Journal articles on the topic 'Impact measuremente'
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Oleniacz, Grzegorz, Izabela Skrzypczak, and Tomasz Świętoń. "ACCURACY OF RTN MEASUREMENT IN VARIOUS MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego / Inżynieria Środowiska 166, no. 46 (July 3, 2017): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6029.
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Series of GNSS receiver tests allowed to determine real accuracy of RTN measurements. Repeated measurements allowed to estimate accuracy in function of used navigation satellite system, duration of measurements and field conditions on measurement site which are related to horizon visibility by obstacles (bushes). Research results indicate no dependency between the technology used and the measurement accuracies obtained and significant impact of the conditions on set-up on the measurement's results.
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Kitabata, Kouki, Akihiro Takita, Takao Yamaguchi, Edwin Carcasona, Agus Setyo Budi, and Yusaku Fujii. "Impact Response Measurement of a Bamboo Sword “Shinai”." Journal of the Institute of Industrial Applications Engineers 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jiiae.4.66.
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Wyatt, Lucy R., J. Jim Green, and Andrew Middleditch. "Signal Sampling Impacts on HF Radar Wave Measurement." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho614.1.
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Abstract Averaging is required for the measurement of ocean surface wave spectra and parameters with any measurement system in order to reduce the variance in the estimates. Sampling theory for buoy measurements is well known. The same theory can be applied to the impact of sampling on the estimation of high-frequency (HF) radar power spectra from which wave measurements are derived. Some work on the impacts on the HF radar wave measurements themselves is reviewed and applied to datasets obtained with three different radar systems, operating at different radio frequencies in different geographical locations. Comparisons with collocated buoy measurements are presented showing qualitative agreement with the sampling impact predictions but indicating that there are more sources of differences than can be explained by sampling. Increased averaging is applied to two of these datasets to demonstrate the improvement in data quality and quantity that can be obtained.
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Costa, Ericka, and Caterina Pesci. "Social impact measurement: why do stakeholders matter?" Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-12-2014-0092.
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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the notion of social impact of social impact measurement in social enterprises by supporting the multiple-constituency theory as a contribution to this under-theorised issue. Moreover, the paper proposes the stakeholder-based approach as the most appropriate solution for selection among metrics related to the growing number of social impact measurements. Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes a review of social impact measurement studies by considering contributions from both academia and practitioners, while providing a reassessment and conceptualisation of this issue in terms of the multiple-constituency theory. Findings – The paper criticises the “golden standard approach” to social impact measurement according to which social enterprises have to find one standardised metric capable of determining an organisation’s real impact. The golden standard approach promotes a more “political view” of social enterprises, according to which multiple stakeholders set performance standards based on their viewpoints regarding the measurement’s purposes. Research limitations/implications – The paper responds to the urgent call to define a theoretical framework that might guide social impact measurement, seeking to avoid the current lack of order and transparency in existing practices that could serve as a vehicle for camouflaging corporate social un-sustainability. Originality/value – The multiple-constituency approach should discourage organisations from opportunistically selecting a social impact measurement with the sole purpose of proving a higher impact, as, within the proposed new perspective, social impact metrics are no longer managed independently by the social enterprises themselves. Instead, these metrics are defined and constructed with the stakeholders. As a result, social enterprises’ manipulative intentions should diminish.
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Jacob, Vinodkumar, M. Bhasi, and R. Gopikakumari. "Impact of Human Factors on Measurement Errors." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2011100103.
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Measurement is the act or the result, of a quantitative comparison between a given quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as a unit. It is for observing and testing scientific and technological investigations and generally agreed that all measurements contain errors. In a measuring system where both a measuring instrument and a human being taking the measurement using a preset process, the measurement error could be due to the instrument, the process or human error. This study is devoted to understanding the human errors in measurement. Work and human involvement related factors that could affect measurement errors have been identified. An experimental study has been conducted using different subjects where the factors were changed one at a time and the measurements made by them recorded. Errors in measurement were then calculated and the data so obtained was subject to statistical analysis to draw conclusions regarding the influence of different factors on human errors in measurement. The findings are presented in the paper.
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Kumhála, F., M. Kroulík, J. Mašek, and V. Prošek. "Development and testing of two methods for the measurement of the mowing machine feed rate." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 11 (December 10, 2011): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4187-pse.
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Two methods were developed and tested for the measurement of the mowing machine material feed rate (based on the conditioner power input measured by a torque-meter, and/or on the material change in momentum measured by a curved impact plate). The measurements carried out in the year 2001 proved that a very good linear relationship existed between the conditioner power input, output frequency of the apparatus measuring the impact force by means of the impact plate, and the material feed rate through the mowing machine. The calculated R-Squared values were about 0.95. In the year 2002, the impacts of material and condition (parameters) changes on the mowing machine material feed rate measurement accuracy were measured under laboratory conditions. It was evident from the statistical evaluation that changing crop variety, crop maturity, and intensity of conditioning can have a statistically significant influence on the measurement based on the torque-meter. As concerns the impact plate measurement, it was found that it is not possible on the basis of our measurements to determine statistically the influence of the factors tested.
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Kim, Gon, Hong Soo Lim, and Jeong Tai Kim. "The Impact of Coherent Light Sources On Luminance Measurement." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 2015): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2015.v7.815.
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Chen, LinXiong, CaiXia Hu, Chang Fang, and Wei Liu. "Effects of Impact Hammer Parameters on Mechanical Impedance Measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2366, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2366/1/012007.
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Abstract Base impedance has a direct effect on mechanical equipment’s properties, and thus its accurate measurement constitutes an important foundation for the evaluation of these properties. Through theoretical deduction and base impedance measurement, we investigated the influences of impact hammer parameters on mechanical impedance measurement using an impact excitation method. By comparing the effects of hammer head softness and hammer size on base’s mechanical impedance measurements, we know that soft and hard hammer heads were suitable for the impedance measurement in low and high frequency regions, respectively, and that hammer size had a little influence on impedance measurements.
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Lo Verde, John, Wayland Dong, and Samantha Rawlings. "Lateral impact noise II: Practice and recommended procedures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015560.
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Impact noise insulation has traditionally been thought of mostly in terms of vertical adjacencies, and ASTM E1007 provides no guidance for performing such a measurement in a lateral, diagonal, or other non-vertical condition. Because lateral impact transmission can be significant, the authors have developed methods and practices for performing this measurement (see papers by the authors at ICSV 2017 and Inter-Noise 2019). ISO 16283-2 also describes procedures and methods for the measurements and analysis of lateral impact noise measurements. The various measurement methods are compared and evaluated. For some assembly types, there is an advantage to maintain a constant distance from tapping machine to the separating partition. Appropriate ratings for categorization of lateral impact isolation are discussed, and changes to E1007 to clarify the measurement method are proposed.
