On the purpose of protecting our public health, food safety, and citizen care, this thesis attempts to establish an adaptable restrictive import measure of livestock product containing β-agonist in accordance with the WTO Rules. Furthermore, the thesis does examine not only the public health provisions and practices under the WTO Rules, but also the control systems of β-agonist in the world. In summary, considering literature review methodology, historical methodology, comparative methodology, and interviewing methodology, this thesis tries to present an effective and enforceable conclusion as an advice in the future.

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39

Kirkman, Kevin Peter. "Impact of stocking rate, livestock type and livestock movement on sustainable utilisation of sourveld." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10291.

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Data collected between 1992/93 and 1996/97 from two long-term grazing trials were used to investigate the interaction between grazing animals and veld grass. In the first trial, the impacts of stocking rate and time of stocking in spring on both livestock performance and veld vigour (defined as the ability of a grass plant to regrow after defoliation) and condition were investigated. In the second trial comparisons were made, firstly between the impacts of sheep and cattle grazing, and secondly between various types and frequencies of rest, on veld vigour and condition. Treatments applied in the first trial comprised four stocking rates, namely 7, 10, 13 and 16 sheep ha¯¹ for the duration of the grazing season, and two times of stocking, namely as early as possible after spring burning and three weeks later. Sheep grazed each treatment continuously throughout the growing season. Treatments were applied to alternate blocks in a two-year cycle with each block resting for a year within a grazing cycle. Animal performance (mass gains over the season) was measured to quantify livestock performance. Herbage availability was measured on a species basis at intervals throughout each season using a dry-weight-rank procedure to determine grazing patterns. Residual effects of the grazing treatments on vigour were determined by measuring herbage regrowth on a species basis during the rest season which followed a season of grazing and comparing these measures to a previously ungrazed control treatment. Effects of the grazing treatment on proportional species composition were determined using a nearest plant point technique. Stocking rate had a non-linear effect on livestock performance, with livestock performance on the lightest stocking rate being less than on the two intermediate stocking rates. The mass gains on the heaviest stocking rate were generally the smallest. Delaying the time of stocking in spring resulted in smaller mass gains during the resultant shorter season. The sheep from both the early and late time of stocking groups had similar mean masses at the end of the season. The advantage of stocking early can thus be attributed more to saving the cost of alternative feed for the interim period than to additional mass gains due to stocking early. Quantification of livestock performance in terms of selected and available feed quality, quantity and species availability throughout each season was extremely complex due to multiple thresholds in the measured variables and no simple cause and effect relations could be established that would hold for spatial or temporal extrapolation. The negative impact of grazing on veld vigour was severe. Stocking rate and time of stocking had a secondary impact with the vigour loss positively related to increasing grazing pressure. The main factor influencing vigour loss was grazing, irrespective of time of stocking or stocking rate, as opposed to no grazing. The impact of grazing on vigour was severely negative in the palatable species, variable in the species of intermediate palatability and positive in the unpalatable species that were rarely, if ever, grazed. The stocking rate and time of stocking rate had an impact on the proportional species composition, with the more palatable species declining in proportion. There was an observable relation between impact of grazing on vigour and on species composition. Treatments applied in the second trial involved applying a full growing season rest in alternate years, half a growing season rest (late season) in alternate years and no rest to veld grazed by sheep or cattle at similar stocking rates. Residual effects of the treatments on veld vigour were determined by measuring species regrowth using a dry-weight-rank technique during the season following treatment application, and comparing it to controls ungrazed for one and two seasons respectively. Changes in proportional species composition were determined using a nearest plant point technique. The vigour of veld grazed by sheep declined rapidly relative to veld grazed by cattle. The vigour of palatable species was severely impacted, vigour of intermediate species was variably impacted and vigour of unpalatable species increased dramatically on veld grazed by sheep compared to the control treatments. Similar trends occurred in veld grazed by cattle, but to a lesser degree. Resting was beneficial for vigour recovery in both sheep and cattle treatments but it seems that the grazing treatment between rests has a greater influence on the veld vigour and condition than the rest itself. The veld grazed by sheep remained at a substantially lower productivity level than veld grazed by cattle. This was particularly evident in the change in productivity balance between palatable and unpalatable species in the sheep treatments, where palatable species vigour declined and unpalatable species vigour increased relative to veld grazing by cattle. Species composition of veld grazed by sheep deteriorated over the trial period in contrast to the veld grazed by cattle, which improved in species composition. Grazing management recommendations for sourveld should include a bias towards cattle, optimising stocking rate for improved performance and resting for enhancing vigour of the palatable grasses.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

