Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Impacts climatiques'
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Doiron, Madeleine. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les relations plantes-herbivores dans l'Arctique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25487.
Full textWhen species at different trophic levels respond to climate change at different rates, this may lead to a trophic mismatch between the phenology of consumers and that of their resources. As polar regions are warming more rapidly than the rest of the planet, migratory birds breeding in the Arctic are expected to be among the species most affected by trophic mismatch in the wake of rapid climate change. This study examines the impact of climate warming on the interactions between an arctic herbivore, the greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica), and its food plants on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada. Using small greenhouses, we examined the impact of increased temperatures on plant biomass and a proxy of nutritive quality, nitrogen concentration, of graminoid plants used by geese during the brood-rearing period. This experiment showed that annual warming significantly increased biomass of graminoids but also led to an acceleration of the seasonal decline in plant nutritive quality and resulted in a decrease in the nitrogen concentration of plants by up to 14% during the period of gosling growth. We also showed that satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be used as a proxy to determine date of peak nitrogen concentration in some tundra plants, and can thus be a reliable measure of the early changes in the timing of the availability of high quality food for herbivores. Using NDVI, we were then able to estimate the date of peak nitrogen in years when we had no empirical data on plant phenology. Finally, we analysed long-term data on climate, plant phenology and the reproduction of geese in order to examine the potential impact of mismatched reproduction on the growth of young. We found that geese are only partially able to adjust their breeding phenology to compensate for annual changes in the timing of high quality food plants, and that gosling body mass and structural size at fledging was reduced when trophic mismatch was high. Our results support the hypothesis that trophic mismatch can negatively affect the fitness of arctic herbivores, and that it is likely to be exacerbated by rising global temperatures.
Caurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00772255.
Full textPasquon, Kelly. "Les activités climatiques saisonnières sur Mars et leurs impacts sur la morphologie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS025/document.
Full textMars surface has been considered like a currently inactive planet for a long time. Nevertheless, numerous active phenomena have been observed during the last few years such as: gullies, dust devils, dark and bright flows. Most of them are also unexplained and their formation processes are unclear under present Mars conditions. The aim of this PhD is to study some gullies to try to understand their formation processes on Mars at the present time. For this, martian spacecraft data were analyzed and experimental studies were performed. Thanks to HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) images and HiRISE DTM (Digital Terrain Models), a morphological study was carried out. This study has been completed by a spectroscopic study of the surface thanks to CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) data. Experiments were also performed with a mix of liquid and sand to try to understand the pressure impact on martians flows. Morphological and spectroscopic studies on the southern hemisphere of Mars lead us to conclude that: i) Gullies are seasonal. They have different morphologies, sizes, timing of activities, orientations, and slopes. ii) Gullies are young. They appear and disappear on present-day. Some of them are active since 100 years. iii) CO₂ frost seems to be a good candidate for gullies creation but a participation of liquid water can’t be excluded in some cases. iv) Insolation variations and material accumulations in the upper part of the flow influence the gullies activity. v) Sinuosities can be created by another fluid than liquid water today on Mars. Experiments performed during this PhD demonstrate that: i) Water flow in granular surface and sub-surface triggers higher morphological impact under Martian pressure (~ 7mbar) and Earth pressure (~ 1000 mbar). ii) Exotic sediment transport can be observed at low pressure (~ 7mbar): “levitation” (with gas) and saltation. The morphology and dynamics are influenced by 3 main parameters: the sediment thickness, the temperature variations between the surface and the flow and the amount of flow material. Several seasonal phenomena were analyzed with different approaches. This allowed us to observe and interpret present-day flows and exotic processes. More data and new experiments at low pressure (in particular with CO₂) will help us to better constrain and better understand the formation conditions of current seasonal activities on the Mars surface
Wang, Xuhui. "Impacts of climate change and agricultural managements on major global cereal crops." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066625.pdf.
Full textCroplands accounts for one-fifth of global land surface, providing calories for human beings and altering the global biogeochemical cycle and land surface energy balance. The response of croplands to climate change and intensifying human managements is of critical importance to food security and sustainability of the environment. The present manuscript of thesis utilizes various types of data sources (yield statistics, long-term agrometeorological observations, field warming experiments, data-driven global datasets, gridded historical climate dataset and projected climate change) and also modelling approaches (statistical model vs. process model). It presents a series of detection and attribution studies exploring how crop phenology and crop yield respond to climate change and some management practices at regional and global scales, according to data availability. In Chapter 2, a statistical model is constructed with prefecture-level yield statistics and historical climate observations over Northeast China. There are asymmetrical impacts of daytime and nighttime temperatures on maize yield. Maize yield increased by 10.0±7.7% in response to a 1 oC increase of daily minimum temperature (Tmin) averaged in the growing season, but decreased by 13.4±7.1% in response to a 1 oC warming of daily maximum temperature (Tmax). There is a large spatial variation in the yield response to Tmax, which can be partly explained by the spatial gradient of growing season mean temperature (R=-0.67, P<0.01). The response of yield to precipitation is also dependent on moisture conditions. In spite of detection of significant impacts of climate change on yield variations, a large portion of the variations is not explained by climatic variables, highlighting the urgent research need to clearly attribute crop yield variations to change in climate and management practices. Chapter 3 presents the development of a Bayes-based optimization algorithm that is used to optimize key parameters controlling phenological development in ORCHIDEE-crop model for discriminating effects of managements from those of climate change on rice growth duration (LGP). The results from the optimized ORCHIDEE-crop model suggest that climate change has an effect on LGP trends, but with dependency on rice types. Climate trends have shortened LGP of early rice (-2.0±5.0 day/decade), lengthened LGP of late rice (1.1±5.4 day/decade) and have little impacts on LGP of single rice (-0.4±5.4 day/decade). ORCHIDEE-crop simulations further show that change in transplanting date caused widespread LGP change only for early rice sites, offsetting 65% of climate-change-induced LGP shortening. The primary drivers of LGP change are thus different among the three types of rice. Management is predominant driver of LGP change for early and single rice. This chapter demonstrated the capability of the optimized crop model to represent complex regional variations of LGP. Future studies should better document observational errors and management practices in order to reduce large uncertainties that exist in attribution of LGP change and to facilitate further data-model integration. In Chapter 4, a harmonized data set of field warming experiments at 48 sites across the globe for the four most-widely-grown crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) is combined with an ensemble of gridded global crop models to produce emergent constrained estimates of the responses of crop yield to changes in temperature (ST). The new constraining framework integrates evidences from field warming experiments and global crop modeling shows with >95% probability that warmer temperatures would reduce yields for maize (-7.1±2.8% K-1), rice (-5.6±2.0% K-1) and soybean (-10.6±5.8% K-1). For wheat, ST was less negative and only 89% likely to be negative (-2.9±2.3% K-1). The field-observation based constraints from the results of the warming experiments reduced uncertainties associated with modeled ST by 12-54% for the four crops
Tanekou, Mangoua Clovis. "Impacts économiques des changement climatiques et de l'adaptation pour l'industrie forestière québécoise : analyse en équilibre général calculable." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6099.
Full textMareuil, Arnaud. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les crues extrêmes des rivières : cas de la rivière Châteauguay /." Montréal : École de technologie supérieure, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/etsmtl/fullcit?pMR03065.
Full text"Mémoire présenté à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention de la maîtrise en génie de la construction". Bibliogr.: f. [122]-125. Également disponible en version électronique.
Mareuil, Arnaud. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les crues extrêmes des rivières : cas de la rivière Châteauguay." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2005. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/331/1/MAREUIL_Arnaud.pdf.
Full textDeslongchamps, Gabrièle. "Impacts des conditions environnementales sur la nitrification, l'assimilation et l'ammonification dans l'Articque canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25614.
