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Journal articles on the topic 'Impinging flame'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Leu, Jai Houng, and Ay Su. "Structure of Combustion Enhancement on Impinging Diffusion Flame." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.872.

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For the purpose to clear obverse the impingement and entrainment of the impinging diffusion flame, numbers of the tests are executed under various sets of momentum ratios in this paper. The oxidizer-fuel impinging flames shorten the fully development length. The peak temperature distributions are also greater than that of pure methane impinging flame. Furthermore, its flame width in YZ plane is thicker than that of the pure impinging flame. This effect is more obvious under lean combustion condition. Also, nitrogen gas in the mixture can increase the mixing rate.

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2

Ko, H. S., S. S. Ahn, S. H. Baek, and T. Kim. "Development of Combined Optical System for Thermal Analysis of Impinging Flames." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.71.

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Three-dimensional density distributions of an impinging and eccentric flame have been analyzed numerically and experimentally by a combined optical system with a digital speckle tomography. The flame has been ignited by premixed butane/air from air holes and impinged vertically against a plate located at the upper side of the burner nozzle. In order to compare with experimental data, computer synthesized phantoms of impinging and eccentric flames have been derived and reconstructed by a developed three-dimensional multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART). A new scanning technique has been developed for the analysis of speckle displacements to investigate wall jet regions of the impinging flame including sharp variation of the flow direction and pressure gradient. The reconstructed temperatures by the digital speckle tomography have been compared with a temperature photography by an infrared camera and results of a numerical analysis using a finite element method.

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3

Park, Kweonha. "The flame behaviour of liquefied petroleum gas spray impinging on a flat plate in a constant volume combustion chamber." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x11031.

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Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sprays and diffusion flames are investigated in a constant volume combustion chamber having an impingement plate. The spray and flame images are visualized and compared with diesel and gasoline images over a wide range of ambient pressure. The high-speed digital camera is used to take the flame images. The injection pressure is generated by a Haskel air-driven pump, and the initial chamber pressure is adjusted by the amount of pumping air. The LPG spray and flame photographs are compared with those of gasoline and diesel fuel at the same conditions, and then the spray and flame development behaviour is analysed. The spray photographs show that the dispersion characteristics of LPG spray are sensitive to the ambient pressure. In a low initial chamber pressure LPG fuel in the liquid phase evaporates quickly and does not reach down easily to the impinging plate having a hot coil for ignition. That makes the temperature and equivalence ratio low near the ignition coil, thus making ignition diffcult. On the other hand, in a high initial chamber pressure the spray leaving the nozzle gathers around the ignition site after impinging on the plate, which makes an intense flame near the plate. If applied to small-sized direct injection engines that are not able to avoid spray impinging on a cylinder wall, LPG will have faster and cleaner combustion than diesel or gasoline fuels. However, the chamber geometry should be carefully designed to enable a sufficient amount of vaporized fuel to get to the ignition site

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4

BERGTHORSON, JEFFREY M., SEAN D. SALUSBURY, and PAUL E. DIMOTAKIS. "Experiments and modelling of premixed laminar stagnation flame hydrodynamics." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 681 (June 23, 2011): 340–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.203.

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The hydrodynamics of a reacting impinging laminar jet, or stagnation flame, is studied experimentally and modelled using large activation energy asymptotic models and numerical simulations. The jet-wall geometry yields a stable, steady flame and allows for precise measurement and specification of all boundary conditions on the flow. Laser diagnostic techniques are used to measure velocity and CH radical profiles. The axial velocity profile through a premixed stagnation flame is found to be independent of the nozzle-to-wall separation distance at a fixed nozzle pressure drop, in accord with results for non-reacting impinging laminar jet flows, and thus the strain rate in these flames is only a function of the pressure drop across the nozzle. The relative agreement between the numerical simulations and experiment using a particular combustion chemistry model is found to be insensitive to both the strain rate imposed on the flame and the relative amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in the premixed gas, when the velocity boundary conditions on the simulations are applied in a manner consistent with the formulation of the streamfunction hydrodynamic model. The analytical model predicts unburned, or reference, flame speeds that are slightly lower than the detailed numerical simulations in all cases and the observed dependence of this reference flame speed on strain rate is stronger than that predicted by the model. Experiment and simulation are in excellent agreement for near-stoichiometric methane–air flames, but deviations are observed for ethylene flames with several of the combustion models used. The discrepancies between simulation and experimental profiles are quantified in terms of differences between measured and predicted reference flame speeds, or position of the CH-profile maxima, which are shown to be directly correlated. The direct comparison of the measured and simulated reference flame speeds, ΔSu, can be used to infer the difference between the predicted flame speed of the combustion model employed and the true laminar flame speed of the mixture, ΔSOf, i.e. ΔSu=ΔSOf, consistent with recently proposed nonlinear extrapolation techniques.