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Yang, Qing, and Nianping Li. "Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Shading on Thermal, Visual, and Acoustic Properties of Indoor Environments." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 11776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811776.
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Through objective measurement, subjective measurement, and prioritization methods, this study evaluates the impacts of different shading facilities on the indoor environment of multi-story residential buildings, such as dormitories. The objective measurements mainly include the operative temperature, daylight factor, and sound pressure level. The subjective measurement is obtained from occupant votes regarding their satisfaction with the thermal uniformity, natural lighting, external noise, and the overall indoor environment. The results show that the subjective evaluations were significantly more reliable than the objective measurements for predicting indoor environmental satisfaction. The prioritization method of the ordered logistic regression was then used to evaluate the impact of perceived indoor environmental quality on overall satisfaction. The results show that the impact of the perceived indoor environmental quality on overall satisfaction varied with the shading facilities. In addition, the occupants commented on the function of items affecting their application preferences and provided recommendations for improving balconies and sunshades to provide occupants with better indoor environments.
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Dhar, Suman. "Measurement of Employees Work Stress and Impact of Organizational Commitment." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 3 (January 15, 2012): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/mar2014/8.
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Augustin, Alexandry, Louise Coutts, Lorenzo Zanisi, Anthony S. Wierzbicki, Francesco Shankar, Phil J. Chowienczyk, and Christopher N. Floyd. "Impact of Therapeutic Inertia on Long-Term Blood Pressure Control." Hypertension 77, no. 4 (April 2021): 1350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15866.
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Antihypertensive drug treatment is based on stepped titration in response to elevated blood pressure (BP) measurements. However, measurements do not necessarily represent an individual’s true BP (due to random error and biological variability), and medications are not always increased when measurements are above target (therapeutic inertia). We developed a Monte Carlo model with a 10-year horizon to investigate how measurement error impacted systolic BP (SBP) control in the presence of therapeutic inertia. When SBP measurements were in the range 140 to 159 mm Hg, the probability of escalating treatment was determined by a Bernoulli probability mass function parameterized by weighting functions exploring distinct inertia profiles. Simulating inertia with the weighting function that approximated to clinical practice resulted in ≈50% of individuals failing to achieve their SBP target within the 10-year time horizon. An inverse relationship was observed between measurement error and SBP control. This suggests that the value of accurate SBP measurement is only realized if it changes the underlying probability of inertia—that is, patients/clinicians believe a measurement to be accurate and so are more likely to act upon it. Removal of inertia during treatment initiation (ie, stepped titration until SBP measurement was below target) improved true SBP control for all simulations. Our simulations show that the impact of therapeutic inertia during treatment initiation persists during long-term follow-up. Strategies to remove therapeutic inertia during treatment initiation (ie, dual antihypertensive therapy) are likely to improve long-term BP control irrespective of BP measurement technique.
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Misaka, Takashi, and Shigeru Obayashi. "Sensitivity Analysis of Unsteady Flow Fields and Impact of Measurement Strategy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/359606.
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Difficulty of data assimilation arises from a large difference between the sizes of a state vector to be determined, that is, the number of spatiotemporal mesh points of a discretized numerical model and a measurement vector, that is, the amount of measurement data. Flow variables on a large number of mesh points are hardly defined by spatiotemporally limited measurements, which poses an underdetermined problem. In this study we conduct the sensitivity analysis of two- and three-dimensional vortical flow fields within a framework of data assimilation. The impact of measurement strategy, which is evaluated by the sensitivity of the 4D-Var cost function with respect to measurements, is investigated to effectively determine a flow field by limited measurements. The assimilation experiment shows that the error defined by the difference between the reference and assimilated flow fields is reduced by using the sensitivity information to locate the limited number of measurement points. To conduct data assimilation for a long time period, the 4D-Var data assimilation and the sensitivity analysis are repeated with a short assimilation window.
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Elhajj, Mireille, and Washington Ochieng. "Impact of New GPS Signals on Positioning Accuracy for Urban Bus Operations." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 1284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463320000272.
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This paper analyses for the first time the impact of new GPS signals on positioning accuracy for dynamic urban applications, taking bus operations as an example. The performance assessment addresses both code measurement precision and positioning accuracy. The former is based on signal-to-noise ratio and estimation of multipath and noise by a combination of code and carrier phase measurements. The impact on positioning accuracy is derived by comparing the performance achievable with the conventional single frequency GPS only positioning both relative to reference trajectories from the integration of carrier phase measurements with data from a high grade inertial measurement unit. The results show that L5 code measurements have the highest precision, followed by L1 C/A and L2C. In the positioning domain, there is a significant improvement in two-dimensional and three-dimensional accuracy from dual frequency code measurements over the single frequency measurements, of 39% and 48% respectively, enabling more bus operation services to be supported.
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Chi, Chen, Yi Lu, Yiwu Zhou, Jiaxin Li, Yawei Xu, and Yi Zhang. "Factors That May Impact the Noninvasive Measurement of Central Blood Pressure Compared to Invasive Measurement: The MATCHY Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091482.
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Calibration affects central blood pressure (BP) estimation accuracy. Factors influencing the accuracy of noninvasive central BP measurement, type of calibration method implemented (systolic/diastolic BP or mean/diastolic BP), and type of BP measurement device used (devices using the transfer function method, directly measurement from the carotid artery, and the transfer function-like method), were investigated. Fifty participants (aged 62.4 ± 8.9 years) without overt heart diseases were recruited. Invasive aortic and radial BP was measured. Simultaneously, noninvasive central BP was measured using three types of devices. The mean invasive aortic BP was 127 ± 19/95 ± 14 mmHg. Noninvasive central BP tended to be slightly lower than invasive BP, though without statistical significance. The type of calibration method did not significantly influence the noninvasive cSBP measurements (p ≥ 0.24). Results from cuff-based devices were significantly lower than invasive measurements (p = 0.04). Multiple regression analyses showed that gender was significantly correlated with the accuracy of noninvasive cSBP measurement. In conclusion, noninvasive cSBP measurements are comparable to invasive measurements but might underestimate true cSBP. The type of device may affect the accuracy of measurement. Either of the two calibration methods is acceptable.
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Gąska, Adam, Piotr Gąska, Maciej Gruza, and Jerzy Sładek. "Selection of Optimal Path Control Algorithms for Probe Heads Used on Five-Axis Measuring Systems." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122455.
