Relevant bibliographies by topics / IMPACT OF RAINFALL

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'IMPACT OF RAINFALL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Brychta, Jiří, and Miloslav Janeček. "Determination of erosion rainfall criteria based on natural rainfall measurement and its impact on spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in the Czech Republic." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 3 (May 27, 2019): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/91/2018-swr.

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Rainfall erosivity is the main factor of the USLE or RUSLE equations. Its accuracy depends on recording precision and its temporal resolution, number of stations and their spatial distribution, length of recorded period, recorded period, erosion rainfall criteria, time step of rainfall intensity and interpolation method. This research focuses on erosion rainfall criteria. A network of 32 ombrographic stations, 1-min temporal resolution rainfall data, 35.6-year period and experimental runoff plots were used. We analysed 8951 rainfalls from ombrographic stations, 100 rainfalls and caused soil losses and runoffs from experimental runoff plots. Main parameter which influenced the number of erosion rainfalls was the precondition AND/OR which determines if conditions of rainfall total (H) have to be fulfilled simultaneously with rainfall intensity (I<sub>15</sub> or I<sub>30</sub>) or not. We proved that if parameters I<sub>15 </sub>&gt; 6.25 mm/15 min AND H &gt; 12.5 mm were fulfilled, then 84.2% of rainfalls caused soil loss &gt; 0.5 t/ha and 73.7% ≥ 1 t/ha. In the case of precondition OR only 44.6% of rainfalls caused soil loss &gt; 0.5 t/ha and 33.9% ≥ 1 t/ha. If the precondition AND was fulfilled, there were on average 75.5 rainfalls, average R factor for each rainfall was 21 MJ/ha·cm/h (without units below in the text, according international unit: 210 MJ/ha·mm/h) and average annual R factor was 45.4. In the case of precondition OR there were on average 279 rainfalls but average R factor for each rainfall was only 9.1 and average annual R factor was 67.4. Therefore if the precondition OR is used, R factor values are overestimated due to a high number of rainfalls with no or very low erosive potential. The resulting overestimated soil losses calculated using USLE/RUSLE subsequently cause an overestimation of financial expenses for erosion-control measures.
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Fatawa, Muhammad Ihsan, Edi Santosa, Dhika Prita Hapsari, and Krisantini. "Climate change and its adaptation strategies on tea plantation in West Java, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Agronomy 51, no. 2 (August 25, 2023): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24831/ija.v51i2.47081.

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Climate change, i.e., changing rainfall refers to drought and excess rainfall, is known to affect the growth and yield of tea production in many regions. However, research on the impact of climate change on tea plantations in Indonesia is still limited. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of changing rainfall on the productivity of tea plantation at Cianjur, West Java. The data was collected from interviews, field data, and company records from April to July 2022. The results showed that changing rainfall of both limited rainfalls during El Nino and excess rainfall during La Nina affected the tea production. Annual tea productivity declined during both climatic events. Shortage of water during El Nino primarily reduced crop growth, while excess rainfall during La Nina reduced the capacity of tea pickers and increased labor for crop maintenance. Failure to adapt to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change could contribute to declining tea production in Indonesia. Thus, comprehensive action is needed including capacity building in human resources, water management, and microclimate adaptation such as shading plants and tolerant clones to sustain tea production under climate change events.
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Minea, Gabriel, and Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac. "Land use impact on overland flow: micro-scale field experimental analysis." Journal of Water and Land Development 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0013.

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Abstract The objective of this paper was to experimentally investigate the hydrological effect of land use on overland flow at micro-scale. The research was based on field experiments made with stationary and expeditionary measurements on runoff plots. Plots are located in the Curvature Subcarpathians, form part of the Aldeni Experimental Basin (Romania) and cover an area of 80 m2. The land is covered with perennial grass and bare soil. The experiments in this field were performed under natural and simulated rainfalls. The plots data (rainfall and discharges) obtained during the experiments conducted in the warm semester (IV–IX) and one artificial rainfall (1 mm·min−1) were used. Significant variations in hydrological responses to rainfall rates were identified for the two land uses. On average, overland flow parameters on runoff plots covered with grasses were reduced to maximum 28% for discharges and to 50% for volumes while in the case of simulated rainfalls, the runoff rates were significantly increased on the bare soil plot. Grasses have a very important function as they cover and protect the soil and slow down the overland flow.
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SEETHARAM, K. "Impact of Madden-Julian oscillations on the Indian summer monsoon sub-divisional rainfalls." MAUSAM 59, no. 2 (November 27, 2021): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v59i2.1251.

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Indian summer monsoon rainfall exhibits inter-seasonal variations in the time scales of 2-7 years which are linked to quasi-biennial oscillations and El nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon and also intra-seasonal variations in the time-scale of 30-60 days which are linked to activity of MJO which emerged as a dominant mode of intra-seasonal oscillations of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in addition to the other modes of low frequency oscillations. In this scenario, the inter and intra seasonal variability of 29 meteorological sub-divisional rainfalls has been investigated by correlating the MJO indices at 10 different longitudes covering Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans with cumulative sub-divisional summer monsoon rainfall (1979 – 2000). The results were discussed.
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Vilayvong, K., N. Yasufuku, and R. Ishikura. "Evaluation of rainfall erosivity and impact forces using strain gauges." Lowland Technology International 17, no. 4 (2016): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14247/lti.17.4_207.

