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Journal articles on the topic 'Impacts of logging'
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Tobias, Joseph A. "Hidden impacts of logging." Nature 523, no. 7559 (July 2015): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/523163a.
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Solgi, A., and A. Najafi. "The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 1 (January 30, 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2013-jfs.
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Soil properties can be affected by heavy equipment used for skidding but these impacts vary greatly with site conditions and operational practices. We assessed the effects of ground-based skidding on site disturbance and soil physical properties. We also tested the effects of skid trail slope and traffic frequency on soil compaction, total porosity, and moisture content. On average, about 30% of all harvested area was disturbed to varying levels. Intact forest floor (undisturbed) and light slash were the dominant surface conditions, covering an average of 68.9% of harvested area. Deep disturbed soils accounted for only just over 1.1% of observations. Results showed that dry bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were affected considerably on skid trails by traffic frequency and skid trail slope. Measurements of soil properties in the surface layer (0–10 cm) showed that bulk density is 57% higher and total porosity is 31% lower on the skid trail compared to the undisturbed area. Average moisture content has been measured as 35% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area.
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Mesh, S., DT Cayetano, E. Requena, E. Alvarez, E. Kay, A. Finkral, A. Roopsind, and FE Putz. "LOGGING IMPACTS ON LIANA REGENERATION AND." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SECIENCE 29, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2017.29.3.343348.
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Davies, PE, and M. Nelson. "Relationships between riparian buffer widths and the effects of logging on stream habitat, invertebrate community composition and fish abundance." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941289.
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Impacts from the logging of Eucalyptus forest on stream habitat, macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity, and fish abundance were surveyed in Tasmania, Australia. Forty-five pairs of sites from 34 streams of ≥2.5 km² catchment area were each sampled once during summer in the period 1990-92. Each site pair consisted of an 'impacted' site downstream of a logging treatment and an upstream or closely matched 'paired control' site. Site pair treatments encompassed two logging methods (cable and conventional) with a range of riparian buffer strip widths (0-50 m) and included unlogged controls. Differences between site pair variables were used as test statistics for the detection of logging impacts. Logging significantly increased riffle sediment, length of open stream, periphytic algal cover, water temperature and snag volume. Logging also significantly decreased riffle macroinvertebrate abundance, particularly of stoneflies and leptophlebiid mayflies, and brown trout abundance. All effects of logging were dependent on buffer strip width and were not significantly affected by coupe slope, soil erodibility or time (over one to five years) since logging. All impacts of logging were significant only at buffer widths of <30 m. Minimum buffer widths for eliminating logging impacts on stream habitats and biota are discussed.
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Makhdoum, M. F., and N. Khorasani. "Differences between Environmental Impacts of Logging and Recreation in Mature Forest Ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 2 (1988): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028940.
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In order to be able to recommend the most compatible land-uses for adoption in a multiple land-use system, in terms of the resultant impacts on soils and vegetation in mature ecosystems, the impact of logging operations and recreation in the Caspian region of Iran was studied. Four forest communities were selected and, with an analytical approach, the bulk density, percentage of plant cover, number of individual plants, plant height, and the number of plant species encountered, in 36 sample plots (20 × 1 m) located on various slopes and aspects, and used for logging or recreation at different intensities (unused, transitional, used), were recorded.The effectiveness of data, in terms of demonstrating the statistically significant differences, was tested by the method described in Conquest (1983). T-statistics for two means were used to discern statistical differences.The results of the study indicate that the effect of logging is greater than that of recreation on soil bulk density, whereas the effect of recreation is greater on plants than that of logging. Aspect has no effect on the resultant impact, but steep slopes are more susceptible than gentle ones. With increases in altitude, the degree of impact decreases. Ecosystems having loamy clay soils and a greater proportion of monocotyledonous than dicotyledonous species, located on gentle slopes at the higher altitudes investigated, tend to resist the impacts of both logging and recreation best.
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Kleinschroth, Fritz, and John R. Healey. "Impacts of logging roads on tropical forests." Biotropica 49, no. 5 (June 19, 2017): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12462.
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Martini, Adriana M. Z., Nelson de A. Rosa, and Christopher Uhl. "An Attempt to Predict Which Amazonian Tree Species May be Threatened by Logging Activities." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024589.
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The impacts of logging on Amazonian ecosystems has been the focus of considerable attention both within and outside of Amazonia. However, the impacts of logging on individual timber species has not been at all adequately investigated. Logging affects timber species by: (1) removing mature individuals that are important sources of seeds; (2) damaging seedlings and saplings (i.e future generations of canopy adults); and (3) creating conditions that favour fire by opening the canopy and leaving slash as fuel on the forest floor.In this study we summarize information on the ecological characteristics of 305 timber species in Brazilian Amazonia. We identify seven ecological parameters that are useful in evaluating a species' ability to resist the negative impacts of logging. These characteristics are: (1) effective long-distance dispersal ability; (2) abundance of saplings in forest regeneration; (3) rapid growth; (4) ability to resprout; (5) capacity to withstand fire; (6) broad geographic distribution; and (7) high density of adults. We hypothesize thai species with characteristics opposed to these parameters and subjected to intense logging pressure will have difficulty in maintaining their populations in logging regions.We use a simple scoring system to rank species with regard to their hypothesized ability to withstand logging impacts. Among the species that are potentially susceptible to logging impacts are Euxylophora paraensis (‘Pau Amarelo’) and Swietenia macrophylla (American Mahogany). The sawn lumber from these two species goes principally to European and North American buyers, revealing a direct link between First World consumption and possible biodiversity impoverishment in the Brazilian rain-forest. These two species, and others that might experience population reductions as a result of logging, merit special study.
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Morgan, Todd A., and Timothy P. Spoelma. "California Logging Utilization: 2004." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.1.12.
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Abstract Astudy of logging activities conducted during 2004 provided utilization data and information on timber harvesting operations in California. A nested and stratified sampling scheme was used to produce a sample of felled trees with distributions of geographic area, ownership class, tree species, and tree size representative of California's recent sawlog and veneer log harvest. Results of the study indicated that about 50% of the harvested trees were less than 16.5-in.dbh, but these trees produced just 15% of the volume. About 50% of the harvested volume came from trees less than 24.5-in. dbh, and about two-thirds of the volume was from trees less than 30-in. dbh. Removals factors, quantifying impacts on growing stock, revealed that 1,051.4 ft3 of growing-stock volume was removed for every thousand cubic feet delivered to mills, with just 61.5 ft3 left in the forest as logging residue. Periodic reevaluations of logging utilization in California would make it possible to evaluate impacts of technology, market conditions, and policy changes on logging operations and utilization factors in the state.
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Osawa, Naoya, Atsumi Terai, Keiichi Hirata, Asami Nakanishi, Ayumi Makino, Shinjiro Sakai, and Shozo Sibata. "Logging impacts on forest carabid assemblages in Japan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-188.
