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Lon, Mine, and Sumaia Ahmed. "Effektivitet Av Svenskt Utvecklingsbistånd : En studie om utvecklingsbistånd utifrån biståndsorganisationers syn medZimbabwe som exempel." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53776.
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Denna kvalitativa studie fokuserade på effektiviteten av svenskt utvecklingsbistånd i Zimbabweutifrån på organisationernas synpunkter samt hur de arbetar med utvecklingen i landet. Sammanlagt genomfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvalificerade biståndsarbetare somrepresenterade svenska utvecklingsorganisationer och partnerorganisationer i Zimbabwe.Dessa organisationer var Diakonia, Zimbabwe Women's Resource Center & Network, Afrikagrupperna och Unionen. Resultaten har visat att det finns positiva och identifierbara inverkanav utvecklingsbistånd trots utmaningarna i landet. Dessutom presenteras i denna uppsats deförändringar som biståndsorganisationerna har genomfört i olika städer i Zimbabwe. Slutsatsensom studien har kommit fram till är, för att de möjligheter som biståndsorgan skapar ska varahållbara bör regeringen välkomna aktörerna i det civila samhället och den privata sektorn somhar resurser för att komplettera det som regeringen inte har. Samt skapa en bra politisk miljödär regeringen och det civila samhället kan samarbeta.<br>This qualitative study focused on the effectiveness of Swedish development aid in Zimbabwe,based on the organizations' views and how the aid organizations work with development in thecountry. A total of four semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualified developmentworkers representing Swedish development organizations and partner organizations in Zimbabwe from, Diakonia, Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre & Network, Afrikagrupperna andUnionen. The results have shown that there is a positive impact of development aid despite thechallenges in the country. We have presented in this essay the positive and identifiable changesthat aid agencies have accomplished in various cities in Zimbabwe. The conclusion of this studyis, for the opportunities created by aid agencies to be sustainable, the government should welcome the civil society actors and the private sector that have the resources to complement thosethat the government does not have. As well as create a good policy environment in which government and civil society can cooperate.
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White, Howard. "The macroeconomic impact of development aid." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279409.
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Norrman, Niklas, and Lise Fulland. "Swedish official development assistance : A quantitative evaluation." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-353.
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Jonsson, Tilde. "The Conceptualization of Development within the New Aid Paradigm : A content analysis of the Swedish foreign aid 1994 - 2018." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193901.
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Pycroft, Jonathan. "The Impact of Development Interventions in Ethiopia : Foreign Aid, Aid Trade and Agricultural Technology." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507000.
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Bendroth, Karl. "Swedish Development Assistance Policy 1990- 2012 : How has it changed?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31369.
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It has gone more than 50 years since Sweden officially started organizing and giving development assistance to needing countries. There have been many different Governments with differences in both ideological background and political aim during that time, not only in Sweden but also internationally. How much has circumstances and the different rule affected the Swedish development assistance policies? To answer that question has been the main aim for this thesis. In my study I have focused on the last 22 years, as from 1990 until 2012, and studied one budget proposition for development assistance per Government. I have also studied some of the most important steering documents, important events and international decisions that have affected the Swedish development policies. Since the budget propositions show the ambitions of the Governments it is also their policies. It is these policies that I will analyze using the two variables: size of the aid, and the goal for the aid. The analysis is has been done using Nikolaos Zahariadis policy theory The Multiple Streams Framework. My study shows that the policies that were adopted 50 years ago still have a large, if not settling, impact on today’s policies. The main goal for the development assistance today only differs on a few words from what was written in proposition 1962:100. The economic goal which is one of the most fundamental parts of today’s development assistance, that one percent of Sweden’s GDP should go to international aid, was first decided in 1968. Finally, I have concluded that both the way the goal of the development assistance has been formulated and how extensive the frame of funding for development assistance has been, haven’t always percental been followed with how much money that have been spent on the budget point development work.
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Mohamed, Hussein, and Millicent Oyoko. "Swedish Aid Policy and development projects in Kenya : An analysis of Strategy and organization." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-754.
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<p>Abstract</p><p>The research investigates the sustainability and effectiveness of the projects that are funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) in Kenya. SIDA is the Swedish central state agency responsible for planning, implementing and managing Aid. The research applies both the absorptive capacity and the institutional theory to explain the phenomenon of Aid projects failures in Kenya. The research has used a qualitative research method, a literature study that blend with structured open-ended interview questions which we have formulated.</p><p>By studying the various Actors involved in Swedish foreign Aid, their operations and deliverance, it will facilitate our study to establish the major causes and origins of development projects failures in Kenya. The main and current Swedish development goals are “improving the standard of living for poor people”, the sub goals are Economic growth, Economic and social equality, Economic and Political Independence, Democratic Development and Protection of human rights, Sustainable use of natural resources, protection of Environment Conflict management and Security. The reason why Aid projects are not producing the intended results could be divided into two parts; the planning problem that emanate from the donors side. The irony is that development partners are viewed to be aiming at alleviating poverty without proper planning and even their priorities are not always right. The other major reason is attributed to the recipients’ side and could be summarized as lack of democracy, corruption, weak institutions, lack of absorptive capacity and mismanagement.</p>
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Douglasdotter, Lydia. "Understanding the Security-Development Nexus in Swedish foreign policy : Aid, development cooperation and humanitarian assistance policy frameworks." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85431.
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Since the end of the Cold War, the concepts of development and security and the rise of the security-development nexus has proven to be important and is increasingly used in policy documents by institutions and states. This thesis aims to provide insight on how security and development concepts and their nexus have been used in governments’ foreign policies. Previous research has been focused on multilateral organizations and aid officials and how they have been influenced by the security-development nexus, but a comprehensive analysis on what drives financial and political support has been limited. Therefore, there is a gap that this thesis aims to fill. Methodologically, this thesis uses a text analysis of policy frameworks published by the government of Sweden regarding aid, development cooperation and humanitarian assistance of the years 2013/14 and 2015/16. An abductive reasoning was made with the help of the chosen analytical frameworks in this study. This study concludes that Swedish policy frameworks are using redefinitions of the concepts security and development which results in more broaden use of the concepts. This use of the concepts creates clear policy frameworks, but the policy frameworks do in some passages not elaborate what kind of security that reinforces what kind of development or what kind of definition of security or development that it is referring to. This leaves the reader with a great room for interpretation that could eventuate in many different outcomes and versions. Furthermore, security and development are presented as concepts which are mutually reinforcing each other and used in four different narratives, or nexuses, when mapping out the security-development nexus.
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Lundin, Olle. "Multi-actor Ownership : The Case of Swedish Development Cooperation with Ukraine." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160466.
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Ownership is a guiding principle in today’s development cooperation practices, aiming to foster an efficient development cooperation driven by the recipients. However, ownership is paradoxical and ambiguous. No coherent understanding of ownership exists. The multistakeholder development cooperation arena is argued to complicate the recipients’ possibilities to acquire ownership. As the literature lacks an eastern European perspective, this study addresses the above-mentioned dimensions by examining ownership in Swedish development cooperation with Ukraine. By conducting interviews, this study confirms that there is a confusion among development actors in defining what ownership is. In contrast to previous research, this study finds the multi-stakeholder approach as an advantage of ownership. Collaboration between local actors can contribute to capacity development, joint commitment and stronger responsibility, which increases the probabilities that outcomes of development projects will be governed and progressed by the local actors in the long run. Hence, this study contributes to the literature with a more clarified understanding of ownership. Ownership is perceived as a relational concept that is dynamically promoted over time. This study concludes that commitment, capacity and participation are dimensions that can promote this myriad of local actors involved in development practices to acquire a multi-actor ownership of different dimensions of the development process.
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Miratif, Waris. "A Quantitative and Qualitative Study of The Impact of Swedish Foreign Aid on the Palestinian Economy." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-196036.
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Scheyvens, Henry 1965. "Evaluating aid : the developmental impact of Japan's official development assistance." Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8632.
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Renkel, Hanna. "Postcolonial tendencies in Swedish development aid : A discourse analysis of the membership magazine of Läkarmissionen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-361557.
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Skärvall, Louise. "Does Swedish aid help or hinder bilateral trade : An empirical study on the effect of Official Development Assistance and Aid for Trade." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168242.
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A growing consensus regarding the positive benefits of trade has during the last decades attracted actors from the developing world to enter the world market. Official Development Assistance (ODA) and more especially Aid for Trade (AfT) have thus come to play an important role in development strategies. This paper seeks to empirically analyze the link between bilateral trade and ODA and AfT, given by Sweden. The paper uses a gravity model of trade and includes 126 countries during the period 1996 to 2009. The estimates indicate that both Sweden and its trading partners engage in more bilateral trade when ODA-disbursements are made. It’s further suggested that AfT-receiving-countries export more to Sweden than non-recipients do. The paper also control for differences between geographical areas and show that the ODA effect strongly varies in degree and across regions.<br>Aid and Trade; Gravity Model; Foreign Aid; Official Development Assistance; Aid for Trade; Bilateral Trade; Developing Countries
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Afonso, Roque Ferreira Ines. "The impact of foreign aid on economic development in fragile states." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67810/.
