Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Imperial identities'

This comparative study of Zimbabwean immigrants in Britain illustrates why they should not be viewed as reified communities with fixed essence, but as a product of ethno-racial identities and prejudices developed and nurtured during the phases of Zimbabwe’s history. Through an analysis of personal interviews, participant observation, and secondary and primary sources, the thesis identifies and engages historical experiences which had been instrumental in not only constructing relations between Zimbabwean immigrant communities, but also their economic and social integration processes. The quest to recognise historic legacies on Zimbabwean immigrants’ interactions and integration processes necessitated the first thematic chapter to engage the construction of ethno-racial identities in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial phases of Zimbabwe’s history. With contemporary literature on the Zimbabwean communities in Britain tending to create perceptions that Zimbabwean immigrants are a monolithic community of Blacks, the thesis’ examination of inter-community relations between Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Asians unveils Zimbabwean immigrants fragmented by historic racial and ethnic allegiances and prejudices. Examining education and employment as economic integration indicators has also facilitated the identification of historical experiences that have been influential in determining economic integration patterns of each Zimbabwean community. Intermarriage, language, religion and relations with the indigenous population were critically engaged to gauge the influence of historical socialisation on Zimbabwean communities’ interaction with Britain’s social structures. While it is undeniable that colonial Zimbabwe was beset with a series of political and economic policies which set in motion salient racist discourses that inevitably facilitated the construction of racially divided diaspora communities, the thesis also unveils a Black diaspora community imbued with historic communal tensions and prejudices. By focusing on Black Zimbabwean immigrants, the thesis will not only be acknowledging an increase of Sub-Saharan Africans in Britain, but also offers an alternative perspective on Black British History by moving away from the traditional areas of study such as eighteenth century slavery and post-1945 African-Caribbean migration. Exploring the dynamics of diaspora relations of the Shona and the Ndebele will expose how both the Nationalist Movement and the post-colonial government failed to implement nation building initiatives needed to unite Africans that had been polarised along ethnic lines. Black Zimbabweans therefore migrated as products of unresolved ethnic conflicts that had been developed and nurtured throughout the phases of Zimbabwe’s history. In the absence of shared historic socio-economic or cultural commonalities within the Black community and between the Zimbabwean diaspora communities demarcated by race, the thesis will be tackling the key question: are Zimbabweans in Britain an imagined community?

My PhD thesis Changing Social and Cultural Identities in a Border Area. The Case of Pre-Imperial and Early Imperial Sichuan discusses the funerary remains of the Sichuan region dated from the Warring States period to the Western Han dynasty (V-I cent. BC.) My research specifically addresses issues of identity, boundaries and social interaction, immediately prior to and during the early incorporation of the region into the empire, as well as the relevance of these concepts for the interpretation of global trends and local variations identified in the archaeological record. My aims were on the one hand to question the attribution of specific cultural traits to distinct "archaeological cultures", as the local "Ba" and "Shu" cultures", and on the other hand to detect from the discontinuities of the archaeological record the existence of cross-cutting and overlapping social and cultural identities. The research entails a qualitative and quantitative analysis of a dataset composed of around 300 burials and their grave goods assemblages recorded in Chinese publications and field records. Special attention was given to the use and association of different burial types, specific classes of items (pottery, bronze weapons, bronze vessels, bronze objects, ornaments, seals, iron and lacquer), and distinct decorative motifs on weapons. The patterns identified in the temporal and spatial variability of the selected funerary elements have suggested the existence of a complex social landscape, characterised by various horizontal and vertical differentiations within and between sites, and by the presence and interaction of different social and cultural groups involved in a process of adjustment, negotiation and redefinition of their own identities. This overall picture is opposed to a more classical and culture-historical perspective which tends to explain variability in the region with the existence of different "archaeological cultures".