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Tunas, I. G., H. Azikin, and G. M. Oka. "Impact of Extreme Rainfall on Flood Hydrographs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 884, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/884/1/012018.

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Abstract Extreme rainfall is the main factor triggering flooding in various regions of the world including Indonesia. The increase in intensity and duration of current extreme rainfall is predicted as a result of global climate change. This paper aims to analyze the impact of extreme rainfall to the peak discharge of flood hydrographs at a watershed outlet in Palu, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Maximum daily rainfall data for the period 1990-1999 recorded at the Palu Meteorological Station, Central Sulawesi were selected using the Annual Maximum Series Method, and grouped into two types. Type I is the maximum daily rainfall data with extreme events and Type II is the maximum daily rainfall data without extreme events. Frequency analysis was applied to the two data groups using the best distribution method of: Normal, Normal Log, Pearson III Log, and Gumbel to obtain the design rainfall of each data group. In the next stage, the design rainfall transformation into a flood hydrograph is performed using the Nakayasu Synthetic Unit Hydrograph based on a number of return periods in one of the rivers flowing into Palu Bay, namely the Poboya River. The analysis results show that the design rainfall graphs with both extreme rainfall and without extreme rainfall are identical at the low return period and divergent at the high return period with a difference of up to 21.6% at the 1000-year return period. Correspondingly, extreme rainfall has a greater impact at the peak of the flood hydrograph with increasing return periods ranging from -1.28% to 26.81% over the entire return period.
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Chumchean, Siriluk, Ashish Sharma, and Alan Seed. "Radar rainfall error variance and its impact on radar rainfall calibration." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28, no. 1-3 (January 2003): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-7065(03)00005-6.

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M. R. Savabi and D. E. Stott. "Plant Residue Impact on Rainfall Interception." Transactions of the ASAE 37, no. 4 (1994): 1093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.28180.

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Yu, Yang, Keisuke Kojima, Kyoungjin An, and Hiroaki Furumai. "Cluster analysis for characterization of rainfalls and CSO behaviours in an urban drainage area of Tokyo." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.253.

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Combined sewer overflow (CSO) from urban areas is recognized as a major pollutant source to the receiving waters during wet weather. This study attempts to categorize rainfall events and corresponding CSO behaviours to reveal the relationship between rainfall patterns and CSO behaviours in the Shingashi urban drainage areas of Tokyo, Japan where complete service by a combined sewer system (CSS) and CSO often takes place. In addition, outfalls based on their annual overflow behaviours were characterized for effective storm water management. All 117 rainfall events recorded in 2007 were simulated by a distributed model InfoWorks CS to obtain CSO behaviours. The rainfall events were classified based on two sets of parameters of rainfall pattern as well as CSO behaviours. Clustered rainfall and CSO groups were linked by similarity analysis. Results showed that both small and extreme rainfalls had strong correlations with the CSO behaviours, while moderate rainfall had a weak relationship. This indicates that important and negligible rainfalls from the viewpoint of CSO could be identified by rainfall patterns, while influences from the drainage area and network should be taken into account when estimating moderate rainfall-induced CSO. Additionally, outfalls were finally categorized into six groups indicating different levels of impact on the environment.
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Vemula, Swathi, K. Srinivasa Raju, and S. Sai Veena. "Modelling impact of future climate and land use land cover on flood vulnerability for policy support – Hyderabad, India." Water Policy 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.106.

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Abstract The study analyses the impact of climate change and land use land cover (LULC) on runoff of Hyderabad city, India for the years 1995, 2005, 2016 and 2031. Flood vulnerability was evaluated for extreme historic and future rainfall events. Maximum daily rainfalls of 132, 181 and 165 mm that occurred in the decades of 1990–2000, 2001–2010 and 2011–2016 were considered for historic rainfall–runoff modelling. Complementarily in climate change, maximum daily rainfall of 266 mm predicted during 2020–2040 by Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory-Coupled Model 3 (GFDL-CM3) Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, was analysed for rainfall-runoff scenario in 2031. LULC was assessed from historic maps and the master plan of the city. Peak runoff was modelled in Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for corresponding daily rainfall and LULC. The floodplain of the river Musi was modelled in Hydrological Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). Results showed that changing rainfall and LULC increased peak runoff by three times, and flood depth in the river increased by 22% from 1995 to 2031. In 2016 and 2031, 48 and 51% of the city was highly vulnerable. Five detention basins were proposed to combat increasing runoff, due to which highly vulnerable areas reduced by 8% in 2016 and 9% in 2031.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Mehrotra, Rajeshwar Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Multisite rainfall stochastic downscaling for climate change impact assessment." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23327.