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The utilization of rotational movements of a probing system during points measurementscontributes to the reduction of measurement duration and increases measurement repeatability.However, knowledge on such behavior and accuracy of probing systems is still unsatisfactory.Machines combined with articulating probing systems that have the ability of continuous indexationbecome redundant systems, which means that the same points can be measured using almost infinitemutual configurations of the machine and probe stylus orientations. Therefore, the proper selectionof inspection path planning method becomes one of the main factors affecting the accuracy of themeasurement. It is possible to assess the impact of this factor on the accuracy of the measurementby comparing the results of the measurements of gauge elements, which are done using differentpath controlling algorithms. After that, the best method for basic measuring tasks can be chosenin order to reduce measurement errors. Measurements of the multi-feature check gauge, using thedefault method for path planning and those chosen on the basis of described experiments, indicatesthat the improvement of accuracy may reach several microns. Results presented in this paper can bedirectly transferred to similar systems and measuring tasks, which are commonly met in industrialand scientific practice.
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Secchi, Simone, and Gianfranco Cellai. "Technical Note: Determination of Impact Noise of Floors Based on Vibration Measurements." Building Acoustics 14, no. 3 (September 2007): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/135101007781998901.
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Field measurement of acoustical performances of buildings is difficult where construction has not been completed. The absence of doors, windows and other finishing details, generates sound transmission paths, which can modify the results of measurements. In these cases, acoustical performances of building, such as sound reduction index and impact noise, can be determined through the temporary close of all openings, or through the measurement of the vibration velocity level of the partitions examined. Both techniques allow the elimination of airborne transmission paths, while the second also permits the evaluation of the contribution of structural flanking transmission. In this paper, a technique is described for the estimation of impact noise of floors from measurements of velocity levels. Results are presented for a concrete floors and a comparison given between the traditional and new type of measurements.
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Ohms, Carsten, Robert C. Wimpory, and Dimitar Neov. "Residual Stress Measurement by Neutron Diffraction in a Single Bead on Plate Weld - Influence of Instrument and Measurement Settings on the Scatter of the Results." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2452.
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Residual stress measurements on a single bead weld on a steel plate had been performed at the High Flux Reactor of the Joint Research Centre in 2003. For these measurements a relatively old diffractometer had been used. The results obtained were characterized by significant scatter of the data, and the measurement quality suffered from the short movement ranges of the specimen positioning table as well. In 2008, a second, nominally identical, specimen from the same activity was investigated on a second diffractometer, which allowed the repetition of the residual stress measurements using different measurement settings. The present paper compares the old and the new measurement results, with a view to assessing the impact of the instrumental settings on their quality. It has been found that the overall stress distributions from the 2003 and the 2008 measurements were in fact very similar. Nevertheless, the new settings used, such as in-situ specimen rocking, extended measurement duration, increased density of measurement positions and spatial resolution among others, have been found to have considerable impact on the real and on the apparent scatter of the experimental results showing that the presented methodologies can be used for improvement of neutron diffraction measurements.
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Gąska, Piotr, Adam Gąska, Maciej Gruza, Ksenia Ostrowska, and Jerzy Sładek. "Assessment of impact of stylus length on measurement accuracy for 5-axis coordinate measuring systems." Mechanik 90, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 1027–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.11.170.
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Length of stylus used during measurements performed on CMMs is one of the important factors which affect their accuracy. Authors decided to investigate how this factor affects the measurement done in 5-axis mode when articulated probe head is used for adding 2 supplementary rotary movements during measurements. Described research utilize well-known methodology based on measurement of material standards. The impact of the stylus length on obtained results was estimated and conclusions were drawn.
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Attila Dobos, Róbert Víg, and János Nagy. "The impact of environmental factors on the measurement of the normalized difference vegetation index." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 49 (November 13, 2012): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2512.
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The level of nitrogen supply of a plant population can be quickly measured with non-destructive optical measurement devices and the differentiated determination of nitrogen shortage and the replenishment of nitrogen can also be carried out. The level of nitrogen supply is based on the fact that the chlorophyll content of crops is in close correlation with nitrogen content and that the amount of chlorophyll can be easily measured on the basis of the light absorption of chlorophyll molecules. The successfulness of optical measurements can be influenced by the change of weather parameters; therefore, it is important to know the correlations between measurement results and weather parameters when it comes to practical use.The GreenSeeker Model 505 measurement device determines the relative chlorophyll content in the form of the Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index (NDVI) calculated on the basis of the intensity of the reflected red and infrared rays of light from the crop population. The measurements were performed in alfalfa population with 10 replications at five measurement heights and four measurement times. The weather parameters were measured by a weather station located in the middle of the alfalfa population and the correlations between the meteorological data and the NDVI values were examined. During the statistical evaluation of the results, it was established that the NDVI measurement is primarily influenced by the relative humidity of the air, secondly by air temperature and thirdly by wind speed. Relative humidity was in strong correlation with the NDVI values which were also influenced by the measurement height and time. Regression was not significant in the case of 20 cm measurement height, but the measurements above 40 cm height showed significant correlations. The correlation was shown to be strong at each measurement time, but the influence of humidity was the lowest at 11:00 and 14:00.
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Yamamoto, S. "Measurement of Impact Ejecta from Regolith Targets in Oblique Impacts." Icarus 158, no. 1 (July 2002): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.2002.6862.
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Santhosh, Sheeba, A. Vimala Juliet, and G. Hari Krishnan. "Impact of Electrodes Separation Distance on Bio-Impedance Diagnosis." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2108.
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Bio-impedance diagnosis depends mainly on two factors first being the location of electrode placement and second being the distance between electrodes. To minimize the errors caused during bio impedance measurement at variable frequencies, it is required to study the electrodes used for the measurement and its exact location where the electrodes are placed. This paper analyses various electrode separations used for bioimpedance measurement for cardiac signal. The electrode system is used based on the type of tissue under consideration for measurement. It is found that the errors are dependent on the frequencies at which the measurement is carried out and it also depends on the intensity of current applied. Thus, selection of current and frequency is very important for measurements. In this paper, the impact of size, distance and location of the electrodes that can be used for bio-impedance cardiograph.
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Zore, Aleš, Robert Čerin, and Marko Munih. "Impact of a Robot Manipulation on the Dimensional Measurements in an SPC-Based Robot Cell." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 6397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146397.