My thesis focuses on the lives of Indian Lascars or seafarers in Imperial Britain between 1850 and 1950. I explore their working and living conditions on these ships; issues such as their health and accommodation on shipboard are discussed and compared to those of their British colleagues. The relationships and hierarchies of power on shipboard are also considered. The thesis challenges the perception that Indian seafarers' resistance was always unlawful and not blind, personalised or violent (Balachandran). The concept of moral economy is employed to illustrate how Indian seafarers had certain expectations of their rights on shipboard and protested against violations of these standards when opportunities arose. I explore British perceptions of Indian seafarers. For example, depictions of Indians in the British popular press are explored. The position of Indian seafarers in relation to other non-European seafarers is also considered. My thesis explores how Indian seafarers constructed and negotiated identities both collectively and as individuals in different contexts and at different times. Building upon theoretical approaches to identity, I illustrate how Indian seafarers constructed multiple and fluid identities that changed over time. I describe how Indian seafarers were able to shuffle identities like cards (Colley) and illustrate the reasoning and choice behind their identities (Sen). I also consider how Indian seafarers constructed, negotiated and manipulated the boundaries of collective identities. It explores the role of the family in the migration process, whether temporarily for work or for more long term migration and settlement in Britain. The role of the family in India in the decision to migrate and their support for absent seafarers is documented. The impact of prolonged absences of seafarers on family life is also explored.

Englishwomen who traveled to the "Orient" in the Victorian era constructed an identity that was British in its bravery, middle-class in its refinement, feminine in appearance and speech and Christian in its intolerance of Oriental heathenism. Studying Victorian female travel narratives that described journeys to the Orient provides an excellent opportunity to reexamine the diaphanous nature of the boundaries of the public/private sphere dichotomy; the relationship between travel, overt nationalism, and gendered constructions of identity, the link between geographic location and self-definition; the power dynamics inherent in information gathering, organization and production. Englishwomen projected gendered identities in their writings, which were both "imperially" masculine and "domestically" feminine, depending on the needs of a particular location and space. The travel narrative itself was also a gendered product that served as both a medium of cultural expression for Victorian women and a tool of restraint, encouraging them to conform to societal expectations to gain limited authority and recognition for their travels even while they embraced the freedom of movement. The terms "imperial masculinity" and "domestic femininity" are employed throughout this analysis to categorize the transient manipulation of character traits associated in Victorian society with middle- and upper-class men abroad in the empire and middle- and upper-class women who remained within their homes in Great Britain. Also stressed is the decision by female travelers to co-assert feminine identities that legitimated their imperial freedom by alluding to equally important components of their transported domestic constructions of self. Contrary to scholarship solely viewing Victorian projections of the feminine ideal as negative, the powers underlining social determinants of gender norms will be treated as "both regulatory and productive." Englishwomen chose to amplify elements of their domestic femininity or newly obtained imperial masculinity depending on the situation encountered during their travels or the message they wished to communicate in their travel narratives. The travel narrative is a valuable tool not only for deconstructing transient constructions of gender, but also for discovering the foundations of race and class ideologies in which the Oriental and the Orient are subjugated to enhance Englishwomen's Orientalist imperial status and position. This thesis is modeled on the structure of the traveling experience. In reviewing first the intellectual expectations preceding travel, the events of travel and finally the emotional reaction to the first two, a metaphoric attempt to better understand meaning through mimicry has been made. Over twenty travel narratives published by Englishwomen of varying social backgrounds, economic classes and motivations for travel between 1830 and World War I were analyzed in conjunction with letters, diaries, fictional works, newspaper articles, advice manuals, travel guides and religious texts in an effort to study the uniquely gendered nature of the Preface in female travel narratives; definitions of "travelers" and "traveling;" the manner in which "new" forms of metaphysical identification formulated what Victorian lady travelers "pre-knew" the "East" to be; the gendered nature in which female travelers portrayed their encounters with the "realities" of travel; and the concept of "disconnect," or the "distance" between a female traveler's expectation and the portrayed "reality" of what she experienced in the Orient.
M.A.