Full textAssoumal, Naibi Sidonie. "Les changements climatiques, un nouvel enjeu des relations internationales : impacts et éléments de stratégies d'adaptation au Tchad." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3005.
Full textClimate changes are upseting the whole planet. Their écologic and socio-economic impacts are a real threat for all countries, principally the developping ones. Since 1990, the international community has becoming aware of this and the developped countries are clearly showned as being mainly responsible. Consequently, they have to financially and technologically strive in order to help the less advanced countries to adapt. Nowadays, the climate changes represent a big stake in the inter-national relationships, they are debated in almost all international meetings. However, the world climatic governing is difficult to establish by the international community. The conferences are dominated by the frequent oppositions of the States’ national interests. As the impacts of climate changes are specifically localised, Chad appears as a vulnerable country suffering dramatic conse-quences: progression of desert, dryness, flood, loss of biodiversity, empoverishment of soils and diminishing water ressources which imply the decreasing ot the agricultural production, food unse-curity, deseases, conflicts and deportation of population. Although Chad is mobilised to struggle against climatic changes, it lacks the necessary capacity to confront this challenge. This thesis con-siders the sahelian zone as one of the most relevant to precisely analyse these impacts and for pro-posal of efficient strategies adapted to act against climate changes. It is about measures of mitiga-tion and adaptation which consist in operating more innovative and more targeted national politics, in creating new infrastructures in the sectors of transport, telecommunications, energy and in in-volving all the concerned actors
Walter-Simonnet, Anne-Véronique. "Impacts sédimentaires de la présence humaine et des variations climatiques. Exemples d'enregistrements lacustres, fluviatiles et estuariens." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Franche-Comté, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403128.
Full textLe Quaternaire est caractérisé par une oscillation rapide du climat entre des périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires. Depuis peu, l'étude des variations naturelles du climat, particulièrement celui de la période interglaciaire dans laquelle nous vivons, l'Holocène, a connu un regain d'intérêt avec la mise en évidence d'un réchauffement global de la planète dont l'origine est, au moins en partie, anthropique. Afin de pouvoir cerner et modéliser l'impact réel de l'Homme sur le climat, il est indispensable de connaître avec précision les paramètres forçant les variations climatiques naturelles et les effets de ces variations sur l'environnement, et en particulier les enregistrements sédimentaires puisque ceux-ci sont utilisés dans les reconstructions climatiques puis les modélisations du climat. Les bassins versants, de tailles variées, et l'échelle de temps étudiés permettent de suivre à très court, court et moyen terme uniquement l'effet du climat puis la mise en place de la pression anthropique et son impact dans différents contextes sédimentaires.
Les lochs, lacs et tourbières sont des sites dans lesquels les enregistrements sédimentaires sont généralement continus depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire (environ 20 000 ans) et souvent caractérisés par une résolution très fine. En revanche, les enregistrements sédimentaires en domaine alluvial et estuarien sont très réduits et fragmentés, mais non dénués d'intérêt. Il s'agit donc nécessairement de conduire une approche pluridisciplinaire. Au sein de cette thématique globale, mes activités de recherche sont centrées sur une approche minéralogique, granulométrique et géochimique de l'impact des variations climatiques et des phases d'anthropisation sur les sédiments. La question de la datation des sédiments est alors cruciale pour corréler entre eux des événements d'impact régional. C'est là qu'intervient la mise en évidence et la caractérisation de niveaux de téphras dont la dispersion régionale est instantanée à l'échelle des temps géologiques.
Mathis, Marie. "Évolution des paléoenvironnements holocènes au Levant (Syrie, Liban) et en Asie Centrale (Kirghizstan) : impacts climatiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10001.
Full textThe first sizeable consequences of human activities on the natural environment are thought to have taken place during the Neolithic revolution, at the beginnings of the Holocene, about 10,000 years ago. The aim of this study is to assess the respective role of climate fluctuations and human activities on the evolution of different environmental contexts (coastal, lake and fluvial / swamp) during this interval using sedimentary and palynological records, and hence improve our understanding of Human-Environment-Climate relationships during the Holocene. The study of these different paleoenvironmental settings through the use of both biotic (pollen) and abiotic (sediment geochemistry) markers allow to constrain the temporal development of the first human influences on the natural environment, and to determine their various modes of action (e.g. pastoralism, cultivation). The sequence of environmental changes reconstructed in this study hence highlights profound regional heterogeneities in the response of the studied areas to climatic and anthropic forcing and thus have important implications for our knowledge of the environment-human relationships at the local and regional scales
Simard, Marie-Claude. "Caractérisation des impacts des changements climatiques sur les plaines inondables du bassin versant de la rivière Châteauguay." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/116/1/SIMARD_Marie%2DClaude.pdf.
Full textLafaysse, Matthieu. "Changement climatique et régime hydrologique d'un bassin alpin : génération de scénarios sur la Haute-Durance, méthodologie d'évaluation et incertitudes associées." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1679/.
Full textThe impact of global change on regional climates and in turn on water resources is expected to be especially pronounced in mountainous areas. Future hydrological scenarios required for impact studies are usually simulated by forcing an hydrological impact model (HM) with high-resolution meteorological scenarios, obtained from statistical downscaling models (SDMs) forced by climate models (GCMs or RCMs) outputs. These SDMs are expected to fill the gap between the poor resolution and the bias of climate models scenarios and the requirements of impact models. Although a number of projections are currently performed worldwide, the relevance of the simulation chain GCM/SDM/MH is rarely discussed. We present here an evaluation framework to illustrate the possibilities and/or the difficulties to transfer in time these algorithms. We next illustrate the uncertainties in future meteorological and hydrological projections that can result from this imperfect transferability. Simulations and evaluations are performed for the Upper Durance Basin (3580 km2). The hydrological model SIM from Météo-France is adapted for the alpine context. We consider several configurations of 3 SDMs from CERFACS, LTHE and EDF, based on different atmospheric predictors. 12 climatic runs from the ENSEMBLES european project provide the large scale fields for the 1860-2100 period. In this context, the SDMs and GCMs related uncertainties are of the same order of magnitude
Benedetti, Fabio. "Impacts du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle du zooplancton, le cas des copépodes planctoniques de mer Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066742.pdf.
Full textOne of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea
Monnier, Olivier. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les systèmes cordon-zone humide holocènes : éléments d'analyse géomorphologique : exemples corses et bretons." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010542.
Full textBossy, Thomas. "Impact-defined climate targets : estimating ensembles of pathways of compatible anthropogenic drivers through inversion of the cause-effect chain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ022.
Full textThis dissertation presents a multidisciplinary approach to climate change research. It explores the limitations of the current scenario-building framework used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and presents new strategies for better understanding climate futures. Using Pathfinder, a simple model focused on climate and the carbon cycle, this research fills a gap in the range of existing simple climate models by incorporating the latest data and providing a backward, temperature-driven examination of climate change scenarios.Prospects for improvement are then identified by discussing the representation of the ocean in Pathfinder, focusing on the Ocean Heat-Carbon Nexus and its critical role in the global carbon cycle and the response of Earth's climate to cumulative CO2 emissions. A comparison is made between the representations of the Ocean Heat-Carbon Nexus in Pathfinder and state-of-the-art Earth system models, highlighting the significant discrepancies and potential implications for future warming scenarios.After introducing Pathfinder, my research first examines the CO2 emission reductions physically required to meet the 1.5C global warming target, emphasizing the importance of CO2 emissions from land use and non-CO2 forcing. We then reverse the causal chain to link environmental impacts to anthropogenic activities, which is a unique approach. The study maps the spaces of anthropogenic activities compatible with planetary boundaries and introduces a modeling framework that accounts for global warming, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and Arctic sea ice melt.Furthermore, this thesis examines the role of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) in understanding the costs associated with these climate scenarios. It explores the impact of conceptual choices in these models on the identification of robust mitigation pathways and examines the effects of physical uncertainty and intergenerational equity.This manuscript concludes with an appreciation of the key contributions of my doctoral research to climate change modeling, exploration of new frontiers and opportunities in the field, and personal insights into the research journey. Overall, this research represents a unique, innovative approach to climate change modeling that will hopefully provide practical tools for assessing and developing mitigation strategies
Pichevin, Laetitia. "Sédimentation organique profonde sur la marge continentale namibienne (Lüderitz, Atlantique Sud-Est) : impacts des variations climatiques sur la paléoproductivité." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110119.