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This thesis presents the development and application of a downscaling framework for multi site simulation of daily rainfall. The rainfall simulation is achieved in two stages. First, rainfall occurrences at multiple sites are downscaled, which is followed by the generation of daily rainfall amounts at each site identified as wet. A continuous weather state based nonparametric downscaling model conditional on atmospheric predictors and a previous day average rainfall state is developed for simulation of multi site rainfall occurrences. A nonparametric kernel density approach is used for simulation of rainfall amounts at individual sites conditional on atmospheric variables and the previous day rainfall amount. The proposed model maintains spatial correlation of rainfall occurrences by simulating concurrently at all stations and of amounts by using random innovations that are spatially correlated yet serially independent. Temporal dependence is reproduced in the occurrence series by conditioning on previous day average wetness fraction and assuming the weather states to be Markovian, and in the amount series by conditioning on the previous day rainfall amount. The seasonal transition is maintained by simulating rainfall on a day-to-day basis using a moving window formulation. The developed downscaling framework is calibrated using the relevant atmospheric variables and rainfall records of 30 stations around Sydney, Australia. Results indicate a better representation of the spatio-temporal structure of the observed rainfall as compared to existing alternatives. Subsequently, the framework is applied to predict plausible changes in rainfall in warmer conditions using the same set of atmospheric variables for future climate obtained as a General Circulation Model simulation. While the case studies presented are restricted to a specific region, the downscaling model is designed to be useful in any generic catchment modelling and management activity and/or for investigating possible changes that might be experienced by hydrological, agricultural and ecological systems in future climates.
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Bistritschan, Torsten. "Impact of moisture flux corrections on seasonal predictability of African rainfall." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400554.

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Sonder, Kai. "Soil erosion in andean cropping systems : the impact of rainfall erosivity." Hohenheim : Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Pflanzenproduktion und Agrarökologie in den Tropen und Subtropen, 2004. http://opus-ho.uni-stuttgart.de/hop/volltexte/2004/55/.

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Farnsworth, Alexander James. "Rainfall variability and the impact of land cover change over central Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654486.

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Panikom, Nattawadee. "Climate Change Impact on Rainfall-Induced Landslides in Ottawa Sensitive Marine Clays." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41041.

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The City of Ottawa is situated in an area known as the Champlain Sea, 17,000 years before present (BP) the entire area was covered with sea water. This area deposited marine clays which are known to be highly sensitive. The City of Ottawa needs to expand land use to allow for the expansion of infrastructure and housing to support its growth. This study is intended to assist the City of Ottawa’s geotechnical engineers in their decision-making by identifying future sensitive areas prone to landslides due to rainfall based on future climate model data. The project incorporates rainfall intensities from downscaled climate model data in the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Regional Slope-Stability (TRIGRS) model to investigate areas sensitive to landslides, then within a GIS platform, the future landslide susceptibility maps were created based on Factor of Safety (FS) values showing the areas prone to landslides. The data input for the model includes climate model data, topography, hydrogeology, geology and geophysical data obtained from a previous study. These data were prepared using ArcGIS software and converted into ascii format for TRIGRS model. The model was calibrated using historical rainfall intensities and validated by comparing to historical landslide areas. Sensitivity analysis were performed to ranges of geotechnical properties found within sensitive marine clays in the area to find the values best to create the ideal scenario, normal scenario and worst-case model scenario for the prediction. Rainfall intensities from projected climate data Intensities Duration Frequency (IDF) of 10 years and 50 years returning period and rainfall intensities of 12 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr were selected for the model. Results from simulations find the projected climate rainfall intensity do not have impact or has minimal impact to slope stability in sensitive marine clay areas in Ottawa directly. However, higher rainfall runoff is expected from projected rainfall RCP8.5 than the RCP4.5. The infiltration rate remains constant throughout each simulation, which is the same value as the hydraulic conductivity. The time when the slope becomes unstable varies depending on initial water levels. Results from the ideal and normal scenario show no areas prone to slope failure after 48 hours of rainfall duration. However, the factor of safety decreases as the rainfall duration increases and is expected to decrease with longer rainfall durations. The worst-case scenario shows some areas prone to slope failure (FS < 1) with 2% probability of slope failure at 48 hours of rainfall duration. The distribution of these unstable areas are located along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, Carp River, Mississippi River and valleys along their tributaries, the majority of the area prone to slope instability from rainfall are in the east part of the City of Ottawa. While there are many uncertainties and limitations which contribute to the model results, this study is useful to engineers and planners in initial implementation of mitigation strategies to mitigate the damages and cost from landslides events. The susceptibility maps can also assist in decision making for planners in developing into these areas.
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Collins, Robert Peter. "The impact of terraced agriculture upon water quality in the Middle Hills, Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340011.

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Pal, Indrani. "Rainfall trends in India and their impact on soil erosion and land management." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/224798.