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5

Ay, Su, and Liu Ying-Chieh. "Enhancements of impinging flame by pulsation." Journal of Thermal Science 9, no. 3 (September 2000): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11630-000-0062-6.

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6

Jiang, Xi, Hua Zhao, and Kai H. Luo. "Direct Numerical Simulation of a Non-Premixed Impinging Jet Flame." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 8 (September 20, 2006): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2737480.

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A non-premixed impinging jet flame at a Reynolds number 2000 and a nozzle-to-plate distance of two jet diameters was investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Fully three-dimensional simulations were performed employing high-order numerical methods and high-fidelity boundary conditions to solve governing equations for variable-density flow and finite-rate Arrhenius chemistry. Both the instantaneous and time-averaged flow and heat transfer characteristics of the impinging flame were examined. Detailed analysis of the near-wall layer was conducted. Because of the relaminarization effect of the wall, the wall boundary layer of the impinging jet is very thin, that is, in the regime of viscous sublayer. It was found that the law-of-the-wall relations for nonisothermal flows in the literature need to be revisited. A reduced wall distance incorporating the fluid dynamic viscosity was proposed to be used in the law-of-the-wall relations for nonisothermal flows, which showed improved prediction over the law of the wall with the reduced wall distance defined in terms of fluid kinematic viscosity in the literature. Effects of external perturbation on the dynamic behavior of the impinging flame were found to be insignificant.

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7

Uppatam, Nuttamas, Wongsathon Boonyopas, Chattawat Aroonrujiphan, Natthaporn Kaewchoothong, Somchai Sae-ung, and Chayut Nuntadusit. "Heat Transfer Characteristic for Premixed Flame Jet from Swirl Chamber." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 77, no. 2 (November 14, 2020): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.77.2.3346.

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The objective of this research is to study flame structure and heat transfer characteristics for the premixed flame jet from the swirling chamber. In this study, LPG and air was utilized as gas fuel and oxidizer for a premixed flame. The equivalence ratios () of LPG and air were considered at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 under a Reynolds number Re = 4,000. The swirl flame was generated by double tangential inlets in cylindrical chamber. The diameter of chamber was fixed at D = 20 mm and the hydraulic diameter of the inlet was Dh = 5 mm. In this study, the effect of chamber geometry on flame structure was investigated by varying the chamber from H = 2.2Dh to 7.0Dh. The structures and temperature of the free flame jet was recorded with camera and measured with a thermocouple. The heat transfer rate of impinging flame jet was also measured at distance from chamber outlet to flame impingement surface varying from L = 4Dh to 10Dh. The results show that the maximum of flame temperature occurs at =1.2. Impinging flame jet for case of chamber height at H = 4.6Dh and impingement distance at L = 4Dh give the highest heat transfer for all equivalence ratios due to the reaction zone of combustion reached to approach near the heat transfer surface.

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8

Chen, Yiran, Tong Yao, Qian Wang, and Kai Hong Luo. "Large eddy simulation of impinging flames: Unsteady ignition and flame propagation." Fuel 255 (November 2019): 115734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115734.

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9

., Shankar Badiger. "FLAME SHAPES AND HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IMPINGING FLAME JET." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 25 (September 25, 2016): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0525020.