Full textLes sédiments de la pente continentale namibienne sont riches en matière organique (MO) bien que les processus sédimentaires soient exclusivement hémipélagiques. La première partie de ce travail consiste en la détermination des mécanismes de préservation qui ont participé à la fossilisation de la MO dans la colonne d'eau et le sédiment et leur distribution du haut en bas de pente, au large de Lüderitz (25°6S). Les analyses moléculaires, spectroscopiques, pétrographiques et les pyrolyses révèlent que l'enfouissement de carbone organique était plus efficace pendant les périodes glaciaires du fait de flux de MO accrus vers le sédiment. Ces flux agissent positivement sur l'initiation de mécanismes de fossilisation tels que la sulfuration naturelle. Par ailleurs, des associations organo-minérales dans la colonne d'eau ont probablement été responsables de la protection pendant le transport d'une quantité non négligeable de MO, et assuré son accumulation sur la pente inférieure.
Les teneurs en carbone organique varient au rythme des cycles glaciaires-interglaciaires. La deuxième étape de l'étude est donc consacrée à l'estimation des effets des variations climatiques sur la paleoproductivité et les flux exportés. L'étude des signaux d15N, de la taille des particules lithogéniques et des contenus terrigènes et biogènes des sédiments montre que la productivité, soutenue par l'apport de nitrate en surface, n'est que partiellement controllée par la force des alizés. Les advections de masses d'eaux Angolaises, Indiennes et l'utilisation des nutriments en Antarctique conditionnent l'alimentation en nitrate et silicium, le rendement et la nature de la production primaire de l'upwelling à l'échelle des cycles climatiques.
Dovonou-Vinagbe, Sena-Pricette-Karene, and Sena-Pricette-Karene Dovonou-Vinagbe. "Approche intégrée pour évaluer la vulnérabilité aux impacts des changements climatiques : cas du bassin versant de l'Artibonite en Haïti." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27957.
Full textDepuis plusieurs années, les pays du monde entier sont préoccupés par la question des changements climatiques et leurs impacts. En termes d’impacts, les pays qui les subiront le plus, sont les plus pauvres. En effet, ces pays sont déjà dans un état de fragilité que les changements climatiques contribueront à aggraver. Pour certains auteurs, pour que les efforts en termes d’adaptation soient concluant, il faut s’intéresser non pas aux impacts des changements climatiques en tant que tel, mais plutôt, aux impacts qu’ils ont sur ce qui a de la valeur pour les communautés qui les vivent. En effet, si les perceptions du bien-être déterminent les choix en matière de stratégie de subsistance par les individus et les ménages, et donc leurs priorités, les perceptions de la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques détermineront les choix et les attitudes face aux changements dans le milieu. Cela est d’autant plus vrai dans le cas des pays en développement où le rapport à la nature revêt des aspects spirituels, psychologiques et culturels; sans oublier son rôle dans les activités de subsistance. Une grande partie de la population de ces pays dépendent de l’agriculture pour leur subsistance; et ces activités sont la plupart du temps dépendantes du climat. Haïti, pays insulaire, fortement exposé aux catastrophes climatiques, pauvre et dépendant de l’agriculture mérite une attention particulière. Cette étude vise à développer un cadre méthodologique qui permette d’analyser la question de la vulnérabilité aux changements sous différents aspects, à l’aide du cas du bassin versant de l’Artibonite. Elle part du constat que la plupart des études réalisées sur les changements climatiques dans le monde et en Haïti en particulier adoptent une approche descendante (peu holistique) et manquent surtout de considérer les aspects subjectifs, pourtant importants, que sont les perceptions des perceptions des personnes concernées par les changements. Cette recherche a utilisé une approche intégrée qui a tenu compte de l’échelle du locale (individus et ménages) que du régional (arrondissement); de données subjectives (perceptions) que de données plus « objectives ». Les méthodes de recherche utilisées sont les entrevues individuelles dirigées et non-dirigées, des entrevues de groupe non-dirigées, des guides d’entrevue et des questionnaires, ainsi que l’analyse statistique. Ainsi, elle a permis de montrer que la question des changements climatiques ne fait pas forcément partie des priorités des populations du bassin versant de l’Artibonite, contrairement à ce qu’on pourrait préjuger. Pourtant elles sont exposées aux changements et constatent des changements dans leur environnement. Elles n’attribuent pas forcément ces changements aux changements climatiques et cela se traduit par la quasi-inexistence de stratégies d’adaptation. Cependant, quand le lien est établi, elles décrivent avec précision les changements qu’elles vivent et identifient les facteurs qui selon elles influencent leur vulnérabilité. Ces facteurs sont le statut socio-économique, le clivage urbain/rural, le manque d’accès à certains biens et services. Tout cela rejoint les résultats issus du calcul d’un indice de vulnérabilité calculé de façon plus objective et à une échelle plus macro. La conclusion est que, pour que les efforts d’adaptation puissent être efficaces, il est important de tenir compte de ce qui importe le plus pour les populations concernées. Plus concrètement, il s’agira d’impliquer ces dernières dans les recherches visant à trouver des solutions à leurs problèmes et de se baser sur les ressources locales pour appliquer les solutions qui auraient été trouvées. De plus, dans un tel contexte de pauvreté, il est nécessaire que tout projet ou programme d’adaptation intègre le double objectif de réduction de la pauvreté et d’adaptation aux changements climatiques. Mots clés : eau, perceptions, représentations sociales, développement local, changements climatiques, vulnérabilité, vulnérabilité sociale, systèmes et moyens de subsistance, théorisation ancrée, SOLAP, bassin versant de l’Artibonite, Haïti et île d’Hispaniola.
For several years, countries around the world have been concerned about climate change and its impacts. In terms of impact, the countries that will suffer the most are the poorest. Indeed, these countries are already in a fragile state that climate change will contribute to worsen. According to some authors, that the efforts in terms of adaptation to be successful, we need to look not to the impacts of climate change as such, but rather, the impacts they have on what has value to communities lives. If perceptions of well-being determine individual and household livelihood choices and hence their priorities, perceptions of vulnerability to climate change will determine choices and attitudes to changes in the environment. This is especially true in developing countries where the relationship with nature is of spiritual, psychological and cultural; not to mention its role in subsistence activities. Much of the population of these countries depend on agriculture for their livelihoods; and these activities are most of time, climate dependent. Haiti, an island country, highly exposed to climate disasters, poor and dependent on agriculture deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a methodological framework to analyze the issue of vulnerability to changes in different aspects, using the case of the watershed of the Artibonite in Haïti. It starts from the observation that most of the studies on climate change in the world, and Haiti in particular, adopt a top-down and sectorial-based approach, and lack considering subjective aspects, yet important, as are the perceptions of people affected by the changes. This research used an integrated approach that took into account as much local (individuals and households) as regional; subjective data (perceptions) "objective" data. The research methods used are non-directed individual interviews and focus-group, and directed individual interviews. Thus, it has shown that the issue of climate change is not necessarily part of the watershed of the Artibonite population priorities, contrary to what one might anticipate. Yet, they are exposed to changes and experience changes in their environment. They do not necessarily attribute these changes to climate change and this is reflected in the virtual absence of adaptation strategies. However, when the link is established, they accurately describe the changes they live and identify which factors influence their vulnerability. These factors include socioeconomic status, urban / rural divide, lack of access to certain goods and services. All this joined the results from the social vulnerability index calculated more objectively and more at a regional scale. The conclusion is that, for adaptation efforts to be effective, it is important to consider what matters most to the people. More specifically, they should be involved in any research which aim to find solutions to their problems and; the implementation of any adaptation or coping strategy must rely on local resources. Moreover, in such a context of poverty, it is necessary that any adaptation project or program should integrate the dual objective of poverty reduction and adaptation to climate change. Keywords: water, perceptions, social representations, local development, climate change, vulnerability, social vulnerability, livelihoods, grounded theory, SOLAP, Artibonite watershed, Haiti and Hispaniola.