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Over the past decade, fragile states has become a resonant term in the development lexicon, frequently employed to draw attention to the need to assist these countries. Among other reasons, external intervention has been justified by their lagging performance in the achievement of development outcomes and the threats they impose to global security and stability. Still, fragile states impose a dilemma. Although they are in great need of development assistance, aid towards these countries is expected to be less effective. This is the starting point of this thesis, which contributes to the understanding of the effect of foreign aid on economic development in fragile states, using political economy theory and standard econometric techniques. A review of existing measures of state fragility highlights that most of them lack a strong theoretical grounding, thus confusing causes and outcomes of fragility. This thesis suggests an alternative measurement approach that draws on Besley and Persson’s (2011a) theoretical model, and uses principal component analysis to derive an index for each of the two core dimensions of fragility: state ineffectiveness and political violence. This distinction follows a recent call for using multidimensional approaches and finds support in an exploratory cluster analysis. This thesis then contributes to the quantitative studies examining the fragility-growth link by replacing the CPIA with the two obtained indices as proxies for fragility and considering the effects of distinct dimensions separately. Using data for the period 19932012, the results from regression analysis show distinct effects for each dimension and find no significant impact of fragility on growth when employing a single index. Finally, inspired by the empirical aid effectiveness literature, this thesis tests the proposition that aid is less effective in promoting growth in countries with higher levels of state ineffectiveness or political violence. The results show no support for this hypothesis.
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Limé, Isolde. "Balancing Normative and Pragmatic Considerations in Foreign Aid : A Case Study of Swedish Aid and its Focus on Democracy and Human Rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-444556.
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This study investigates Swedish aid and its focus on democracy and human rights. It analyses the space given to these normative objectives in relation to pragmatic considerations like strategic interests and institutional incentives. It does so by reviewing official documents and interviewing aid actors at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), to outline what objectives and incentives are guiding in Swedish aid. It also analyses how these factors affect critical decisions on whether aid should be suspended or not, to see how much normative objectives matter in such contexts. By doing so, this study contributes to the literature on democracy aid and aid suspension, as well as to research on Sweden as a donor country. Previous research has shown that normative considerations are often subordinated to strategic interests in foreign aid because of the complexity of many conflicting interests. In addition, decisions guided by strategic interests often include institutional incentives as well. This study finds that the policy frameworks for Swedish aid are integrated in the work of MFA and Sida. Both normative and pragmatic considerations, mainly institutional incentives, are referred to both in the documents and by the aid actors. In contrast to much other literature however, normative principles seem to dominate in Swedish aid. There is great emphasis on the importance of poverty reduction and promotion of democracy and human rights, even though the whole picture with donor interests also has to be taken into account.
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Tsokodayi, Jade Takudzwa. "The Impact of Aid on Human Development Indices in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33058.
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This study investigates the relationship between official development assistance (ODA) and human development indicators (HDIs) in 49 sub-Saharan African countries over the period of 1995 to 2017 using 3-stage least squares (3SLS). The four key sub-classes of HDIs considered for this research include education, health, government and civic society, as well as environmental indicators. Of all these HDIs, the results of the analysis show that health aid is the most effective form of aid, significantly reducing the incidence of HIV, the infant mortality rate and the maternal mortality rate, as well as leading to improved life expectancy. Education aid has a significant effect on the progression to secondary school followed by adult literacy rates. Government and civil society aid significantly affects the ability of girls to access education at primary, secondary and tertiary levels while environmental aid is found to increase the carbon efficiency of production. Hence, this study demonstrates that aid is most effective on the health, education and environmental human development indicators.
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Kasimoglu, Ata. "The Impact Of Wind Energy Development On Swedish Elspot Day-Ahead Prices." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339817.
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The rapid development of wind energy in Sweden created a volatile environment for the electricity market. Variance in the daily prices and the reductions of the average prices over the years due to the merit order effect of intermittent wind energy resulted in increased unpredictability in financial returns, which led to many wind projects being cancelled. In this thesis, in order to shed more light on the impact of wind energy development on spot prices, an artificial neural network (ANN) electricity price forecasting model is designed in order to predict Sweden’s four electricity regions Nord Pool Elspot day-ahead electricity spot market prices. The model's final result displayed a mean absolute error of 3.3398 €/MWh. In order for the model to be able to generalize better, a ridge regression regularizer is added to the ANN. Alternative wind scenarios for Sweden are introduced and their spot prices are predicted by the ANN model. The results show that each 10% increase in wind energy production leads to a 0.9% spot price reduction in the Nord Pool Swedish energy market prices.
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Palmgren, Anna, and Åsa Lundberg. "The Paris Declaration - A Paradigm Shift At All Levels? : Swedish Non-Governmental Organisations' Roles in Development Aid Policy." Thesis, Linköping University, Political Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17054.
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<p>In order to make development aid more efficient, a large number of donors, including Sweden, signed the so called Paris Declaration in 2005. The Declaration gives the partner countries more responsibility for their own development and aims to make he development aid provided by donor countries more measurable. It has been referred to as a paradigm shift within this policy area due to its far‐reaching goals.</p><p>The Declaration has consequences for all actors in the development aid community, and this thesis aims at outlining and analyzing the effects of the Declaration on the Swedish non‐governmental organisations which hold a frame agreement with the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA). As an increasing part of evelopment aid is being channelled through NGOs and they hold an important role in the area, they are interesting subjects of study.</p><p>The analysis is conducted from a society‐centred governance perspective, which focuses on how different actors in society shape public policy. The perspective hallenges the view on the state as dominating unilaterally and takes into account the diversity of actors involved in policy‐making, such as NGOs.</p><p>The result of the study is, among other things, that the character of the relationships and interactions between Swedish NGOs and SIDA varies, and can be described as either a more traditional hierarchical model or co‐governing. Furthermore, the Paris Declaration is perceived by the NGOs as being a step in the right direction rather than a paradigm shift at all level.</p><p> </p><br><p>För att göra utvecklingsbistånd effektivare, undertecknade ett stort antal givare, däribland Sverige, den så kallade Parisdeklarationen 2005. Deklarationen ger samarbetsländerna ett större ansvar för sin egen utveckling och syftar till att göra biståndet från givarländerna mer mätbart. Man har kallat detta ett paradigmskifte inom området på grund av sina långtgående mål.</p><p>Deklarationen har konsekvenser för alla aktörer inom området utvecklingsbistånd, och denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva och analysera de effekter som deklarationen har på de svenska icke‐statliga organisationer som har ett ramavtal med SIDA. Eftersom en allt större del av utvecklingsbiståndet kanaliseras genom enskilda organisationer och de innehar en viktig roll i området, är de intressanta att studera.</p><p>Analysen görs utifrån ett samhällsorienterat governance perspektiv som fokuserar på hur olika aktörer i samhället utformar den offentliga politiken. Perspektivet utmaningar uppfattningen om att staten ensidigt dominerar och tar hänsyn till mångfalden av aktörer i det politiska beslutsfattandet, till exempel icke‐statliga organisationer.</p><p>Resultaten av undersökningen är bland annat att karaktären av de relationer och interaktioner mellan svenska icke‐statliga organisationer och SIDA varierar, och kan beskrivas som traditionellt hierarkisk, eller samarbetsbaserad (co‐governing). Vidare uppfattas Parisdeklarationen av icke‐statliga organisationer som ett steg i rätt riktning, snarare än ett paradigmskifte på alla nivåer.</p>
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DeWaard, Chad. "Official development assistance unmasked : theoretical models of international relations and the determinants of American, German, and Swedish aid /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1147195581&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ngang, Joseph Bayiah. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth and Economic Development in Cameroon." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-1315.
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<p>The role of foreign aid in promoting economic growth and improving the social welfare of people has been the subject of much debate among development specialists, researchers, aid donors as well as recipients in general and Cameroon in particular. In spite of this, there are only few empirical studies that investigate the contributions of foreign aid to economic growth and development in Cameroon. This study explores the impact of foreign aid to economic growth and development in Cameroon using descriptive statistics for data that spans from 1997 to 2006. The results show that foreign aid significantly contributes to the current level of economic growth but has no significant contribution to economic development. The findings imply that Cameroon could enhance its economic development by effectively managing funds from aid and by strategically strengthening anti-corruption measures.</p><p>The rest of the work is organized as follows: Chapter one consist of an introduction, chapter two is the literature review, chapter three constitute the research methodology, chapter four is the data presentation and analyses, chapter five summary of findings and recommendations and lastly chapter six conclusions,</p>
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Petersson, Lina. "The Swedish Prison and Probation Service assistance of prison development : Focus on Somalia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80172.
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Despite the Swedish Prison and Probation Service (SPPS) are a pioneer on the global arena regarding the area of corrections, generally little is known of what they do in Sweden as well as internationally. This study will explore the SPPS implementation of prison development in Somalia, which will be done through interviews with seconded personnel and others within the Swedish government that have connections to the prison development in Somalia. The findings were able to answer the research questions for this thesis, namely what the SPPS are doing internationally, what they are doing in Somalia and lastly if they have seen any results in Somalia. In the analysis, the middle power theory was used through an abductive approach to see if the SPPS fulfilled the criterions for the theory namely moral power, multilateralism and conflict management. It is concluded that the SPPS work in Somalia have been effective. They have contributed considerably to the local development and the seconded personnel has also learnt lessons for life which they can use also in their further carriers. Through their contacts, which they have established, they might also contribute further bilaterally even in the event of a withdrawal from the United Nations.