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"The Economics of Livestock Disease: The Impact of a Regionalization Policy." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-06-1083.

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An outbreak of Foot and Mouth disease in Canada would result in the closing of borders to trade in meat and livestock between Canada and the US. The loss of export market access would result in losses to Canadian producers and negatively affect Canada’s reputation as a trading partner. Under a Regionalization Policy, trade could be allowed from disease-free regions of Canada during an outbreak. This would allow a limited amount of trade to continue and mitigate the losses to producers in uninfected areas. This thesis examined scenarios that involve various degrees of regionalization to determine the effects on producers, consumers and taxpayers. A partial- equilibrium model is used to determine the impact on economic welfare under each scenario and comparisons are made to help evaluate the relative outcomes of policies towards regionalization.

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Yi-HanChen and 陳薏涵. "Study of Odors in Yenshui and Erren Rivers – Impact of Livestock and Sewage Discharges." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46224596257232514828.

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碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
98
This study was aimed to characterize the odour types, intensities and compounds associated with livestock wastewater and sewage present in Yenshui and Erren Rivers in South Taiwan. Two sensory methods, including flavor profile analysis (FPA) and sensory gas chromatograph (SGC), and a instrumental method, solid phase microextration (SPME) coupled with gas chromatograph and mass spectrometry detector(GC/MSD), were integrated to identify and quantify odour types and odourants. Four sampling points in Yenshui and Erren Rivers were chosen to represent river water polluted by sewage and livestock wastewater, including Ba-Chen in Yenshui River and Wan-Li in Erren River for Sewage, and Ann-Shun in Yenshui River and Chu-Yen in Erren River for livestock wastewater. The FPA results reveals that the major odour type present in sewage polluted river water was sewage odour, with intensity 5-8, and the second odor type was ammonia odour, with intensity 3-6. For livestock wastewater polluted river water, the major odour type was sewage/fecal odour and the intensity was 6-12. The results suggest that sewage and fecal odour may be a good indicator to justify if a river is polluted by livestock wastewater and sewage. Three odourants, including DMS, CS2, and indole, were commonly observed in the water samples. Among the three chemicals, indole often co-occurred with fecal odour in the same samples. In addition, indole concentrations well correlate with E. Coli. concentrations, further suggesting that the chemical is a good indicator of fecal pollution. One artificial musk chemical commonly added into detergents, HHCB, was also found to be a potential indicator of water pollution from for domestic wastewater.

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42

Zanolini, William. "Effects of the Texas 4-H Livestock Ambassador Program on 4-H Youth and the Perceived Impact on Leadership Skills, Livestock Production Knowledge and Agricultural Career Development." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10450.

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Selected 4-H youth participated in the Texas 4-H Livestock Ambassador program. Forty six youth attended one of the 2011 Texas 4-H Livestock Ambassador Short Courses held on the campuses of Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University. The three-day short course is in an intense introduction of animal science principles delivered by university professors and staff, Texas AgriLife Extension faculty and industry representatives. Upon completing the short course, the students must contribute 30 hours to youth livestock projects and Texas animal agriculture. Two instruments were developed to evaluate the perceptions of the participants regarding their perceived impact of the program on: 1) livestock production knowledge gained, 2) career development, 3) understanding of higher education, and 4) leadership development. The students perceived the Texas 4-H Livestock Ambassador Program to increase their understanding of livestock production knowledge, career development, higher education and leadership development. The results of the study validate the need for advanced educational opportunities to develop high school aged 4-H members in the state of Texas.