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In our study a robot was used to deliver objects for measurement into the Equator gauging system. To investigate the robot’s manipulation influence on dimensional measurements, the robot’s tasks were divided into basic functions. Based on these basic functions, nine different robot-manipulation scenarios were defined, i.e., from zero to full robot manipulation, for two measuring objects (named Magnet and PKR) and six measurement characteristics (rectangular and spherical). The robot’s manipulation influence was determined on the basis of the statistical parameters Cp, R, and the 6σ obtained from a measurement system analysis (MSA) type-1 study. The results show that the degree of implemented manipulation of the robot affects the scattering of the measurement data. However, the effect is much more pronounced in the case of length measurements than with spherical geometries. Different measuring methods (touch-triggering or scanning measurement mode, number of sampling points) were used, which showed similar measurement data. This directly indicated the influence of the robot’s manipulation on Cp, R and 6σ. Increasing the degree of the robot’s manipulation decreases the Cp value and increases the R and 6σ values for the length measurements. There is no such pronounced course in the spherical geometries, where the values of Cp, R and 6σ remain approximately the same. The main influential factor for decreasing the Cp value with increasing robot manipulation was the angular misalignment of the object’s orientation in the fixture.
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Grishko, S. V. "The impact of duration observations on precision of results GNSS measurements." Geodesy and Cartography 921, no. 3 (April 20, 2017): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-921-3-7-13.
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This paper shows that the accuracy of relative satellite measurements depend not only on the length of the baseline, as it is regulated by the rating formula of accuracy of GNSS equipment, but also on the duration of observations. As a result of the strict adjustment much redundant satellite networks with different duration of observations obtained covariance matrix of baselines, the most realistic reflecting the actual error of satellite observations. Research of forms of communication of these errors from length of the baseline and duration of its measurement is executed. A significant influence of solar activity on accuracy of satellite measurements, in general, leads to unequal similar series of measurements made at different periods, for example, in the production of monitoring activities. The model of approximation of the functional dependence of accuracy of the baseline from its length and duration of observations having good qualitative characteristics is offered. Based on the proposed model, we analyzed the dynamics of changes in measurement accuracy with an increase in observation time.
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HANIF, Khairul, Kunihiko SAKURADA, Mitsuo HOSHINO, and Tsutomu YOSHIDA. "OS11F032 Measurement of Elastic Modulus over Wide Range of Temperature by Impact Sound." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS11F032——_OS11F032—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os11f032-.
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Strzecha, Krzysztof, Marek Krakós, Bogusław Więcek, Piotr Chudzik, Karol Tatar, Grzegorz Lisowski, Volodymyr Mosorov, and Dominik Sankowski. "Processing of EMG Signals with High Impact of Power Line and Cardiac Interferences." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 4625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104625.
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This work deals with electromyography (EMG) signal processing for the diagnosis and therapy of different muscles. Because the correct muscle activity measurement of strongly noised EMG signals is the major hurdle in medical applications, a raw measured EMG signal should be cleaned of different factors like power network interference and ECG heartbeat. Unfortunately, there are no completed studies showing full multistage signal processing of EMG recordings. In this article, the authors propose an original algorithm to perform muscle activity measurements based on raw measurements. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for EMG signal measurement was validated by a portable EMG system developed as a part of the EU research project and EMG raw measurement sets. Examples of removing the parasitic interferences are presented for each stage of signal processing. Finally, it is shown that the proposed processing of EMG signals enables cleaning of the EMG signal with minimal loss of the diagnostic content.
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Kurnatowski, Marek. "Test of Impact of Vibrations Frequency on Mean Errors of the Precise Height Differences Measurement with Analogue Automatic Leveller Ni002." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2018-0056.
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Abstract The article describes the results of tests carried out to determine the measurable effect of vibrations on the accuracy of measurements with an automatic precise leveller. It contains specification of the research station created to examine the case and description of factors affecting the measurement results. The multi-frequency vibrations were forced on a leveller during measurements and calculated mean errors for each frequency analysed. The range of frequencies for which the measurement was possible was estimated. The obtained results can be helpful in the engineering measurements designing, especially in industrial areas, where vibrations are an inseparable element of the environment.
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Balková, M., and R. Zázorská. "Impact of shelter on daylight in the stables for dairy cows." Research in Agricultural Engineering 62, Special Issue (December 30, 2016): S21—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/36/2016-rae.
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The aim of the measurement was to assess the illuminance values and values of daylight factor in two stables for dairy cows that have the same technology layout. The difference between the stables was a shelter on the side of one of them. Measurements were made halfway through the stables including edge portions with cubicle and central parts with feed passage, above which is skylight. From the measured values of illuminance and calculated values of daylight factor, it can be seen that the effect of roof skylight is significant in terms of daylight. At the same time, they show how shelter affects daylight in the stable. The difference in values in the section under the roof skylight and in parts where the external walls are open is considerable. In the sheltered part, illuminance values are even lower than those with other external walls. This implies that the shelter sufficiently shades the cubicle, which is especially useful during summer.
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Khokhlov, Mikhail, and Olga Pozdnyakova. "The impact of system nonlinearities in the problem of optimal PMU placement for power system state estimation." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601041.
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In PMU-based state estimation, a linear measurement model with phasors of both state variables and measurements expressed in rectangular coordinates has proven efficiency. The rectangular coordinate formulation is also used in optimal PMU placement problem aimed at providing the power system state estimation with the most informative measurements. In this case, it is assumed that the linearity of the measurement model ensures the optimality of the found placement of PMUs for any steady-state operating condition of the power system. The results presented in this paper show that this is not the case.
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Ivošević, Jurica, Emir Ganić, Antonio Petošić, and Tomislav Radišić. "Comparative UAV Noise-Impact Assessments through Survey and Noise Measurements." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126202.
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Possibilities to use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are rapidly growing. With the development of battery technologies, communication, navigation, surveillance, and autonomous systems in general, many UAVs are expected to operate at relatively low altitudes. Thus, the problem of UAV noise impact on human health and well-being will be more pronounced. In this paper, we conducted noise measurements of two UAVs of different performance (quadrotor and hexarotor) in flying up and down, hovering, and overflight procedures. Respondents of good hearing who were confirmed by audiogram measurement and had participated in the survey during UAV noise measurement gave their subjective assessments on the UAV noise perception. UAV noise measurements and subjective respondents’ assessments were analysed and related. UAV noise analysis showed that the parameters measured at the same measurement point for the hexarotor were higher than those for the quadrotor in flying up and down and flying-over procedures. Low frequency noise was present in the noise spectrum of both drones. Participants were able to distinguish between the noise of UAVs and had a generally more negative experience with the hexarotor. Regardless of the noise perception, more than 80% of the respondents believe there are more pros than cons for UAV introduction into everyday life.