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Kilama, Eric Gabin. "Essays on Aid Effectiveness and Development Finance." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10410/document.
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Etant donnée la capacité limitée de la majorité des pays en développement à mobiliser des ressources domestiques suffisantes notamment à travers la taxation, le financement extérieur du développement s’est avéré essentiel pour soutenir des programmes d’investissement publics visant à construire un capital public dans les infrastructures, la santé ou l’éducation. Ainsi, au nom du développement, les gouvernements, les institutions internationales et les citoyens des pays industrialisés se sont accordés sur le fait qu’un transfert de capitaux vers les pays en développement serait nécessaire pour les aider à financer leur développement. Les principaux flux extérieurs de capitaux pour le financement du développement sont composés de l’aide au développement, des investissements directs étrangers et des transferts de migrants (travailleurs étrangers) vers leur pays d’origine. L’impact macroéconomique de ces flux extérieurs de capitaux pour le développement est un sujet de controverse entre les économistes. L’espoir et la frustration, entourant ces flux de financement du développement étant donné leur importance en termes de croissance et de réduction de la pauvreté, ont généré une importante littérature en sciences économiques avec des recommandations de politiques économiques opposées. De manière générale, cette thèse porte sur l’efficacité de l’aide et des autres flux extérieurs de capitaux à promouvoir le développement dans les pays du SUD. Nous proposons dans cette optique une vision transversale de la question d’efficacité du financement extérieur du développement en regroupant au sein d’une même analyse les trois acteurs principaux liés à ce débat : Les pays récipiendaires, les pays donateurs et l’architecture de l’aide, et les économistes - responsables des recommandations de politiques auprès des décideurs.La première partie de cette thèse emploie la méta-analyse pour effectuer une « autopsie » du processus de recherche en analysant les études empiriques effectuées sur l’efficacité des flux externes de capitaux pour le financement du développement, afin de mettre en évidence les limites à l’origine de l’hétérogénéité des résultats obtenus par les économistes et donc les insuffisances des recommandations de politiques économiques issues de leurs travaux.La deuxième partie s’intéresse à l’influence des pays émergents dans l’architecture de l’aide au développement et leur incidence sur la qualité de l’allocation de l’aide et le comportement budgétaire des pays à faibles revenus recevant cette aide. Enfin dans la troisième partie de notre analyse nous présentons de nouvelles évidences empiriques sur l’impact des flux capitaux extérieurs et autres mesures pour le développement. Nous nous attaquons ici à l’une des difficultés majeures des actions en faveur du développement : L’évaluation d’impact des programmes et politiques mis en place. Nous proposons dans ce cadre une méthodologie d’évaluation d’impact macroéconomique que nous appliquons à l’initiative « Pays Moins Avancés » dont nous mesurons l’incidence sur la croissance et la vulnérabilité macroéconomique des pays ayant bénéficié de ce programme sur les trente dernières années.Cette coupe transversale de l’efficacité du financement du développement permet d’aborder cette problématique sous une perspective unique et intuitive<br>Given the limited ability of many of these countries to raise domestic resources through taxation, external finance is essential to support a multi-year public investment program aimed at developing public capital in infrastructure, health, and education. Thus, governments, aid agencies, and citizens from industrialized countries have often transfer capital flows to those countries to help them follow a sustainable growth and finance their development. The most external financial resources for development included foreign aid, foreign direct investment and workers' remittances. The effectiveness of these external flows to sustain development has long been a hotly contested subject among economists. Hope and frustration surrounding the development finance flows and their ability to promote growth and reduce poverty, generated an important literature with conflicting policies recommendations.The broad subject of this thesis is whether foreign aid and the other External Capital Flows are effective in promoting development. We propose a transversal analysis of the effectiveness of external development financing developed around the three groups concerned by this debate: the recipients, the aid architecture and the actors of development, and the researchers - whose results influence policymakers actions. The first part uses meta-analysis methodology to draw a literature review on external development finance flows with a particular interest on the research processes follow by the empirical studies, in order to explain the conflicting results in the empirical studies. The underlying idea of meta-analysis is to subtract the empirical evidences from authors' characteristics, econometric or methodological choices, to sum up the effective knowledge from existing works. The second part focuses on recent evolutions in aid architecture with the increasing influence of emerging donors. This part of the thesis analyzes the impact of non-DAC donors’ aid allocation on government fiscal choices in recipient countries and on traditional donors' aid allocation.The third part of the thesis proposes new evidences of the impact of external capital flows for development and international measures for development. First, we propose an analysis of the link between development financing and business cycles fluctuations in developing countries. We conclude the thesis by addressing one of the major difficulties in the development assistance, that is assessing the impact of different policies and programs designed to support the less developed countries. We evaluate the impact of Least Developed Country (LDC) status on economic growth and the vulnerability to economic shocks
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Schwebel, Amy Elizabeth. "Improving the impact of Australian aid: the role of AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6732.
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This research is in response to the current debate on aid in Australia. The debate focuses on the volume of money allocated to aid rather than the impact. While Australian aid is still far from the UN commitment of 0.7 per cent of gross national income, this focus has kept public debate superficial and has deflected attention away from the more important discussion: is aid achieving outcomes and impacting positively in areas identified by developing countries as essential for their sustainable development.<br>The release of the first Annual Review of Development Effectiveness provided the impetus to investigate whether the newly formed Office of Development Effectiveness (ODE) will introduce changes that will improve Australia’s approach to aid. Framed within national interest, development and aid literature, this research analyses what limitations, if any, there are to reform of aid policies and practices in Australia.<br>The thesis concludes that the potential for the ODE to significantly improve the effectiveness of Australia aid is limited. It is one of many voices – including the powerful national interest agenda furthered by foreign policymakers – shaping Australian aid policy and practice. However, the furthering of Australian national interest – narrowly defined as security and economic considerations – through the aid program is at the expense of poverty alleviation objectives. This negatively affects how the development ‘problem’ is framed and thus the focus of aid policy. Furthermore, efforts to prioritise national interest considerations undermine the adoption of ‘good’ practice essential for sustainable development.<br>This is a political reality that is unlikely to change. Thus, the role of the ODE is to provide recommendations within this restricted framework. However, it is only through scrutiny, discussion and debate that the discrepancy between ‘good development’ in theory and in practice can be narrowed. This should also be the role of the ODE.
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Ramebäck, Anna. "Public procurements in Africa : - the way to Swedish success." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9707.
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<p>Africa is a poor continent with many of the worlds least developed countries. The latest years the Swedish export to Africa has diminished, at the same time Sweden continues to be a big contributor of aid funds to the continent. However, trade in all its form contribute to prosperity in the trading countries which indicates that the trade with Sweden could help Africa to develop into a bigger and more important economy. Also, since trade increases a country’s welfare, both the Swedish and African societies could benefit from an increased trade between the countries.</p><p>By getting involved in public procurements in Africa the Swedish companies would get an economic security in the otherwise quite risky market. The public procurements could also mean a way to enter the market or to increase the market shares in Africa. This Thesis is focused on public procurements from the African Development Bank, mostly since Sweden is a big contributor in the bank but only a few Swedish companies has won contracts from the bank and also because many studies has not been made regarding their procurement process.</p><p>By using theories mainly from project marketing and networking, the market of public procurements in the African Development Bank, the process and the ways to succeed on this market has been studied.</p><p>It has been showed that the competition for the procurements from the bank is hard, and that the Swedish companies have not been successful. There are many underlying reasons for this, one of the most important being the fact that the Swedish companies have not even been interested in participating in the procurements since they find the market, the process and the bank to complicated. New possibilities are emerging on the market with the African Development Bank improving the efficiency of the procurement process, more lobbying being performed from the Swedish Foreign Ministry and also the growing African market, which makes this market more interesting and could mean new opportunities for the Swedish companies.</p><p>To improve the Swedish statistics in winning contracts from the bank the Swedish companies need to improve their networking to a great extent. Personal contacts and relationships are extremely important in making business in Africa and also when making bids on procurements from the bank. From the relationships in Africa, the Swedish companies can receive early information about upcoming projects in order to prepare the bid and market the company early. The Swedish companies must be more proactive in their marketing and visit Africa more often, as well as matching the needs with their offer to a better extent than today. It is important for the companies to have a long-term strategy when entering the African procurement market and not to resist too easily. Hard work and many resources will be spent before being awarded with the first contract and thereafter one success will lead to others.</p>
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Husein, Jamal G. "Essays on the Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth and Development: The Case of Jordan." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3958.
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This dissertation examines the role of foreign aid in economic growth and development of Jordan. The flow of foreign capital takes two main forms: private foreign investment, mostly foreign direct investment by large multinational corporations, and public development assistance (foreign aid) from both individual national governments and multinational donor agencies. The distinguishing characteristic of foreign aid is the concessional element. In this dissertation, recent techniques and advances in time-series analysis are used in the empirical section of Chapters 2 and 3, i.e., vector autoregression (VAR), impulse response functions, and variance decompositions. In the fourth chapter, we use a nonlinear three-stage least square estimate to test the impact of foreign aid on the fiscal behavior of Jordanian government.