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10

Sun, Meng, Jieyu Jiang, Yongzhe Yu, Canxing He, Kun Liu, and Bin Zhang. "The impinging wall effect on flame dynamics and heat transfer in non-premixed jet flames." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220126076s.

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The impinging jet flame is studied experimentally and numerically accounting for the complex flame-wall interactions in practical combustion devices. Flame dynamics and heat transfer with the effect of impinging wall are analyzed. 3D large eddy simulation coupled with detailed chemical reaction mechanism and particle image velocimetry experiment based on cross-correlation measurement principle are performed for verification and further analysis. Results show that vortices are generated due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability originated from velocity gradient. 3D vortex interactions involving vortex rings and spirals are also indicated by vorticity and the convection of stream wise vorticity is responsible for the effect of vortex spirals associated with turbulent flow transition. In addition, results calculated from four wall thermal conditions are compared and analyzed. Dirichlet condition is inferred to be more suitable for the case of wall materials with higher thermal conductivity. It is indicated that wall thermal condition mainly affects the heat transfer in the near-wall region, but has little effect on the momentum transfer. This study provides references for the adoption of wall conditions in numerical simulation and near-wall treatment in combustion systems.

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11

Dong, L. L., C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung. "Heat transfer characteristics of an impinging inverse diffusion flame jet. Part II: Impinging flame structure and impingement heat transfer." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 25-26 (December 2007): 5124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.07.017.

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12

Su, Ay, and Chin-Te Lai. "INVESTIGATION OF ENTRAINMENT OF AN IMPINGING DIFFUSION FLAME." Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing 13, no. 2 (2006): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jflowvisimageproc.v13.i2.10.

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13

Gong, Yan, Qinghua Guo, Jie Zhang, Puxing Fan, Qinfeng Liang, and Guangsuo Yu. "Impinging Flame Characteristics in an Opposed Multiburner Gasifier." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 52, no. 8 (February 15, 2013): 3007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie3027857.

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14

Chien, Yu-Chien, David Escofet-Martin, and Derek Dunn-Rankin. "CO emission from an impinging non-premixed flame." Combustion and Flame 174 (December 2016): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.09.004.

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15

Zhen, Haisheng, Baodong Du, Xiaoyu Liu, Zihao Liu, and Zhilong Wei. "Experimental Investigation on the Heat Flux Distribution and Pollutant Emissions of Slot LPG/Air Premixed Impinging Flame Array." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 6255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196255.

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Experiments were carried out to investigate the heat transfer and pollutants emission characteristics of a slot LPG premixed flame array impinging normally onto a flat plate. The effects of jet-to-jet spacing (S/de), nozzle-to-plate distance (H/de), and jet Reynolds number (Re) on the heat flux and emission index of CO, CO2, and NOx/NO2 were examined. In addition, the thermal and emission characteristics between slot jets and circular jets were compared under identical experimental conditions. The results show that the more uniform heat flux distribution and higher total heat flux can be obtained at moderate jet-to-jet spacing, large jet-to-plate distance, and higher Reynolds number. EICO emissions can be influenced by the combined effects of jet-to-jet spacing, jet-to-plate distance, and higher Reynolds number. For the sake of the better combustion efficiency and lower EICO emission, the moderate jet-to-jet spacing (S/de = 2.5), larger jet-to-plate distance (H/de = 4), and relatively higher Reynolds number (Re = 1500) are preferred for the slot jet flame array. Furthermore, it is found that there exists a trade-off between the EICO and EINOx of the slot LPG flame array. Compared with multiple circular flame jets, multiple slot flames jets have the higher area-averaged heat flux due to the larger heating area and more uniform heat flux distribution, while the higher EICO emission and lower EINOx emission are due to the greater jet interaction suppressing the air entrainment. Thus, it is known that the slot flame array has a better heating performance but relatively higher pollutant emissions than the circular flame array.