For several years, countries around the world have been concerned about climate change and its impacts. In terms of impact, the countries that will suffer the most are the poorest. Indeed, these countries are already in a fragile state that climate change will contribute to worsen. According to some authors, that the efforts in terms of adaptation to be successful, we need to look not to the impacts of climate change as such, but rather, the impacts they have on what has value to communities lives. If perceptions of well-being determine individual and household livelihood choices and hence their priorities, perceptions of vulnerability to climate change will determine choices and attitudes to changes in the environment. This is especially true in developing countries where the relationship with nature is of spiritual, psychological and cultural; not to mention its role in subsistence activities. Much of the population of these countries depend on agriculture for their livelihoods; and these activities are most of time, climate dependent. Haiti, an island country, highly exposed to climate disasters, poor and dependent on agriculture deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a methodological framework to analyze the issue of vulnerability to changes in different aspects, using the case of the watershed of the Artibonite in Haïti. It starts from the observation that most of the studies on climate change in the world, and Haiti in particular, adopt a top-down and sectorial-based approach, and lack considering subjective aspects, yet important, as are the perceptions of people affected by the changes. This research used an integrated approach that took into account as much local (individuals and households) as regional; subjective data (perceptions) "objective" data. The research methods used are non-directed individual interviews and focus-group, and directed individual interviews. Thus, it has shown that the issue of climate change is not necessarily part of the watershed of the Artibonite population priorities, contrary to what one might anticipate. Yet, they are exposed to changes and experience changes in their environment. They do not necessarily attribute these changes to climate change and this is reflected in the virtual absence of adaptation strategies. However, when the link is established, they accurately describe the changes they live and identify which factors influence their vulnerability. These factors include socioeconomic status, urban / rural divide, lack of access to certain goods and services. All this joined the results from the social vulnerability index calculated more objectively and more at a regional scale. The conclusion is that, for adaptation efforts to be effective, it is important to consider what matters most to the people. More specifically, they should be involved in any research which aim to find solutions to their problems and; the implementation of any adaptation or coping strategy must rely on local resources. Moreover, in such a context of poverty, it is necessary that any adaptation project or program should integrate the dual objective of poverty reduction and adaptation to climate change. Keywords: water, perceptions, social representations, local development, climate change, vulnerability, social vulnerability, livelihoods, grounded theory, SOLAP, Artibonite watershed, Haiti and Hispaniola.
Pichevin, Laëtitia. "Sédimentation organique profonde sur la marge continentale namibienne (Lüderitz, Atlantique sud-Est) : impacts des variations climatiques sur la paléoproductivité." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12804.
Full textRobitaille-Bérubé, Camille, and Camille Robitaille-Bérubé. "L'adaptation des coopératives agricoles aux impacts des changements climatiques : le cas de deux coopératives dans le département d'Ancash au Pérou." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37414.
Full textDepuis quelques années, les changements climatiques sont au coeur des préoccupations de plusieurs États. Les impacts des variabilités climatiques se font de plus en plus sentir et cette réalité est avérée dans les pays en développement. Les pays pauvres sont particulièrement touchés par les impacts des changements climatiques, aggravant leur vulnérabilité aux intempéries. Une grande part de la population des pays dits du tiers monde dépend de l’agriculture comme principale activité de subsistance. Or, l’agriculture est très dépendante du climat. Ainsi, pour sa pauvreté, sa sensibilité, son exposition aux catastrophes naturelles et sa dépendance à l’agriculture, le Pérou mérite une attention particulière. Cette étude vise à élaborer une méthodologie d’aide à la décision mise à la disposition des coopératives agricoles dans un contexte de collaboration avec SOCODEVI (société de coopération pour le développement international). Cette méthodologie tend à identifier les vulnérabilités des membres ainsi qu’à identifier des stratégies d’adaptation vis-à-vis des changements climatiques et de prendre en compte cette dimension dans les outils de planification et d’interventions techniques des coopératives. L’étude a adopté une approche dite participative ce qui permettra d’adapter ce guide aux différents contextes dans lesquels il sera mis en oeuvre. Les résultats obtenus sont issus de groupes de discussion, d’entrevues semi-dirigées, de données tant subjectives (perceptions) qu’objectives (sources scientifiques), de cartographies participatives, de SIG et de cartographies. Cette recherche a entre autres permis de montrer que les changements climatiques ne sont pas considérés comme une priorité des membres des coopératives rencontrées dans le département d’Ancash. Bien qu’ils soient exposés et affectés par ces derniers, la présence de stratégie d’adaptation est presque inexistante. Dans ce mémoire, quelques pistes de suggestions seront ainsi proposées dans le cadre d’une méthodologie d’aide à la décision
For several years, climate change has been a major concern for many states. The impacts of this climatic variability are becoming more and more felt and this reality is proven in developing countries. Poor countries are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change, exacerbating their vulnerability to harsh weather. A large part of the population of so-called third world countries depends on agriculture as their main livelihood activity. Agriculture is very dependent on the climate. Thus, for its poverty, its sensibility, its exposure to natural disasters and its dependence on agriculture, Peru deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a decision-making methodology available to agricultural cooperatives in a collaborative context with SOCODEVI (International Development Cooperation Corporation). This methodology aims to identify members’ vulnerabilities as well as to identify adaptation strategies with regard to climate change and to take this dimension into account in the planning tools and technical interventions of cooperatives. The study has adopted a so-called participatory approach which will make it possible to adapt this guide to the different contexts in which it will be implemented. The results were obtained from focus groups, semi-directed interviews, both subjective (perceptions) and objective (literature) data, participatory mapping, GIS and mapping. This research has, among other things, shown that climate change is not a priority for members of cooperatives encountered in the department of Ancash. Although they are exposed and affected by them, the presence of coping strategies is almost non-existent. In this thesis, some suggestions will be proposed as part of a decision support methodology
For several years, climate change has been a major concern for many states. The impacts of this climatic variability are becoming more and more felt and this reality is proven in developing countries. Poor countries are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change, exacerbating their vulnerability to harsh weather. A large part of the population of so-called third world countries depends on agriculture as their main livelihood activity. Agriculture is very dependent on the climate. Thus, for its poverty, its sensibility, its exposure to natural disasters and its dependence on agriculture, Peru deserves special attention. This study aims to develop a decision-making methodology available to agricultural cooperatives in a collaborative context with SOCODEVI (International Development Cooperation Corporation). This methodology aims to identify members’ vulnerabilities as well as to identify adaptation strategies with regard to climate change and to take this dimension into account in the planning tools and technical interventions of cooperatives. The study has adopted a so-called participatory approach which will make it possible to adapt this guide to the different contexts in which it will be implemented. The results were obtained from focus groups, semi-directed interviews, both subjective (perceptions) and objective (literature) data, participatory mapping, GIS and mapping. This research has, among other things, shown that climate change is not a priority for members of cooperatives encountered in the department of Ancash. Although they are exposed and affected by them, the presence of coping strategies is almost non-existent. In this thesis, some suggestions will be proposed as part of a decision support methodology
Saulnier-Talbot, Émilie. "Impacts de l'évolution climatique postglaciaire sur les lacs de l'extrême Nord de l'Ungava, Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25007/25007.pdf.