The results of this study indicate that foreign aid in its aggregated form exerted an overall short-run positive dynamic impact on Jordanian growth rate of output, while it had a severe and long-run negative dynamic impact on domestic saving rate. When foreign aid is decomposed into its two main components, i.e., foreign aid grants and foreign aid loans, we found that grants exerted a long-run positive dynamic impact on Jordanian output growth and a severe long-run negative impact on its domestic saving rate. On the other hand, foreign aid loans had a positive but short-run impact on output growth and a positive long-run dynamic impact on domestic saving rate. We also found that foreign aid significantly affects both the revenue and expenditure side of the Jordanian government budget.
Foreign aid grants positively affect consumption expenditures while foreign loans had no significant impact on government consumption. We also found that tax revenues in Jordan are mainly used to finance public consumption expenditures and not public investment. Furthermore, in the presence of foreign aid (grants and loans), an increase in taxes leads to an increase in public consumption expenditures and vice versa. Finally, the results show that in the presence of foreign aid, the Jordanian public sector reduces its efforts to collect taxes.
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McGarrity, Andrew. "The George W. Bush Administration's aid strategy and its impact on development in Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14607.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-77).<br>Much of Sub-Saharan Africa economically and democratically lags behind the rest of the world. Many wealthy countries have worked to speed up Africa's development through the use of foreign aid. The George W. Bush Administration utilized aid in their efforts to help eliminate poverty and deepen democracy. They disbursed aid through a novel government agency named the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). This thesis gauges the usefulness of the MCC and measures its impact on economic and democratic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. To provide an assessment of the MCC, I examine the association between foreign aid disbursed by the MCC and resulting economic and democratic development. The conclusions are drawn by employing a quantitative methodology using difference of means analysis and bivariate analysis. The empirical research suggests that aid disbursed through the MCC is producing only slight economic and democratic growth. I conclude the study with a case study that corroborates the empirical findings. This study brings into question the general effectiveness of foreign aid and further suggests that Africa may need another solution to underdevelopment that may go beyond the reach of aid planners.
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Rotarou, Elena Sonia. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development : The Cases of Tanzania, Bolivia,and the Philippines." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142144.
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Söderberg, Cathérine. "When the other became the actor : A critical discourse analysis of women in Swedish development policy since the 60s." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27548.
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By adopting the Policy for Global Development (PGD) in 2003 the Swedish parliament established gender mainstreaming as a goal in development cooperation policy, thereby emphasizing women’s role as agents of empowerment in development. This has not always been the case. During most of the history of Swedish foreign aid women issues have been handled separately and development policy mainly based on a male perspective. A lot of research has focused on trends in the global debate over how to better integrate women in development process, but much less academic attention has focused on how Swedish development policy has addressed the issue and how women have been referred to in development policy since the origin of Swedish foreign aid. According to the theories of critical discourse analysis (CDA) our written and spoken language influence our view of the reality and how we understand society. Following that logic, how women are referred to in Swedish development policy influence how women are perceived by the actors of development cooperation. Through a critical discourse analysis of official Swedish governmental documents concerning foreign aid, such as government bills and letters of appropriation, this study aims to detect discourses of Swedish development policy regarding women in developing countries. Furthermore it aims to understand how these discourses have related to the global debate about women’s role in development. This study observes six discourses of women in developing countries in the material: Women as passive recipient, agent of empowerment, the savior, motherhood-women as mothers, the other woman, and the man as the norm. The analysis shows Sweden’s development policies following the global discussions fairly coherently during much of the period, with 80s as the only possible exception.
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Le, Goff Maëlan. "Migrant remittances, foreign aid and development of recipient countries." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10398.
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Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les effets des envois de fonds issus des migrations sur le développement des pays d’origine des migrants et compare ces effets avec ceux de l’aide publique au développement. Dans une première partie, nous étudions les effets des envois de fonds des migrants sur le développement des pays récipiendaires. Il apparaît que les envois de fonds réduisent les inégalités intra-Pays dans les pays relativement plus riches, dont les coûts d’émigration sont faibles et dont la part des émigrés qualifiés est peu importante (Chapitre 1). L’effet sur la croissance économique en Afrique sub-Saharienne est également non-Linéaire et dépend positivement du développement financier et institutionnel des pays récipiendaires (Chapitre 2). Enfin, les envois de fonds ont un effet d’appréciation sur le taux de change réel dans les pays CFA, mais cet effet est non significatif pour les pays à régime de change flexible (Chapitre 3). Dans une seconde partie nous nous intéressons au caractère stabilisateur des transferts des migrants. Le Chapitre 4 montre, au niveau microéconomique, que les envois de fonds ont joué un rôle d’assurance lors de la dernière crise financière et que ce rôle a été d’autant plus important que les migrants n’ont pas été sévèrement touchés par la crise et que les liens conservés avec le pays d’origine étaient forts. Le Chapitre 5 montre à partir d’une approche pays par pays que les transferts sont contra-Cycliques dans une minorité de cas, mais qu’en moyenne, ils répondent négativement au revenu des pays d’origine. Les résultats du Chapitre 6 indiquent que les transferts atténuent l’effet négatif des chocs commerciaux sur la pauvreté. Dans une troisième et dernière partie nous comparons les envois de fonds { l’aide publique au développement. Alors que l’aide permet d’atténuer l’effet négatif de l’instabilité des exportations sur la croissance, les transferts des migrants permettent d’amoindrir l’effet négatif de l’instabilité des exportations sur la pauvreté (Chapitre 7). Enfin, les envois de fonds diminuent la dépendance des pays { l’aide publique au développement lorsque ces flux de capitaux sont investis plutôt que consommés (Chapitre 8)<br>This dissertation examines the effects of migrant remittances on the development of origin countries and compares these effects with those of official development aid. In a first part we investigate the effects of remittances on the development of recipient countries. Results suggest that remittances reduce within inequality in countries more developed, where migration cost are lower and the share of skilled migrants less important (Chapter 1). Their impact on growth in sub-Saharan Africa is also non-Linear and depends positively on the financial and institutional development of recipient economies (Chapter 2). Finally, remittances have a real exchange appreciation effect in CFA countries, but not in countries with a flexible exchange rate regime (Chapter 3). In a second part we focus on the stabilizing impact of remittances. Chapter 4 shows, at the microeconomic level, that remittances have played an insurance role during the last financial crisis and that this role was all the more acute that migrants have not strongly suffered from the crisis and that family links were strong. Chapter 5 suggests in a country-By-Country approach that remittances are pro-Cyclical in a higher number of cases, while on average, they respond negatively to the home country income. Chapter 6 findings show that remittances dampen the harmful impact of trade instability on poverty. In a third part, we compare migrant remittances with public aid. While public aid mitigates the harmful impact of export instability on output growth, migrant remittances dampen the harmful effect of export instability on poverty (Chapter 7). Finally, migrant remittances reduce aid dependency in countries where remittances are invested rather than consumed (Chapter 8)
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Doberstein, Brent A. "Building capacity for environmental planning in Viet Nam : the role of development aid environmental impact assessment programmes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61081.pdf.
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Seedee, Roosevelt. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Extreme Poverty: A Case Study of Liberia’s Development Complexities (1980-2018)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3487.
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Many countries in West Africa, including Liberia, remain trapped in extreme poverty and dysfunctional social services amid continued increase in foreign aid. This study examines complexities influencing decisions of government donors in determining the kind of development assistance needed in Liberia and nation states in West Africa. This research explains the ways in which aid perpetuates poverty instead of alleviating it using interdisciplinary research approaches. Although aid is critical to Liberia’s development agenda, aid implementation faces numerous challenges because of extant poverty and rampant corruption.
Part of the problem in Liberia is not solely the failure of aid to meet its goals. I conclude that poverty persists despite billions of dollars in aid because of corruption, human rights abuses, and inequalities, not the concept of aid. Democracy is effective when economic development allows citizens to have power within their own nation and government is accountable to its citizens.
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Ackers, William James. "The impact of development assistance on national capacities for research, evaluation and policy and planning in education in developing countries." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341774.
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Xiao, Xiang, and Wenbin Zhang. "The Study of Battery Electric Vehicle DiffusionConsidering Technology Development Impact : A model based study of Swedish market." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189505.
