Relevant bibliographies by topics / Imperialism – Germany – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Imperialism – Germany – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Imperialism – Germany – History"

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Peters, Edward. "More Trouble With Henry: The Historiography of Medieval Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." Central European History 28, no. 1 (March 1995): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011249.

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HorstFuhrmann's recent survey of medieval hostility toward Germans and their political structures, chiefly the Empire, has a subtitle (Origins of German Imperialism), that might very well be applied to the fate of the historiography of medieval Germany in the English-speaking world from its considerable prominence up to the eve of the First World War to its low point in the aftermath of the second.
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Poiger, Uta G. "Imperialism and Empire in Twentieth-Century Germany." History & Memory 17, no. 1 (2005): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ham.2005.0019.

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Poiger. "Imperialism and Empire in Twentieth-Century Germany." History and Memory 17, no. 1-2 (2005): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/his.2005.17.1-2.117.

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Harris, W. V. "The German Landscape and Julio-Claudian Imperialism." Klio 103, no. 2 (November 9, 2021): 658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2021-0001.

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Summary New scientific work on the ancient landscapes of Germany and Britain makes it very likely that the Roman decision to abandon attempts to conquer Germany as far as the Elbe, most clearly expressed by Tiberius in 16 AD, was strongly influenced by perceptions of the heavily wooded landscape of that region. There were other reasons too: the concern of emperors to hinder potential rivals; the sheer difficulty of advancing to the Elbe; and the increasing concern of the emperor and his advisers for the fiscal effects of this and other potential conquests. But what is new is that the evidence of arboreal and non-arboreal pollen shows that Germany was a less attractive target than agrarian England.
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Hofmann, Reto. "The fascist new–old order." Journal of Global History 12, no. 2 (June 8, 2017): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022817000031.

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AbstractContemporaries and historians alike have explained the imperialism of interwar Japan, Italy, and Germany through the paradigm of a ‘new world order’. This article critically revisits this received assumption by analysing the place of the Axis in the longer history of imperialism from the late nineteenth century to the Second World War. If we cast Axis empires – a blend of fascism and imperialism – in the larger framework constituted by the relationship between the nation and capital, it becomes clear that they were not so much the result of the peculiar national histories of Japan, Italy, and Germany, but products of larger, global forces. Through an examination of recent scholarship, this article offers a new conceptual interpretation of the link between imperialism and fascism. In so doing, it adds to our understanding of the interwar period by breaking down the neat boundaries between liberal and fascist world orders.
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Asmussen, Jan. "‘A mere sandbank of no possible use for the Empire?’ Heligoland under British Rule." Britain and the World 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2021.0361.

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Heligoland (Helgoland) was one of the smallest possessions of the British Empire. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars in 1807, it remained under British rule for 83 years. In 1890, the island became part of a deal that lead to German acceptance of British sovereignty over Uganda, Kenya and Zanzibar. In exchange, Germany received Heligoland. This article sheds light on the developments that transformed the island from a bustling base for smugglers and blockade runners/breakers, through a period of economic decay, to a burgeoning/booming bathing resort that hosted central Europe's haute voleé. Finally, the reasons and rationales behind the developments that led to the islands secession to Germany are explored against the backdrop of British imperialism.
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Schmidt, Gustav. "Great Britain and Germany in the Age of Imperialism." War & Society 4, no. 1 (May 1986): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106980486790303907.

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Davis, C. S. "Liberal Imperialism in Germany: Expansionism and Nationalism, 1848-1884." German History 28, no. 4 (August 19, 2010): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghq079.

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Euraque, Dario A. "Germany in Central America: Competitive Imperialism, 1821-1929." Hispanic American Historical Review 80, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 404–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-80-2-404.

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O'Brien, Thomas F., and Thomas Schoonover. "Germany in Central America: Competitive Imperialism, 1821-1929." American Historical Review 104, no. 2 (April 1999): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650534.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Imperialism – Germany – History"

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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. School of History UNSW. "Burgertum ohne Raum :German liberalism and imperialism, 1848-1884, 1918-1943." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23083.