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16

TADA, Yuji, Noriaki NAKATSUKA, Ryuichi MURAI, Hidetaka HIGASHINO, Ryuki KANO, Takahiro KITANO, Syoma HINO, et al. "Flame Structures and Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Impinging Flame on Ammonia Combustion." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2019.94 (2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2019.94.418.

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17

Wang, Aijuan, Brady Manescau, Khaled Chetehouna, Steve Rudz, and Ludovic Lamoot. "Experimental study on the flame extension and risk analysis of a diffusion impinging flame in confined compartment." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 4 (June 17, 2021): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211015766.

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In this work, an experimental investigation on a diffusion impinging flame in a confined compartment was performed. The objective was to study the influence of confinement on the behavior of a flame impinging the ceiling and to deduce the auto-ignition risk of the smoke produced in the confined compartment. For this, configurations with five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows and/or door in the compartment and the variation of the heat release rates was made between 0.5 and 18.6 kW. To evaluate the flame morphology and flame extension length, an image processing method based on the direct linear transformation algorithm and the fire segmentation algorithm was adopted. From the experimental data, it was shown that the heat release rate of 4.6 kW presents a critical value for the flame extension in confined configurations, which corresponds to the equivalence ratio of the enclosure greater than 1, highlighting an under-ventilated environment. In addition, an auto-ignition risk analysis of smoke with unburnt gas in the compartment was carried out. The concentration and temperature of these gases were compared to the lower flammability limits and the auto-ignition temperature. It was observed that there was auto-ignition risk of the smoke under the ceiling, especially in the confined compartment of equivalence ratio greater than 1. Under these conditions, it is possible to have a fire spread to another compartment.

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18

Frey, E. A., A. Tamhane, J. H. D. Rebello, S. A. Dregia, and V. V. Subramaniam. "Morphological variations in flame-deposited diamond." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 3 (March 1994): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0625.

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An oxy-acetylene flame, impinging vertically upward on an Si(001) substrate, is systematically examined for morphological variations in the resulting diamond deposits. The flame is operated under near neutral (O2/C2H2 ratio near 1.0) conditions in the unconfined, open atmosphere. Singly twinned crystal morphologies in addition to the usual (001) faceted structures are observed and reported for the first time. Similar morphological variations are observed along the radial as well as the axial (vertical) coordinate directions in the flame. Large changes in morphology are observed for changes in vertical position as small as 50 μm.

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19

Viskanta, R. "Heat transfer to impinging isothermal gas and flame jets." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 6, no. 2 (February 1993): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(93)90022-b.

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20

Hindasageri, Vijaykumar, Pramod Kuntikana, Abdul Raouf Tajik, Rajendra P. Vedula, and Siddini V. Prabhu. "Axis switching in impinging premixed methane-air flame jets." Applied Thermal Engineering 107 (August 2016): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.06.163.

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21

Mohr, J. W., J. Seyed-Yagoobi, and R. H. Page. "Combustion measurements from an impinging Radial Jet Reattachment flame." Combustion and Flame 106, no. 1-2 (July 1996): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00246-4.

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22

Wei, Zhilong, Lei Wang, Hu Liu, Zihao Liu, and Haisheng Zhen. "Numerical Investigation on the Flame Structure and CO/NO Formations of the Laminar Premixed Biogas–Hydrogen Impinging Flame in the Wall Vicinity." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 7308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217308.