Department of History
Arts and Humanities
History

O objetivo da pesquisa, Romanidade em Plínio, o Antigo, e a Naturalis Historia como um projeto político-pedagógico, consiste em analisar a Naturalis Historia (49-77 d.C.) como um discurso produzido dentro de um contexto sócio-histórico, onde Plínio, o Antigo (23-79 d.C.), reelaborou, baseado na tradição latina e grega, um ideal de romanidade, e ler esta romanidade a partir da problemática das identidades no mundo antigo greco-romano. No século I, num Império cada vez mais multicultural e multiétnico, a Pax proporcionada pela ascensão do governo de Vespasiano (69-79 d.C.), da dinastia dos Flávios, ampliou um processo de romanização do qual Plínio participou como intelectual e funcionário do círculo do poder, apresentando a Naturalis Historia como um thesauros ou memória, romano-itálica e grega, da grandeza de Roma e do Império. Nossa hipótese propõe a leitura integral da Naturalis Historia - enfatizando a análise do prefácio e dos livros 2 e 33 até 37 da História Natural - como um projeto político-pedagógico ou ideológico de Plínio, onde a romanidade pode ser lida como uma noção de identidade em Plínio, que se apresenta como supraétnica ou como modelo ideal de conduta imperial: política, econômica, social, cultural e moral. Através do discurso de Plínio, suas fontes e retórica de escrita e leitura ou de perspectivas de alcance do seu texto, de um ideal de romanitas e humanitas latinas, do contexto histórico de elaboração da obra e das teorias modernas sobre as identidades sociais no mundo antigo, propomos refletir sobre a romanidade como uma ideia de identidade romana, que rehierarquizou e reordenou o mundo imperial, a partir da cidade de Roma, dos costumes, da arte grega e da corte de Vespasiano, o novo Augusto. A Naturalis Historia como Enkyklios Paideia foi portadora de um thesauros, que repropôs a importância dos valores tradicionais romanos, enquanto descreveu a contemporaneidade ou conjuntura histórica do tempo de Plínio, o Antigo, o Principado dos Júlio-claudios ao de Vespasiano, de crises, Pax e integração cada vez maior de povos diversos.
The aim of this research, Romanness in Pliny the Elder and the Natural History as a political-pedagogical project, is to analyze the Natural History (44-77 AD) as a discourse produced in a specific socio-historical context, in which Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD), based on Latin and Greek tradition, introduced a new ideal of Romanness. The research also proposes to read this Romanness vis-à-vis the issue of identity in the ancient Greco-Roman world. In the 1st century, in an increasingly multicultural and multiethnic empire, the Pax provided by the government of Vespasian (69-79 AD), of the Flavian dynasty, expanded a process of romanization in which Pliny participated as intellectual and government official. Pliny presented his Natural History as a thesaurus or memoryItalian-Roman and Greekof the Roman Empires grandeur. Our hypothesis proposes the complete reading of the Natural History (with an emphasis on the analysis of the preface and books 2 and 33 through 37) as Plinys political-pedagogical or ideological project, in which the idea of Romanness can be read as a kind of supra-ethnic identity or as an ideal model of imperial conduct: political, economic, social, cultural, and moral. We propose to look at Romanness as a notion of Roman identity that reordered and recreated hierarchies for the imperial world, starting from the city of Rome, the customs, Greek art, and the court of Vespasian, the new Augustus. For this, we take into consideration Plinys discourse, his sources, reading and writing rhetoric, and the perspectives afforded by his text, by the ideal of Latin romanitas and humanitas, the historical context of his work, and modern theories about social identities in the ancient world. The Natural History as Enkyklios Paideia was the bearer of a thesaurus that reintroduced the importance of traditional Roman values as it described the historical conjuncture of Plinys time, the principality from the Julio-Claudian to the Vespasian dynasties, crises, Pax, and the increasing integration of several peoples.