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We hypothesized that small-area logging (<1 ha) would greatly affect microhabitats of carabid beetles. To test this hypothesis, we studied the carabid assemblages at Kamigamo Experimental Station, Kyoto, Japan, from June 1999 to May 2001. From the analysis of the number of individuals and niche breadth, the numbers of large carnivores (Carabus dehanii Chaudoir, Carabus maiyasanus Bates, and Carabus yaconinus Bates) and large insectivores (Chlaenius posticalis Motschulsky and Haplochlaenius costiger (Chaudoir)) decreased because of logging, whereas the small carabids, Synuchus arcuaticollis (Motschulsky) and Synuchus cycloderus (Bates), may not have been negatively influenced by logging. The mass of the FH layer significantly affected the total number of Pterostichus latemarginatus (Straneo) and marginally affected the number of S. cycloderus. However, soil water content (%) and the mass of the L layer did not affect the total number of individuals in any species. The results of this study imply that (1) the richness of the FH layer and vegetation, that is, the potential food abundance and habitat richness, is involved in determining species richness and the density of the carabid assemblages and (2) even small-area logging may have a negative impact on the density of the large predatory carabids, which are sensitive indicators of forest disturbance.
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Chugunkova, Anna V., and Anton I. Pyzhev. "Impacts of Global Climate Change on Duration of Logging Season in Siberian Boreal Forests." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070756.
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In Siberia, most boreal forests are located in an area with relatively moist forest soils, which makes logging activities possible exclusively during the frost period with a permanent snow cover and stable sub-zero temperatures. As the global climate is experiencing a trend towards warming, it is reasonable to suppose that the duration of the logging season might shorten over time, influencing the economic potential of Siberian forests. To test this hypothesis, we created a concept for calculating the duration of the logging season, taking into account the economic and climatic peculiarities of doing forest business in these territories. Using the long-run daily-observed climatic data, we calculated the duration of the logging season for eight representative stations in Krasnoyarsk Krai (Yeniseysk, Boguchany, Achinsk, and Minusinsk) and Irkutsk Oblast (Bratsk, Kirensk, Tulun, and Yerbogachen) in 1966–2018. We found strong evidence of logging season duration shortening for almost all considered stations, with an uneven effect on the start and end boundaries of the season. Climate warming has almost no effect on the start date of the season in winter, but it significantly shifts the boundaries of the season end in spring. Using the autoregressive-integrated-moving average modeling (ARIMA) models, we demonstrated that, in the near future, the trends of the gradual shortening of the logging season will hold for the most part of the considered stations. The most pronounced effect is observed for the Achinsk station, where the logging season will shorten from 148.4 ± 17.3 days during the historical sample (1966–2018) to 136.2 ± 30 days in 2028, which reflects global warming trend patterns. From an economic perspective, a shorter duration of the logging season means fewer wood stocks available for cutting, which would impact the ability of companies to enact their logging plans and lead them to suffer losses in the future. To avoid losses, Siberian forest firms will have to adapt to these changes by redefining their economic strategies in terms of intensifying logging operations.
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Farshad Keivan, Behjou, and Mollabashi Omid Ghaffarzadeh. "Impact of logging intensity on stem density, basal area and biodiversity indices five years after logging in a Caspian hardwood forest." Journal of Forest Science 63, No. 4 (April 27, 2017): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/103/2016-jfs.
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The aim of the present study was to analyse the impacts of different logging intensities after five years from logging including non-logged, low (3.4 felled stems per hectare), medium (5.2 felled stems per hectare) and high (7.1 felled stems per hectare) treatments on stem density, basal area, canopy cover, and forest biodiversity indices. The study area was located in northern Iran. Data was collected on a set of 120 circular plots with 5 m radius from both non-logged and logging areas. Stem density, basal area, and percentage of canopy cover were measured. Biodiversity study was done by measuring two diversity indices including Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener’s, two richness indices including Margalef’s and Menhinick’s and two evenness indices including Pielou’s and Hill’s indices. The results indicated that the treatment with the medium logging intensity was found to cause the highest amount of positive effects on stem density, basal area, and biodiversity indices. It is concluded that harvesting intensity should be limited to a medium level (approximately 5 felled trees per hectare) during each logging operation to improve forest biodiversity indices.
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Rangel Pinagé, Ekena, Michael Keller, Paul Duffy, Marcos Longo, Maiza dos-Santos, and Douglas Morton. "Long-Term Impacts of Selective Logging on Amazon Forest Dynamics from Multi-Temporal Airborne LiDAR." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 24, 2019): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060709.
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Forest degradation is common in tropical landscapes, but estimates of the extent and duration of degradation impacts are highly uncertain. In particular, selective logging is a form of forest degradation that alters canopy structure and function, with persistent ecological impacts following forest harvest. In this study, we employed airborne laser scanning in 2012 and 2014 to estimate three-dimensional changes in the forest canopy and understory structure and aboveground biomass following reduced-impact selective logging in a site in Eastern Amazon. Also, we developed a binary classification model to distinguish intact versus logged forests. We found that canopy gap frequency was significantly higher in logged versus intact forests even after 8 years (the time span of our study). In contrast, the understory of logged areas could not be distinguished from the understory of intact forests after 6–7 years of logging activities. Measuring new gap formation between LiDAR acquisitions in 2012 and 2014, we showed rates 2 to 7 times higher in logged areas compared to intact forests. New gaps were spatially clumped with 76 to 89% of new gaps within 5 m of prior logging damage. The biomass dynamics in areas logged between the two LiDAR acquisitions was clearly detected with an average estimated loss of −4.14 ± 0.76 MgC ha−1 y−1. In areas recovering from logging prior to the first acquisition, we estimated biomass gains close to zero. Together, our findings unravel the magnitude and duration of delayed impacts of selective logging in forest structural attributes, confirm the high potential of airborne LiDAR multitemporal data to characterize forest degradation in the tropics, and present a novel approach to forest classification using LiDAR data.
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Burivalova, Zuzana, Tien Ming Lee, Xingli Giam, Çağan Hakkı Şekercioğlu, David S. Wilcove, and Lian Pin Koh. "Avian responses to selective logging shaped by species traits and logging practices." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20150164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0164.