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This thesis situates the emergence of German imperialist theory and praxis during the nineteenth century within the context of the ascendancy of German liberalism. It also contends that imperialism was an integral part of a liberal sense of German national identity. It is divided into an introduction, four parts and a set of conclusions. The introduction is a methodological and theoretical orientation. It offers an historiographical overview and places the thesis within the broader historiographical context. It also discusses the utility of post-colonial theory and various theories of nationalism and nation-building. Part One examines the emergence of expansionism within liberal circles prior to and during the period of 1848/ 49. It examines the consolidation of expansionist theory and political practice, particularly as exemplified in the Frankfurt National Assembly and the works of Friedrich List. Part Two examines the persistence of imperialist theorising and praxis in the post-revolutionary era. It scrutinises the role of liberal associations, civil society, the press and the private sector in maintaining expansionist energies up until the 1884 decision to establish state-protected colonies. Part Three focuses on the cultural transmission of imperialist values through the sciences, media and fiction. In examines in particular the role of geographical journals and societies and of the periodical Die Gartenlaube. Part Four discusses the post World War I era, and examines liberal attempts to revive German imperialism, within the context of a refusal to accept the Versailles settlement. It also delineates points of convergence and divergence between Nazi and liberal imperialisms. This is followed by a summation of the evidence and arguments, in which it is concluded that the liberal narration of German national identity was predicated both on the objectification of colonised lands and attempts to emulate and ultimately rival British imperial power.
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Griffin, George William III. "Ernst Jäckh and the Search for German Cultural Hegemony in the Ottoman Empire." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1245518955.

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Perras, Arne. "Carl Peters and German imperialism, 1856-1918 : a political biography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310370.

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Phillips, Matthew Todd. "The Millennium and the Madhouse: Institution and Intervention in Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Statecraft." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1310738105.

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Clemm, Robert H. "Delineating Dominion the use of cartography in the creation and control of German East Africa /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1236711886.

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Gomes, Rosa Rosa de Souza Rosa. "A teoria da acumulação de Rosa Luxemburgo e o SPD: da \'reforma social ou revolução\' ao \'socialismo ou barbárie\' (1898-1913)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-20122016-144447/.

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Esta dissertação pretende explicar a teoria da acumulação de Rosa Luxemburg dentro de seu contexto histórico, mostrando as ideias e discussões a partir das quais essa teoria se desenvolveu ao longo dos anos. O período determinado, 1898 a 1913, corresponde à passagem da autora pela social-democracia alemã nos anos anteriores à escrita do livro Acumulação de Capital, iniciando com o debate clássico com Bernstein sobre reforma ou revolução e terminando com as divergências táticas na década de 1910. Vê-se que muitas das teses apresentadas no livro foram desenvolvidas nas discussões do partido, principalmente sobre impostos e exército. Por isso, apresenta-se rapidamente a história da Alemanha nestes anos, esclarecendo que protecionismo e militarismo eram temas centrais para todas as correntes políticas da época. É apresentado também o desenvolvimento da estrutura do SPD, o crescimento da organização e sua modificação, estabelecendo a relação destas mudanças com acontecimentos do período, especialmente a revolução russa de 1905 e as eleições hotentotes de 1907. A exposição dos debates no SPD deixa clara a importância de alguns acontecimentos para a organização e como as discussões estão presentes no livro de Luxemburg, o que se reflete também nas críticas que recebeu à época. Espera-se que tenhamos contribuído para mostrar Luxemburg como uma economista política, sublinhando a importância de sua obra.
This dissertation intends to explain Rosa Luxemburg\'s accumulation theory in its historical context, showing ideas and discussions wherein this theory was developed through the years. The established period, 1898 to 1913, corresponds to the Luxemburg\'s path in the German social-democracy during years before she wrote the book Accumulation of Capital, starting from the classic debate with Bernstein about reform or revolution and ending with tactical differences in the 1910s. It is clear that many of the outlines in her book were developed in the party discussions mostly on taxes and army. Therefore, German History during those years is quickly presented here elucidating that protectionism and militarism were central subjects to all political forces at the time. The SPD structural development is also presented, the organization growth and its changes, showing the relationship between these changes and some events, specially the Russian revolution in 1905 and the Hottentots elections in 1907. The SPD debates\' explanation proves the meaning of some events to the organization and how those discussions are present at Luxemburg\'s book, what is also clear in the critics she received at the time. I aim to prove Luxemburg as an political economist underlining the great importance of her economic work.
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Christensen, Peter Hewitt. "Architecture, Expertise and the German Construction of the Ottoman Railway Network, 1868-1919." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11375.