This dissertation aims to explain how Soviet national historiographies were constructed in Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan, in 1936-1953 and what the political and ideological reasons were behind the way they were written. The dissertation aims to contribute to current scholarship on Soviet nationality policies; on Stalinist nation-building projects; and to the debate on whether the Soviet period was a project of developmentalist modernization or not. This dissertation aims to examine the process of national history writing in three republics from the local point of view, by using the local archival sources. For this research, archival materials that have been overlooked by scholars up to this point from the archives of the communist parties, academy of sciences, and central state archives in Kiev, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan, and Almaty, Kazakhstan have been collected. The timeline starts with Zhdanov’s commission in 1936, which summoned historians and ideologues of the Communist Party in Moscow to write an all-Union history because a parallel campaign of writing national histories had been initialized by the local communist parties. The first two chapters cover the pre-war (1936-1941) period, when national histories were written after the demise of Pokrovskiian historiography. Although there was one ideology, there were different preferences in solving the problem of ethnogenesis, defining national heroes, and also different preferences among the sections of the past that national histories emphasized. The third chapter explains the construction of national histories during the war period (1941-1945). The chapter also presents how national histories were used for wartime propaganda. Finally, the last chapter is about the post-war discussions and the shift of emphasis from ‘national’ to ‘class’ that occurred in the non-Russian national narratives in the Zhdanovshchina period. While there was an ‘imperial design’ for the necessities of managing a multi-national state, the Soviet Union also appears as a modernization project for all three cases by constructing national narratives. Though non-Russian Soviet historiographies produced contradictory narratives in different decades, they also homogenized, codified and nationalized the narrative of the past. Regional, dynastic, religious, tribal figures and events incorporated into grandiose national narratives. Nations were primordialized and their national identities armed with spatial and temporal indigenousness within the borders of their national republics. Modern national identities of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Ukraine gained from this homogenization and codification by the Soviet regime. Although modernism is not only about construction of national narratives, the latter points out the developmental and modernizing character of the Soviet period.

L'objet de notre thèse est l'étude de la représentation des femmes impériales du Haut-Empire romain dans les récits grecs et romains allant du premier siècle avant J.-C. jusqu'au début du Ve siècle. Alors que l'historiographie romaine a consacré fort peu d'attention aux faits et gestes des Romaines pendant les premiers siècles de la République, l'éclatement des guerres civiles permet à quelques aristocrates romaines de jouer un rôle dans la sphère publique. Rôle très défavorablement perçu par certains membres de l'élite masculine. Alors qu'Auguste exalte, à l'issue de cette période troublée, le modèle de la matrone chaste et soumise, les femmes de sa famille font leur entrée sur la scène du pouvoir. Dès lors, un certain nombre d'auteurs élaborent un portrait de ces figures, de leur vivant et après leur mort, et ceci jusqu'à la période de l'Antiquité tardive. Les femmes étant exclues des charges politiques, comment ces auteurs perçoivent-ils l'influence ou le pouvoir que certaines d'entre elles ont exercé ? Il apparaît que si les femmes impériales ne constituent pas un objet d'étude en soi, leurs figures se sont avérées fort utiles pour caractériser un ou plusieurs princes. En effet, les femmes de pouvoir, et principalement les impératrices mères, sont perçues comme des éléments perturbateurs dont les actes menacent la personne du Prince et l'intégrité de l'Empire. Les auteurs anciens s'appuient notamment sur les identités et la/les mémoire/s féminine/s, telles qu'elles ont été mises en scène par le pouvoir impérial et certaines de ces femmes, pour illustrer la menace qu'un certain nombre d'entre elles ont fait peser sur le Prince. D'autre part, l'élaboration de ces portraits vise à illustrer l'incompatibilité entre femmes et pouvoir, alors même qu'un certain nombre de ces figures ont administré les affaires de l'Empire au nom de leur/s fils