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The near-wall flame structure and pollutant emissions of the laminar premixed biogas-hydrogen impinging flame were simulated with a detailed chemical mechanism. The spatial distributions of the temperature, critical species, and pollutant emissions near the wall of the laminar premixed biogas–hydrogen impinging flame were obtained and investigated quantitatively. The results show that the cold wall can influence the premixed combustion process in the flame front, which is close to the wall but does not touch the wall, and results in the obviously declined concentrations of OH, H, and O radicals in the premixed combustion zone. After flame quenching, a high CO concentration can be observed near the wall at equivalence ratios (φ) of both 0.8 and 1.2. Compared with that at φ = 1.0, more unburned fuel is allowed to pass through the quenching zone and generate CO after flame quenching near the wall thanks to the suppressed fuel consumption rate near the wall and the excess fuel in the unburned gases at φ = 0.8 and 1.2, respectively. By isolating the formation routes of NO production, it is found that the fast-rising trend of NO concentration near the wall in the post flame region at φ = 0.8 is attributed to the NO transportation from the NNH route primarily, while the prompt NO production accounts for more than 90% of NO generation in the wall vicinity at φ = 1.2. It is thus known that, thanks to the effectively increased surface-to-volume ratio, the premixed combustion process in the downsized chamber will be affected more easily by the amplified cooling effects of the cold wall, which will contribute to the declined combustion efficiency, increased CO emission, and improved prompt NO production.

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23

Mahmud, Rizal, Toru Kurisu, Keiya Nishida, Yoichi Ogata, Jun Kanzaki, and Onur Akgol. "Effects of injection pressure and impingement distance on flat-wall impinging spray flame and its heat flux under diesel engine-like condition." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 2019): 168781401986291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019862910.

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Heat loss is one of the main causes of energy losses in modern direct injection diesel engines. This heat loss of the engine occurs during combustion, mainly due to the heat transfer between the impinging spray flame and the piston cavity wall. It is of more critical in small size engines. In order to decrease heat transfer, we need to examine the phenomenon of heat transfer through the combustion chamber walls more fully. To achieve this, we investigated the effects of flame impingement on transient heat flux to the wall. By using a constant volume vessel with a fixed impingement wall, the surface heat flux of the wall at the locations of spray flame impingement was measured with three thin film thermocouple heat flux sensors. The combined effect of impingement distance and injection pressure on the heat transfer was investigated parametrically. The results showed that an increase of injection pressure with longer impinging distance led to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient, which had a dominant effect on local heat flux compared with local temperature distribution. Moreover, we confirmed that the relation between Nusselt number and Reynolds number is a useful measure for describing the heat transfer phenomena in diesel combustion.

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24

Tang, Yuanzhi, Diming Lou, Chengguan Wang, Piqiang Tan, Zhiyuan Hu, Yunhua Zhang, and Liang Fang. "Joint Study of Impingement Combustion Simulation and Diesel Visualization Experiment of Variable Injection Pressure in Constant Volume Vessel." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236210.

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In this paper, the visualization experiments of spray, ignition, and combustion of diesel under variable injection pressure (from 90 to 130 MPa) were studied by using a constant volume vessel and impinging combustion plate system. With the development of the down-sizing of diesel engines, the wall impinging combustion without liquid spray collision will be the research focus in the diesel engine combustion process. The flame natural luminosity in the experiment represents the soot formation of diesel combustion. Besides, the detailed information of diesel spray mixing combustion was obtained by using the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation of alternative fuels in CONVERGE™. The specific conclusions are as follows. The high velocity of the spray under the higher injection pressure could reduce the low-mixing area near the impinging wall by entraining more air. Under higher injection pressure in simulation, the gas diffused more extensively, and more heat was released after combustion. Therefore, a large amount of soot formed in the early stage of combustion and then oxidized in high-temperature regions, which agreed with the conclusions in the experiments. Under the influence of the superposition of image pixels of the flame, the change of soot generation with injection pressure is smaller than the actual value, so the visualization experiment can be used as the basis of combustion prediction.

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25

Kawahara, Hideo, Konosuke Furukawa, Koichiro Ogata, Eiji Mitani, and Koji Mitani. "Experimental Study on the Stabilization Mechanism of Diffusion Flames in a Curved Impinging Spray Combustion Field in a Narrow Region." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 7171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217171.