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The dissertation examines the production of knowledge and architecture through the German-sponsored construction of the Ottoman railway network, comprising four discrete projects: the railways of European Turkey, the Anatolian railways, the Baghdad railway and the Hejaz railway and its Palestinian tributaries. The German construction of the Ottoman railway network is an historic event that proffers the opportunity to critically reconsider the epistemological tenets of expertise in broader political, economic and cultural structures distinct from the normative creative processes that dominate the historiography of empires. The dissertation capitalizes on the ambiguous colonial nature of the German role in the architecture, engineering, and urbanism of the late Ottoman empire and situates it as a variegated and occasionally dialogic model of European cultural expansionism by way of a process identified here as ambiguous transmutation.
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Nesselhuf, F. Jon. "General Paul Von Lettow-vorbeck’s East Africa Campaign: Maneuver Warfare on the Serengeti." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115128/.

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General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck’s East African Campaign was a conventional war of movement. Lettow based his operations on the military principles deduced from his thorough German military education and oversea deployments to China and German South West Africa. Upon assignment to German East Africa, he sought to convert the colony’s protectorate force from a counterinsurgency force to a conventional military force. His conventional strategy succeeded early in the war, especially at the Battle of Tanga in October 1914. However, his strategy failed as the war in East Africa intensified. He suffered a calamitous defeat at the Battle of Mahiwa in November 1917, and the heavy losses forced Lettow to adopt the counterinsurgency tactics of the colonial protectorate force.
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Schneider, Stefanie Maria. "Gegen-Stimmen/Gegen-Blicke : Zeitgenössische literarische (De-)Konstruktionen deutsch-afrikanischer Identitäten." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86404.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates counter-voices, counter-gazes and (de-)constructions of German-African identities in contemporary German literature. In extended application of postcolonial concepts it examines the way in which post-colonial views and counter-views on Germany and Africaare produced and how in the process alternative identities are created and negotiated. Analyzing poetry, short stories and novels by Black German authors (May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, ManuEla Ritz and Olumide Popoola) as well as by African literary voices writing in German (El Loko, Daniel Mepin, Philomène Atyame and Luc Degla), the thesis looks at and evaluates strategies of literary hybridization, responses to and deconstructions of the colonial imaginary, transcultural positioning and world literary perspectives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek enkele teenstemme, teenblikke en (de-)konstruksies van Duits-Afrika identiteite spruitend uit Duitsland en dié uit Afrika in hedendaagse Duitse literatuur. Deurʼn uitgebreide toepassing van postkoloniale konsepte,ondersoek die tesis die wysewaarop die post-koloniale sienings en teenstandpunte oor Duitsland en Afrika geproduseer word en hoe in die proses alternatiewe identiteite geskep en onderhandel word. Deur die ontleding van gedigte, kortverhale en romans deur swart Duitse skrywers (May Ayim, Ika Hügel-Marshall, ManuEla Ritz en Olumide Popoola) sowel as Duitse werke deur literêre stemme uit Afrika (El Loko, Daniel Mepin, Philomène Atyame en Luc Degla), bekyk en evalueer die tesis strategieë van literêre verbastering, antwoorde op en dekonstruksies van die koloniale denkbeeldige, transkulturele plasing en wêreld literêre perspektiewe.
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Malitska, Julia. "Negotiating Imperial Rule : Colonists and Marriage in the Nineteenth-century Black Sea Steppe." Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Historia, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32469.