The purpose of our thesis is to consider the representation of Early Roman Empire imperial women in Greek and Roman narratives dating from the first century B.C. until the 5th century A.D. Roman historiography payed scant attention to women during the first centuries of Roman Republic, but the start of civil wars allowed several aristocrats to intervene in public sphere. Partly disapproved by some members of the senatorial elite. While Augustus exalts, at the end of this difficult period, the model of the chaste and submissive matron, the women of his family are destined to play a part in public sphere. Consequently, a number of authors draw a portrait of these figures, in their lifetime and after their death, until Late Antiquity. Since women are excluded from political responsabilities, how these authors consider the influence or power that some of them exercize ? It appears that, if imperial women don't constitute an object of study, their figures, and, most of all, theirs of the empresses mothers, were very useful to characterize one or several Princeps/principes. Quite often, these women are considered as disruptive elements for the integrity of the Empire and as threats for the person of the Princeps. Discursive strategies that every author uses are based in particular on feminine identities and memory/ies developed by imperial power, in order to prove that some of these women constituted and still constitute a threat for the Princeps and for the integrity of the Empire. On the other hand, these portraits aim at illustrate the incompatibility between women and power, while some of these figures administered the affairs of the Empire in the name of their son/s

During the twentieth century, Cable & Wireless was the world’s biggest and most important telegraphy company, employing large numbers of people in stations across the world. Its network of submarine cables and wireless routes circumnavigated the globe, connecting Britain with the Empire. This thesis examines the ways in which the British Empire and modernity shaped Cable & Wireless’ corporate identity in order to understand the historical geography of the relationships between Empire, state, and modernity. Additionally, it investigates the role of design in the Company’s engagement with the discourses of modernity and imperialism. Historical Geography has not paid sufficient attention to the role of companies, in particular technology companies, as institutions of imperialism and instruments of modernity. The study of businesses within Historical Geography is in its infancy, and this thesis will provide a major contribution to this developing field. This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach that sits at the intersection of three main disciplines: Historical Geography, Design History and Business History. This thesis examines how Cable & Wireless’ identity was produced, transmitted and consumed. This thesis is based on detailed research in Cable &Wireless’ corporate archive at Porthcurno, examining a wide range of visual and textual sources. This pays particular attention to how the Company designed its corporate identity through maps, posters, ephemera, corporate magazines and exhibitions. Drawing upon the conceptualizations of the Empire as a network, it argues that Cable & Wireless’ identity was networked like its submarine cables with decision-making power, money and identity traversing this network. This thesis seeks to place both the company and the concept of corporate identity within a broader historical and artistic context, tracing the development of both the company’s institutional narrative and the corporate uses of visual technologies. No study has been conducted into the corporate identity and visual culture of Cable & Wireless. This thesis not only provides a new dimension to knowledge and understanding of the historical operations of Cable & Wireless, but also makes a substantive contribution to the wider fields of Historical Geography, Business History, Design History and the study of visual culture.

Les dieux augustes, connus essentiellement par l’épigraphie, dotés du titre impérial d’Augustus/a comme épithète, constituent un aspect du « culte impérial » et témoignent d’une triple acculturation politique, religieuse et sociale. L’ « augustalisation » se rapporte à l’empereur mais ne fait pas de lui un dieu incarné ou un protégé des dieux. Elle exprime une synergie entre les dieux et l’empereur leur médiateur auprès des hommes. Le terme exclusif d’Augustus/a, renvoie à Romulus, aux auspices de l’imperator, à l’auctoritas, qui légitiment le Prince. Rares en Orient les dieux augustes sont surtout répandus en Occident, d’Auguste au début du IVè s. Les dieux romains choisis pour l’augustalisation sont moins les divinités politiques attendues que des dieux protecteurs et bienfaiteurs des cités et des particuliers. Sous les dieux à noms romains apparaissent nombre de divinités indigènes réinterprétées (interpretatio romana) qui avec les dieux purement indigènes conservent des racines locales. Par sa souplesse l’augustalisation intégre