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Miklašēvičs, Ziedonis. "THE IMPACT OF HARVESTER CALIBRATION ON THE ACCURACY OF BIRCH VENEER LOGS MEASUREMENTS BY MEASURING DIAMETER IN SHORT INTERVALS USING ELECTRONIC 3D SYSTEMS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2535.
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Accurate calibration of the harvester head relies on accurate manual log measurements. According to the recommended calibration procedures as proposed by the harvester manufacturer the differences between the volume measurements from harvester measurement system and the caliper-and-tape system must be within ± 3% and harvester diameter measurements within ± 6mm of manual measurements in 80% cases.
Requirements in Latvia stipulate that total volume measurement accuracy levels must be within ± 5% of actual volume if veneer or birch logs are being harvested, ± 3% if saw logs are being harvested and ± 10% if pulp wood or fire wood are being harvested.
The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of harvester calibration on the accuracy of birch veneer logs measurements by Measuring Diameter in Short Intervals using electronic 3D systems when different double bark volume determination algorithm are used in harvester and stacionar measurement system. The research was carried out in December 2016 in the region Latgale in Latvia. The wood felling area was chosen - Mercurialiosa mel. For volume estimation the sequent measurement equipment were applied: harvester Ponsse ERGO 8W, harvester information system Opti 4G and electronic 3D scanner system Elmes 3600.
The research is a continuation to the work done in the project „Harmonisation of piece-by-piece measurement methods of roundwood approved by Standard LVS 82:2003 „Apaļo kokmateriālu uzmērīšana” [6], the project “Harmonization of piece-by-piece measurement methods in all stages of roundwood manufacturing processes” [7] and the project "Investigation and evaluation of the methodology of determination of solid volume according to the stacked volume on roadside and in forwarder loads for logistics purposes in LATVIA" [8].
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Juraschek, Stephen P., Anthony Ishak, Kenneth J. Mukamal, Marc L. Cohen, and Jennifer L. Beach. "Impact of Clinic-Based Blood Pressure Approaches on Blood Pressure Measurement." American Journal of Hypertension 33, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz118.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Clinic-based blood pressure (BP) is a closely-tracked metric of health care quality, but is prone to inaccuracy and measurement imprecision. Recent guidelines have advocated for automated office blood pressure (AOBP) devices to improve clinic-based BP assessments. METHODS Patients from a single hypertension clinic underwent a 3-day evaluation that included a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 2 manual clinic-based BP measurements (over 2 visits), and an unattended AOBP measurement (single visit). All measurements were compared to the average wake-time systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) from ABPM. RESULTS Among 103 patients (mean age 57.3 ± 14.8 years, 51% women, 29% black) the average wake-time SBP was 131.3 ± 12.3 mm Hg and DBP was 78.3 ± 9.2 mm Hg. The average of 2 manual BPs was significantly higher than wake-time ABPM with mean differences of 5.5 mm Hg (P < 0.001) for SBP and 2.7 mm Hg (P = 0.002) for DBP. In contrast, the averages of the last 2 AOBP measurements did not significantly differ from ABPM with mean differences of 1.6 mm Hg (P = 0.21) for SBP and −0.5 mm Hg (P = 0.62) for DBP. The estimated prevalence of SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg based on wake-time ABPM was 27.2% vs. 49.5% based on the average of 2 manual measurements (difference 22.3%; P < 0.001) and 31.1% based on the average of the last 2 AOBP measurements (difference 3.9%; P = 0.57). CONCLUSIONS A single visit, unattended AOBP more precisely estimated BP and the prevalence of stage 2 and uncontrolled hypertension than even the average of 2 manual clinic visits, supporting guideline recommendations to use AOBP for clinic-based BP measurements.
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Sun, Yifan, Chaozhong Wu, Hui Zhang, Wenhui Chu, Yiying Xiao, and Yijun Zhang. "Effects of Individual Differences on Measurements’ Drowsiness-Detection Performance." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i4.3668.
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Individual differences (IDs) may reduce the detection-accuracy of drowsiness-driving by influencing measurements’ drowsiness-detection performance (MDDP). The purpose of this paper is to propose a model that can quantify the effects of IDs on MDDP and find measurements with less impact by IDs to build drowsiness-detection models. Through field experiments, drivers’ naturalistic driving data and subjective-drowsiness levels were collected, and drowsiness-related measurements were calculated using the double-layer sliding time window. In the model, MDDP was represented by |Z-statistics| of the Wilcoxon-test. First, the individual driver’s measurements were analysed by Wilcoxon-test. Next, drivers were combined in pairs, measurements of paired-driver combinations were analysed by Wilcoxon-test, and measurement’s IDs of paired-driver combinations were calculated. Finally, linear regression was used to fit the measurements’ IDs and changes of MDDP that equalled the individual driver’s |Z-statistics| minus the paired-driver combination’s |Z-statistics|, and the slope’s absolute value (|k|) indicated the effects of ID on the MDDP. As a result, |k| of the mean of the percentage of eyelid closure (MPECL) is the lowest (4.95), which illustrates MPECL is the least affected by IDs. The results contribute to the measurement selection of drowsiness-detection models considering IDs.
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Hujer, Jan, and Miloš Müller. "Calibration of PVDF Film Transducers for the Cavitation Impact Measurement." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002036.
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This paper describes investigation of the influence of the protective layer thickness on the calibration sensitivity of PVDF films sensors for the cavitation impacts measurements. The PVDF film sensor is casted into an aluminium block. The drop ball method is used for the measurement of the relation between impact force and the voltage detected on the PVDF film sensor. The calibration constants are measured for three different protective layers thicknesses. Five different ball weights for 400 mm drop height are used to reach the required impact force range. The ball positions for the evaluation of the impact force are measured with a high speed camera. The voltage signal detected on the PVDF film clamps was measured with a high speed digitizer. The measured signals are analysed in LabVIEW Signal Express.
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Kim, Heegon, Jonghyun Cho, Daniel H. Jung, Jonghoon J. Kim, Joungho Kim, Jun So Pak, Kwang-Seong Choi, and Hyun-Cheol Bae. "Measurement-based Signal Quality Test of High-speed TSV Channel." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp22.
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In this paper, measurements of high-speed TSV channel were performed in frequency- and time-domains for the signal quality test. The channel loss was measured up to 20 GHz in frequency-domain and the eye-diagram was measured up to 10 Gbps in time-domain. To analyze the measurement results, the equivalent-circuit model of high-speed TSV channel and the worst eye-diagram estimation algorithm were introduced. By using them, the impacts of silicon-conductance and oxide-capacitance on channel loss were analyzed. Moreover, the negligible impact of reflection on the signal quality of the high-speed TSV channel was also analyzed. These measurement-based signal quality analyses can provide the useful insight and design guidance for high-speed TSV channel.