Full textJiang, Weimin. "Centennial AMOC variability : mechanism and impacts." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS193.pdf.
Full textThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) consists of a warm northward current on the surface and a cold southward branch in the deep. It brings tremendous heat into the mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and thus plays an important role in governing the climate of the North Atlantic region and beyond. This thesis investigates the driving mechanism and climate impacts of a centennial to multi-centennial variability of the AMOC. The AMOC intensity is modulated by the delayed freshwater exchanges through the Fram Strait between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic. The thesis also investigates the climate impacts of this low-frequency AMOC variability and associated energy transport changes. The impacts of a strong AMOC mainly include a wide warming in the Northern Hemisphere, a northward displacement of the intertropical convergence zone and more precipitations in the Northern mid-latitudes. The enhanced northward oceanic energy transport induced by intensified AMOC is compensated by the anomalous southward energy transport in the atmosphere, which leads to climate variations. This response in the atmosphere is damped by the Indo-Pacific Ocean
Zhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Full textAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Mailhot, Edouard. "Évaluation des impacts des changements climatiques sur l'apport en eau des Grands Lacs d'Amérique du Nord à l'aide de modèles régionaux du climat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34943.
Full textDutheil, Cyril. "Impacts du changement climatique dans le Pacifique Sud à différentes échelles : précipitations, cyclones, extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS402.
Full textIn this thesis we are interested in the South Pacific climate changes, at the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario (i.e. the most extreme scenario equivalent to a radiative forcing increase of 8.5W.m-2), at several spatial scales ((1) Pacific, (2) Southwest Pacific, (3) and New Caledonia) and in its impacts. The climate projections of the CMIP5 models include many biases (e.g. double ITCZ, strong intermodel variability of SST change patterns) in this region that we reduced by using a regional atmospheric model (Weather Research and Forecast). (1) At this scale we are interested in the future of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Climate change simulations showed a possible drying (-30%) of SPCZ driven by circulation changes. (2) We are interested here in the future of the Southwest Pacific cyclogenesis. Climate change simulations have shown a decrease of cyclone intensity, an increase of cyclonic precipitation, and a possible collapse of the cyclones number (-50%) due to an increase of vertical wind shear. (3) And then we focused on the evolution of the New Caledonian climate. Climate change simulations showed a decrease of rainfall (-20%) in average, with very strong contrasts across regions (East coast vs West coast), as well as a doubling of the heat waves number. Finally, we showed the interest of these regional simulations for impact studies applied to ecosystems
Huaringa, Alvarez Uriel Francisco. "La gestion des réservoirs du bassin versant de la rivière du Lièvre, Québec (Canada), dans un contexte de changements climatiques : impacts et stratégies d'adaptation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5376.
Full textRousseau, Victor. "Étude des interactions océan-atmosphère sur le Gulf Stream : apport de la haute résolution sur la représentation des mécanismes physiques et des impacts climatiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30318.
Full textThis thesis aims at understanding the role of sea surface temperature (SST) fronts on air-sea interactions in the Gulf Stream region. We study the local response of the atmosphere to the SST mesoscale variability, not only within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), but also in the free troposphere. We also evaluate the impact of SST fronts beyond the Gulf Stream region, in particular on the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation and climate over Europe. We focus on the winter season (December-January-February), when air-sea contrasts and hence air-sea exchanges are the strongest. On this purpose, we perform and analyze numerical experiments, using the global atmospheric model ARPEGEv6 forced by observed daily SSTs at high resolution (1/4°). In the first part of this thesis we investigate two major MABL mechanisms responsible for the atmospheric response to the SST fronts over the Gulf Stream region. These mechanisms are the vertical mixing and the pressure adjustment mechanisms. Two sets of atmospheric simulations performed with two ARPEGEv6 configurations are considered: a low-resolution version (140 km) and a high resolution version (50 km). We analyze the response of the divergence of the near surface wind, because this is one of the main imprint of the MABL response to the SST front. While in most of previous studies monthly averages were used to study the response of the wind divergence to the SST fronts, our results highlight the key role of synoptic atmospheric perturbations on modulating the contribution of these two MABL mechanisms and hence on shaping the time-mean divergence of near surface wind. We show in particular that most of the winter-mean wind divergence simulated above the Gulf Stream region can be explained by the cyclonic anomalous circulation that occurs during extreme conditions of heat flux exchanges. The comparison of the results obtained with the high and low resolution versions of the atmospheric model shows that the impact of model resolution is small compared to internal climate variability and observational uncertainties in the Gulf Stream region. In order to better isolate the influence of the SST fronts on the atmosphere, we then performed idealized numerical experiments in which the SSTs are spatially filtered only over the Gulf Stream region. This "smooth" experiment is compared with a control experiment in which the atmospheric model is globally forced by very high resolution observed SSTs (1/12°). The comparison between these two experiments shows that SST fronts variability locally influence not only the MABL mechanisms, but also the free troposphere. In particular, the precipitation band over the Gulf Stream is decreased in the smooth experiment. A better resolved SST gradient in the Gulf Stream also yields changes in the storm-tracks and in the associated heat and humidity eddy transports. In particular, we find that the Gulf Stream SST front induces a northward shift of the eddy heat and humidity transports. This shift is consistent with a poleward shift of the jet stream. The jet response is maximum over the North Atlantic, but it is also noticeable over the Pacific basin. We show that together with the jet stream changes, weather regimes in the North Atlantic are also influenced by the SST fronts. As a result, the response of the large scale atmospheric circulation yields changes in temperature and precipitation over Europe, suggesting a non negligible influence of the Gulf Stream SST fronts downstream
Hassane, Saley Abdel Kader. "Évaluation des ressources en eau de l’aquifère du Continental Intercalaire/Hamadien de la Région de Tahoua (bassin des Iullemeden, Niger) : impacts climatiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS192/document.
Full textIn the region of Tahoua (Niger), which is part of the Iullemeden basin, the deep multilayer aquifer system of the Continental Intercalaire/Hamadien (CI/H) represents an essential reserve. It is exploited for the drinking-water supply for the local population, for the extractive-industry's water use and for the watering of cattle, because of the degradation of water quality and the very low flow in shallow aquifers and Upper Cretaceous aquifers. Despite some classical hydrogeological studies, this system remains poorly known, particularly with regard to the distribution of the different water bodies and their residence/renewal times. This study, mainly based on a geochemical and isotopic approach, aims to improve knowledge on the CI/H system in order to optimize its sustainable management. Data were obtained from geological maps, and data-sheets of drilling, pumping and logging test. In addition, water samples were collected from 30 boreholes regularly distributed over the study area (114 425 km2). Some parameters (pH, t and EC) were measured in situ and the samples were sent to the GEOPS laboratory where chemical (major ions) and isotopic (stable isotopes in water, 14C, 13C) analyses were performed. From geological cross-sections, the CH layer is present above the CI layers in the southern part of the region but not in the northern part. However, piezometry is continuous over the whole region. In the northern part (above 16°N), the flow lines are directed from the CI outcrops (east) to west and in the southern part (below 16°N), from the CH outcrops (east) to south-west. Stable isotope contents of water (vs V-SMOW) range from -8 to -7 ‰ for 18O and from -59 to -48 ‰ for 2H in the northern part (CI) and from -6 to -5 ‰ for 18O and -51 to -41 ‰ for 2H in the southern part (CH), showing two different water masses. All these values are much lower than those corresponding to present-day precipitation, which does not significantly contribute to recharge. This is in agreement with the groundwater "ages" (5 to 36 ka) calculated from 14C contents (1 to 57 pmC), which are also in good agreement with piezometry. Therefore, even if the continuous piezometry of the deep aquifer system of CI/H indicates that pressures are in equilibrium between the different layers, the geochemical features show noticeable differences between the southern part, where the CH layer is present, and the northern part, where it is absent. Thus, water exchanges between the different layers are very limited. In all these layers, groundwater is old (> 5ka) and was recharged under a cooler climate than at present. Probably, it is largely inherited from Upper-Pleistocene wet periods and from the "African Humid Period" (~15-5 ka) and should be managed as a fossil resource
Chamorro, Gómez Adolfo. "Dynamique des vents côtiers dans le système d’upwelling du Pérou dans des conditions de réchauffement : impacts d’El Niño et du changement climatique régional." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS066.