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Selective logging is one of the most common forms of forest use in the tropics. Although the effects of selective logging on biodiversity have been widely studied, there is little agreement on the relationship between life-history traits and tolerance to logging. In this study, we assessed how species traits and logging practices combine to determine species responses to selective logging, based on over 4000 observations of the responses of nearly 1000 bird species to selective logging across the tropics. Our analysis shows that species traits, such as feeding group and body mass, and logging practices, such as time since logging and logging intensity, interact to influence a species' response to logging. Frugivores and insectivores were most adversely affected by logging and declined further with increasing logging intensity. Nectarivores and granivores responded positively to selective logging for the first two decades, after which their abundances decrease below pre-logging levels. Larger species of omnivores and granivores responded more positively to selective logging than smaller species from either feeding group, whereas this effect of body size was reversed for carnivores, herbivores, frugivores and insectivores. Most importantly, species most negatively impacted by selective logging had not recovered approximately 40 years after logging cessation. We conclude that selective timber harvest has the potential to cause large and long-lasting changes in avian biodiversity. However, our results suggest that the impacts can be mitigated to a certain extent through specific forest management strategies such as lengthening the rotation cycle and implementing reduced impact logging.
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Kreutzweiser, David P., Paul W. Hazlett, and John M. Gunn. "Logging impacts on the biogeochemistry of boreal forest soils and nutrient export to aquatic systems: A review." Environmental Reviews 16, NA (December 2008): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a08-006.
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Logging disturbances in boreal forest watersheds can alter biogeochemical processes in soils by changing forest composition, plant uptake rates, soil conditions, moisture and temperature regimes, soil microbial activity, and water fluxes. In general, these changes have often led to short-term increases in soil nutrient availability followed by increased mobility and losses by leaching to receiving waters. Among the studies we reviewed, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports usually increased after logging, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification often increased with resulting increased N availability and exports to receiving waters. Similar processes and responses occurred for phosphorus (P), but to a lesser extent than for N. In most cases, base cations were released and exported to receiving waters after logging. Several studies demonstrated that stem-only or partial-harvest logging reduced the impacts on nutrient release and exports in comparison to whole-tree clear-cutting. Despite these logging-induced increases in soil nutrient availability and movement to receiving waters, most studies reported little or no change in soil chemical properties. However, responses to logging were highly variable and often site specific. The likelihood, extent and magnitude of logging impacts on soil nutrient cycling and exports in boreal forest watersheds will be dependent on soil types, stand and site conditions, hydrological connectivity, post-logging weather patterns, and type and timing of harvest activities. Additionally, logging impacts can interact with, and be confounded by, atmospheric pollutant deposition and climate change. Further watershed-level empirical studies and modeling efforts are required to elucidate these interactions, to improve predictive capabilities, and to advance forest management guidelines for sustaining forest soil productivity and limiting nutrient exports.
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Saint-Germain, Michel, and David F. Greene. "Salvage logging in the boreal and cordilleran forests of Canada: Integrating industrial and ecological concerns in management plans." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85120-1.
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Fire has been part of the North American boreal and cordilleran ecosystems for thousands of years. Because fire and harvesting compete directly for the same wood supply, and provinces have, within the last few decades, tended to reach their annual allowable cut, salvage logging has emerged as a practice to minimize the impact of fire on long-term wood supply. In most parts of the boreal and cordilleran forests, fire-killed boles rapidly degrade after their death, as wood-boring insects, stain, wood-decay fungi and checking lead to significant loss of grade or volume in the months following the fire. Because of this impending degradation, salvage operations are often hurried and other considerations, including the potential ecological impacts of salvage logging, have seldom been taken into consideration when defining harvesting strategies. The ecological consequences of rapid salvage have been widely studied only in the last 5 years, and it is now clear that salvage logging can have negative impacts on natural regeneration by seed, water quality, and fire-associated animal species. In this paper, we review both industrial and ecological constraints to salvage logging and discuss how both can be integrated in salvage plans. In particular, we focus on the issues of salvage timing and retention. At this point, some type of retention of merchantable stands, even if only for a few years, appears to be the only way to alleviate the negative ecological impacts of post-fire logging. On-site operational constraints, e.g., stands that cannot be harvested due to lack of accessibility, represent an important starting point for any retention strategy. Key words: boreal forest, forest fires, salvage logging, biodiversity, natural disturbances, regeneration after fire
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Lyndon-Gee, Francesca, Joanna Sumner, Yang Hu, Claudio Ciofi, and Tim S. Jessop. "Abundance and genetic diversity responses of a lizard (Eulamprus heatwolei) to logging disturbance." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 6 (2017): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17051.
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Rotational logging practices are used with the goal of reducing forest disturbance impacts on biodiversity. However, it is poorly understood whether such forest management practices conserve the demographic and genetic composition of animal populations across logged landscapes. Here we investigated whether rotational logging practices alter patterns of landscape-scale population abundance and genetic diversity of a forest-dwelling lizard (Eulamprus heatwolei) in south-eastern Australia. We sampled lizards (n = 407) at up to 48 sites across a chronosequence of logging disturbance intervals (<10 to >60 years after logging) to assess site-specific population changes and genetic diversity parameters. Lizard abundances exhibited a significant curvilinear response to time since logging, with decreased numbers following logging (<10 years), increased abundance as the forest regenerated (10–20 years), before decreasing again in older regenerated forest sites (>30 years). Lizard genetic diversity parameters were not significantly influenced by logging disturbance. These results suggest that logging practices, whilst inducing short-term changes to population abundance, had no measurable effects on the landscape-scale genetic diversity of E. heatwolei. These results are important as they demonstrate the value of monitoring for evaluating forest management efficacy, and the use of different population-level markers to make stronger inference about the potential impacts of logging activities.
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Budiaman, Ahmad, Noor Farikhah Haneda, Indahwati Indahwati, Aziz Fajar Wahyudi, Ria Dwi Afsari, and Reza Aulia Gifari. "Impacts of Tractor Logging on the Diversity of Ground Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Natural Production Forest of Central Borneo." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 8, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl28129-143.
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Tractor logging in tropical forest concession disturbs the life of soil surface organisms, including ground ant. Ground ant has an important role in determining soil fertility. The study aimed to analyze the impact of tractor logging on the diversity of ground ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the natural production forest. Two transect lines of 100 m length and 200 m distance between lines were placed in four different cutting compartments, i.e., currently logged, one month after logging, two months after logging, and unlogged. Ground ant was collected using a pitfall trap. The environmental factors (density of understorey plants, canopy cover, soil compaction, litter thickness, temperature, and humidity) were measured at the setting location of pitfall trap. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the mean difference between treatments. Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between insect abundance and environmental factors. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference in the abundance of the ground ant after logging and before logging. The abundance of ground ants after logging was lower than before logging. The abundance of ground ants among skidded plots was not significantly different. Soil compaction due to tractor logging, litter thickness, and temperature did not significantly affect the abundance of ground ants. The ground ant composition did not change due to tractor logging.Keywords: environment impact, forest conservation, forest disturbance, forest ecosystem
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Bösch, Matthias. "Institutional quality, economic development and illegal logging: a quantitative cross-national analysis." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 1049–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01382-z.