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Under the threat of global warming it is vital to determine the impact that future changes in climate may have on the environment and to what extent any adverse effects can be mitigated. In this research an assessment was carried out on the impact that climate trends may have on soil erosion and contaminant transport in India and examined the potential for top soil management practices to improve or maintain soil quality. Historical rainfall data from 50-135 years and extreme temperature data for 103 years were analysed and long term trends were assessed for various aspects of Indian climates using suitable statistical techniques. Results indicated that intra-region variability for extreme monsoon seasonal rainfall is large and mostly exhibited a negative tendency leading to increasing frequency and magnitude of monsoon rainfall deficit and decreasing frequency and magnitude of monsoon rainfall excess everywhere in India except in the peninsular Indian region. This is further exacerbated by increased and more variable extreme temperatures. Intra-region rainfall variability in India is linked to the pacific Southern Oscillation, where the associations of monsoon drought and El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the regions near to coast are greatest. 50-years high resolution daily gridded rainfall data was analysed to set up certain indices for the extreme daily rainfalls to assess their changes for the six gridded regions of Kerala, the extreme south western state of India where monsoon rainfall initiates every year. This was also done for two study sites, namely Bhoj wetland area of west central India and Sukinda chromite mining site of central north east India. Significant decrease was found in monsoon and spring rainfall extremes and increase in winter and autumn rainfall extremes in Kerala that would affect the tendency of change in seasonal total rainfall as well. Decrease in monsoon rainfall in Kerala also indicate that monsoon rainfall is decreasing in India as a whole, increased occurrence of floods is expected in winter and autumn seasons, together with water scarcity are expected to be felt both in spring and monsoon seasons with a delaying monsoon onset in Kerala. Soil erosion studies were conducted for two northern most gridded regions of Kerala as an extended work of the related MPhil study, and contaminant transport with eroded sediments was looked at for the Bhoj and Sukinda sites using RUSLE2 model software and other suitable numerical methods. It was found that soil erosion depended on a complex interaction of climate, soil properties, topography, and cover management. An assessment on extreme climate patterns for Bhoj and Sukinda showed an increasing tendency of seasonal and annual rainfall extremes and temperatures leading to an increasing pattern of soil erosion at both the sites. However, a certain consensus was difficult to reach because of the complex interaction of climate and soil carbon that is a very important deciding factor for soil erosion potential. Vegetative cover and plant residue was found providing essential soil nutrients, enhancing soil properties and retarding rainfall impact on bare top soil leading to reduction of soil erosion. Therefore, a soil erosion and contaminant transport prevention plan should take care of the top soil such that it is not kept bare especially when rainfall intensity is high in a given year. This work as a whole has highlighted the importance of regional climatological analysis with the large scale spatial averages especially at local decision making level, which is very useful for the broad scenarios such as climatological and ecological risk management.
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Chen, Yi-Ru. "Impact Assessment of Climate and Land-Use Changes on Rainfall and Flood Runoff." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366232.

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Worldwide, flooding is a common environmental hazard, and is also one of the major natural hazards that can cause death and economic losses in Australia. Flooding is the overflow of water onto normally dry land and is often caused by a prolonged period of rainfall, high-intensity/short-duration storms, or storm surges associated with tropical cyclones or other intense low pressure systems. Climate and weather, land-use, and social processes all have an influence on the occurrence of floods and their impacts. In particular, urbanisation, with a noticeable increase in impervious area, is a significant cause of increased flood volume and peak discharge. The magnitude and frequency of occurrence of floods as impacted by global warming and land-use change have been previously investigated. General Circulation Models (GCMs) have been used to derive climate projections. The uncertainty with climate projections based on GCM outputs is usually a concern, whereas examination and analysis of historical long-term rainfall data can provide an improved understanding of past climate change and help develop likely future climate change scenarios. The majority of research so far has examined changes in annual, seasonal, monthly, and daily rainfall. However, to date only limited work has considered the changes in sub-daily rainfall intensities in south-eastern Australia.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Bidin, Kawi. "Spatio-temporal variability in rainfall and wet-canopy evaporation within a small catchment recovering from selective tropical forestry." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369023.

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Bhowmick, Mansi. "Impact of soil moisture variability on convective rainfall activity over the Indian sub-continent." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17015/.