à l’Empire toutes ces identités provinciales. Propre aux milieux romanisés, l’augustalisation est avant tout pratiquée par les élites municipales qui, à travers leur évergétisme, la diffusent dans les campagnes et surtout dans la population urbaine, renforçant ainsi leur légitimité. Les augustales et les riches affranchis, prompts à les imiter, la répandent dans le reste de la population. Hauts fonctionnaires et militaires restent en retrait. Présents dans tout l’espace urbain les dieux augustes se concentrent dans les centres civiques et autres loci celeberrimi, où s’affiche le pouvoir. Scénographie urbaine et cérémonies expriment le consensus d’une société hiérarchisée autour des empereurs agents des dieux. L’augustalisation sacralise et légitime le pouvoir et groupe autour de lui une société acculturée aux identités multiples
Augustan Gods, mainly known through epigraphy, commonly bestowed with the Imperial title Augustus/a as an epithet, are part of the « imperial cult » and represented a threefold political, religious and social acculturation. « Augustalization » does refer to the emperor but in that case he couldn’t be considered as an incarnate god or even be seen as protected by the gods. It implied a synergy between the gods and the emperor who stood as their mediator, remaining close to men. The exclusive term Augustus/a refers to Romulus, to the auspices of the imperator, to auctoritas which made the Prince legitimate. Although quite rare in the East augustan gods were commonly well-spread in the West, from Augustus’s reign until the early years of the IVth century. The Roman gods chosen for augustalization were not really the political divinities which might be expected to be found but more likely benevolent gods protecting the cities and their inhabitants. Under the gods carrying Roman names we can discover numerous native divinities which had been reinterpreted (interpretatio romana) and which, with the purely indigenous gods, keep their local roots. With a particular suppleness augustalization integrated into the Empire all these provincial identities. Characteristic of all the backgrounds influenced by romanization, augustalization was first and foremost used by the municipal elite, who, through their evergetism, spread it in the rural areas but mainly among the urban population, thus strenghtening their legitimacy. Augustales and rich freedmen, quick to imitate elite, spread it among the rest of the population. High-ranking officials and officers stayed in the background. Constantly present in all the urban areas augustan gods concentrated their presence in civic centres and other loci celeberrimi where the strenth of the political power was obviously seen. Urban scenographies and ceremonies reveal the consensus of all the members of a strong social hierarchy structured around the emperors seen as the direct go-betweens to the gods. Augustalization made the power even more sacred and legitimate and gathered around its symbolic representation an acculturated society with its manyfold identities

Depuis une quinzaine d’années en France, nous assistons, à un retour en force de « l’histoire coloniale », stimulée par des questions mémorielles brûlantes, comme celles de la guerre d’Algérie, de la traite Atlantique, de l’esclavage aux Antilles, autant de thèmes devenus classique d’une tendance à la repentance coloniale. Manifestement désireux de penser l’intégration de la mémoire de la colonisation à l’identité nationale, le grand public se laisse donc touché par la redécouverte du passé colonial de la France, notamment par le biais de productions cinématographiques comme L’Empire du milieu du Sud du cinéaste Éric Deroo, qui retrace l’histoire du Vietnam et de l’Indochine française. Ces initiatives incarnent des formes de persistance de l’histoire des relations entre la France et son ex-empire, mais aussi une volonté de transmettre la mémoire sans la borner aux seuls conflits coloniaux. Elles contribuent à maintenir une sorte de lien affectif des Français envers leurs anciennes colonies. En réactivant leur mémoire, les sociétés occidentales, et la société française en particulier, posent donc la question des effets retours de l’époque coloniale sur la définition actuelle des identités nationales. Si le colonialisme est souvent considéré comme une forme de circulation à sens unique, des métropoles vers leurs colonies, l’évolution des points de vue et de la recherche historique permettent l’examen de l’influence de la colonisation en Europe, de nos jours, mais aussi durant la période coloniale. Cette circulation empire-métropole est désignée par les expressions « effets retours » ou « effets de réverbération », qui concernent en particulier des circulations de représentations. Dans la lignée de travaux universitaires récents, qui proposent diverses approches régionales des phénomènes de réception et d’appropriation du fait colonial, ce travail propose l’étude