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AbstractIllegal logging is a global concern, associated with severe negative environmental, social and economic impacts, such as deforestation, degradation of biodiversity and loss of government revenues. Despite recent international efforts to combat illegal logging activities, the problem remains widespread. While the academic literature on the subject is extensive, little systematic research has been devoted to analysing the causes of illegal logging. Here, this knowledge gap is addressed with a cross-national assessment of factors hypothesized to impact illegal logging. The logistic regression analysis conducted in this study corroborates some widely held beliefs, but also provides some new insights on the factors that are important for whether illegal logging is likely to be a problem. It is shown that, besides physical-geographic characteristics, a number of factors relating to the level and speed of a country’s economic-institutional development are associated with illegal logging. These include gross domestic product per capita, economic growth, voice and accountability, rule of law and control of corruption. The findings also have implications for existing policies to tackle illegal logging activities.
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SCABIN, ANDRESSA BÁRBARA, FLÁVIA REGINA CAPELLOTTO COSTA, and JOCHEN SCHÖNGART. "The spatial distribution of illegal logging in the Anavilhanas archipelago (Central Amazonia) and logging impacts on species." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 2 (December 21, 2011): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000610.
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SUMMARYAmazonia is one of the world's leading suppliers of timber and the Amazonian timber industry is an important source of regional income, however the economic benefits of this market are associated with environmental damage, mainly when the wood is removed illegally. The Anavilhanas National Park, located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, has been subjected to illegal logging and elaboration of control programmes requires knowledge of the distribution of timber species and the intensity of logging. This study examines the density and growth rate of the five most harvested tree species in the Park, the spatial distribution of illegal logging operations and their effects on population structure. In total, 2332 trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm, as well as stumps of cut trees, were sampled, and dendrochronology was used to estimate growth rates. Some size classes of Virola surinamensis trees and species within the family Lauraceae decreased in abundance as harvesting intensity increased. Growth rates of the most abundant species of Lauraceae, Ocotea cymbarum, were high, indicating stands may recover quickly when harvesting stops. The population structure of Calophyllum brasiliense showed no negative effects due to logging, but its low growth rate and stand distribution suggest that continued exploitation may endanger these populations. Logging had no detectable negative effects on the size structure of populations of Macrolobium acaciifolium or Hevea spp., and their high growth rates suggest that they will not be threatened by current logging rates. Overall growth rates in the Anavilhanas archipelago are higher than those recorded in other black-water floodplain forest (igapó). Logging of most species (except Lauraceae spp., which have the highest market value) is concentrated in the southern region of the Park, which has more human settlements close by. There was no general relationship between harvesting intensity and geographic distance to human settlements, but there was a tendency for harvesting to be higher in sites with concentrations of trees of high market value. Potential strategies to control illegal logging activities in the Anavilhanas archipelago include encouragement of sustainable logging in Park buffer zones and stimulation of ecotourism initiatives in the southern region of the Park. Ecotourism development can provide an economic alternative to illegal logging for local communities and inhibit logging by increasing vigilance.
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Sukhbaatar, Gerelbaatar, Baatarbileg Nachin, Battulga Purevragchaa, Batsaikhan Ganbaatar, Khishigjargal Mookhor, Batchuluun Tseveen, and Alexander Gradel. "Which Selective Logging Intensity is Most Suitable for the Maintenance of Soil Properties and the Promotion of Natural Regeneration in Highly Continental Scots Pine Forests?–Results 19 Years after Harvest Operations in Mongolia." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020141.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests are one of the main vegetation types in the Asian forest-steppe zone. However, over-harvesting currently threatens the natural regeneration and sustainability of these forests. In this study, we examine the long-term effects of different logging intensities on soil properties and natural regeneration in a natural Scots pine forest in the West Khentii Mountains (Mongolia), 19 years after selective logging. Our experimental design included five treatments: clear cut (CC), treatments with high (HI), medium (MI), low (LI) intensities, and a reference parcel with no logging impact at all (RE). We described and quantified the harvest events and applied ANOVA and LMM modeling to analyze and explain the long-term impacts of the logging intensities on soil properties and natural regeneration. We found that logging has a significant negative influence on the physical and chemical properties of the soil because it increases soil compaction and reduces soil nutrients. The most critical impacts of logging were on soil bulk density, total porosity, organic matter, and total nitrogen and phosphorus. The LMM modeling showed that organic matter (OgM), total nitrogen (TN), available K (AK) and pH values are especially impacted by logging. Our study revealed that the values for all of these variables show a linear decrease with increasing selective logging intensity and have a level of significance of p < 0.05. Another finding of this study is that selective logging with low and medium intensities can promote natural regeneration of Scots pine to numbers above those of the reference site (RE). High intensity logging and clear-cuts, however, limit the regeneration of Scots pine, reduce overall seedling numbers (p < 0.05), and create conditions that are suitable only for the regeneration of deciduous tree species. This underlines the risk of Scots pine forest degradation, either by replacement by broad-leaf trees or by conversion into non-forest ecosystems.
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Huang, Maoyi, Yi Xu, Marcos Longo, Michael Keller, Ryan G. Knox, Charles D. Koven, and Rosie A. Fisher. "Assessing impacts of selective logging on water, energy, and carbon budgets and ecosystem dynamics in Amazon forests using the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator." Biogeosciences 17, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 4999–5023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4999-2020.
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Abstract. Tropical forest degradation from logging, fire, and fragmentation not only alters carbon stocks and carbon fluxes, but also impacts physical land surface properties such as albedo and roughness length. Such impacts are poorly quantified to date due to difficulties in accessing and maintaining observational infrastructures, as well as the lack of proper modeling tools for capturing the interactions among biophysical properties, ecosystem demography, canopy structure, and biogeochemical cycling in tropical forests. As a first step to address these limitations, we implemented a selective logging module into the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES) by mimicking the ecological, biophysical, and biogeochemical processes following a logging event. The model can specify the timing and aerial extent of logging events, splitting the logged forest patch into disturbed and intact patches; determine the survivorship of cohorts in the disturbed patch; and modifying the biomass and necromass (total mass of coarse woody debris and litter) pools following logging. We parameterized the logging module to reproduce a selective logging experiment at the Tapajós National Forest in Brazil and benchmarked model outputs against available field measurements. Our results suggest that the model permits the coexistence of early and late successional functional types and realistically characterizes the seasonality of water and carbon fluxes and stocks, the forest structure and composition, and the ecosystem succession following disturbance. However, the current version of FATES overestimates water stress in the dry season and therefore fails to capture seasonal variation in latent and sensible heat fluxes. Moreover, we observed a bias towards low stem density and leaf area when compared to observations, suggesting that improvements are needed in both carbon allocation and establishment of trees. The effects of logging were assessed by different logging scenarios to represent reduced impact and conventional logging practices, both with high and low logging intensities. The model simulations suggest that in comparison to old-growth forests the logged forests rapidly recover water and energy fluxes in 1 to 3 years. In contrast, the recovery times for carbon stocks, forest structure, and composition are more than 30 years depending on logging practices and intensity. This study lays the foundation to simulate land use change and forest degradation in FATES, which will be an effective tool to directly represent forest management practices and regeneration in the context of Earth system models.