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Battery Electric Vehicle as an environmental friendly transportation alternative has already emerged as well as fade out of the market twice. It has been reintroduced along with the increasing concern about the environment issue. This recent diffusion is surrounded by lots of dynamic changes and uncertainties. However, most current studies focus on political, financial as well as infrastructure factors but neglect factors like the technology especially how people perceived it. Therefore, this study mainly research into how the technology development impact on the diffusion of battery electric vehicle.To achieve this aim, a model based study was conducted targeting Swedish electric vehicle market. In the research, customers are considered to be the target objective because they are the one who perceive the technology and make decision for adoption directly. In order to know the relationship between them, researches have been conducted through qualitative and quantitative approach. Empirical work including interviews and survey were conducted through tripartite aspect to investigate the customer needs and related technology. The investigation indicates the environmentally friendly performance is the key driving force perceived by the early adopters. Meanwhile, range issue, total cost of ownership and safety & technology reliability are identified as the top three critical concerns that hold back customer purchasing decision. A modified classic model for the innovation diffusion has been proposed which is used to evaluate the technology’s perception based on historical data. Two BEV- related technologies were chosen as examples to prove and illustrate the relationship between technology development and electric vehicle diffusion.The results showed that the BEV-related technologies, which have potential ability to address critical customer demand, are able to impact on the customer adoption positively through valid perception by customer. Taking technology development and perception into consideration, the diffusion process should be accelerated to some extent. Technologies which can be more easily perceived tend to have more impact in the diffusion process.<br>Batteridrivna elektriska fordon(BEV) som ett miljövänligt transportalternativ redan har dykt upp, liksom försvunnit från marknaden två gånger. Det har återinförts tillsammans med den ökande oron för miljöfrågan. Denna nya diffusion är omgiven av dynamiska förändringar och osäkerheter. Men de flesta av dagens studier fokuserar på politiska, ekonomiska och infrastrukturella faktorer, men försummar faktorer relaterat till tekniken framför allt hur människor uppfattar det. Därför undersökte denna studie främst hur den tekniska utvecklingen påverkar spridningen av batteridrivna fordon.För att uppnå detta syfte, gjordes en modell baserad kring en studie av den svenska elbilsmarknaden. I forskningen anses kunderna vara målet målgruppen eftersom de är de som uppfattar tekniken och tar beslut om införandet direkt. För att veta förhållandet mellan dem, har kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningar genomförts. Empiriskt arbete inklusive intervjuer och undersökningen genomfördes genom tre olika aspekter för att undersöka kundernas behov och relaterad teknik. Undersökningen visar att miljövänlig prestanda är den viktigaste drivkraften som uppfattas av early adopters. Samtidigt har räckviddsproblematiken, totala ägandekostnaden och tillförlitlighet i säkerhet och teknologi identifierats som de tre kritiska problemen som tillbakahåller kunden från ett köpbeslut. En modifierad klassisk modell för innovationsspridning har föreslagits som används för att utvärdera teknikens uppfattning baserad på historiska data. Två BEV-relaterade teknologier valdes som exempel för att bevisa och illustrera förhållandet mellan teknikutveckling och elbilsdiffusion.Resultaten visade att BEV-relaterad teknologi, som har potential förmåga att ta itu med den kritiska efterfrågan från kunderna, kan påverka kundacceptans positivt genom giltig uppfattning av kunden. Om teknikutveckling och uppfattning beaktas, bör diffusionsprocessen påskyndas i viss utsträckning. Teknik som lättare kan uppfattas tenderar att ha mer genomslag i diffusionsprocessen.
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Davis, Stefan J., William R. Wise, A. D. Covington, J. Petter, and P. Reip. "Development of a Novel Method to Reduce the Impact of Cutaneous chemical attacks - 159." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34332.
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Content:
Acid attacks are a global problem: from 2011 to 2016 there were 1,464 incidents involving a corrosive substance in London alone. The most common chemicals used in these attacks are sulfuric, nitric and
hydrochloric acids. Concentrated solutions of strongly alkaline substances including sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite are also used.
Current first-aid advice suggests diluting the exposed area with water and transfer to a hospital for further treatment. An immediate neutralisation treatment is avoided as incorrect identification of the corrosive could worsen the damage. In addition, there are concerns the enthalpy of solvation and neutralisation causes secondary burns. These limitations demonstrate the need for an amphoteric neutralising treatment with a low enthalpy of neutralisation.
Aqueous formulations of natural water-based surfactants with natural plant-based substances have been trialled as neutralisers of sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. pH titrations
demonstrated that the natural formulations are amphoteric, capable of effectively neutralising acidic and alkaline corrosives with minimal heat of neutralisation and no gas evolution. In addition, the studies have shown that the formulations can reduce oxidisers such as sodium hypochlorite.
The experiments compared intact collagen with attacked but untreated collagen and collagen that had a corrosive applied but followed by treatment at different time intervals. Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) showed the reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid is rapid; significant collapse and gelatinisation of the fibre structure was observed within 5 seconds.
Pigskin was utilised to model human skin: the observations demonstrated the importance of the epidermis in protecting the skin from chemical damage. Five minutes exposure to sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite did not penetrate the epidermis, although damage was observed. The formulations of natural products recently tested at the University of Northampton have been shown to mitigate secondary chemical burns, whereas treatment with water alone resulted in secondary burns due to residual corrosive in the skin structure not being neutralised. The trials indicate that the product could be usefully applied by first responders and emergency services personnel.
Take-Away:
The findings have the potential to change current first-aid reccomendations by demonstrating an applicable neutralisation mechanism, whereas neutralisation with sodium bicarbonate has been shown to cause further damage to skin structure via gas evolution.
Formulations of natural products have been shown to mitigate secondary chemical burns, whereas treatment with water resulted in secondary burns due to residual corrosive in the skin structure not
being neutralised.
Trials indicate these natural formulations could be usefully applied by first responders and emergency services personnel.
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Mitchell, John "David" F. "NGO insecurity in high-risk conflict zones: the politicization of aid and its impact on “humanitarian space”." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34145.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Security Studies Interdepartmental Program<br>Emizet F. Kisangani<br>Attacks against nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in high-risk conflict zones have increased exponentially over the last two decades. However, the few existing empirical studies on NGO insecurity have tended to focus on external factors influencing attacks, with little attention paid to the actions of aid workers themselves. To fill this gap, this dissertation theorizes that aid workers may have contributed to their own insecurity by engaging in greater political action. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to assess the impact of political activity by NGOs on the insecurity of aid workers. The quantitative analyses test the theory at two levels. The first is a large-N country-level analysis of 117 nations from 1999 to 2015 using panel corrected standard errors. The second is a subnational-level statistical analysis of four case studies: Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and Colombia from 2000 to 2014. Both the country- and provincial- level analyses show that the magnitude of aid tends to be a significant determinant of aid worker security. The qualitative methods of “structured-focused comparison” and “process tracing” are used to analyze the four cases. Results show that aid workers are most likely to be victims of politically-motivated attacks while in-transit. Consistent with the quantitative findings, it is speculated that if workers are engaged in a large-scale project over an extended period of time, attackers will be able to monitor their daily activities and routines closely, making it easier to orchestrate a successful ambush. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that political statements made by NGOs—regardless of their sectors of activity—have increased insecurity for the broader aid community. These results dispel the myth that humanitarian activity has historically been independent, impartial, and neutral. Several NGOs have relied on this false assumption for security, believing that adherence to core principles has contributed to “humanitarian space.” The results also dispel the popular NGO assumption that targeted attacks are not official tactics of organized militants, but rather the result of criminality or mistaken identity. In fact, the overwhelming majority of aid workers attacked in high-risk conflict zones have been targeted by political actors.
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Karlsson, Linnea. "Sweden’s foreign aid in Afghanistan from an environmental perspective." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-304464.
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Afghanistan has been in armed conflict for over 30 years. The many wars have severely affected the environment negatively. Sweden has between 2010-2015 been allocating 4,7 billion SEK in foreign aid to Afghanistan. This is a qualitative study with the purpose to critically analyse how this foreign aid has contributed to a sustainable environmental development in Afghanistan. To be able to answer this question a review of projects documents and Sida assessment was conducted. This was then supplemented by interviews with 14 people who in different ways had been working with these issues. In the analysis theories connecting to environment, poverty and conflict have been used. Sida is supporting two types of foreign aid in Afghanistan; humanitarian aid and development aid. The study found that the Sida’s humanitarian work in Afghanistan has a clear focus on environmental issues, whereas the development aid overall where lacking a focus on environmental issues. The larger focus within the humanitarian aid was explained by that environmental consideration is a part of the Sida’s strategy for the humanitarian aid in Afghanistan and humanitarian aid’s natural connection to environment, in for instance natural disasters. The lack of environmental focus within the development aid was found to have three explanations; the strategy did not have an environmental focus, the staff lacked the necessary environmental knowledge and environmental issues was not believed to be prioritized in Afghanistan. It was however believed to be possible to have more focus on the environment in Sida’s work in Afghanistan. The study shows that environmental issues are not believed to be a necessary component for creating a sustainable development or peace in Afghanistan. The study is arguing that one way to create more focus on environmental issues within the development aid would be to work closer with the humanitarian aid. The thesis was finally presenting an alternative way to look at environment and sustainable development; to focus on the environmental problems of the current generation and by doing so preserving the nature for the future generations.
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Persson, Alexandra. "Environmental Impact Assessments in Detailed Development Plan Processes: An Adequacy Analysis." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103756.
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A detailed development plan (DDP) is a legally binding plan that regulates the municipalities land use on a detailed level. The purpose with the DDP is to evaluate the suitability for development on land access, in order for municipalities to manage spatial planning and minimize environmental harm. If a DDP would likely cause a significant impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be produced. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how DDP and EIA processes are working on a local level in Sweden, and how the quality is reflected in the processes. More specifically, I investigated the role of EIA actors involved in the DDP process, as well as whether these processes are inadequate from an environmental conservation perspective. To investigate these issues, a document study was conducted as well as an interview study. The results from the study presents several shortcomings in both processes; examples of shortcomings were the lacking knowledge among the DDP and EIA actors in how to conduct the process, as well as interpreting and understanding the law. Other observed shortcomings were the different levels of engagement among the plan administrators, the EIA performers and the County Administrative Board reviewers. Three important factors were recognized for achieving good processes. Firstly, the people involved need to have broad knowledge and good qualifications. Secondly, the actors must be able to communicate in a good and clear manner. Lastly, the third factor is a good process leader who brings together the DDP and EIA process.