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Randela, Rendani. "Socio-economic impact analysis of livestock disease control programmes with special reference to ticks and tick-borne diseases." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22853.

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Gruber, Ina [Verfasser]. "The impact of socio-economic development and climate change on livestock management in Benin / von Ina Gruber." 2008. http://d-nb.info/989451658/34.

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Hudayana, Bambang. "More than just rice : the impact of the green revolution on livestock raising in a Javanese village." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144004.

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Masanetz, Sabine [Verfasser]. "Impact of prebiotic substances on gut health of livestock animals : inulin, lactulose and Pinus massoniana pollen / Sabine Masanetz." 2011. http://d-nb.info/1011398095/34.

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Mdlulwa, Ntombimbini Zimbini. "The socio-economic impact of the 2008-2010 Rift Valley fever outbreak on livestock farmers in South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50696.

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Livestock production is an important industry in South Africa. The contribution of the livestock sector to the total agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) is the largest of all the agricultural sectors, contributing more than 40% of the gross value of the total agricultural sector. Although livestock production plays an important role in the economies of most nations, livestock remains vulnerable to diseases. Recently, South Africa experienced varying episodes of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) outbreaks. RVF is viral zoonotic disease spread by infected mosquitoes and characterised by high rates of abortion and neonatal mortality, primarily in sheep, goats and cattle, but also in exotic and wild animals. To justify efficient and effective policies of prevention and control of RVF, it is paramount to understand the true impact of this disease. The amount of additional research that should be budgeted to develop newer and more effective vaccines for the control of RVF can be more adequately judged with a more accurate accounting of the overall costs of an RVF outbreak. Using a combination of evaluation methods, this study therefore sought to estimate the economic losses incurred by livestock farmers in South Africa due to the 2008–2010 RVF outbreaks. A questionnaire was administered to 150 livestock farmers in the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Free State provinces, believed to have been the most severely affected provinces in the recent RVF outbreaks. Based on secondary data and expert opinions, two municipalities that were severely affected by the 2008–2010 RVF outbreaks were selected in each of the three provinces: Cacadu and Chris Hani municipal districts in the Eastern Cape; Pixley Ka Seme and Frances Baard municipal districts in the Northern Cape; and Fezile Dabi and Lejweleputswa in the Free State. The study focused on both black and white livestock farmers who keep cattle, goats, or sheep. This study hypothesised that farmers with sound animal production systems and animal health-care programmes that included vaccination against RVF were least affected by the outbreak when it occurred, and that farmers and their representative organisations overestimated the income losses from the RVF outbreaks. The findings of the study revealed the importance of vaccination in that, regardless of the application of biosecurity measures and general vaccination programs, farmers who did not vaccinate all their animals against RVF were the most affected (59%) compared to 37% of farmers who vaccinated all their animals. The findings from the survey reveal that more than 30% of farmers reported losses in the form of mortalities, abortions and reduction in animal products such as milk. Farmers incurred extra expenditure in the form of prevention, control and treatment costs. Although most of the 150 livestock farmers indicated that they vaccinated against RVF, less than half used their own funds to purchase the vaccine. Black communal and emerging farmers were provided vaccines by the state. Due to lack of substantial data, expenditure costs were only up-scaled to district level. Thus an estimated total expenditure of R50.3 million was spent by farmers on prevention, control and treatment. The survey revealed a high rate of animal mortalities and abortions, much higher than indicated by official notifications of the disease. For example, Pienaar and Thompson (2013) indicated that in 2010, “484 outbreaks were reported, with 13 342 animal cases and 8 877 animal deaths.” The 150 livestock farmers in the survey reported 4 783 animal deaths, more than half of all mortalities officially reported for the whole country. In addition, 6 460 abortions were reported in the survey of 150 farmers. Although other diseases can also cause abortions, follow-up discussions with farmers and animal health officers resulted in a fairly high level of confidence that the abortions reported in the survey were due to RVF.
Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MScAgric
Unrestricted

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周瑞崇. "A study on the marketing channel and impacts of promised downpayment of livestock product imports in Taiwan-U.S. market access agreement." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95800783197035274504.