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Aysan, Badraghi, Erler Jörn, Hosseini Seyed Ata Ollah, and Lang Robert. "Evaluation of animal logging in the mixed broadleaved mountain forest: Economic and environmental impacts." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 6 (June 28, 2018): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2018-jfs.
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This investigation assessed the economic and environmental impacts of small-scale wood logging by mules in the mixed broadleaved mountain forest. To develop a time prediction model, all measurements of time are replaced by their decadic logarithms. Unit cost was calculated by two methods: (i) as usual, division of the system cost by average productivity per hour, (ii) on the basis of the developed logarithmic models. To investigate the residual damage a 100% inventory method was employed in pre- and post-hauling, alongside the mule trail. A core sampling technique of bulk density was used for determining the degree of soil compaction, and soil disturbed widths were measured at a 5-m interval in the mule hauling direction. In this research, computed unit cost was 17.2 EUR·m<sup>–3</sup> and estimated unit cost by the logarithmic model was 16.2 EUR·m<sup>–3</sup>. This result highlights the time consumption which estimated by the developed model was at a close ratio with real time (average at 95%). In terms of environmental impact, the results indicated that 5.7% of regenerations and 0% of trees were damaged. Also we found that the increased bulk density was not significant (P = 0.903) and only about 0.2% of the total area was disturbed.
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MOHD, SHAHWAHID H. O., NOOR A. G. AWANG, RAHIM N. ABDUL, Y. ZULKIFLI, and U. RAZANI. "Trade-offs among competing uses of a Malaysian forested catchments." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 3 (July 1999): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000200.
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In this project, an attempt is made to estimate the costs and benefits of managing forested catchments in Malaysia. Three land use options are simulated for four selected catchments in the Hulu Langat Forest Reserves (HLFR), Selangor, Malaysia. These options are no logging or catchment protection (CP), reduced impact logging (RIL) and conventional logging (CL). The potential sedimentation impacts of each option on the dam and water intake ponds in the catchments are calculated. The benefits derived from logging, hydro-electric power (HEP) generation and the water regulatory dam for water treatment and the external costs emanating from the sedimentation under the three options are estimated. The computations are based on data collected from previous studies conducted in adjacent areas with similar hydrological parameters, secondary data from published reports by various departmental agencies and from on-site personnel surveys.
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Thorn, Simon, Claus Bässler, Roland Brandl, Philip J. Burton, Rebecca Cahall, John L. Campbell, Jorge Castro, et al. "Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: A meta-analysis." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 1 (July 5, 2017): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12945.
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Reed, A. Scott, and Charles R. Blinn. "Minnesota's Logging Equipment Show: An Evaluation and Economic Impacts." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.4.163.
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Abstract Logging and sawmill equipment shows are held in many states to view and compare new machinery. After 30 years of such a show in Minnesota its sponsors sampled the more than 2000 attendees and 80 equipment exhibitors to characterize the people involved and to measure the 1984 event's local economic impacts. Nearly 40% of attendees were loggers, 30% spectators, and less than 10% each sawmillers or foresters. Viewing logging equipment and observing live loading competition were the top reasons cited for attendance. Direct mail was the most effective promotional technique. The average attendee spent about $60 to attend the show, while equipment exhibitors averaged nearly $860 per exhibit. Total expenditures related to the show were nearly $190,000, about 62% of which was spent by attendees. Considering the economic multiplier effect, the ultimate impact of the show on the local economy was more than a quarter of a million dollars. North. J. Appl. For. 3:163-166, Dec. 1986
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Reboredo, Fernando. "Socio-economic, environmental, and governance impacts of illegal logging." Environment Systems and Decisions 33, no. 2 (May 7, 2013): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-013-9444-7.
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Stone, Ian Joseph, Jeffrey G. Benjamin, and Jessica E. Leahy. "Innovation Impacts on Biomass Supply in Maine's Logging Industry." Forest Products Journal 61, no. 7 (November 2011): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/0015-7473-61.7.579.
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FURUSAWA, TAKURO, KRISHNA PAHARI, MASAHIRO UMEZAKI, and RYUTARO OHTSUKA. "Impacts of selective logging on New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands evaluated using very-high-resolution satellite (IKONOS) data." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001638.
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Selective harvest has become a dominant method of commercial logging in tropical rainforests of the Asia-Pacific region. Although it has usually been recognized that this method minimizes the impact on forest because of the limited number of trees harvested and slight effects on growth of unharvested trees, recent reports suggest that its damage is potentially serious. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a selective logging operation in 1993–1994 on customary land (2024 ha) of New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Geo-referenced IKONOS panchromatic (1-m resolution) and multispectral (4-m resolution) images from 2002 (the post-logging period) and aerial photographs (2.5 m pixels, original scale: 1:25 000) from 1991 (the pre-logging period) were analysed by means of supervised classification and on-screen visual interpretation, in association with detailed field observation. The area deforested by selective logging was 88 ha (95% confidence limits: 79–98 ha), accounting for 7.4% of the original forest and thus causing substantial damage.
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Olander, Lydia P., Mercedes M. Bustamante, Gregory P. Asner, Everaldo Telles, Zayra Prado, and Plínio B. Camargo. "Surface Soil Changes Following Selective Logging in an Eastern Amazon Forest." Earth Interactions 9, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei135.1.
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Abstract In the Brazilian Amazon, selective logging is second only to forest conversion in its extent. Conversion to pasture or agriculture tends to reduce soil nutrients and site productivity over time unless fertilizers are added. Logging removes nutrients in bole wood, enough that repeated logging could deplete essential nutrients over time. After a single logging event, nutrient losses are likely to be too small to observe in the large soil nutrient pools, but disturbances associated with logging also alter soil properties. Selective logging, particularly reduced-impact logging, results in consistent patterns of disturbance that may be associated with particular changes in soil properties. Soil bulk density, pH, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), δ13C, δ15N, and P fractionations were measured on the soils of four different types of logging-related disturbances: roads, decks, skids, and treefall gaps. Litter biomass and percent bare ground were also determined in these areas. To evaluate the importance of fresh foliage inputs from downed tree crowns in treefall gaps, foliar nutrients for mature forest trees were also determined and compared to that of fresh litterfall. The immediate impacts of logging on soil properties and how these might link to the longer-term estimated nutrient losses and the observed changes in soils were studied. In the most disturbed areas, roads and decks, the authors found litter biomass removed and reduced soil C, N, P, particularly organic P, and δ13C. Soils were compacted and often experienced reducing conditions in the deck areas, resulting in higher pH, Ca, and Mg. No increases in soil nutrients were observed in the treefall gaps despite the flush of nutrient-rich fresh foliage in the tree crown that is left behind after the bole wood is removed. Observed nutrient losses are most likely caused by displacement of the litter layer. Increases in soil pH, Ca, and Mg occur in areas with reducing conditions (decks and roads) and may result from Fe reduction, freeing exchange sites that can then retain these cations. Calculations suggest that nutrient inputs from crown foliage in treefall gaps are probably too small to detect against the background level of nutrients in the top soils. The logging disturbances with the greatest spatial extent, skids and gaps, have the smallest immediate effect on soil nutrients, while those with the smallest spatial extent, roads and decks, have the largest impact. The changes observed 3–6 months after logging were similar to those measured 16 yr after logging, suggesting some interesting linkages between the mechanisms causing the immediate change and those maintaining these changes over time. The direct impacts on soil properties appear less important than the loss of nutrients in bole wood in determining the sustainability of selective logging. Medium-to-low intensity selective logging with a sufficiently long cutting cycle may be sustainable in these forests.