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Soil moisture is an important geophysical parameter affecting land atmosphere processes, and hence free convection, by controlling the partitioning of the surface heat flux into latent and sensible heat flux. Interaction between these fluxes and the atmosphere gives rise to different types of soil moisture-precipitation feedback, namely “wet advantage” where rain is favoured over a wet (high latent heat flux) surface and “dry advantage” where rain is favoured over a dry (high sensible heat flux) surface. Previous studies over different parts of the world have shown that these feedback processes can take different pathways, according to one-dimensional and three-dimensional models. According to the one-dimensional model there is probability of rain initiation when the boundary layer top meets the level of free convection either by heating (increase in sensible heat flux over a dry surface) or by moistening (increase of latent heat flux over wet soil) of the boundary layer. On the other hand three-dimensional models explain convective triggering due to wind convergence near gradients in soil moisture. This is a first study to compare and evaluate the existing soil moisture-precipitation feedback theories presented in the literature, over the Indian sub-continent under a single environment, by using high resolution convection-permitting (non-parameterized, or “explicit” convection) EMBRACE model simulation. Initially, a brief synoptic observational study shows evidence of surface-atmosphere coupling. More detailed case studies from the model output show further evidence for the land-atmosphere interaction in this region. The model indicates that all the processes defined by different theoretical models do exist under different surface, and atmospheric conditions. The relative contribution of different processes under different soil moisture conditions prevailing over different climatic zones of the Indian sub-continent during the 20-day wet monsoon period from mid-July to early August is statistically studied. Dry-to-wet downwind soil moisture gradient is found to be the statistically significant pattern for initiation of the majority of afternoon convective initiation in the East, Centre and South study domains of India. It is also found that the so-called “CTP-HIlow” predictive framework is not sufficient to address the observed behaviour of convective initiation under the full three-dimensional modelling environment. The use of the parameter HIlow, which is defined as the sum of humidity within and just above the inversion, as a predictive parameter is not physically understandable. This framework also lacks generality and solutions are empirically derived based on one-dimensional modelling and observations, which vary from place to place. To offer a solution to these theoretical difficulties, this study provides a new quantitative model, using the basic idea behind the CTP-HIlow framework to find new predictive parameters depending on sound physical relationships instead of empirical solutions. The system is governed by two non-dimensional parameters, namely inversion Bowen ratio and a “stiffness ratio”, and a third, dimensional parameter ΔR. Analysis of the EMBRACE simulations shows occurrence of both the dry and wet advantage, but the majority of the morning profiles favour prediction of dry advantage. Thus, the equations derived from the new quantitative model offer a quantitative prediction of wet and dry advantage occurring systematically, which is a question of great importance to weather and climate prediction, especially over moisture-limited areas.
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Books on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Affairs, Botswana Dept of Water. A study of the impact of small dam construction on downstream water resources: Final report. Gaborone, Botswana: Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners (Botswana), 1992.

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Impact of excess rains on yield, market availability, and prices of onion. Hyderabad: Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, 2006.

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Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Karsten, Simon Beecham, Jonas Olsson, Ida Bulow Gregersen, and Patrick Willems. Impacts of Climate Change on Rainfall Extremes and Urban Drainage Systems. IWA Publishing, 2012.

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Skoufias, Emmanuel, B. Essama-Nssah, and Roy S. Katayama. Too little too late: Welfare impacts of rainfall shocks in rural Indonesia. The World Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5615.

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Foster, Russell, and Leon Kreitzman. Circadian Rhythms: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198717683.001.0001.

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The Earth’s daily rotation affects almost every living creature. From dawn through to dusk, there are changes in light, temperature, humidity, and rainfall. However, these changes are regular, rhythmic, and therefore predictable. Thus, the near 24-hour circadian rhythm is innate: a genetically programmed clock. Circadian Rhythms: A Very Short Introduction explains how organisms can ‘know’ the time and reveals what we now understand of the nature and operation of chronobiological processes. Covering variables such as light, the metabolism, human health, and the seasons, it illustrates how jet lag and shift work can impact on human well-being, and considers circadian rhythms alongside a wide range of disorders, from schizophrenia to obesity.
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Kucharski, Fred, and Muhammad Adnan Abid. Interannual Variability of the Indian Monsoon and Its Link to ENSO. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.615.

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The interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon is probably one of the most intensively studied phenomena in the research area of climate variability. This is because even relatively small variations of about 10% to 20% from the mean rainfall may have dramatic consequences for regional agricultural production. Forecasting such variations months in advance could help agricultural planning substantially. Unfortunately, a perfect forecast of Indian monsoon variations, like any other regional climate variations, is impossible in a long-term prediction (that is, more than 2 weeks or so in advance). The reason is that part of the atmospheric variations influencing the monsoon have an inherent predictability limit of about 2 weeks. Therefore, such predictions will always be probabilistic, and only likelihoods of droughts, excessive rains, or normal conditions may be provided. However, even such probabilistic information may still be useful for agricultural planning. In research regarding interannual Indian monsoon rainfall variations, the main focus is therefore to identify the remaining predictable component and to estimate what fraction of the total variation this component accounts for. It turns out that slowly varying (with respect to atmospheric intrinsic variability) sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) provide the dominant part of the predictable component of Indian monsoon variability. Of the predictable part arising from SSTs, it is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that provides the main part. This is not to say that other forcings may be neglected. Other forcings that have been identified are, for example, SST patterns in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and parts of the Pacific Ocean different from the traditional ENSO region, and springtime snow depth in the Himalayas, as well as aerosols. These other forcings may interact constructively or destructively with the ENSO impact and thus enhance or reduce the ENSO-induced predictable signal. This may result in decade-long changes in the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon. The physical mechanism for the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon may be understood as large-scale adjustment of atmospheric heatings and circulations to the ENSO-induced SST variations. These adjustments modify the Walker circulation and connect the rising/sinking motion in the central-eastern Pacific during a warm/cold ENSO event with sinking/rising motion in the Indian region, leading to reduced/increased rainfall.
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Verdi, Richard J., Stewart A. Tomlinson, and Richard L. Marella. The Drought of 1998-2002 : Impacts on Florida's Hydrology and Landscape (Circular, 1295). U.S. Geological Survey, 2006.