Full textThe Peruvian upwelling system is one of the most productive coastal marine systems of the world ocean. As in other upwelling systems, alongshore surface wind is the main driver of the coastal upwelling. This thesis aims to study the coastal wind variability and the processes responsible for it during the ocean surface layer warming conditions, at different time scales: (1) interannual time scales, corresponding to El Niño events and (2) multi decadal time scales resulting from regional climate change. A suite of regional atmospheric model embedded domains is used to simulate the surface winds. In the first part of the thesis, the counter-intuitive wind increase observed off Peru during the 1997-1998 El Niño is studied. Sensitivity experiments show that the inhomogenous alongshore surface warming, larger in the north, drives an enhanced alongshore pressure gradient that accelerates the alongshore wind. In the second part of the thesis, the evolution of coastal wind changes is investigated under the “worst case” RCP8.5 climate change scenario. Mainly driven by the alongshore pressure gradient, summer winds decrease whereas winter winds increase, thus slightly reinforcing the seasonal cycle
Reinaud, Julia Isabelle. "Quotas d’émission échangeables : Impacts sur la compétitivité des secteurs industriels et fuites de carbone sous politique climatique asymétrique." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090074.
Full textUnder the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union and other countries are committed to reduce their greenhouse gases (GHG). To this aim, they have established an Emissions Trading System covering the industry and the power sector, among others. ETS caps the GHG emissions of these sectors which, in some cases, are exposed to international competition. However, all competitors do not face similar costs due to environmental regulation. This asymmetry may lead to losses of market shares and carbon leakage. In response, these countries are considering possible measures to avoid carbon leakage. Despite their possible economic or political costs, sectoral agreements have potentially decisive advantages. They keep open the possibility of firms in developing countries and in countries without emission reduction targets to eventually take part in the abatement efforts
Deroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066578.pdf.
Full textThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Bélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Meyssignac, Benoit. "La variabilité régionale du niveau de la mer." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1759/.
Full textOver the XXth century, tide gauge records indicate a rise in global sea level of 1. 7 mm. A-1. For the past two decades, satellite altimetry data indicate a faster sea level rise of 3. 2 mm. A-1 (period 1993-2011). Thanks to its global coverage, they also reveal a strong regional variability in sea level rise that is several times bigger than the global rise in many regions of the world. This regional signal, which must be added to the global sea level rise to compute the total sea level signal, is essential when assessing the potential impacts of sea level rise in coastal areas and low lying islands. In this thesis, we analyse the observed regional variability in sea level rise from satellite altimetry (since 1993), we propose a reconstruction of the past regional variability since 1950 (i. E. Prior to altimetry) and we discuss its causes (thermal expansion of the ocean plus land ice loss) and origins (from natural or anthropogenic origin). First, we propose a reconstruction of the sea level variations for the past decades (before the altimetry era) by combining tide gauge records with the principal spatial structures of the ocean deduced from ocean general circulation models. This method enables to reconstruct the 2 dimensional sea level variations since 1950 with a spatial coverage and resolution similar to the satellite altimetry ones. In the second part of this thesis, the reconstruction method is applied to estimate the past regional variability in three regions which are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise: the tropical Pacific, the Mediterranean sea and the Arctic ocean. For each region, the reconstruction gives an estimation of the total (regional component plus global mean) 2-dimensional sea level rise over the past decades. For the sites where vertical crustal motion monitoring is available, we compute as well the total relative sea level (i. E. Total sea level rise plus the local vertical crustal motion) since 1950. The objective is to provide estimates of the relative local sea level rise at climatic time scales to allow further studies on the coastal impacts of sea level rise. In the last part of this thesis, the question of the origins of the regional variability in sea level rise is addressed. We examine whether the regional variability in observed sea level rise since 1993 is a consequence of the anthropogenic activity or if it results essentially from the natural variability of the climate system. We focus on the Tropical Pacific where the regional variability in sea level rise is particularly strong since 1993. On the basis of the reconstruction of the sea level variations since 1950, we show that the recent regional variability in sea level rise observed by satellite (over the last 17 years) in this region is not stationnary. It fluctuates with time, following some low frequency of the ENSO climate mode of variability. With the CMIP3 climate models, we show that this regional variability is dominated by the natural variability of the climate system (essentially by the internal variability of the climate system) and that the signature of the anthropogenic activity is still too weak in this region to be detected
Chemison, Alizée. "Impacts d'une déstabilisation des calottes polaires sur le climat et les maladies vectorielles au XXIème siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ007.
Full textMosquitoes, major vectors of diseases, are sensitive to rainfall which is necessary for their immature aquatic stages, and to temperature which affects their development and life cycle dynamics. Climate change can therefore impact the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, the world's major parasitic disease causing over 600,000 deaths per year, and Rift Valley Fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease decimating herds, causing health risks and catastrophic economic losses in Africa.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report provides climate scenarios for the 21st century with different standard greenhouse gas emission scenarios, named Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). By 2080, the risk of malaria transmission is estimated to decrease in the Sahel region and to increase in the East African Plateau as a result of rising temperatures under the RCP8.5 scenario. Although paleoclimate studies show that melting ice sheet can induce abrupt climate change, state of the art IPCC future projections do not consider such a potential rapid destabilisation of polar ice sheets. However, the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet are vulnerable to climate change and even a partial melting would cause major climatic changes, even in tropical regions. No study has yet quantified the impact of an abrupt melting of the ice sheets on the distribution of malaria and RVF. This work is based on future climate numerical simulations using the coupled global climate model IPSL-CM5A-LR with RCP8.5 as radiative forcing. Simulations of freshwater release, corresponding to the accelerated and partial melting of the polar ice sheets, were carried out with different melting assumptions:- for Greenland, a freshwater flux equivalent to a global sea level rise of 0.5m, 1m, 1.5m and 3m is released into the North Atlantic;- for Antarctica, a quantity of freshwater equivalent to a global sea level rise of 3m is released off its western part.These continuous water inputs are prescribed from 2020 to 2070.This study showed that the oceanic and atmospheric impacts of a partial melting of Greenland are stronger on the global climate, and particularly on monsoons, than those associated with the melting of West Antarctica, probably due to the effect of the circumpolar current. Subsequently, only scenarios considering a partial melting of Greenland were used to study their impacts on malaria. Simulated and/or observed temperature and precipitation were used to drive mathematical models of malaria transmission risk. Five mathematical malaria models were used. An accelerated melting of Greenland leads to a southward shift of the American and African monsoons. Malaria risk increases in southern Africa, decreases in the Sahel and increases moderately on the East African Plateau.For the study of RVF, the Liverpool Rift Valley Fever (LVRF) model was validated at country scale by comparing simulations driven by observed daily temperatures and rainfall from climate reanalyses with different health data sets. Then, a potential correlation between simulated RVF transmission risk and the main regional climate variability modes (ENSO and DMI) is shown over the Rift African region. The model correctly reproduces RVF epidemics in Kenya, Somalia and Zambia, and to a lesser extent in Senegal and Mauritania. RVF risk increases over the epidemic areas in East Africa during the El Niño phenomenon
Lamy, Kévin. "Projection Climatique du Rayonnement Ultraviolet au cours du 21ème siècle : impact de différents scénarios climatiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0018/document.