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After falling under the power of the Russian Crown, the Northern Black Sea steppe from the end of eighteenth century crystallized as the Russian government’s prime venue for socioeconomic and sociocultural reinvention and colonization. Vast ethnic, sociocultural and even ecological changes followed.  Present study is preoccupied with the marriage of the immigrant population from the German lands who came to the region in the course of its state orchestrated colonization, and was officially categorized as “German colonists.” The book illuminates the multiple ways in which marriage and household formation among the colonists was instrumentalized by the imperial politics in the Northern Black Sea steppe, and conditioned by socioeconomic rationality of its colonization. Marriage formation and dissolution among the colonists were gradually absorbed into the competencies of the colonial vertical power. Intending to control colonist marriage and household formation through the introduced marriage regime, the Russian government and its regional representatives lacked the actual means to exert this control at the local level. On the ground, however, imperial politics was mediated by the people it targeted, and by the functionaries tasked with its implementation. As the study reveals, the paramount importance was given to functional households and sustainable farms based on non-conflictual relations between parties. Situated on the crossroads of state, church, community, and personal interests, colonist marriage engendered clashes between secular and ecclesiastical bodies over the supremacy over it. The interplay of colonization as politics, and colonization as an imperial situation with respect to the marriage of the German colonists is explored in this book by concentrating on both norms and practices. Another important consideration is the ways gender and colonization constructed and determined one another reciprocally, both in legal norms and in actual practices. Secret divorces and unauthorized marriages, open and hidden defiance, imitations and unruliness, refashioning of rituals and discourses, and desertions – a number of strategies and performances which challenged and negotiated the marriage regime in the region, were scholarly examined for the first time in this book.
År 1804 formulerade tsar Alexander I:s regering nya riktlinjer för rysk migrationspolitik. Invandrare från de krigshärjade tyska länderna skulle värvas till kolonisering av stäppen norr om Svarta havet i en omfattande kampanj orkestrerad av den ryska staten. Dessa nykomlingar, som av myndigheterna kategoriserades som “tyska kolonister,” etablerade kolonier i hela regionen inom ett par årtionden. Boken presenterar den första studien av hur äktenskap och hushållsformering användes som instrument i den ryska koloniseringspolitiken i området, och hur dessa faktorer primärt styrdes av koloniseringens socioekonomiska rationalitet. Stabila hushåll och jordbruk som genererade avkastning eftersträvades in i det längsta. Ibland ledde detta till konflikter mellan den sekulära och den andliga makten om tolkningsföreträde rörande äktenskapets upplösning och ingående. Genom analys av både normer och praxis blottläggs samspelet mellan kolonisering som politik, och kolonisering som en imperiesituation, där äktenskapet och hushållet omförhandlades i skärningspunkten mellan myndigheter, kyrkosamfund, lokalsamhälle och enskilda. Studien visar att den ryska centralmakten och dess regionala representanter saknade verktyg för att utöva den effektiva kontroll som eftersträvades över kolonistäktenskap och hushållsformering på lokal nivå. Denna slutsats stöds genom att ett antal strategier och handlingsmönster som utmanade och bidrog till att omförhandla äktenskapsregimen i regionen identifieras och diskuteras.
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Books on the topic "Imperialism – Germany – History"

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Liberal imperialism in Germany: Expansionism and nationalism, 1848-1884. New York, N.Y: Berghahn Books, 2008.

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Breuning, E.C.M. 1932- and Chamberlain Muriel Evelyn, eds. Bedarf Deutschland der colonien? =: Does Germany need colonies? 3rd ed. Lewiston, N.Y: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.

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Schoonover, Thomas David. Germany in Central America: Competitive imperialism, 1821-1929. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998.

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Nazi empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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The great powers, imperialism, and the German problem, 1865-1925. London: Routledge, 1994.

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Weimar colonialism: Discourses and legacies of post-imperialism in Germany after 1918. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag, 2014.

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Cultural imperialism and exact sciences: German expansion overseas, 1900-1930. New York: P. Lang, 1985.

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Eckart, Kehr. Battleship building and party politics in Germany, 1894-1901: A cross-section of the political, social and ideological preconditions of German imperialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

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Sara, Friedrichsmeyer, Lennox Sara, and Zantop Susanne 1945-, eds. The imperialist imagination: German colonialism and its legacy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998.

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Mitchell, Nancy. The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Imperialism – Germany – History"

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Hedinger, Daniel, and Moritz von Brescius. "The German and Japanese Empires." In The Oxford World History of Empire, 1123–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0041.