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Rodgers, James, Christopher Delhom, Chanel Fortier, and Devron Thibodeaux. "Rapid measurement of cotton fiber maturity and fineness by image analysis microscopy using the Cottonscope®." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 3 (December 20, 2011): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511431317.
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Two of the important cotton fiber quality and processing parameters are fiber maturity and fineness. Fiber maturity is the degree of development of the fiber’s secondary wall, and fiber fineness is a measure of the fiber’s linear density and can be expressed as mass per unit length. A well-known method for fiber maturity and fineness is a cross-section image analysis and microscopy measurement. In general, typical cross-section image analysis and microscopy methods for fiber maturity and fineness can be slow and tedious to perform. Much interest has been shown in improved and rapid routine measurements of fiber maturity and fineness in the laboratory. The Cottonscope® is a new small footprint instrument for measuring fiber maturity and fineness, consisting of a longitudinal measurement of weighted fiber snippets in water using polarized light microscopy and image analysis. A program was implemented to assess the potential and capabilities of the Cottonscope to measure cotton lint maturity and fineness and to determine the major operational impacts on the Cottonscope results. The measurement was fast and easy to perform. The major operational impact on the Cottonscope results was environmental conditions (room temperature and relative humidity), and its impact was a concern for fineness only. Very good method agreement was observed between the Cottonscope and image analysis and microscopy method for maturity and fineness, with moderate coefficients of determination, R2s, and low residuals. Recommended operational protocols for routine Cottonscope measurements were developed.
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Bohman, Ariel, and Mark A. Arnold. "Molar Absorptivity Measurements in Absorbing Solvents: Impact on Solvent Absorptivity Values." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 3 (November 13, 2016): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702816662883.
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Molar absorptivity is a fundamental molecular property that quantifies absorption strength as a function of wavelength. Absolute measurements of molar absorptivity demand accounting for all mechanisms of light attenuation, including reflective losses at interfaces associated with the sample. Ideally, such measurements are performed in nonabsorbing solvents and reflective losses can be determined in a straightforward manner from Fresnel equations or effectively accounted for by path length difference methods. At near-infrared wavelengths, however, many solvents, including water, are absorbing which complicates the quantification of reflective losses. Here, generalized equations are developed for calculating absolute molar absorptivities of neat liquids wherein the dependency of reflective loss on absorption properties of the liquid are considered explicitly. The resulting equations are used to characterize sensitivity of absolute molar absorptivity measurements for solvents to the absorption strength of the solvent as well as the path length of the measurement. Methods are derived from these equations to properly account for reflective losses in general and the effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated for absolute molar absorptivity measurements for water over the combination region (5000–4000 cm−1) of the near-infrared spectrum. Results indicate that ignoring solvent absorption effects can incorporate wide ranging systematic errors depending upon experimental conditions. As an example, systematic errors range from 0 to 10% for common conditions used in the measurement of absolute molar absorptivity of water over the combination region of the near-infrared spectrum.
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Collison, Michael E., Philip J. Stout, Tatyana S. Glushko, Kristen N. Pokela, Debra J. Mullins-Hirte, Joel R. Racchini, Melissa A. Walter, et al. "Analytical Characterization of Electrochemical Biosensor Test Strips for Measurement of Glucose in Low-Volume Interstitial Fluid Samples." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.9.1665.
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Abstract Background: Minimally invasive interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling and glucose measurement technologies were integrated into a hand-held device for diabetic glucose monitoring investigations. Methods: Conventional electrochemical test strip technology (Bayer Glucometer Elite®) was adapted to measure glucose in small (0.5–2.0 μL) samples of ISF. Test strip glucose measurements were performed on a commercial potentiostat and were compared to various reference glucose methodologies (YSI 2300 analyzer, microhexokinase procedure, Bayer Glucometer Elite). Characterizations of the integrated ISF sampling-glucose test strip design included accuracy and precision in various sample media (saline, ISF surrogates, diabetic ISF samples), sample volume dependence, test strip sterilization studies (electron beam, γ irradiation), and diabetic ISF sampling and glucose measurements. Results: Glucose measurements were free from significant media effects. Sample volume variations (0.6–3.2 μL) revealed only modest dependence of glucose measurement bias on sample volume (−1.5% per microliter). Sterilization treatments had only a minor impact on glucose response and test strip aging and no significant impact on interferent responses of the glucose test strips. Diabetic subject testing under minimum fasting conditions of at least 2 h with integrated ISF sampling and glucose measurement gave low ISF glucose measurement imprecision (CV, 4%) and mean glucose results that were indistinguishable from reference (microhexokinase) ISF glucose measurements and from capillary blood glucose measurements (Glucometer Elite). Conclusions: Conventional single-use, electrochemical glucose test strip and ISF collection technologies can be readily integrated to provide real-time ISF sampling and glucose measurements for diabetic monitoring applications.
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Paudel, P., P. Beckschäfer, and C. Kleinn. "Impact of training on different observers in forest inventory." Banko Janakari 31, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i1.37338.
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Observers with different experience levels are involved in the measurement of large number of sample plots during forest inventories, particularly in national forest inventories. However, limited information exist on the quality of data produced by different observers in forest inventory after certain levels of training. This study tries to evaluate the measurement error in forest inventory associated with observers' experience after initial and field-based training for measuring the most fundamental variables- DBH (cm), total tree height (m), and horizontal distance (m) together with bearing (azimuth) to tree from the plot-centre. On completing the second level of training, the mean of the differences in DBH measurement decreased for both the ‘experienced’ and ‘inexperienced’ groups. The mean of the differences in height measurement in the case of the experienced observers was very low as compared to the inexperienced ones. However, the mean of the differences in azimuth measurement showed that the experienced groups were overestimating by at least 1 degree. There was no trend in deviation of measurement for all four variables regardless of tree size. The decrease in the mean and error of differences in measurements after second training showed that field-based training with supervision and training on the use of instruments at laboratories were required for inexperienced surveyors whereas update in working and measurement procedure would be sufficient for the experienced ones.
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Ruiz, Simón, Jordi Font, Gwyn Griffiths, and Arturo Castellón. "Estimation of heading gyrocompass error using a GPS 3DF system: Impact on ADCP measurements." Scientia Marina 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2002): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2002.66n4347.