Full textFollowing the 1987 Montreal Protocol, atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting substances are decreasing. The ozone layer shows signs of recovery. Nonetheless, greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) are rising et should affect the ozone distribution in the atmosphere. Ozone is an important due to his ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The goal of this work is to analyse the possible evolution of UV radiation through the 21st century, particularly in the tropics, for possible climate modification. The first part of this work is to UV in clear-sky in the tropics with the TUV (Madronich et al., 1998) model and to compare against ground-based observations made on Reunion Island. This validation allows the utilisation of TUV in the tropics with a good confidence level. The sensitivity of the model is analysed for multiple parameters. Modelling output is validated against spectral ground-based measurement. Climate Projection of UVI (Mc Kinlay and Diffey, 1987) are then realized with the use of output from model participating in the CCMI ( Model Initiative) exercise and the TUV model. CCMI output describes the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere through the 21st century for four climate scenarios (RCP2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5), they are used as input for the TUV model in order to obtain UV radiation. ODS, GHG and aerosols impact on UVI evolution is analysed
Orth, Paul. "Les archives fluviales du bassin-versant de la Beuvronne (Seine-et-Marne, Bassin parisien, France) : perception et impacts des modifications climatiques et des occupations humaines depuis 15 000 ans /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39993009v.
Full textPhilippe, Guillaume, and Guillaume Philippe. "Impacts d'une variabilité climatique changeante sur la morphologie de berges des chenaux du delta du Gange-Bramapoutre-Meghna et leurs conséquences en zones densément peuplées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26865.
Full textLes changements climatiques, au niveau de la variabilité du climat, se font ressentir un peu partout à travers le globe que ce soit par le décalage des saisons, une variation des précipitations ou l'augmentation des températures. Certaines régions telles que le delta du Gange-Brahmapoutre-Meghna subissent au quotidien les impacts de ces variations. Quatre grandes perturbations environnementales chamboulent cette dynamique dans cette grande région du delta du GANGE-BRAHMAPOUTRE-MEGHNA : le changement du régime des précipitations, la fonte des glaciers causée par la hausse des températures moyennes annuelles, l'augmentation du niveau marin moyen et les perturbations climatiques extrêmes ponctuelles. Ces perturbations transforment le trait de côte, d'une manière directe ou indirecte. Cette fragilité des berges devient problématique dans un environnement urbain à forte densité. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que, dans un contexte de variabilité climatique changeant et de densité de population croissante, la région du delta du GANGE-BRAHMAPOUTRE-MEGHNA souffre d'une perte de terre viable entraînant des déplacements de populations. Certaines villes ont connu une augmentation de leur population allant au-delà de 1000% sur la période de 1921-2011. L'analyse de photographies aériennes sur la période 2001- 2013 montre un accroissement de l'étendue des zones urbaines, mais aussi du mouvement des berges. Sur une période plus récente, on constate même que de nouveaux quartiers ont été construits dans les zones inondées de 2004.
Ngoungue, Langue Cédric Gacial. "Détection, caractéristiques et prédictibilité des évènements à potentiels forts impacts humains sur les villes ouest-africaines : cas des vagues de chaleur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ021.
Full textHeat waves (HWs) are a real threat to humans and their environment. Due to climate change, heat waves will become more frequent and more intense. Climatic conditions in West Africa make the region more vulnerable to heat waves. West African cities are highly populated centers, and when it comes to the impact of heat waves on human activities, it's important to study these events at these scales. This study aims to monitor heat waves in major West African cities and evaluate their predictability in subseasonal to seasonal forecast models. The first part of this work focuses on monitoring heat waves in fifteen cities over West Africa located in coastal and continental regions. Three sources of uncertainty encountered in the heat wave detection process were identified: the first related to reanalysis data, the second to the choice of threshold used to define a heat wave, and the last to the methodology adopted. The inter-annual variability of heat waves in the different regions highlighted particularly hot years with a high frequency of heat wave events for all the three indicators AT, T2m,Tw: 1998, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019 and 2020, mostly corresponding to El Nino years. The GU region has been more affected by heat waves over the past decade (2012-2020) than the CONT and ATL regions. However, the most persistent and intense heat waves occurred in the CONT region. An increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves has been observed over the last decade (2012-2020), probably due to global warming acting on extreme events." In the second part of this study, we focused on the predictability aspect of heat waves. A preliminary study of the predictability of heat waves has been carried out for the period 2001-2020 using subseasonal to seasonal forecast models from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO). The forecast models perform better than a reference climatology, particularly for short-term forecasts (up to two weeks) in all the three regions. Nighttime heatwaves are more predictable than daytime heatwaves. According to the FAR values, only 15 to 30% of the predicted heatwave days by the models are actually observed in the reanalyses, respectively for lead weeks 5 and 2. This suggests that the models overestimate the duration of heat waves compared with ERA5 reanalysis. ECMWF issues fewer false alarms than UKMO for short-term forecasts. Although the models show skills to detect heat waves compared to a reference climatology, their ability to forecast the intensity of events remains weak even for a short lead time. The predictability of heat waves was performed using machine learning methods. The BRF model demonstrated better heat wave detection skills than subseasonal forecast models in all the three regions. The BRF model considerably improves heat wave detection in forecast models, but on the other hand it generates a high rate of false alarms. The predictability of heat waves using large-scale predictors such as the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) was investigated using two seasonal forecast models: the fifth version of the European Center Seasonal Forecast Model "SEAS5" and the seventh version of the Météo-France Seasonal Forecast Model "MF7". The models show skills on the representation of the mean seasonal cycle of the SHL and capture some characteristics of its inter-annual variability, such as the warming trend observed during the 2010s. SEAS5 makes a more realistic representation of the climatic trend of the SHL compared to MF7. Using bias correction techniques, the results highlight the capacity of the models to represent the intra-seasonal variability of the SHL. Bias correction helps to improve the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS), but the skills of the model remain low for lead times beyond one month
Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra. "Variabilité hydroclimatique et impacts sur les ressources en eau de grands bassins hydrographiques en zone soudano-sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568025.
Full textQuintana, Seguí Pere. "Simulation hydrologique en région méditerranéenne avec SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU : amélioration de la physique et évaluation des risques dans le cadre du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1804/.
Full textThe SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU model is assessed and its physics are improved. The SAFRAN meteorological analysis is first validated in detail. The surface model ISBA is then modified to better describe the hydraulic conductivity in the soil. A strategy of calibration is defined and applied at the scale of France. The improved model is then used to assess the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. A regional climate model is downscaled by two different methods. The study shows that the uncertainties related to the downscaling are important. Uncertainty related to the impact model is smaller, but must be taken into account for the extremes. In this region, the extremes of riverflows, and sometimes the means, will increase during the first half of the twenty-first century. At the end of the century, the scenario indicates a decline of the average of riverflows and the extremes will remain stable, leading to increased variability
Armandine, Les Landes Antoine. "Impact des variations climatiques sur les ressources hydrogéologiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S101/document.