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Nappi, A., P. Drapeau, and J. P. L. Savard. "Salvage logging after wildfire in the boreal forest: Is it becoming a hot issue for wildlife?" Forestry Chronicle 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80067-1.
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In recent years, the increase in wood demand, the reduction in the availability of timber resources and the northern expansion of timber harvesting, along with the general perception that wildfires create ecological disasters, have favoured an increase in salvage logging in burned boreal forests. Concurrently, pioneer studies have shown that these post-fire forests may represent important habitats for several wildlife species and that intensive salvage logging, by removing standing snags, has several impacts on wildlife. However, the effects of salvage logging on biodiversity have yet to be considered in post-fire management plans. We examine the issue of salvage logging for wildlife in the boreal forest, with particular reference to Québec as an example. We describe our current state of knowledge on the use of burned forests by some wildlife and on the impacts of salvage logging on these habitats. We conclude that snag retention at multiple spatial and temporal scales in recent burns, which will be salvage-logged, is a prescription that must be implemented to meet the principles of sustainable forest management and the maintenance of biodiversity in the boreal forest. Key words: boreal forest, post-fire forests, salvage logging, snags, wildlife, birds, cavity-nesting birds, woodpeckers, mammals, invertebrates, xylophagous insects, biodiversity
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Kreutzweiser, David P., Scott S. Capell, and Stephen B. Holmes. "Stream temperature responses to partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers of boreal mixedwood forest watersheds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 3 (March 2009): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-191.
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As part of a larger study to examine the operational feasibility, ecological benefits, and environmental impacts of partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers along boreal mixedwood forest streams, we determined the effects on summer stream temperatures. Three logged study reaches were compared with three reference reaches over two prelogging and two postlogging summers. Partial-harvest logging resulted in an average removal of 10%, 20%, and 28% of the basal area from riparian buffers at the three logged sites. At the two more intensively logged sites, there were small (<10%) reductions in canopy cover (P = 0.024) and no significant changes in light at stream surfaces (P > 0.18). There were no measurable impacts on stream temperatures at two of the three logged sites. At the most intensively logged site, daily maximum temperatures were significantly higher (∼4 °C) for about 6 weeks in the first summer after logging than in prelogging years or at the reference sites (P < 0.001). Temperature increases were attributed to a logging-induced temporary disruption of cool water inputs from ground disturbance in a lateral-input seep area. Our results indicate that partial-harvest logging in riparian buffers of boreal mixedwood forest streams can sustain effective canopy cover and mitigate logging-induced water temperature increases.
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Hanson, Chad T., Derek E. Lee, and Monica L. Bond. "Disentangling Post-Fire Logging and High-Severity Fire Effects for Spotted Owls." Birds 2, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2020011.
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The Spotted Owl is a rare and declining raptor inhabiting low/middle-elevation forests of the Pacific Northwest, California, and the Southwest in the USA. It is well established that Spotted Owls select dense, mature, or old forests for nesting and roosting. High-severity fire transforms such forests into a unique forest type known as “snag forest habitat”, which the owls select for foraging. This habitat is disproportionately targeted by post-fire logging projects. Numerous recent articles have explored the influence of high-severity fire and post-fire logging on this species. Studies have shown that post-fire logging significantly reduces Spotted Owl occupancy, but efforts have generally not been made to disentangle the effects of such logging from the influence of high-severity fire alone on Spotted Owls. We conducted an assessment of published, peer-reviewed articles reporting adverse impacts of high-severity fire on Spotted Owls, exploring the extent to which there may have been confounding factors, such as post-fire logging. We found that articles reporting adverse impacts of high-severity fire on Spotted Owls were pervasively confounded by post-fire logging, and in some cases by a methodological bias. Our results indicate a need to approach analyses of high-severity fire and Spotted Owls differently in future research.
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Danquah, Emmanuel, and Elvis Hackman Tetteh. "Logging Activity Adversely Impacts Primate Diversity and Density in the Kwabre Rainforest of Ghana." International Journal of Ecology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7497326.
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Knowledge on the impacts of logging activity on inhabitant primate species in Kwabre Rainforest, Ghana, is vital for the development of a comprehensive conservation and management plan. With this background, primate density and diversity were recorded along line transects in logged and unlogged areas (strata) to assess the impact of logging activity on these parameters. Six distinct primate species were confirmed including Roloway monkey (Cercopithecus roloway, listed as endangered in the IUCN List of Threatened Species), white-naped mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus, vulnerable), and Geoffroy’s black-and-white colobus (Colobus vellerosus, vulnerable). There was a significant difference (Mann-WhitneyUtest:U=36.0,p<0.01) in primate encounter rates between the logged and unlogged strata with higher species diversity in unlogged stratum (H=2.91) compared to the logged stratum (H=1.44). Regression analysis indicated a significant effect (r2=0.945,p<0.01) of logging on primate encounter rates. Our results suggest that logging activity can alter composition of primate communities. One option to forestall further forest degradation and its adverse effects on primates would be to grant the Kwabre Rainforest protected area status under Ghanaian law and manage it under an integrated conservation plan that includes neighbouring Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana and Tanoé Forest in Cote d’Ivoire.
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Holtby, L. Blair. "Effects of Logging on Stream Temperatures in Carnation Creek British Columbia, and Associated Impacts on the Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-060.