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Gądek-Moszczak, Aneta. "The impact of the resolution of the measured object on the assessment of its perimeter." Production Engineering Archives 25, no. 25 (December 1, 2019): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.25.09.
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Abstract Automatic detection of objects is a part of visual systems supporting a quality control system of a manufacturing process. The paper concerns the influence of the resolution of images and the size of detected objects in pixels on measurements results. Test images of the objects of a known size were generated. The values of the perimeter of the objects were compared to the obtained values of measurements on the images with degraded resolution. The process of the degradation of the references images by successive downsizing the resolution, detection and measurements were performed applying automatic algorithm. The analysis of obtained results showed that the size of the analysed objects on the digital images plays an important role in reliability and accuracy of the measurement. The author concludes that, in order to avoid a bias in measurement caused by insufficient object resolution, the minimal acceptable size of objects on digital images in pixels should be recommended.
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Fuśnik, Łukasz, Bartłomiej Szafraniak, Anna Paleczek, Dominik Grochala, and Artur Rydosz. "A Review of Gas Measurement Set-Ups." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 2557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072557.
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Measurements of the properties of gas-sensitive materials are a subject of constant research, including continuous developments and improvements of measurement methods and, consequently, measurement set-ups. Preparation of the test set-up is a key aspect of research, and it has a significant impact on the tested sensor. This paper aims to review the current state of the art in the field of gas-sensing measurement and provide overall conclusions of how the different set-ups impact the obtained results.
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Cao, Xifeng, Lu Zhang, Xingying Zhang, Sen Yang, Zhili Deng, Xin Zhang, and Yuhan Jiang. "Study on the Impact of the Doppler Shift for CO2 Lidar Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 4620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184620.
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is recognized as the most important component of the greenhouse gases, the concentration of which has increased rapidly since the pre-industrial era due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). The accurate monitoring of carbon dioxide is essential to study the global carbon cycle and radiation budget on Earth. The Aerosol and Carbon Detection Lidar (ACDL) instrument onboard the Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring Satellite (AEMS) was successfully launched in April 2022, which allows a new perspective to quantify the global spatial distribution of atmospheric CO2 with high accuracy. In this work, the impact of the Doppler shift on CO2 measurements for an integrated-path differential absorption (IPDA) light detection and ranging (lidar) system was evaluated to meet the weighted column-averaged mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (XCO2) measurement requirements of less than one part per million (ppm). The measurement uncertainties due to the Doppler shift were first evaluated in airborne IPDA observations. The result shows that most of the Doppler shift is in the range of 6–8 MHz, resulting in 0.26-0.39 ppm deviations in the XCO2 results. The deviations between the XCO2 retrievals and in situ measurements decreased to 0.16 ppm after the correction of the Doppler shift from 11:28:29 to 11:28:49 in the flight campaign. In addition, the online Doppler shift accounts for 98% of the deviations between XCO2 retrievals and in situ measurements. Furthermore, the impact of the Doppler shift on ACDL measurements is also assessed. The differences between the XCO2 retrievals with and without Doppler shift are used to quantify measurement uncertainties due to the Doppler effect. The simulations reveal that a pointing misalignment of 0.067 mrad can lead to a mean bias of about 0.30 ppm (0.072%) in the CO2 column. In addition, CO2 measurements are more sensitive to the Doppler shift at high altitudes for IPDA lidar, so the largest differences in the CO2 columns are found on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China.
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Seelmann, Katharina, Martha Gledhill, Steffen Aßmann, and Arne Körtzinger. "Impact of impurities in bromocresol green indicator dye on spectrophotometric total alkalinity measurements." Ocean Science 16, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-535-2020.
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Abstract. Due to its accurate and precise character, spectrophotometric pH detection is a common technique applied in measurement methods for carbonate system parameters. However, impurities in the used pH indicator dyes can influence the measurements quality. During our work described here, we focused on impacts of impurities in the pH indicator dye bromocresol green (BCG) on spectrophotometric seawater total alkalinity (AT) measurements. In order to evaluate the extent of such influences, purified BCG served as a reference. First, a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification method for BCG was developed as such a method did not exist at the time of this study. An analysis of BCG dye from four different vendors with this method revealed different types and quantities of impurities. After successful purification, AT measurements with purified and unpurified BCG were carried out using the novel autonomous analyzer CONTROS HydroFIA® TA. Long-term measurements in the laboratory revealed a direct influence of impurity types and quantities on the drift behavior of the analyzer. The purer the BCG, the smaller was the AT increase per measurement. The observed drift is generally caused by deposits in the optical pathway mainly generated by the impurities. However, the analyzers drift behavior could not be fully overcome. Furthermore, we could show that a certain impurity type in some indicator dyes changed the drift pattern from linear to nonlinear, which can impair long-term deployments of the system. Consequently, such indicators are impractical for these applications. Laboratory performance characterization experiments revealed no improvement of the measurement quality (precision and bias) by using purified BCG as long as the impurities of the unpurified dye do not exceed a quantity of 2 % (relationship of peak areas in the chromatogram). However, BCG with impurity quantities higher than 6 % provided AT values which failed fundamental quality requirements. In conclusion, to gain optimal AT measurements especially during long-term deployments, an indicator purification is not necessarily required as long as the purchased dye has a purity level of at least 98 % and is free of the named impurity type. Consequently, high-quality AT measurements do not require pure but the purest BCG that is purchasable.
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Webster, Kate E., James J. Chiu, and Julian A. Feller. "Impact of Measurement Error in the Analysis of Bone Tunnel Enlargement after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275489.
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Background Radiographic bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is frequently reported. The error associated with measuring tunnels on radiographs has not been established and may be substantial. Hypothesis Measurement error influences interpretation of bone tunnel enlargement. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods Radiographs and clinical outcomes were obtained from 76 subjects who had undergone hamstring tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tunnel enlargement was determined by measuring the widths of the femoral and tibial tunnels with a digital caliper in lateral and anteroposterior radiographs. Measurements were corrected for magnification; the percentage change in tunnel widths was recorded relative to the diameters drilled at surgery. One examiner measured all radiographs and repeated the procedure for 20 randomly selected radiographs 12 months later. A second examiner measured the same 20 radiographs. Intraclass correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for intrarater and interrater measurement errors were calculated. Confidence intervals were used to divide subjects into 2 groups according to whether bone tunnel enlargement was within (unenlarged tunnel group) or greater than (enlarged tunnel group) the 95% confidence interval for measurement error; clinical comparisons between these groups were made for each view of tibial and femoral tunnels. Results Measurement errors for tunnel enlargement ranged from 17% to 26% for intrarater measurements and 24% to 38% for interrater measurements. For the lateral view of the tibial tunnel, there was a significant positive association between tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. There was no relationship between femoral tunnel enlargement and anterior knee laxity. Conclusion There was considerable error associated with bone tunnel measurement. A relationship between tibial tunnel enlargement on the lateral radiograph and anterior knee laxity was evident once enlargement was defined as a change that exceeded measurement error. Clinical Relevance Measurement of bone tunnels on radiographs is useful for interpreting large changes; caution should be used when small changes are observed.