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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834632.001.0001.

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Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 provides a detailed description and analysis of the weather records made at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, the longest continuous series of single-site weather records in Britain and one of the longest in the world. The earliest records date from 1767, and daily records are unbroken since November 1813. The records allow the reconstruction of 200-year temperature and rainfall series and places the Oxford records in the context of long-term climate change. In this, the first full publication of the entire dataset, the long Oxford record is both celebrated and described. Detailed commentaries on weather by month and by season are provided, including numerous contemporary documentary and photographic evidence of past weather events. Drought and flood feature prominently, but so too do fog, frost, ice and snow. Some long-term changes are obvious, such as the increase in air temperature over the period of the instrumental record, but the impact on the growing season and the ability to grow grapes commercially near Oxford are less well known.
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Bone, Angie, Alan Wilton, and Alex G. Stewart. Flooding and health: Immediate and long-term implications. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0015.

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Flooding can happen at any time of year and anywhere in the UK, not just in communities living near rivers or the coast. As our climate warms, flooding is expected to occur more frequently, through a combination of sea-level rise and increasing rainfall. As floods are highly dependent on location and context, and the impacts are often complex, sustained, and diverse, a well-coordinated multi-agency plan and response is required. Flooding has extensive and significant impacts on health and wellbeing, including immediate effects (e.g. drowning, injuries, carbon monoxide poisoning) and delayed effects (e.g. mental health issues). The role of Health Protection is to provide scientific and technical advice to responders, public health communications, health surveillance, and to maintain its own business continuity. This chapter sets out the basic facts around flooding and health, illustrating the issues, actions, misconceptions and challenges during the acute response and longer-term clean-up and recovery phases.
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Goswami, B. N., and Soumi Chakravorty. Dynamics of the Indian Summer Monsoon Climate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613.

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Lifeline for about one-sixth of the world’s population in the subcontinent, the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the annual cycle of the winds (reversal of winds with seasons), coupled with a strong annual cycle of precipitation (wet summer and dry winter). For over a century, high socioeconomic impacts of ISM rainfall (ISMR) in the region have driven scientists to attempt to predict the year-to-year variations of ISM rainfall. A remarkably stable phenomenon, making its appearance every year without fail, the ISM climate exhibits a rather small year-to-year variation (the standard deviation of the seasonal mean being 10% of the long-term mean), but it has proven to be an extremely challenging system to predict. Even the most skillful, sophisticated models are barely useful with skill significantly below the potential limit on predictability. Understanding what drives the mean ISM climate and its variability on different timescales is, therefore, critical to advancing skills in predicting the monsoon. A conceptual ISM model helps explain what maintains not only the mean ISM but also its variability on interannual and longer timescales.The annual ISM precipitation cycle can be described as a manifestation of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) or the zonally oriented cloud (rain) band characterized by a sudden “onset.” The other important feature of ISM is the deep overturning meridional (regional Hadley circulation) that is associated with it, driven primarily by the latent heat release associated with the ISM (ITCZ) precipitation. The dynamics of the monsoon climate, therefore, is an extension of the dynamics of the ITCZ. The classical land–sea surface temperature gradient model of ISM may explain the seasonal reversal of the surface winds, but it fails to explain the onset and the deep vertical structure of the ISM circulation. While the surface temperature over land cools after the onset, reversing the north–south surface temperature gradient and making it inadequate to sustain the monsoon after onset, it is the tropospheric temperature gradient that becomes positive at the time of onset and remains strongly positive thereafter, maintaining the monsoon. The change in sign of the tropospheric temperature (TT) gradient is dynamically responsible for a symmetric instability, leading to the onset and subsequent northward progression of the ITCZ. The unified ISM model in terms of the TT gradient provides a platform to understand the drivers of ISM variability by identifying processes that affect TT in the north and the south and influence the gradient.The predictability of the seasonal mean ISM is limited by interactions of the annual cycle and higher frequency monsoon variability within the season. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) has a seminal role in influencing the seasonal mean and its interannual variability. While ISM climate on long timescales (e.g., multimillennium) largely follows the solar forcing, on shorter timescales the ISM variability is governed by the internal dynamics arising from ocean–atmosphere–land interactions, regional as well as remote, together with teleconnections with other climate modes. Also important is the role of anthropogenic forcing, such as the greenhouse gases and aerosols versus the natural multidecadal variability in the context of the recent six-decade long decreasing trend of ISM rainfall.
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Book chapters on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Parry, Martin L., Timothy R. Carter, and Nicolaas T. Konijn. "Village-Level Farm Adjustment to Rainfall Variability." In The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, 557–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2965-4_27.

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Parry, Martin L., Timothy R. Carter, and Nicolaas T. Konijn. "Village-Level Farm Adjustment to Rainfall Variability." In The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, 557–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2967-8_27.