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HVAF (High Velocity Air Flame) flame spraying can generate supersonic high-temperature gas jets, enabling thermal spraying at unprecedented speeds. However, there is a problem with the energy cost of this device. This study focused on combustors that used cheap liquid fuel (kerosene) as the fuel for HVAF. In this research, we have developed a compact combustor with a narrow channel as a heat source for the HVAF heat atomizer. Using this combustor, the stability of the flame formed in the combustor, the morphology of the flame, and the temperature behavior in the combustion chamber were investigated in detail. As a result, the magnitude of the swirling airflow had a great influence on the structure of the flame formed in the combustor, and the stable combustion range of the combustor could be determined. As the swirling air flow rate changes, the equivalent ratio of the entire combustor changes significantly, and the flame structure also transition from the premixed flame to the diffusion flame. From this study, it was confirmed that the temperature inside the combustor has great influence on the flame structure.

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26

Honami, S., T. Shizawa, A. Sato, and H. Ogata. "Flow Behavior With an Oscillating Motion of the Impinging Jet in a Dump Diffuser Combustor." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816551.

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This paper presents flow behavior with an oscillating motion of an impinging jet upon a flame dome head and its reattachment to the casing wall, when a distorted flow is provided at the inlet of the dump diffuser combustor. A Laser-Doppler Velocimeter was used for the measurements of the time-averaged flow within a sudden expansion region. A surface pressure fluctuation survey on the flame dome head and flow visualization by a smoke wire technique with a high-speed video camera were conducted from the viewpoint of the unsteady flow features of the impinging jet. There exists a high-vorticity region at the jet boundary, resulting in the production of turbulence kinetic energy. In particular, higher vorticity is observed in the higher velocity side of the jet. The jet near the dome head has favorable characteristics about the flow rate distribution into the branched channel. Reynolds shear stress and turbulence energy are produced near the reattachment region. The jet has an oscillating motion near the dome head with asymmetric vortex formation at the jet boundary.

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27

Lee, Pil Hyong, Chang Soo Park, and Sang Soon Hwang. "Formation of Oxygen-Fuel Wide Flame Using Impinging Jets Method." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - B 42, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2018.42.1.001.

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28

Parida, Ritesh Kumar, Anil R. Kadam, Madav Vasudeva, and Vijaykumar Hindasageri. "Heat transfer characterisation of impinging flame jet over a wedge." Applied Thermal Engineering 196 (September 2021): 117277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117277.

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29

KATAHARA, keisuke, and yuji YAHAGI. "20515 Aero-Dynamic Structures of Unequal Turbulence Flame impinging Flows." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2005.11 (2005): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2005.11.31.

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30

Jarray, M., K. Chetehouna, N. Gascoin, and F. Bey. "Ceramic panel heating under impinging methane-air premixed flame jets." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 107 (September 2016): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.04.014.

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31

Zhen, H. S., Z. L. Wei, C. W. Leung, C. S. Cheung, and Z. H. Huang. "Emission of impinging biogas/air premixed flame with hydrogen enrichment." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 3 (January 2016): 2087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.037.

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32

Jiang, Xi, K. H. Luo, L. P. H. de Goey, R. J. M. Bastiaans, and J. A. van Oijen. "Swirling and Impinging Effects in an Annular Nonpremixed Jet Flame." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 86, no. 1 (July 30, 2010): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-010-9287-y.

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33

Ranga Dinesh, K. K. J., X. Jiang, and J. A. van Oijen. "Analysis of Impinging Wall Effects on Hydrogen Non-Premixed Flame." Combustion Science and Technology 184, no. 9 (September 2012): 1244–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2012.679715.

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34

Hsieh, Wei-Dong, and Ta-Hui Lin. "Methane flame stability in a jet impinging onto a wall." Energy Conversion and Management 46, no. 5 (March 2005): 727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.05.010.

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35

Zhen, H. S., C. W. Leung, and C. S. Cheung. "Heat transfer characteristics of an impinging premixed annular flame jet." Applied Thermal Engineering 36 (April 2012): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.10.053.

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36

Hindasageri, Vijaykumar, Rajendra P. Vedula, and Siddini V. Prabhu. "Heat transfer distribution for impinging methane–air premixed flame jets." Applied Thermal Engineering 73, no. 1 (December 2014): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.08.002.