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This chapter provides an analytical overview of the German and Japanese imperial projects from the mid-nineteenth century to the end of World War II. It shows how Germany and Japan—two imperial latecomers in the late nineteenth century—redefined imperialism and colonialism in the first half of the twentieth century. In order to realize their dreams of a new imperial world order, both countries broke with what had come before, and their violent imperial projects turned out to be radically new and different. While Europe had never seen an empire like Hitler’s, the same is true of East Asia and the so-called Co-Prosperity Sphere during the Second World War. In the end, it was their wars for empire and brutal legacies that not only profoundly shaped their respective national histories, but also undermined the legitimacy of imperialism after 1945. The chapter, which focuses on a series of important moments from a trans-imperial perspective, highlights two points. First, it stresses that the German and Japanese empires had a shared history. Second, it shows that by their emergence as colonial powers, Japan and Germany first fundamentally challenged and later changed the very rules of the “imperial game” and the existing global order. Their histories are central to understand great power competition in the first half of the 20th century as well as the imperial nature of the World Wars.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Informal Imperialism beyond Europe: The Archaeology of the Great Civilizations in Latin America, China, and Japan." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0014.

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This chapter examines two very different examples of informal imperialism. The first takes place in Latin America, an area colonized by the Europeans for three centuries and politically independent from the 1810s and 1820s (see map 1). There the ancient Great Civilizations were mainly concentrated in Mexico and Peru, extending to a limited extent to other countries such as Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, and Ecuador. These countries provide the focus for the following pages, whereas a description of developments in the others is reserved for the discussion of internal colonialism in Chapter 10. As mentioned in Chapter 4, after an initial use of monumental archaeology at the time of the Latin-American independence, the emergence of racism led to a process of disengagement: elites only extended their interest in the origins of the nation back to the period of the arrival of the Europeans in the area. The local scholarly pride for the pre-Hispanic past re-emerged, mainly from the 1870s, timidly at first but soon gained sufficient strength to allow indigenous elites a novel rapprochement with their native monuments. Only when this happened would the tension between the national past and the discourse of inferiority advocated by the informal colonial powers be felt. The latter had been formed by explorers, collectors and scholars from the Western world. These were, to start with, mainly French and British, and later also scholars from the US and Germany. A few of them would diverge from the line taken by the majority, and Mexico City was chosen, in the early twentieth century, to undertake a unique experiment: the creation of an international school to overcome the effects of imperialism. The political circumstances, however, unfortunately led to the failure of this trial. The other case discussed in this chapter is located in East and Central Asia, in China and Japan and, by extension, in Korea. These countries had been able to maintain their independence in the early modern era mainly through the closure of their frontiers. In the second half of the nineteenth century, however, they were politically compelled to open up to the Western world.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Colonialism and Monumental Archaeology in South and Southeast Asia." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0016.

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In the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, political and economic power was concentrated in just a few countries. Having eclipsed the most mighty early modern empires—those of Spain and Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, The Netherlands, and the Scandinavian countries— Britain, France, the Russian, and the Austro-Hungarian Empires became the major European powers. Later, these were joined by the newly formed countries of Germany and Italy, together with the United States of America and Japan. In these countries elites drew their might not only from the industrial revolution but also from the economic exploitation of their ever-increasing colonies. Colonialism, a policy by which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labour, and markets, was not new. In fact, colonialism was an old phenomenon, in existence for several millennia (Gosden 2004). However, in the nineteenth century capitalism changed the character of colonialism in its search for new markets and cheap labour, and the imperial expansion of the European powers prompted the control and subjugation of increasingly large areas of the world. From 1815 to 1914 the overseas territories held by the European powers expanded from 35 per cent to about 85 per cent of the earth’s surface (Said 1978: 41; 1993: 6). To this enlarged region areas of informal imperialism (see Part II of this book) could be added. However, colonialism and informal colonialism were not only about economic exploitation. The appropriation of the ‘Other’ in the colonies went much further, and included the imposition of an ideological and cultural hegemony throughout each of the empires. The zenith of this process of colonization was reached between the 1860s and the First World War, in the context of an increasingly exultant nationalism. In a process referred to as ‘New Imperialism’, European colonies were established in all the other four continents, mainly in areas not inhabited by populations with political forms cognate to the Western powers. In the case of Africa, its partition would be formally decided at an international meeting—the Berlin Conference of 1884–5.
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Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Conquest and Subjugation." In Struggles for Belonging, 183–224. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846161.003.0005.