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Guhathakurta, Pulak, Preetha Menon, and N. B. Nipane. "Identifying the Changes in Rainfall Pattern and Heavy Rainfall Events During 1871–2010 over Cherrapunji." In High-Impact Weather Events over the SAARC Region, 335–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10217-7_23.

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Cheung, Kevin K. W., Lisa T. C. Chang, and Yubin Li. "Rainfall Prediction for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones: Perspectives of Mitigation." In Typhoon Impact and Crisis Management, 175–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40695-9_8.

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Jain, Sharad K. "Trend Analysis of Long-Term Rainfall Data Series." In Climate Change Impact on Water Resources, 285–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8524-9_23.

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Sreejith, O. P., Divya Surendran, Arti Bandgar, and D. S. Pai. "Operational Seasonal Forecasting of the Southwest Monsoon Rainfall." In Social and Economic Impact of Earth Sciences, 31–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6929-4_2.

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Patel, Priyank, Darshan Mehta, Sahita Waikhom, and Kinjal Patel. "Analysis of Rainfall Variability and Drought Over Bardoli Region." In Climate Change Impact on Water Resources, 245–55. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8524-9_20.

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Gatlin, Patrick N., Jonathan L. Case, Jayanthi Srikishen, and Bhupesh Adhikary. "The High-Impact Weather Assessment Toolkit." In Earth Observation Science and Applications for Risk Reduction and Enhanced Resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya Region, 231–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73569-2_12.

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AbstractOf the various types of weather phenomena, thunderstorms produce some of the most immediate and impactful hazards—damaging winds and hail, frequent lightning, and intense rainfall. Resilience to high-impact weather can be attained through investment in several key areas: proper infrastructure; effective emergency management; public education; and well-informed weather forecasting services.
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Olaniyan, Olumide A., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kamoru A. Lawal, and Ugbah Paul Akeh. "Impact of Moisture Flux and Vertical Wind Shear on Forecasting Extreme Rainfall Events in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1127–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_98.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
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Olaniyan, Olumide A., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kamoru A. Lawal, and Ugbah Paul Akeh. "Impact of Moisture Flux and Vertical Wind Shear on Forecasting Extreme Rainfall Events in Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_98-1.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
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Conference papers on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Dananjali, T., S. Wijesinghe, and J. Ekanayake. "Forecasting Weekly Rainfall Using Data Mining Technologies." In 2020 From Innovation to Impact (FITI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fiti52050.2020.9424877.

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Zhou, Yi, Yu Shang, Jiangyun Li, and Qiufeng Tang. "Stochastic Long Time Series Rainfall Generation Method." In International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481042.011.

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"RIDGE: Rainfall impact detachment in gully erosion." In 25th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2023.randall.

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Arone, Jamil, Oriana B. Torres, Ada L. Arancibia, and Julio M. Kuroiwa. "Retrofitting of a Rainfall Simulator to Evaluate Hydrologic Output of SUDS." In International Low Impact Development Conference 2023. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784485002.020.

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Guo, Fengqing, Yuntao Guan, and Tanaka Hiroaki. "Groundwater Replenishment Analysis of Rainfall Collected via an Ecological Detention Facility." In International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481042.021.

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Fatima, Hashmi, H. C. Upadhyaya, and O. P. Sharma. "Impact of carbonaceous aerosols on Indian monsoon rainfall." In SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, edited by Tiruvalam N. Krishnamurti, Jhoon Kim, and Takashi Moriyama. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.867030.

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Book, Kevin, David T. Wayne, and Conor M. Pogue. "Impact of rainfall on the propagation of 1.5um." In Laser Communication and Propagation through the Atmosphere and Oceans XI, edited by David T. Wayne, Jaime A. Anguita, and Jeremy P. Bos. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2634174.

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Nguyen, Duc Canh, and Moo Young Han. "Rainfall-Storage-Pump-Discharge (RSPD) Model for Sustainable and Resilient Flood Mitigation." In International Low Impact Development Conference China 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481042.017.

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"Modelling impact of extreme rainfall on sanitary sewer system by predicting rainfall derived infiltration/inflow." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l12.nasrin.

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Bhaduri, Sonali, Rohan Bajhal, Sudhanshu Mallick, Narendra Shiradkar, and Anil Kottantharayil. "Degradation of anti-soiling coatings: mechanical impact of rainfall." In 2020 IEEE 47th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc45281.2020.9300414.

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Reports on the topic "IMPACT OF RAINFALL"

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Levine, David, and Dean Yang. The Impact of Rainfall on Rice Output in Indonesia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20302.

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Ayala-García, Jhorland, and Sandy Dall’Erba. The impact of preemptive investment on natural disasters. Banco de la República, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.301.