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Mattsson, Elin, and Susanna Ternstedt. "Assessing a Swedish Social Impact Assessment model for the construction Industry : A Case Study of the Development Project Järvalyftet." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96482.
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The construction industry has an increased focus on using sustainable methods to reach a more sustainable society but is still lacking the social aspect of sustainability. The belief is that this aspect has to be a natural part in construction projects to successfully plan and develop sustainable societies. A method to achieve this could be the use of Social Impact Assessment (SIA), a method frequently used in other countries such as U.S, Australia and Canada. The aim with the thesis is to investigate how this method can be used in a Swedish context, but also how the public in the best manner can be involved in decisions that affect them. To complement the theory with empirical findings a case study is done within Järvalyftet, one of the biggest redevelopment projects in the Stockholm region at the moment. A SIA deals with several areas and issues and is therefore complex to perform in an efficient way. It is consequently important to create a team with mixed disciplines to be able to manage the work and face the different problems in the best possible way. The thesis indicates that public involvement is of major importance to create an acceptance for the planned project among the affected parties in order to reduce both the timeframe and the costs of the project. Further, the thesis indicates that public involvement early on in a project facilitates for the affected people to deal with changes and trade-offs resulting by the project.<br>Byggbranschen har idag ett större fokus på att använda hållbara metoder i byggandet för att på så sätt nå ett mer hållbart samhälle, men saknar fortfarande fokus på den sociala aspekten inom hållbarhet. För att lyckas med att planera och bygga hälsosamma och hållbara samhällen måste de här aspekterna bli en naturlig del i byggprojekten. En metod för att lyckas med detta kan vara användandet av Social Konsekvensbeskrivning, en metod som ofta används i länder som USA, Australien och Canada. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur denna metod kan användas, men också hur allmänheten på bästa sätt kan bli involverade i beslut som berör dem själva. För att komplettera teorin som använts i arbetet har en case study gjorts inom Järvalyftet, ett av dagens största ombyggnadsprojekt i Stockholmsområdet. En SKB berör många olika områden och frågor och är därför en komplex process att genomföra. Det är följaktligen viktigt att skapa en grupp med varierande yrkesdiscipliner för att hantera arbetet och möta de olika problemen på bästa möjliga sätt. Arbetet visar på att allmänhetens deltagande är av stor betydelse för att skapa förankring bland berörda parter då ett projekt planeras, för att på så sätt minska både projektets tidsram och kostnad. Vidare visar även arbetet att involvering av allmänheten i ett tidigt skede av projektet underlättar för de berörda att hantera de förändringar och avvägningar som projektet medför.
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Shoukair, Sharbel. "The impact of foreign aid and donations to Palestine on development of its economy under alternative Israeli-Palestinian economic interaction regimes." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-impact-of-foreign-aid-and-donations-to-palestine-on-development-of-its-economy-under-alternative-israeli-palestinian-economic-interaction-regimes(c7f84bb9-7b73-47a7-8311-3646f8ea9126).html.
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The main goal of the thesis is to examine whether the Palestinian economy suffers from "Dutch Disease" symptoms, and if so what are its sources. Dutch Disease has been widely used to explain why foreign development aid can be ineffective in generating economic growth, even though it can break the vicious cycle of low income, low saving, low investment, low sustainable growth and even negative growth. In most cases, the disease is due to appreciation of local currency. However, the Palestinians use the Israeli Shekel and also the Jordanian Dinar and the Egyptian Lira. Thus, the sources of the symptoms of the Dutch Disease in the Palestinian economy might be explained by the influx of foreign aid arising because of terror attacks and retaliations and the economic policy and constraints that are imposed mainly by Israel. The theoretical and empirical efforts of the thesis to determine the causality direction between foreign aid and growth include the following: I. The national accounting identities are used to express the gross domestic product (GDP) in terms of foreign currency and the proportion between import and uses. I found empirically that due to the political- economic constraints in the case of the Palestinian economy, the factors mentioned above are almost entirely exogenous and, under the existing economic- political constraints, foreign development aid had only a small chance to significantly boost the tradable sectors. II. I separated the national accounting figures of the Palestinian economy into two sub periods, 1968 to 1993 and 1994 to 2007. In the first period the Israeli convenient policy was to employ the Palestinians in Israel rather than to encourage the development of the Palestinian economy. The first Intifada erupted in 1987 and led to years of terror attacks and retaliations and also caused a significant reduction of GDP. Over the period 1968 to 1993 the average annual foreign aid was less than 20% of that for the period 1994 to 2007. Thus, terror and the economic and political policy of Israel are the main factors for the disease in this period. Terror clashes and economic-political constraints persisted also in the second period of post "Oslo peace accord", but in that period the foreign aid soared up to 64% of GDP in 2007. The per capita GDP in 2007 decreased to almost the same level of GDP per capita twenty years ago, unemployment soared, export (about 90% to Israel) remained relatively negligible while the weight of the tradable sectors went down and weight of the non-tradable sectors rose. These findings fit the symptoms of Dutch Disease's. The main question remains - did the unprecedented foreign aid replace the economic efforts of the Palestinians, or did the foreign aid only solve the humanitarian disaster? III. In order to answer this previous question, I regressed the annual growth of GDP on previous, current and next year foreign aid and found that the annual GDP growth is significantly correlated only with the current year foreign aid. This finding indicates that both directions of causality hold and foreign development aid cannot boost GDP unless the political-economic constraints are removed, and Israel becomes a positive player in the Palestinian economy. In sum, the original contribution of the thesis is four fold. First, to the best of my knowledge, for the first time macro data of almost forty years on the Palestinian economy has been collected and analyzed. It was not an easy task, due to collection difficulties at the first Intifada period and the 1994 transfer of statistical bureaus from Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Thus, I had to also estimate data from the first Intifada period and smooth conflicting figures between 1993 and 1994. Second, to my best knowledge this is the first work that has expressed and analyzed GDP in terms of foreign currency constraints. This approach adds a unique economic insight, since almost all sources of foreign currency are exogenous in the special case of the Palestinian economy. Third, for the first time the Dutch Disease symptoms of the Palestinian economy and its major factors are theoretically and empirically analysed. The symptoms at the period of high foreign aid were reflected in following four observations. First, increased unemployment; second, low growth of GDP; third, an increased share of the non-tradable sector and a decreased share of the tradable sector; and four, a decreasing proportion of exports out of GDP. Fourth, this is the first stock market event study that analyzed the impact of terror on the two sides of the barricade (Tel Aviv Stock Exchange vs. the Palestinian Security Exchange). The main findings of this analysis are as follows. Firstly, major terror attack events significantly depressed both stock markets; secondly, the Israeli stock market is more sensitive to terror attacks; thirdly, terror attacks affect negatively both economies but the negative relative impact on the Palestinian economies is more significant.
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Bette, Miriam. "Gender Equality Policies: Results for Social Change? : A comparative discourse analysis on gender equality from two ends of the “aid chain”." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö universitetsbibliotek, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44797.
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The field of international development cooperation has experienced an increasing demand for result-driven management over the last decades. However, a clear consensus of the meaning of ‘ results’ is often lacking in initiatives and projects for social change. As the field functions throughout myriads of contexts and cultures, the demand of results therefore brings upon issues of definitions and discourse, as well as underlying values. The goals and strategies set out to achieve certain results are influenced by assumptions that define the problem definition of the targeted issue. A hierarchy in international development, the so-called aid chain, is determined by who provides funding for cooperation projects. The flow of top-down funding is shown to be accompanied by a flow of top-down policies, that are further accompanied by underlying values, problem definitions, and assumptions. This study inquires whether different notions, assumptions, and problem definitions on gender equality across cultures in the aid chain might disturb result-reporting in international projects. Departing from a postcolonial perspective, the content and discourse of the Swedish feminist foreign policy and steering documents from an Indigenous women’s organization in Guatemala are analysed and compared. Seeing policies and policy-making as a significant communicative tool and practice in the field, this study shows how results, goals, strategies, problem definition and assumptions correlate to each other in result-reporting in international development cooperation projects.
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Nilsson, Herman. "Integrating Sustainability in the Food Supply Chain : Two Measures to Reduce the Food Wastage in a Swedish Retail Store." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-194122.