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The chapter focuses on citizenship in colonial empires. It shows that the history of citizenship in Europe was not defined by the continent’s geographical boundaries and can be understood only if one bears in mind the long tradition of colonial hierarchization of citizenship. Examined are the genesis, justification, and impact of the structural confrontation between privilege (of the colonizers) and discrimination (of colonized people) in citizenship status. The chapter has a connective function, drawing a chronological arc from the end of the nineteenth century to the end of the Second World War, from the first half of the century to the second. Looking at the overseas colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Germany, as well as the continental empires of National Socialist Germany and the Soviet Union, the chapter pursues the question of the continuity of colonial hierarchies of affiliation and inequality from the peak period of imperialism to the end of the epoch of European colonization.
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Yen, Hsiao-Pei. "Science with Boundaries: Yang Zhongjian and Vertebrate Paleontology in Republican China, 1919–1950." In History of Universities: Volume XXXIV/1, 304–20. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844774.003.0015.

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The rapid development of paleontology–especially vertebrate paleontology and dinosaurology–has made ‘Chinese Paleontology’ an important subfield of paleontology since the 1990s, resulting in China becoming a powerhouse of paleontological research. This chapter focuses on YANG Zhongjiang (1897–1979), often celebrated as the father of Chinese vertebrate paleontology, to examine how the field of his specialty was established and developed as a scientific discipline in his country. It traces Yang’s early academic experience from a geology major at Peking University in the early 1920s to his graduate years in Germany under the famous paleontologist Ferdinand Broili. Yang’s professional study and training was strengthened by his rich field experience after returning to China in the late 1920s. He participated not only in the joint Sino-American Central Asiatic Expedition to Mongolia in 1930, but also in the extensive excavation project of the Peking Man fossils conducted by the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. His more independent work took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when he discovered, studied, and constructed China’s first complete dinosaur fossils (the Lufengosaurus). Besides describing the making of a professional paleontologist in China in the first half of the 20th century, this chapter also illuminates questions that are intrinsic to the development of scientific disciplines at a time when the rise of Chinese nationalism intersected with scientific internationalism and imperialism. How did the academic practice of paleontology reflect unequal political realities? Is paleontology a ‘local science’? Could the endeavor for ‘local science’ empower scientists from developing nations?
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Ciancia, Kathryn. "Conclusion." In On Civilization's Edge, 227–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067458.003.0009.

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The dual invasions of the Second World War—by the Soviet Union in September 1939 and by Nazi Germany in June 1941—led to mass violence against and between Volhynia’s populations. The nature of local participation in the Holocaust and Polish-Ukrainian atrocities suggests both the significance and the limited explanatory power of the interwar period. When Volhynia was absorbed into the Soviet Union after the war, old tropes found echoes in debates about the establishment of communism and postwar migrations. Although obfuscations surrounded official communist history of the eastern borderlands, many Poles repackaged interwar diversity within the politically useful framework of “inclusive” European multiculturalism in the period after 1989, a process that relied on further hierarchies and exclusions. By reemphasizing how Poles became embroiled in prevailing global debates about imperialism, nationalism, sovereignty, and civilization along the state’s fringes, the conclusion suggests that interwar Volhynia is best understood in concretely historical, rather than nostalgic or teleological, terms.
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Mezger, Caroline. "Forging Germans under Hungary." In Forging Germans, 207–47. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850168.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 explores the fraught (re-) incorporation of the Batschka/Bácska/Bačka into the Hungarian state during World War II, highlighting the experiences of the region’s ethnic Germans. Interweaving archival, press, and oral history sources, it elucidates the violent conflicts that erupted even among children and youth as the region’s Donauschwaben suddenly became Hungarian citizens. Arenas such as the school and the Church became highly contested spaces of nationalization, as the Third Reich’s imperialist ambitions, local Donauschwaben activism, and Hungary’s nation-building project collided over differing notions of “Germanness.” Unlike in the Western Banat, the Catholic Church in the Batschka maintained its programs and advocated a religious, pro-“host state,” anti-Nazi “Germanness.” This violently bifurcated the Batschka’s Donauschwaben communities, including youth, into pro-Church, pro-Hungarian “blacks” and pro-Nazi “browns,” inspiring conflicts and diverse notions of national belonging that reverberate to the current day.
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Mark, James, and Steffi Marung. "Origins." In Socialism Goes Global, 25–74. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848857.003.0002.