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Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more frequent and more intense in the future. Because their mitigation is a challenge and their cost to human life is large, this paper studies the impact of preemptive investment against natural disasters on the future occurrence of landslides and the losses associated with it. Based on a panel of 746 Colombian municipalities with medium and high risk of landslides and an instrumental variable approach, we find that preemptive public investment can reduce the number of landslides, the number of people who die, are injured, or disappear after a landslide, as well as the number of people affected. However, we do not find any effect on the number of houses destroyed. The results reveal that local governments focus their preventive measures on saving the lives and the physical integrity of their citizens, but they pay less attention to the direct market losses of natural disasters. These results are relevant in the presence of imperfect private insurance markets and increased informal settlements.
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Wagner, Anna, Christopher Hiemstra, Glen Liston, Katrina Bennett, Dan Cooley, and Arthur Gelvin. Changes in climate and its effect on timing of snowmelt and intensity-duration-frequency curves. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41402.

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Snow is a critical water resource for much of the U.S. and failure to account for changes in climate could deleteriously impact military assets. In this study, we produced historical and future snow trends through modeling at three military sites (in Washington, Colorado, and North Dakota) and the Western U.S. For selected rivers, we performed seasonal trend analysis of discharge extremes. We calculated flood frequency curves and estimated the probability of occurrence of future annual maximum daily rainfall depths. Additionally, we generated intensity-duration-frequency curves (IDF) to find rainfall intensities at several return levels. Generally, our results showed a decreasing trend in historical and future snow duration, rain-on-snow events, and snowmelt runoff. This decreasing trend in snowpack could reduce water resources. A statistically significant increase in maximum streamflow for most rivers at the Washington and North Dakota sites occurred for several months of the year. In Colorado, only a few months indicated such an increase. Future IDF curves for Colorado and North Dakota indicated a slight increase in rainfall intensity whereas the Washington site had about a twofold increase. This increase in rainfall intensity could result in major flood events, demonstrating the importance of accounting for climate changes in infrastructure planning.
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Bernal, CArolina, and Razvan Vlaicu. Child Labor, Rainfall Shocks, and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Rural Households. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005058.

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This paper examines how rural households cope with climate change related rainfall shocks by re-allocating childrens time between domestic activities and school attendance. Households affected by an unanticipated rainfall shock face an inter-temporal trade-off between current household income and future potential earnings. Financial inclusion may mitigate or exacerbate the human capital impacts of rainfall shocks depending on whether it relaxes or constrains household budgets. The data come from a three-round panel household survey in rural Colombia collected between 2010-2016. The main findings are that rainfall shocks induce households to choose immediate benefits over long-run investments in education by increasing the incidence of child labor and household chores at the expense of school attendance. Over-indebtedness through pre-existing formal loans reinforces the likelihood that a child works due to rainfall shocks, whereas asset insurance, foreign remittances, and natural disaster aid mitigate or eliminate the shock-induced shift toward domestic activities and away from schooling.
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Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.

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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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Shah, Manisha, and Bryce Millett Steinberg. Drought of Opportunities: Contemporaneous and Long Term Impacts of Rainfall Shocks on Human Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19140.

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Barr, Robert, Laura Bowling, Kyuhyun Byun, Indrajeet Chaubey, Natalie Chin, Darren Ficklin, Alan Hamlet, et al. The Future of Indiana’s Water Resources: A Report from the Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment. Purdue University, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317640.

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This report from the Indiana Climate Change Impacts Assessment (IN CCIA) applies climate change projections for the state to explore how continued changes in Indiana’s climate are going to affect all aspects of water resources, including soil water, evaporation, runoff, snow cover, streamflow, drought, and flooding. As local temperatures continue to rise and rainfall patterns shift, managing the multiple water needs of communities, natural systems, recreation, industry, and agriculture will become increasingly difficult. Ensuring that enough water is available in the right places and at the right times will require awareness of Indiana’s changing water resources and planning at regional and state levels.
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Higuera Roa, Oscar, and Jack O'Connor. Technical Report: Hurricane Ida. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/nyky2894.

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On 1 September 2021, remnants of Hurricane Ida, the costliest disaster of 2021, brought historic rainfall to New York City, triggering the city’s first-ever flash flood alerts as water flooded streets, subway stations and apartments. Many of the people that lost their lives in the floods lived in basement apartments, and the water management system was completely overwhelmed, indicating a pressing need for infrastructure improvements to prevent such a disaster from happening again. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for Hurricane Ida through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Kumar, Avni, Jeremy Kohlitz, and Juliet Willetts. Mainstreaming Climate Risks into Rural Sanitation Programming in Lao PDR. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2022.022.

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Despite climate change being a major concern for the sanitation sector, rural sanitation remains neglected in the wider discussions of climate impacts on WASH services. Also, the voices of vulnerable individuals, households, and communities who are experiencing the effects of climate change in relation to sanitation issues are missing. This learning brief presents learnings from a practitioner’s experience of integrating climate risk considerations into a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) programme. The interventions were piloted across three districts of Savannakhet province with a focus on villages that have frequently experienced heavy rainfall and flooding in the past. The learning brief is intended to provide inspiration and ideas to WASH experts and practitioners with interest in integrating considerations of climate change into rural sanitation programming.
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Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen, et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.

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The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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