de la manière dont s’opèrent des phénomènes d’ouverture culturelle liés à l’expansion coloniale à une échelle régionale, alors que, pendant longtemps, suite aux travaux de l’historien Raoul Girardet, l’échelle nationale a été privilégiée1. Le présent travail tend à vérifier l’hypothèse de la construction de l’identité des gens du Nord, à l’intérieur de la nation, en intégrant l’influence de l’expansion coloniale. L’historien américain Herman Lebovics nous aide à affiner cette hypothèse lorsqu’il affirme dans La vraie France, qu’il existe des parallèles entre les moyens employés par les pouvoirs français pour gagner la loyauté d’une population étrangère assujettie, et l’appareil culturel mis en place pour provoquer la loyauté des métropolitains 2. Il évoque notamment l’ethnologie conservatrice, qui attire l’attention des autorités sur le besoin de préserver les cultures coloniales et de raviver les cultures régionales, à la condition de ne pas engendrer de revendications politiques allant à l’encontre de l’existence d’un État centralisé, issu de la tradition révolutionnaire jacobine. Cette recherche envisage d’apprécier les effets retours de la construction d’un l’empire colonial vers une région de la métropole et ses habitants, en étudiant les changements de direction du « regard » et l’élargissement des échelles, du local au national puis du local à l’empire. Le changement de focale permet donc une étude, qui examine des réalités et des problématiques locales et définit une réception et une appropriation spécifiques du fait impérial, l’exaltation de l’empire devenant à la fois un élément de l’identité locale et un élément d’intégration de la région à une identité nationale
For about fifteen years in France, we have assisted, with a return in strength of “the colonial history”, stimulated by burning hot memory questions, like those of the war of Algeria, the Atlantic draft, slavery in the Antilles, as many topics become classical of a trend with the colonial repentance.Obviously eager to think the integration of the memory of colonization of the national identity, the general public is thus left touched by the rediscovery of the colonial past of France, in particular by the means of film productions like Empire of the medium of the South of the scenario writer Éric Deroo, who recalls the history of the Viêt - Nam and French Indo-China.These initiatives incarnate forms of persistence of the history of the relations between France and its ex-empire, but also a will to transmit the memory without limiting it to the only colonial conflicts. They contribute to maintain a kind of emotional tie of the French towards their old colonies.By reactivating their memory, Western companies, and the French company in particular, thus ask the question of the returns effects of the colonial time on the current definition of the national identities. If colonialism is often regarded as a form of circulation to one way, metropolises towards their colonies, the evolution from the points of view and the historical research allow the examination of the influence of colonization in Europe, nowadays, but also during the colonial period. This circulation empire-metropolis is indicated by the expressions “returns effects” or “effects of reverberation”, which relate to in particular circulations of representations.In the line of recent university work, which proposes various regional approaches of the phenomena of reception and appropriation of the colonial fact, this work proposes the study in the way in which phenomena of cultural opening related to the colonial expansion take place with a regional scale, whereas, for a long time, following work of the historian Raoul Girardet, the national scale was privileged.This work tends to check the assumption of the construction of the identity of people of North, inside the nation, by integrating the influence of the colonial expansion. The American historian Herman Lebovics helps us to refine this assumption when it affirms in true France, that there exist parallels between the average employees by the French powers to gain the honesty of a subjugated foreign population, and the cultural device set up to cause the honesty of the French people.He evokes in particular the preserving ethnology, which draws the attention of the authorities to the need to preserve the colonial cultures and to revive the regional cultures, in the condition of not generating political claims going against the existence of a centralized State, resulting from the revolutionary tradition jacobine.This research plans to appreciate the returns effects of the construction of colonial empire towards a region of the metropolis and its inhabitants, by studying the changes of management of the “glance” and the widening of the scales, of the room to the national then room with the empire. The change of focal distance thus allows a study, which examines local realities and problems and defines a specific reception and an appropriation of the imperial fact, the exaltation of the empire becoming at the same time an element of the local identity and an element of integration of the area to one national identity