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37

Ghiti, Nadjib, Abed Alhalim Bentebbiche, and Ramzi Boulkroune. "Nitrogen Dilution and Extinction Effects for Methane Impinging Diffusion Flame." IERI Procedia 1 (2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2012.06.008.

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38

Mira, D., M. Zavala-Ake, M. Avila, H. Owen, J. C. Cajas, M. Vazquez, and G. Houzeaux. "Heat Transfer Effects on a Fully Premixed Methane Impinging Flame." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 97, no. 1 (January 9, 2016): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-015-9694-1.

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39

Dong, L. L., C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung. "Heat transfer characteristics of an impinging inverse diffusion flame jet – Part I: Free flame structure." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 25-26 (December 2007): 5108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.07.018.

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40

Li, Hongxu, Jieyu Jiang, Meng Sun, Yongzhe Yu, Chunjie Sui, and Bin Zhang. "A study of the influence of coflow on flame dynamics in impinging jet diffusion flames." Journal of Turbulence 22, no. 8 (April 26, 2021): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2021.1917769.

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41

Strobel, Mark, Neal Sullivan, Melvyn C. Branch, Viv Jones, John Park, Michael Ulsh, Joan M. Strobel, and Christopher S. Lyons. "Gas-phase modeling of impinging flames used for the flame surface modification of polypropylene film." Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856101743283.

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42

Wang, Chen, Long Ding, Huaxian Wan, Jie Ji, and Yonglong Huang. "Experimental study of flame morphology and size model of a horizontal jet flame impinging a wall." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 147 (March 2021): 1009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.01.020.

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43

Ming, Zhenyang, Haifeng Liu, Yanqing Cui, Mingsheng Wen, Xiaoteng Zhang, and Mingfa Yao. "Optical diagnosis study of fuel volatility on combustion characteristics of spray flame and wall-impinging flame." Fuel Processing Technology 250 (November 2023): 107880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.107880.

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44

Ghiti, Nadjib, Abed Alhalim Bentebbiche, and Ramzi Boulkroune. "Experimental Investigation of the Interaction between Turbulent Impinging Flame and Radiation." International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 40, no. 1 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjfluidmechres.v40.i1.10.

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Dong, L. L., C. W. Leung, and C. S. Cheung. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Pair of Impinging Rectangular Flame Jets." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 6 (November 19, 2003): 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1621901.

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Abstract:

Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer characteristics of a pair of premixed, laminar, rectangular, butane/air flame jets impinging vertically upon a water-cooled flat plate. The effects of jet-to-jet spacing and the nozzle-to-plate distance on heat transfer were examined. The Reynolds number of the exit flow was 800. The non-dimensional jet-to-jet spacing ranged from 0.9 to 4.1, while the non-dimensional nozzle-to-plate distance varied from 1 to 6. The between-jet interference decreased with increasing jet-to-jet spacing and nozzle-to-plate distance. Both the maximum local and average heat flux occurred at a moderate jet-to-jet spacing of twice effective nozzle diameter, and when the nozzle-to-plate distance was equal to the effective diameter of the nozzle. The heat flux decreased faster along the shorter sides of the slot jets than the longer sides.

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46

Kwok, L. C. "HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF SLOT AND ROUND PREMIXED IMPINGING FLAME JETS." Experimental Heat Transfer 16, no. 2 (January 2003): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916150390126496.

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47

Dong, L. L., C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung. "Heat transfer from an impinging premixed butane/air slot flame jet." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 5 (February 2002): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(01)00215-0.

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48

Zhao, Z., T. T. Wong, and C. W. Leung. "Influences of material properties on thermal design of impinging flame jets." Materials & Design 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.12.008.

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49

Li, S. C., Paul A. Libby, and F. A. Williams. "Experimental investigation of a premixed flame in an impinging turbulent stream." Symposium (International) on Combustion 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 1207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80760-5.

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50

Dong, L. L., C. S. Cheung, and C. W. Leung. "Characterization of impingement region from an impinging inverse diffusion flame jet." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 56, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.08.064.

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