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Clear-cut logging of 41% of the basin of Carnation Creek, British Columbia, resulted in increased stream temperatures in all months of the year, increases above prelogging temperatures ranged from 0.7 °C in December to 3.2 °C in August. Earlier emergence of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fry associated with the temperature increases lengthened their summer growing season by up to 6 wk. Fingerlings were significantly larger by the fall in the years after logging compared with the years before logging. The increased size of fingerlings was associated with improved overwinter survival. Following logging, yearling smolt numbers doubled, although 2-yr-old smolt numbers decreased. Warmer spring temperatures were also associated with earlier seaward migration of smolts, probably resulting in decreased smolt-to-aduit survivals. A linked series of models that first predict logging effects on stream temperatures and then the effects of those temperatures on critical coho life history events are developed. The life history model is used to quantify the effects of stream temperature changes related to logging on the population size of adult coho salmon. The predicted effect of those temperature changes was a 9% increase in adult coho numbers prior to the fishery, an increase considerably less than the observed 47% increase in smolt numbers.
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Guan, Zhijie, and Peichen Gong. "The impacts of international efforts to reduce illegal logging on China’s forest products trade flow." China Agricultural Economic Review 7, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-12-2014-0134.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of international efforts aimed at reducing illegal logging on bilateral trade of forest products between China and its partner countries. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is conducted using an extended gravity model, where the regulations enforced in different countries, as well as bilateral agreements between China and its trade partners on combating illegal logging are included as explanatory variables. The impacts of the efforts against illegal logging on bilateral trade of forest products are examined based on the estimated coefficients of these policy variables. Findings – The results show that the regulations have significant and positive effects on the bilateral trade of total forest products between China and its partner countries. The bilateral agreement on combating illegal logging between showed a negative effect on the bilateral trade of forest products. A further study of three types of forest products shows that the regulations have a negative effect for roundwood, but a positive effect for furniture and wood-based panels. The bilateral agreement, on the other hand, affects negatively the trade of all the three forest products. Practical implications – Since the export of roundwood from China is negligible, the results from this study imply that international efforts to reduce illegal logging have caused reduction of the import of roundwood into China. China’s wood processing industry is to a high degree dependent on imported roundwood. To secure timber supply is therefore an important strategy for sustainable development of the wood processing industry in China. Originality/value – To the knowledge, this is the first comprehensive assessment of the impacts of international efforts to reduce illegal logging on forest products trade flow between China and its partner countries. The results provide important scientific bases for decisions on reducing international trade of illegally sourced wood products and on promoting sustainable development of the wood processing industry in China.
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Hariyadi, Wicaksono Putra. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM HAK-HAK MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT TERHADAP DAMPAK NEGATIF ILLEGAL LOGGING." Solusi 17, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36546/solusi.v17i3.214.
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Forest damage due to illegal logging and logging is known as illegal logging. Legal protection of the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples to the negative impacts of illegal logging based on the concept of national law and customary law can be done by protecting the interests of indigenous peoples, particularly through legislation, namely Article 67 Article (1) (2) and (3) of the Law Law No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry. The need for legal protection for indigenous peoples is vulnerable to violations or neglect of their human rights. The state has the responsibility to promote, protect and uphold human rights against its citizens.
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PÉREZ, MANUEL RUIZ, DRISS EZZINE DE BLAS, ROBERT NASI, JEFFREY A. SAYER, ALAIN KARSENTY, MARIEKE SASSEN, CLAUDINE ANGOUÉ, et al. "Socioeconomic constraints, environmental impacts and drivers of change in the Congo Basin as perceived by logging companies." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (October 12, 2006): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003365.
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The external factors that influence the environmental, social and economic performance of logging companies were studied using a questionnaire submitted to 30 logging concessions in five countries of the Congo Basin. This paper analyses socioeconomic constraints and environmental impacts experienced by these concessions, as well as their response to major external drivers of change. Concessionaires considered investment and operating finance their main constraint, followed by insufficient technical and human capacities, and inconsistent application of official regulations. Environmental problems directly produced by concessions' operations represented around one-third of the total score for environmental problems reported. Damage caused by construction of logging roads and erosion were identified as the main issues. Induced problems (two-thirds of the total score) were dominated by hunting, with encroachment and illegal logging perceived as much less significant. Policies, infrastructure, markets and technology are key external drivers of change in concessions' practices, while regional and international forestry institutions reportedly have the least influence, reflecting an emerging scepticism about the proliferation of international institutions and initiatives promoting sustainable forestry.
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Pinel-Alloul, Bernadette, Ellie Prepas, Dolors Planas, Robert Steedman, and Théo Charette. "Watershed Impacts of Logging and Wildfire: Case Studies in Canada." Lake and Reservoir Management 18, no. 4 (December 2002): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438140209353937.
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Brown, K. A., and J. Gurevitch. "Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 16 (April 5, 2004): 6045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401456101.
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Bowd, Elle J., Sam C. Banks, Craig L. Strong, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Long-term impacts of wildfire and logging on forest soils." Nature Geoscience 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0294-2.
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Montejo-Kovacevich, Gabriela, Matthew G. Hethcoat, Felix K. S. Lim, Charles J. Marsh, Dayana Bonfantti, Carlos A. Peres, and David P. Edwards. "Impacts of selective logging management on butterflies in the Amazon." Biological Conservation 225 (September 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.06.012.
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Lindenmayer, David. "Salvage harvesting – past lessons and future issues." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82048-1.
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The increasing prevalence and/or increasing intensity of large-scale natural disturbance events in forests means that post-disturbance salvage logging is becoming more widespread. Salvage logging can have a wide range of environmental impacts, but some of these are not well known or not well understood by policy makers and natural resource managers. Some of these impacts are briefly summarized in this paper. Improved long-term forest planning needs to be embraced that takes into account the not only the environmental but also the social and environmental impacts of salvage harvesting. Past mistakes and future opportunities associated with salvage harvesting are illustrated by a case study from the Lower Cotter Catchment in south-eastern Australia. Key words: salvage harvesting, natural disturbance, environmental impacts, ecologically sustainable forestry, forest planning, long-term forest sustainability
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Mellina, Eric, Scott G. Hinch, Edward M. Donaldson, and Greg Pearson. "Stream habitat and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) physiological stress responses to streamside clear-cut logging in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-202.
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The impacts associated with streamside clear-cut logging (e.g., increased temperatures and sedimentation, loss of habitat complexity) are potentially stressful to stream-dwelling fish. We examined stream habitat and rainbow trout physiological stress responses to clear-cut logging in north-central British Columbia using 15 streams divided into three categories: old growth (reference), recently logged (clear-cut to both banks 19 years prior to the study), and second growth (clear-cut 2528 years prior to the study). We used plasma cortisol and chloride concentrations as indicators of acute stress, and interrenal nuclear diameters, impairment of the plasma cortisol response, and trout condition and length-at-age estimates as indicators of chronic stress. No statistically significant acute or chronic stress responses to streamside logging were found, despite increases in summertime stream temperatures (daily maxima and diurnal fluctuations) and a reduction in the average overall availability of pool habitat. Our observed stress responses were approximately an order of magnitude lower than what has previously been reported in the literature for a variety of different stressors, and trout interrenal nuclear diameters responses to the onset of winter were approximately five times greater than those to logging. The overall consistency of our results suggests that the impacts of streamside clear-cut logging are not acutely or chronically stressful to rainbow trout in our study area.