Full textGroundwater resources represent approximately 98% of global freshwater resources available for humans on our planet; therefore groundwater is fundamental resource of our societies. Due to climate change and strong link between climate and the cycle of water, an understandable concern is appeared about the potential impacts of climate change on water resources. Nowadays, growing body of evidence supports the fact that changes in climatic conditions (temperature, precipitation, evaporation…) impact the hydrologic cycle and consequently groundwater resources. The identification of groundwater sensibility to climate variations has become essential. The climate is a highly complex system where its variations drive by many factors both natural and human occurs on all time scales. Climatic changes are not a new phenomenon, groundwater resources have already been impacted by effects of climatic variations, are impacting presently and will be in the future. The work carried out under this thesis covered this problematic to characterize the groundwater resources sensibility to climate variations. With the help of environmental tracers analyzed at the regional scale, impacts of major climate events occurred since the last millions years (marine transgression and glacial period) have been identified in the current hydrogeologic system. Then, support by hydrogeological modeling the impact of climate change has been studied through the specific relationships between groundwater and surface water bodies and ocean. All these studies highlight the important sensibility of groundwater resources to climate variations in terms of quality (salinization) and quantity (lower water levels). Hydrogeological resources are particularly sensitive to climate and hydrological variations (recharge changes, seawater intrusion…), as well as to non-climatic factors (human activities). Thus groundwater resources management needs to consider both climatic and non-climatic risks and the long-term adaptation of these systems
Branger, Frédéric. "Impact des politiques climatiques sur les industries énergie-intensives." Paris, EHESS, 2015. https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01179153.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on carbon leakage and competitiveness losses in energy intensive industries generated by uneven climate policies. After a meta-analysis of modelling studies assessing carbon leakage with or without Border Carbon Adjustments; we use time series econometrics and find no evidence of competitiveness-driven operational leakage due to the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for steel and cement. Next, we decompose emissions the European cement sector into seven effects with a Log Mean Divisia Index method, and show that most of the variations can be attributed to the activity effect. Abatement due to the EU ETS is estimated at around 2% between 2005 and 2012 while the amount of « overallocation profits » is assessed at 3. 5 billion euros. Further, we demonstrate that the cement industry strategically reacted to the introduction of a new rule supposed to reduce free allocation in low-producing installations. Companies artificially increased production in some plants, generating distortions going against the low carbon transformation in this sector. We finally discuss possible reforms in the EU ETS and advocate for output-based allocation in the short term
Lemaitre-Basset, Thibault. "Importance de la demande en eau atmosphérique et anthropique en contexte de changement climatique sur la durabilité de la gestion de la ressource : cas d'étude du bassin versant de la Moselle en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04155520.
Full textThe climate projections analysed in the IPCC reports indicate an increase in air temperature ranging from +2 to +6 °C on average by 2100. A warming of this magnitude and speed is unprecedented, and it is due to human activities. Despite this fact, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions does not seem to be in sight within a reasonable time frame. It is therefore necessary to think about adaptation strategies to mitigate the deleterious impacts of climate change. The water cycle is directly impacted by climate change, through an increase in atmospheric water demand that could lead to an increase in evapotranspiration, and through an increase in anthropogenic pressure on water resources, whose reserves may change. By relying on hydrological simulations under climate change scenarios, stakeholders can assess the magnitude of future changes. However, hydrological models often rely on stationarity assumptions that may not be valid under global change. The overall objective of this thesis is to introduce methodologies that implement hydrological modelling frameworks more suited to deal with the challenges faced by stakeholders in sustainable water resource management
Demory, David. "Impact de la température sur le phytoplancton et ses interactions avec les virus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066167.pdf.
Full textClimate changes induced by human activities will deeply impact natural ecosystems. Marine ecosystems, leaving in a highly variable environment, are therefore threatened. Within these communities, phytoplankton have a primordial role in the trophic web and in the regulation of climate processes. Understanding the evolution of these communities in a warming world is an issue of oceanography. Among factor affecting phytoplankton dynamics, viruses play a key role through their capacity to lyse their hosts. They are therefore controlling the phytoplankton population dynamics. It is then crucial to understand how the viruses impact will evolve in a warming ocean. In this thesis we explore the impact of temperature on these interactions with an integrative method combining laboratory experiments and mathematical modelling. We focus on the pico-eukaryote genus Micromonas. In a first study, we have characterized the temperature response of the Micromonas genus by studying 11 different strains. We have shown the primordial role of temperature on the ecology of phytoplankton. In particular, we have demonstrated that ocean temperature has played a decisive role in evolution. Thus, we have been able to predict the evolution of biodiversity in a warming ocean. In a second study we showed that temperature is a key factor in controlling the phytoplankton - virus dynamics. The temperature affects in particular the rates of infectivity loss and of virus degradation, as well as the rate of virus production. In particular, we observed a change in infection strategy. Beyond a temperature close to the optimal growth temperature, the dynamics become more complex suggesting a change in infection strategy from lytic to chronic. In a third study, we have developed a mathematical model representing these interactions. The model efficiently reproduced the observed changes as a function of temperature. Finally, we discuss the role of temperature on the involved infection processes
Ben, Sassi Meriem. "Impacts d’apports de composts de déchets urbains sur la résistance et la résilience de la microflore du sol à des évènements de type canicule/sécheresse." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0639/document.
Full textCurrent climate change and increasing populations’ growth enhance soil and ecosystem services vulnerability. Meteorological models predicted an increase in summer drought and higher air temperature with more frequent occurrence of extreme events like heat-waves and drought. Intensity and duration of these events may affect structure and functions of ecosystems and thereby the biodiversity and the functions of soil. The amendment of soils with composts could be an alternative to prevent and mitigate the effects of drought and heat waves in the Mediterranean agroecosystems. The objectives of this work were to characterize the effects of short and long-term high temperature and/or drought perturbation on soil Mediterranean microbial communities (structures and functions) and to study the impacts of compost amendment on short and long-term functional and taxonomic responses of microbial communities subjected to drought and high temperature. Our work allowed us to evaluate the influence of each factor (drought or high temperature) within the combined perturbation (drought and high temperature) on microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties. The effects of this combined perturbation induced similar or different responses of each of perturbations applied individually involving positive and negative effects on the microbial community. This work had shown threshold resistance duration inducing a change in taxonomic and functional microbial community structure after high temperature and drought perturbation. This abrupt shift in the community response did not allow resilience. Compost amendments improved the physico-chemical soil structure and stimulated indigenous soil microorganisms. However, it seemed that seasonal soil variations history rather than compost amendment influences soil microbial stability
Amiraux, Rémi. "Ice biota degradation in the Arctic environment : impact of bacterial stress state on this material's preservation and burial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0189.
Full textWith a rise in Arctic temperatures almost twice as large as the global average in recent decades, it is at high latitude that the effects of global warming are the most evident. Thus, some scientists have already predicted the complete disappearance of sea ice for 2050. Due to the future disappearance of ice algae and the increase of permafrost thawing, a reassessment of their respective contributions to CO2 storage was required. We have shown that unlike permafrost, ice algae are highly preserved in sediments (allowing CO2 storage) due to the inability of their bacteria to remineralize them. The combined effect of increasing discharge of permafrost by Arctic rivers and decreasing storage of ice algae due to the disappearance of sea ice should thus contribute to increase the global warming
Bel, Madani A. "Impact du changement climatique dans le système de Humboldt." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022928.
Full textEspinoza, Jhan Carlo. "Impact de la variabilité climatique sur l'hydrologie du bassin amazonien." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00379116.
Full textL'explication de la variabilité hydrologique fait appel à des indices océano-atmosphériques mensuels et à des types de temps quotidiens. Ceux-ci sont définis pour l' Amérique du Sud tropicale au moyen des données de réanalyses ERA40 et d'une méthode neuronale. Les caractéristiques et la succession des types de temps sont liées principalement au passage de perturbations extratropicales qui modifient l'orientation des flux méridiens à l'est des Andes et font alterner convergence et divergence dans le sud-ouest et le nord-ouest du bassin.
La fréquence des types de temps permet de reconstituer en partie les pluies et d'expliquer aussi bien la variabilité hydrologique aux pas de temps inter et pluri annuels que l'occurrence de crues et d'étiages exceptionnels.
Espinoza, Villar Jhan Carlo. "Impact de la variabilité climatique sur l'hydrologie du bassin amazonien." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00379116.
Full textNassopoulos, Hypatia, and Hypatia Nassopoulos. "Les impacts du changement climatique sur les ressources en eaux en Méditerranée." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00838516.
Full text