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Zeller, M. B., and J. E. Atfield. "TRANSIENT EXPERIMENTS IN ZED-2 TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF LEAKAGE ON REACTOR PHYSICS PHENOMENA." AECL Nuclear Review 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12943/anr.2014.00032.
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This paper describes an experimental approach where reactor kinetics experiments are used to study reactor physics phenomena that are normally investigated using static-measurement techniques. This approach provides validation data relating to these phenomena for a range of core reactivities, rather than only providing data at critical conditions. Sub-critical and super-critical transient measurements were performed in the ZED-2 reactor. The transients were analyzed using a point kinetics model to derive the reactivity states that induced the transients. The reactor physics phenomenon of interest for the current study is Coolant Density Induced Reactivity. Initial measurements were performed using an air-cooled (i.e., voided) ZED-2 lattice; the measurements were then repeated using the same lattice cooled with light water. These measurements yielded reactivity values for both coolant conditions in the lattice for a range of super-critical and sub-critical states. This investigation avoids the inherent assumption of static-measurement analyses that the bias in predicting criticality for the two coolant conditions is identical to the bias in predicting the phenomenon of Coolant Density Induced Reactivity itself. The measured reactivity values are compared with calculations employing the 3-D stochastic neutron transport reactor code MCNP.
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O'Connor, Kathryn L., Steven Rowson, Stefan M. Duma, and Steven P. Broglio. "Head-Impact–Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 206–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050.52.2.05.
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Context:With an estimated 3.8 million sport- and recreation-related concussions occurring annually, targeted prevention and diagnostic methods are needed. Biomechanical analysis of head impacts may provide quantitative information that can inform both prevention and diagnostic strategies.Objective:To assess available head-impact devices and their clinical utility.Data Sources:We performed a systematic search of the electronic database PubMed for peer-reviewed publications, using the following phrases: accelerometer and concussion, head impact telemetry, head impacts and concussion and sensor, head impacts and sensor, impact sensor and concussion, linear acceleration and concussion, rotational acceleration and concussion, and xpatch concussion. In addition to the literature review, a Google search for head impact monitor and concussion monitor yielded 15 more devices.Study Selection:Included studies were performed in vivo, used commercially available devices, and focused on sport-related concussion.Data Extraction:One author reviewed the title and abstract of each study for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then reviewed each full-text article to confirm inclusion criteria. Controversial articles were reviewed by all authors to reach consensus.Data Synthesis:In total, 61 peer-reviewed articles involving 4 head-impact devices were included. Participants in boxing, football, ice hockey, soccer, or snow sports ranged in age from 6 to 24 years; 18% (n = 11) of the studies included female athletes. The Head Impact Telemetry System was the most widely used device (n = 53). Fourteen additional commercially available devices were presented.Conclusions:Measurements collected by impact monitors provided real-time data to estimate player exposure but did not have the requisite sensitivity to concussion. Proper interpretation of previously reported head-impact kinematics across age, sport, and position may inform future research and enable staff clinicians working on the sidelines to monitor athletes. However, head-impact–monitoring systems have limited clinical utility due to error rates, designs, and low specificity in predicting concussive injury.
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Koprowski, Robert, and Lei Tian. "Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Blood Pulsation on Intraocular Pressure Measurement Results in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9678041.
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Background. Blood pulsation affects the results obtained using various medical devices in many different ways. Method. The paper proves the effect of blood pulsation on intraocular pressure measurements. Six measurements for each of the 10 healthy subjects were performed in various phases of blood pulsation. A total of 8400 corneal deformation images were recorded. The results of intraocular pressure measurements were related to the results of heartbeat phases measured with a pulse oximeter placed on the index finger of the subject’s left hand. Results. The correlation between the heartbeat phase measured with a pulse oximeter and intraocular pressure is 0.69±0.26 (p<0.05). The phase shift calculated for the maximum correlation is equal to 60±40° (p<0.05). When the moment of measuring intraocular pressure with an air-puff tonometer is not synchronized, the changes in IOP for the analysed group of subjects can vary in the range of ±2.31 mmHg (p<0.3). Conclusions. Blood pulsation has a statistically significant effect on the results of intraocular pressure measurement. For this reason, in modern ophthalmic devices, the measurement should be synchronized with the heartbeat phases. The paper proposes an additional method for synchronizing the time of pressure measurement with the blood pulsation phase.
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Anseth, Ronnie, Nils-Olav Skeie, and Magne Waskaas. "The effect of precipitation and deposition layer growth on impedance measurements." tm - Technisches Messen 86, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2018-0062.
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AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine how precipitation and deposition layer growth in an electrochemical cell impact impedance measurements. A measurement system, based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), was used to observe the impedance of an electrochemical cell while precipitation was occurring. The measurement system was also used together with measurements of the solution concentration (in parts per million, ppm) to examine what impact deposition layer growth has on an electrochemical cell. Experimental results indicate a measurable change in the impedance magnitude as the ionic concentration is altered through precipitation. A change in both impedance magnitude and the interfacial capacitance was observed when a deposition layer was established within an electrochemical cell. Results show that impedance measurements are susceptible to changes in solution conductivity and to the presence of a deposition layer in an electrochemical cell. Impedance measurements may be used as an indicator for deposition layer growth, but changes in the solution concentration should be considered when creating a model.
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Bateman, V. I., T. G. Carne, D. L. Gregory, S. W. Attaway, and H. R. Yoshimura. "Force Reconstruction for Impact Tests." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930169.
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Two force reconstruction techniques were used to evaluate the impact test of a scale model nuclear transportation cask dropped 30 ft. onto an unyielding target. The two techniques are: the sum of weighted acceleration technique (SWAT) and the deconvolution technique (DECON). A brief description and the calibration of the techniques as applied to the cask are presented. For the impact test, both techniques yielded very similar resultant forces and provided more accurate definition of the force-time history for the cask than is available from conventional data reduction methods. An applied moment, measurement previously unobtainable from conventional accelerometer data reduction techniques, was determined with SWAT. The angular velocity calculated with SWAT was verified with photometric measurements.