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Rondon, Xanic J., Graeme S. Cumming, Rosa E. Cossío, and Jane Southworth. "The Effects of Selective Logging Behaviors on Forest Fragmentation and Recovery." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/170974.
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To study the impacts of selective logging behaviors on a forest landscape, we developed an intermediate-scale spatial model to link cross-scale interactions of timber harvesting, a fine-scale human activity, with coarse-scale landscape impacts. We used the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model with Holling’s functional response II to simulate selective logging, coupled with a cellular automaton model to simulate logger mobility and forest fragmentation. Three logging scenarios were simulated, each varying in timber harvesting preference and logger mobility. We quantified forest resilience by evaluating (1) the spatial patterns of forest fragmentation, (2) the time until the system crossed a threshold into a deforested state, and (3) recovery time. Our simulations showed that logging behaviors involving decisions made about harvesting timber and mobility can lead to different spatial patterns of forest fragmentation. They can, together with forest management practices, significantly delay or accelerate the transition of a forest landscape to a deforested state and its return to a recovered state. Intermediate-scale models emerge as useful tools for understanding cross-scale interactions between human activities and the spatial patterns that are created by anthropogenic land use.
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Shimizu, Katsuto, Raul Ponce-Hernandez, Oumer S. Ahmed, Tetsuji Ota, Zar Chi Win, Nobuya Mizoue, and Shigejiro Yoshida. "Using Landsat time series imagery to detect forest disturbance in selectively logged tropical forests in Myanmar." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 3 (March 2017): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0244.
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Detecting forest disturbances is an important task in formulating mitigation strategies for deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Our study investigated the use of Landsat time series imagery combined with a trajectory-based analysis for detecting forest disturbances resulting exclusively from selective logging in Myanmar. Selective logging was the only forest disturbance and degradation indicator used in this study as a causative force, and the results showed that the overall accuracy for forest disturbance detection based on selective logging was 83.0% in the study area. The areas affected by selective logging and other factors accounted for 4.7% and 5.4%, respectively, of the study area from 2000 to 2014. The detected disturbance areas were underestimated according to error assessments; however, a significant correlation between areas of disturbance and numbers of harvested trees during the logging year was observed, indicating the utility of a trajectory-based, annual Landsat imagery time series analysis for selective logging detection in the tropics. A major constraint of this study was the lack of available data for disturbances other than selective logging. Further studies should focus on identifying other types of disturbances and their impacts on future forest conditions.
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Woodcock, Paul, David P. Edwards, Tom M. Fayle, Rob J. Newton, Chey Vun Khen, Simon H. Bottrell, and Keith C. Hamer. "The conservation value of South East Asia's highly degraded forests: evidence from leaf-litter ants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1582 (November 27, 2011): 3256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0031.
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South East Asia is widely regarded as a centre of threatened biodiversity owing to extensive logging and forest conversion to agriculture. In particular, forests degraded by repeated rounds of intensive logging are viewed as having little conservation value and are afforded meagre protection from conversion to oil palm. Here, we determine the biological value of such heavily degraded forests by comparing leaf-litter ant communities in unlogged (natural) and twice-logged forests in Sabah, Borneo. We accounted for impacts of logging on habitat heterogeneity by comparing species richness and composition at four nested spatial scales, and examining how species richness was partitioned across the landscape in each habitat. We found that twice-logged forest had fewer species occurrences, lower species richness at small spatial scales and altered species composition compared with natural forests. However, over 80 per cent of species found in unlogged forest were detected within twice-logged forest. Moreover, greater species turnover among sites in twice-logged forest resulted in identical species richness between habitats at the largest spatial scale. While two intensive logging cycles have negative impacts on ant communities, these degraded forests clearly provide important habitat for numerous species and preventing their conversion to oil palm and other crops should be a conservation priority.
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J. Morrisey, D., R. G. Cole, J. Bell, I. Lane, and G. B. Read. "Low abundances and diversities of benthic faunas of shallow, coastal sediments in the Solomon Islands and their implications for assessing environmental impacts of logging." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 3 (2003): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030215.
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The diversity and abundance of benthic organisms were examined in relation to logging impacts in Western Province, Solomon Islands. Organisms occupying sediments offshore from the mouths of logged and unlogged streams in two areas were sampled at three depths during a single survey. Overall abundances of organisms were low, and patterns varied between areas. At Kolombangara, ANOVA showed that numbers of molluscs and crustaceans were higher at mouths of rivers with unlogged catchments than with logged catchments, but numbers of individuals, taxa, and polychaetes differed among river mouths within treatments. At Vangunu, numbers of taxa varied inconsistently among depths in the different logging treatments, whereas numbers of individuals were greater at river mouths of unlogged than logged catchments. Multivariate analyses (MDS, ANOSIM) showed differences among river mouths within treatments but not among treatments. In general, there were indications of logging impacts but the effects were not consistent across taxa. Because of this inconsistency, the low abundance and diversity of animals, and the relatively high cost of processing samples, benthic macrofaunal variables were not considered to be cost-effective measurement variables for longer term monitoring of the effects of run-off from logging operations on inshore marine habitats at these study sites.
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LINDEMALM, FRIDA, and HOWARD M. ROGERS. "Impacts of conventional logging and portable sawmill logging operations on tree diversity in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Australian Forestry 64, no. 1 (January 2001): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2001.10676157.
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Ryan, Robert L., and Elisabeth Hamin. "Wildland—Urban Interface Communities' Response to Post-Fire Salvage Logging." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/24.1.36.
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Abstract Salvage logging, the removal for profit of standing trees that have been damaged by extensive wildfires, has been quite controversial and subject to lawsuits that can delay the logging past the time in which the lumber is still useful. It has not been clear, however, whether the public that has been most affected by wildfires—those that live near burned areas—support or oppose postfire logging. In this research we use focus groups and stakeholder interviews in urban interface communities that have experienced significant wildfires to examine in some detail the perspectives these members of the public have regarding salvage logging. Public support for salvage logging in communities that have recently experienced wildfires was much stronger than hypothesized at the beginning of this study from our review of the number of unsuccessful salvage logging proposals or even popular press reports. Key reasons for supporting salvage logging were that letting useful timber rot was wasteful, that it improves the postfire aesthetics and safety of the forest, and that it can provide some income for local postfire restoration activities. Caveats include assuring that any environmental impacts, such as new roads, are mitigated postlogging, and assuring that appropriate snags are left to provide wildlife habitat.
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Crome, F. H. J., M. R. Thomas, and L. A. Moore. "A Novel Bayesian Approach to Assessing Impacts of Rain Forest Logging." Ecological Applications 6, no. 4 (November 1996): 1104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269595.
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