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Due to the growing world population, the environmental impact from the food supply chain is currently increasing in a global perspective, essentially because the global food consumption is increasing in general. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that about one third of the edible portions of the food produced globally is lost or wasted along the way from raw materials to the dinner plate. When food is produced, transported, stored, treated and processed in different ways it consumes a lot of resources and energy and causes large negative impact on the environment due to emissions of pollutants affecting waters, soil and air. When food is wasted somewhere in the food supply chain, it implies unnecessary emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants and also entails a pointless extraction and use of natural resources: each since the production is made in vain. Sustainable development has been generally accepted as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Quite simple, this means that humanity of today needs to conserve the remaining resources on Earth and sharply reduce the anthropogenic environmental impact. In order to attain a state where man can live in equilibrium with the natural world,humanity must pursue sustainability in every activity and every movement. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) a reduction of food loss within the food supply chain could facilitate society’s quest to develop in a sustainable manner. The retail store is one place where large numbers of food items are gathered at the same location and where a lot of food is discarded, many times completely in vain. It is thus a suitable place to take actions to reduce the foodloss in a quite effective way. In a Swedish retail store located in Uppsala, two product specific measures have been introduced; a new display table intended to reduce the loss bananas and a new price reduction routine intended to reduce the loss of grilled chicken. This thesis aims to investigate whether the measures put in place actually have resulted in reduced losses or not. The goal of the study was to examine how much unnecessary environmental impact (in terms of contribution to global warming) that hence has been avoided. The research questions are studied through a combination of data analyses, interviews and life-cycle assessments. SWOT analyses have also been conducted in order to evaluate the introduced measures in terms of contribution to sustainable development within the food sector. The results of the study concluded that the measure based on price reduction has reduced the losses of grilled chicken with approximately 200 kg per annum. This implies that an annual climate impact of around 430 kgCO2-equivalents has not been caused in vain, which should be the case if the 200 kg of chickens had instead been discarded. The study however shows that the measure is not particularly effective and could be improved in order to further reduce the daily losses. The data analysis show that the banana waste that arises during the exposure in the store has decreased with 1 200 kg per year, implying that around 1 400 CO2-equivalents has not been caused in vain. However, the study also shows that a rather complex system containing economic routines for handling food waste, most likely is wrongly used. Unfortunately, the routines may affect the registered waste outcome from the new display table due to a relocation of the waste from one waste category to another. The new display table’s effect on the total waste quantity is therefore difficult to evaluate. The conducted SWOT-analyses finally concluded that both introduced measures had strong environmental and economic benefits (and also favorable social benefits in the case of the display table), making them good and useful interdisciplinary solutions in terms of sustainability: thus contributing to a sustainable development within the food sector.
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Hellberg, Lou. "Communicating Sustainable Consumption?: How the Environmental Impact of Animal-Based Food Consumption is Expressed by Swedish Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21923.
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The demand and consumption of food products created by the livestock- and fishing industries, have a major environmental impact, affecting climate change, biodiversity, and ecosystems. Yet, there seems to be a lack of public awareness of the direct impact one’s choice of food has on the environment, which suggests that more effective efforts are needed in order to introduce the concept to consumers. By the influence of a post-humanist perspective, this thesis investigates how the environmental impact of consuming animal-based food is communicated by Swedish environmental non-governmental organizations, and how the organizations are actively working to change consumers’ dietary habits by selecting more sustainable options. The research has focused on the external communication channels of the organizations, where verbiage and imagery have been analyzed in context, by using an analytical perspective of a constructionist view of communication, of where I acknowledge that communication has changed in our digital society. The findings indicated that the organizations are showing clear efforts and willingness of communicating the environmental impact of consuming animal-based food, although these efforts remain quite limited. The promotion of a plant-based diet as a way to help mitigate climate change was also communicated to a fair extent, but the organizations seemed to be privileging the preferences of consumers for animal-based food products over the actual need for them. Given that scientific evidence has shown that human consumption of animal-based food products has a major environmental impact, the overall produced knowledge by the organizations’ communication of consuming such products is still lacking. This suggests that more effective communication efforts are still needed, given the severity of the issue, which requires a drastic social change in eating habits as currently practiced in developed nations, in order to effectively mitigate climate change.
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Eriksson, Annika, and Margareta Przedpelska. "The Impact of Swedish Investment and Trade on Labour Conditions in Vietnam : A Case-Study of ABB, Ericsson and IKEA in Vietnam." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1045.
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<p>This thesis examines labour conditions in Vietnam, and the impact of Swedish investments and trade on these conditions. The thesis is a qualitative investigation that includes a theoretical and an empirical part. The theories we use are international trade theory, focusing on comparative advantage and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. We also utilise Solow’s growth model and the theory about FDI. The concept of social dumping and the effect of imposing a social clause is also discussed. We are using the ILO’s eight core conventions about minimum standards on labour conditions as a measuring instrument. Three Swedish lead multinational corporations have been chosen for the investigation, namely ABB, Ericsson and IKEA. Swedish companies currently have only small investments in Vietnam, but co-operation between the two countries have existed for a long time. Sweden is known to have good labour conditions and it is interesting to see if these are transferred through the Swedish companies. To investigate the labour situation in Vietnam, we have also conducted interviews with people working on these issues at ministries, UN organisations and representatives for trade unions.</p>
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Johansson, Elin, and Gabriella Elvin. "The impact of organizational culture on information security during development and management of IT systems : A comparative study between Japanese and Swedish banking industry." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324923.
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The objective of this study is to investigate how banks are working with information security by performing a comparative study between banks in Japan and Sweden. Special focus is given to the impact of organizational culture when developing IT-systems. The material analyzed is collected through semi-structured interviews with banks in Japan and Sweden, and additional interviews with professionals within the field of information security. The findings show that banks in both Japan and Sweden take information security seriously, both from a technical and an organizational culture point of view. They have implemented technological countermeasures and try to impose a safety culture by educating their employees. Organizational culture aspects are demonstrated to have a great impact on the development of IT systems from an information security perspective. The development process of IT systems are different between the countries, the Swedish banks have started to use the agile development method, while the Japanese banks still use the more traditional waterfall method. The result also implies that in Sweden there is an open climate and a greater trust between the banks which have lead to collaboration between the major banks and the development of innovative products. In Japan it is more difficult for the banks to create trustworthy relationships and share their information security knowledge to the same extent. The findings strengthen the notion in related research that cultural aspects have influence on how information security is managed.
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Mällberg, Camilla. "Quality Assurance in the Review Process of the Swedish EIA System." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118505.
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By 2050, the world population is projected to exceed nine billion and sustainable development measures are therefore critical. There has been a clear consensus internationally regarding the importance of assessing projects’ environmental impacts as a mean to promote sustainable development. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has a fundamental role of being a tool for reaching sustainable development. Therefore, continuously enhancing its quality by evaluating the system is important. This study focused on the quality of the review process in the Swedish EIA system, as it is the last step of quality assurance before the final decision-making. Currently, various authorities are responsible for assessing the quality of the environmental impact statement (EIS), something that can naturally lead to varied review qualities. The purpose of this Master Thesis was to question the quality of the current review process in Sweden’s EIA system and raise awareness as to how it possibly can be improved. An approach to promote consistency in the review process exists in the Dutch EIA system, where a national independent authority built up of experts is set to critically review EISs of complex proposed projects. Objectives of this study were to contribute with research on whether or not Sweden should implement an independent national commission to review the quality of EISs, to identify participants’ views and attitudes regarding the subject and to analyze whether or not it is favorable and possible to change the current system. A comparison with the Dutch review process along with eight semi-structured interviews were completed, and results showed that it is likely that the Swedish review process can improve by implementing a national independent review authority and thus increase the current quality and uniformity. The study also found that it would not lead to any major losses to the current system. By using a national authority, standardized working procedures can be developed and independence can be reached through utilizing impartial reviewers. However, feasible problems include funding regulations and having to modify Swedish EIA legislation. It is also estimated that a national commission would not have sufficient resources to review all incoming EISs, hence, restrictions are required.<br>År 2050 förväntas världens befolkning överstiga nio miljarder och det är mycket viktigt att vidta åtgärder mot en hållbar utveckling. Det har skett en tydlig internationell enighet om vikten av att bedöma projekts miljöpåverkan som ett medel för att främja en hållbar utveckling. Miljökonsekvensbeskrivningssystemet har en grundläggande roll som verktyg för att nå en hållbar utveckling. Därför är det viktigt att kontinuerligt förbättra dess kvalitet genom att utvärdera systemet. Denna studie fokuserar på kvaliteten av granskningsprocessen i det svenska MKB-systemet, eftersom det är det sista steget i kvalitetssäkringen innan det slutliga beslutsfattandet. För närvarande har olika myndigheter ansvaret för att bedöma kvaliteten på miljökonsekvensbeskrivningen (MKB), vilket naturligtvis kan leda till varierande kvalitet på handläggningen. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ifrågasätta kvaliteten av den pågående granskningen i det svenska MKB-systemet och öka medvetenheten om hur det möjligen kan förbättras. En strategi för att främja likvärdighet i granskningen finns i det nederländska MKB-systemet, där en oberoende nationell myndighet uppbyggd av experter är satt till att kritiskt granska miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar av komplexa föreslagna projekt. Målet för denna studie var att bidra med forskning om huruvida Sverige bör införa en oberoende nationell kommission för att granska kvaliteten på miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar, att identifiera deltagarnas åsikter och attityder kring ämnet och att analysera om det är fördelaktigt och möjligt att modifiera det nuvarande systemet. En jämförelse med den nederländska granskningsprocessen tillsammans med åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, och resultaten visade att det är troligt att den svenska granskningsprocessen kan förbättras genom att införa en nationell oberoende granskningsmyndighet och därmed öka den nuvarande standarden och enhetligheten. Studien visade också att det inte skulle leda till några större förluster av det nuvarande systemet. Genom att använda en nationell myndighet, kan standardiserade arbetsmetoder utvecklas och självständighet kan nås genom att utnyttja objektiva granskare. Möjliga problem är finansieringsbestämmelser och behovet av att ändra svensk miljölagstiftning. Det är också sannolikt att en nationell kommission inte skulle ha tillräckliga resurser för att granska alla inkommande miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar, i och med det krävs begränsningar.