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Notre objectif, dans cette dissertation, c‟est de réaliser une analyse comparée entre les rapports de Velleius Paterculus et Appian d‟Alexandrie sur la relation établie entre Caius Gracchus et les équestres à la fin du 2e siècle av. J.-C.. Les deux auteurs se rencontraient insérés dans des contextes distincts et, à cause de cela, ils voyaient le passé républicain de manière différente. La forme d‟affronter le passé et la réconstruction de sa mémoire ont été influencées par l‟imaginaire et par la conception des identités de chaque période. Ces prémisses nous aident dans l‟explication des différentes interprétations offertes par chaque auteur à l‟égard de la Loi Judiciaire de Caius Gracchus. Cette dissertation se compose de trois chapitres, en étant le premier dédié à la présentation de chaque auteur, sa trajectoire personnelle et sociale et à chacune des Histoires Romaines, leur foisonnement et leurs principales caractéristiques. Le second chapitre parle du fait arrivé au 2e siècle av. J.-C. Dans ce chapitre, nous étudions l‟historique et les fonctions de la Tribune de la Plèbe et de l‟Ordre Équestre, au-delà de présenter la trajectoire personnelle et politique de Caius Gracchus et les plusieurs réformes qu‟il a faites, en spécial, la Loi Judiciaire et son importance pour les équestres. Au troisième chapitre, nous comparons les discours de Velleius Paterculus o et Appien d‟Alexandrie sur la Loi Judiciaire et nous remarquons les influences du contexte en leurs interprétations du fait.
Nosso objetivo, nesta dissertação, é realizar uma análise comparada dos relatos de Veléio Patérculo e Apiano de Alexandria sobre a relação estabelecida entre Caio Graco e os equestres no final do século II a.C.. Os dois autores encontravam-se inseridos em contextos distintos, que enxergavam o passado republicano de maneira diversa. A forma de encarar o passado e a reconstrução de sua memória foram influenciadas pelo imaginário e pela concepção identitária de cada período. Estas premissas nos auxiliam na explicação das diferentes interpretações oferecidas por cada autor a respeito da Lei Judiciária de Caio Graco. Esta dissertação compõe-se de três capítulos sendo o primeiro deles dedicado à apresentação de cada autor, sua trajetória pessoal e social, e de cada uma das História Romana, seu alcance e suas principais características. O segundo capítulo versa sobre o fato ocorrido no século II a.C.. Nele estudamos o histórico e funções do Tribunato da Plebe e da Ordem Equestre, além de apresentarmos a trajetória pessoal e política de Caio Graco e suas muitas reformas, em especial, a Lei Judiciária e sua importância para os equestres. No terceiro capítulo comparamos os discursos de Veléio Patérculo e Apiano de Alexandria sobre a Lei Judiciária e apontamos as influencias do contexto em suas interpretações do fato.

This dissertation examines the formation of Ottoman sovereignty in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries at the disciplinary intersection of international law and history. As an attempt to break away from a strictly territorial understanding of sovereignty as a fixed legal construct, it explores shifting definitions of sovereignty within and across the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire as well as its semi-autonomous provinces. It argues that Ottoman sovereignty was constantly re-defined by inter-imperial rivalries, jurisdictional politics and the formation of modern subjecthood and citizenship in the emerging arena of international law during the period in question. Exploring what it meant to be an Ottoman and a foreigner in the Ottoman Empire during this period, I argue that subjecthood; nationality and citizenship often appear as instrumental categories incidentally utilized by ordinary individuals when deemed necessary. A careful examination of the Ottoman passport regime, on the other hand, proves that there already existed a prolonged process of experimentation on individual documentation and movement controls during the second half of the nineteenth history. Studying a collection of identity cards and passports, I argue that individual documentation mattered more for some subjects than others, who needed to maintain and negotiate their identities under overlapping structures of multiple sovereignties. A careful analysis of various case studies, from former Ottoman Bulgaria to never-Ottoman Dutch Indonesia, demonstrate that disputed claims to nationality and foreign protection in one locality were often connected to the enhancement or loss of Ottoman sovereignty elsewhere and can only be understood beyond the geographical and disciplinary constraints of area studies.