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This chapter situates Eastern Europe within a global history of empires and their demise, exploring the region’s status as both part of an imperial Europe and, at times, its defying anti-imperialist periphery. It examines how states that had emerged from the wreckage of the Ottoman, German, Habsburg, and Russian Empires navigated a world dominated by powerful, yet declining, Western European empires. The Soviet Union, influenced by a diverse range of anti-colonial activists, founded the Comintern, and became the first major state to provide support for anti-colonial struggles. By the 1930s, however, the Soviets had retreated, and in the wake of the Second World War reverted to great power politics. Smaller non-Communist Eastern European states fought to survive in an international environment in which their sovereignty was still in question. Some elites struggled to consolidate their fragile new polities in the white imperial world of the interwar period. Both identifying with the continent’s expansionism, and highlighting their experiences of living under empires within Europe, some of these same elites viewed themselves as ‘superior colonizers’ who could redeem an imperial project degraded by violence. Such a ‘civilizing mission’ would be brought not only to the ‘backward’ peripheries of their new states, but also to territories in Africa and Latin America, the acquisition of which would, they hoped, ensure their recognition as fully sovereign European polities. Yet with the growing threat of Nazi imperialism, others developed solidarities beyond Europe. Thus the empathetic affinities between Eastern Europe and the anti-imperial movements beyond Europe were established well before the institutionalization of socialist internationalism under postwar Communist regimes.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "Informal Imperialism in Europe and the Ottoman Empire: The Consolidation of the Mythical Roots of the West." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0012.

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‘Informal colonialism’ and ‘informal imperialism’ are relatively common terms in the specialized literature. The term ‘informal colonialism’ was coined—or at least sanctioned—by C. R. Fay (1940: (vol. 2) 399) meaning a situation in which a powerful nation manages to establish dominant control in a territory over which it does not have sovereignty. The term was popularized by the economic historians John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson (1953), who applied it to study informal British imperial expansion over portions of Africa. The difference between informal and formal colonialism is easy to establish: in the first instance, complete effective control is unfeasible, mainly due to the impossibility of applying direct military and political force in countries that, in fact, are politically independent. They have their own laws, make decisions on when and where to open museums and how to educate their own citizens. Yet, in order to survive in the international world they need to build alliances with the main powers, and that comes at a price. Many countries in the world were in this situation in the middle and last decades of the nineteenth century: Mediterranean Europe, the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and independent states in the Far East and in Central and South America. A simple classification of countries into imperial powers, informal empires and formal colonies is, however, only a helpful analytical tool that shows its flaws at closer look. Some of those that are being included as informal colonies in Part II of this book were empires in themselves, like the Ottoman Empire and, from the last years of the century, Italy (La Rosa 1986), and therefore had their own informal and formal colonies. The reason why they have been placed together here is that in all of them there was an acknowledgement of a need for modernization following Western-dominated models. They all had the (northern) European presence in their lands—at first primarily British and French, followed by Germans and individuals of other European states, mainly from other empires either alive such as that of Austria- Hungary or in decline like Sweden and Denmark.
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Saraiva, Tiago. "Coffee, Rubber, and Cotton: Cash Crops, Forced Labor, and Fascist Imperialism in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe." In Fascist Pigs. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035033.003.0006.

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The fifth chapter takes coffee, rubber and cotton, three typical elements of colonial plantation stories, and delves into Italian occupation of Ethiopia, German imperial rule in Eastern Europe, and Portuguese colonialism in Northern Mozambique. These plantation schemes, which had plant breeders’ artefacts as their material basis, made massive use of forced labor to serve the imperial economy. Without ignoring the different levels of violence unleashed by the three fascisms, the text suggests that one gains significant insight into the history of fascism from treating together their empires. I take seriously Heinrich Himmler’s intention of making Auschwitz the Agriculture Experiment Station for the colonization of the East and compare the work undertaken there on a rubber ersatz with that of the Portuguese Cotton Research Center in Mozambique and its role in the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of forced workers, as well as with Italian coffee experiment stations in Ethiopia.
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