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Bezuneh, Mesfin. "Food aid and economic development: impact of food for work on labor allocation, production and consumption behavior of small family-farms in a semi-arid area of Kenya." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53865.
Full textAbstract:
Food-for-Work (FFW) was conceived as both a short-run assistance program for meeting basic food needs of low income households, and as a long-run developmental tool for building infrastructure and for providing income to ease capital constraints on farm production. However, it was feared that FFW might divert labor from own-farm production and reduce the level of locally produced food crops. The purpose of this dissertation was to empirically examine these hypotheses in the Ewalel and Marigat locations of Baringo District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya.
A househoId-firm model that integrated both production and consumption concerns of FFW was developed. The model was block recursive. First, production decisions were made by maximizing net returns (net income) subject to production constraints. This output (income) was then substituted into the budget constraint, and household utility was maximized subject to this budget constraint and to a total time constraint.
The data used in the study was drawn from a representative sample of 300 households were randomly selected in Marigat-Ewalel locations. Of these, 100 were found to be participants in the FFW Project supported by the UN/FAO World Food Program. Food items provided to the program in the study area are maize, beans, and vegetable oil.
A two-year linear programming model was developed for the production segment of the model. ln this model, three crops under two technologies and two types of livestock were used. The household consumption component of the model was specified econometrically using systems of demand equations, the Almost ldeal Demand System. Seven commodities including FFW items, five foods, non-food and leisure, were used in the system. The analysis was conducted for both participant and non-participant households to compare levels of production activities, employment, income, and consumption patterns with and without the FFW program.
The production component of the analysis revealed that the following results were associated with FFW in the study area: (a) augments own-farm output by contributing to the minimum nutrient 1 requirement, (b) eases the capital-constraint by the second year of participation, (c) increases the marketable surplus from both own-crop and livestock production, (d) increases hired labor in farm production, (e) causes a shift from maize to millet production, and (f) increases savings. As a result, the net income for the representative farm households with FFW is 52% higher than those without FFW; and participation in the FFW program declines by 11% from year 1 to year 2. Thus, disincentive effects on own-farm employment and output were not found in this study. In fact, according to the model used, the FFW Program could be expanded by either increasing the monthly participation hours or the number of participants without resulting in any production disincentive.
The results of the entire household-firm model, which reveals the changes in consumption resulting from participation in FFW and changes in income, were derived in elasticity form. Most of the benefits to the representative participant households, as compared to non-participants, take the form of increased consumption of food items. Thus, the primary effects of FFW are to insure participants increased consumption and saving without creating disincentives to either own-farming or to local agricultural production.<br>Ph. D.
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Lancaster, Colin. "Break with tradition : the impact of the legal profession and the dominant paradigms of legal practice, legal needs and legal services on the development of law centres in Strathclyde and the West Midlands." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10537.
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This thesis takes as its starting point the proposition that the restricted development of law centres in the United Kingdom has been a result of the exercise of power by the legal profession. This was based on the evidence of the legal profession's influence on the initial development of public legal services policy and the profession's active opposition to the emergence of the first law centres in the United Kingdom. However, law centres remained on the margins of public legal services policy, despite the retreat of the profession from its original position. Thus, it was suggested that the key issue was not simply the power of the profession, but also the power of the dominant paradigms of legal practice, legal needs and legal services. This is reflected in the private practice and casework orientation of the legal aid system. Law centres challenge the dominant paradigms in many ways. They offer a multi-faceted approach to the resolution of the legal and socio-economic problems of the poor and do so in a not-for-profit, community-controlled and often collectivist context. Through quantitative and qualitative techniques employed in a multiple case study setting, this study sought to test the 'power hypothesis' empirically. Focusing on all of the law centres operating at any time between 1974 and 1997 in Strathclyde and the West Midlands, detailed accounts of significant events and periods in each centre's birth, life and, where appropriate, death were constructed. The thesis provides for the first time a social historical narrative of the development of law centres in these two locations. These accounts reveal that the profession and the dominant paradigms have had an impact on law centres in many significant ways. However, several of the greatest difficulties faced by law centres cannot be explained by reference to this conceptual framework. Accordingly, the thesis concludes that a wider theoretical framework is required to explain the development of law centres. This wider framework must draw on several existing traditions. It should recognise the importance of community, local and ethnic politics; social exclusion and ethnicity; and organisational and change management. However, it must also recognise the power of the legal profession and the dominant paradigms, as the additional challenges this brings distinguish the experience of law centres from that of other radical, community organisations.
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Bogdanova, Anastasia. "Digital gaming as an extramural English activity. A study regarding gaming habits and the impact of playing digital games in English on Swedish third graders’ English vocabulary." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-28779.
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Any activities where English can be encountered in outside of school, have been labeled by Sundqvist (2009) as “extramural English activities”. One of these activities is playing games (both digital and board games), which in accordance to the research by Sundqvist (2009) and Sundqvist and Sylvén (2012) has a great impact on the learner’s English proficiency. In accordance to these prior findings, the focus of this degree project is on the gaming habits of year three students in Swedish elementary school. After presenting a theoretical background and key elements from earlier research, I examine to what extend the students play digital games, what type of games are played and most importantly; do students in year three play digital games in English? Further on, I investigate the student’s vocabulary proficiency and connect the two parts of my research together, searching for correlations between time spent gaming and vocabulary depth. This degree project also includes a gender aspect and compares gaming habits and vocabulary proficiency of girls and boys, along with interviews with four teachers and their perception on students’ participation in extramural activities and English motivation.
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Mehmood, Sultan. "Essays on Judicial Independence and Development Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan. The Dictator, the Imam and the Judge: Tracing the impact of religion on the courts The Political Economy of Foreign Aid and Growth:Theory and Evidence." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED058.
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L'indépendance du système judiciaire est considérée comme un élément clé de chaque société démocratique moderne. Dans ma thèse Essaies sur l’indépendance judiciaire et le développement, je me concentre sur les chocs sur l'indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire au Pakistan et, notamment, j’examine son impact sur la prise des décisions des juges et, en gros, sur le développement du pouvoir judiciaire. Dans le premier chapitre de ma thèse Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan, je montre comment l’institution de la nomination présidentielle a un impact sur l’indépendance et le développement judiciaire. Dans le deuxième chapitre Dictateur, Imam et Juge : retracent l'impact de la religion sur les tribunaux, je documente un impact considérable des chefs religieux sur l'indépendance judiciaire au Pakistan. Le troisième chapitre L’économie politique de l’aide étrangère présente une nouvelle stratégie d’identification et une nouvelle approche théorique sur l’économie politique de l’aide étrangère et du développement<br>Independence of judiciary is considered a key ingredient for any modern democratic society. In my dissertation, Essays on Judicial Independence and Development, I study shocks to the independence of judiciary in Pakistan and examine its impact on judicial decision making and development. In the first chapter, Judicial Independence and Development: Evidence from Pakistan, I show how the institution of presidential appointment impact judicial independence and development. In the second chapter, The Dictator, Imam and the Judge: Tracing the Impact of Religion on the Courts, I document how religious leaders impact judicial independence in Pakistan. In the third chapter, The Political Economy of Foreign Aid, a new identification strategy and theory is presented on the political economy of foreign aid and development
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Boydell, Robert Arthur. "The development of the rural water supply and sanitation sector in Zimbabwe between 1974 and 1987 : the design and impact of donor supported projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6946.
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Although the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade has generated great interest from foreign aid donors, its impact. in terms of increased service levels has been poor. These disappointing results have been explained by the UN and other donors in terms of inadequate funding and lack of cost recovery, poor operations and maintenance, lack of personnel, unacceptable technology, poor logistics and non involvement of the beneficiaries. However, an alternative explanation revolves around factors contributing to poor project design. These include the lack of understanding of the development process, donor bias and self interest, and poor coordination and commitment by the recipient government. A review of the development and trends of contemporary aid philosophy and its translation in to rural development and water and sanitation projects, which led to the launch of the IDWSSD, provides a number of lessons that can be used to formulate a hybrid model for project design and the sector development process, that defines the relative roles of donors, recipient governments and people themselves. The model is based on coordinated development, community participation, and sector growth from pilot projects to large scale programmes. The developments in the rural water and sanitation sector that took place in Zimbabwe from 1974 to 1987, provide a unique opportunity to test this model using a systems analysis approach. After gaining Independence in 1980, Zimbabwe's development assistance funding grew tenfold with the influx of foreign donors, and major commitments were made by the new Government to rural development and the goals of the IDWSSD. However, the large investments in water and sanitation which included the preparation of a national master plan with external technical assistance, had both positive and negative impacts on the continuing development of the sector, the start of which can be traced back, well before Independence, to small pilot projects sponsored by non government organizations that used appropriate technology developed by the Rhodesian Government. This development process and the changing approach to project design is illustrated by a series of case studies of projects supported by multilateral and bilateral donors, and non government organizations, that were milestones during this period. Finally the project and sector development model is modified based on the practical lessons from Zimbabwe and recommendations for future practice are made together with suggestions for areas of further research.