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Lin, Cheng-Hong, and 林正鴻. "Impact Evaluation of Tariff Reductions on Agriculture, Livestock, and Fishery Sectors in Taiwan -- An Application of Computable General Equilibrium Model." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47423016444922498181.

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Shezi, Thamsanqa Alfred. "Impact of livestock grazing intensity on the plant diversity of species-rich montane grassland in the northern Drakensberg, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/28816.

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Abstract:

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg, South Africa March 2019
Livestock grazing intensity is expected to impact on the plant species composition and plant diversity of Drakensberg grasslands. These montane grasslands are important for providing goods and services for the local and the national population, in part through supporting livestock on communal rangelands. Montane communal rangelands are generally heavily stocked, although grazing pressure is expected to be concentrated around kraals and to show a decreasing gradient with distance. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of livestock grazing on plant species composition and diversity of montane grassland in the northern Drakensberg (Thabo Mofutsanyane district). A grazing gradient from a kraal site to beyond the average foraging distance of cattle was examined. A second approach examined fence-line contrasts between communal rangeland and the protected areas of Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP) and Royal Natal National Park (RNNP). Nine transects were sampled (using 90 5 x 5 m plots) in order to define a gradient, ensuring relative uniformity of environment by sampling only spurs and crests. The fence-line contrast between GGHNP and QwaQwa was sampled using 40 adjacent pairs of plots (5 x 5 m), that of RNNP and communal rangeland using 20 adjacent pairs. The percentage cover of each species on each plot was estimated using the Domin scale. Soil from each plot was analysed for levels of P, K, Ca, N, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, exchangeable acidity, acidity saturation, total cations, pH (KCl), organic carbon and percent clay. The presence of a grazing gradient defined by distance was supported by a decrease in the amount of cattle dung with increasing distance from a kraal, described by a non-linear relationship. Distance was not confounded with altitude, solar radiation, or slope, nor with variation in soil physico-chemical properties as described by the first three axes of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). An effect of grazing intensity was supported by a relationship between increasing distance and increasing species richness, an increasing abundance of graminoids, indigenous plants, and perennial plants, a decreasing abundance of shrubs, dwarf shrubs, annual herbaceous plants, and alien plants (especially Richardia brasiliensis and Hypochaeris radicata), and a change in herbaceous composition. However, most compositional variation was unexplained. The studies of fence-line contrasts provided some further support for an effect of grazing intensity. For the contrast between GGHNP and the QwaQwa communal area, species composition was different and GGHNP supported more endemic species. RNNP compared with the adjoining communal rangeland showed greater species richness and plant diversity, a greater abundance of grasses, dicotyledons and indigenous plants, and a lesser abundance of dwarf shrubs. In conclusion, a gradient study and fence-line contrasts both provided support for an effect of livestock grazing on the composition and diversity of montane grassland in the northern Drakensberg. However, despite a long history of communal livestock grazing a total of more than 320 indigenous plant species indicates these grasslands make some contribution to biodiversity conservation, but this contribution is compromised in the vicinity of kraals. Rangeland under reduced grazing intensity may therefore offer a means of maintaining the plant diversity of communal grassland grazing systems. The state of the grassland on the RNNP side of that fence-line contrast perhaps presents a benchmark grassland state that could be achieved in this communal grazing region if conservative livestock numbers could be maintained.
E.K. 2020

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