Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Impact d'électrons'
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Gineste, Thomas. "Émission électronique sous impact d'électrons : applications spatiales." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0026/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to provide accurate data on electronic emission properties of technical materials used in spacecraft applications such as silver and aluminium and to understand and to quantify the effect of natural contamination on their electron emission properties.In order to reach this goal, an experimental facility named CELESTE allowing electronic emission properties characterization under ultra-high vacuum had been developed. The facility can be used to perform electron emission yield measurements and also backscattering yield measurements thanks to special experimental setup developed during this phD. To establish a link between the well-known emission physic of pure materials and those of “technical” materials, a specific protocol has been implemented. It allows the study of emission proprieties starting from a sample exposed to ambient atmosphere and reaching a cleaned sample, using Ar ion etching step by step technic.A link has been established between electron emission yield and surface composition evolution of silver and aluminium sample. This work highlights the leading influence of natural contamination on the electron emission proprieties of metals
Oubaziz, Dahbia. "Double ionisation de la molécule d'eau par impact d'électrons." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ036S/document.
Full textIn this work, double ionization mechanisms of oriented water molecules by electron impact have been studied. Five and forth fold differential cross sections in angle have been calculated and analyzed in a coplanar geometry. The theoretical investigation is performed within the first born approximation by describing the initial molecular state by means of single-center wave functions. The contributions of each final state to the double-ionization process, i.e., with target electrons ejected from similar and/or different molecular subshells, are studied and compared in terms of shape and magnitude. Strong dependence of the fivefold differential cross sections on the molecular target orientation is clearly observed in (e, 3-1e) as well as (e, 3e) channels. Furthermore, for the particular target orientations investigated, different mechanisms involved in the double ionization of water molecule, namely, the direct shake-off process as well as the two-step1 process
Da, Ponte Lorenzo. "Etude théorique de l'ionisation d'atomes multiélectroniques par impact d'électrons rapides." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213368.
Full textLaghdas, Khalid. "Etude théorique de l'ionisation simple d'ions multicharges par impact d'électrons rapides." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212573.
Full textEl, Mir Rayan. "Étude théorique et expérimentale de l'ionisation simple et double de molécules par impact d'électrons." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0157/document.
Full textA theoretical and experimental study on simple and double ionization of small molecules by electron impact is reported in the present work. Experiments of simple ionization of the three valence orbitals of ammonia with an incident energy of about 600 eV were performed in Orsay (ISMO). These experiments, named (e,2e), consist in the detection of the scattered and ejected electrons in coincidence. We compared the correspondent experiments to perturbative theories such as first Born approximation: 1CW (One Coulomb Wave) and 1DW (One Distorted Wave). In addition to the BBK model (for the acronym Brauner, Briggs and Klar). Our results show a reasonable agreement between the experiment and the theory concerning the distribution of the binary lobe. On the contrary, the recoil lobe was largely under-estimated. The application of the BBK model by taking into account the short range phases will be an interesting perspective for the description of simple ionization of ammonia molecule. In addition, we studied the ionization process of methane by electron impact. For the simple ionization of methane, we developed theoretical approaches in order to describe the angular distribution of double and triple differential cross sections. Our results were compared to experimental data performed in Afyon in Turkey. For the double ionization of methane, we performed experiments for the external shell 1t2 in Orsay (ISMO) by using the (e,3-1e), during which the scattered and one of the two ejected electrons are detected in coincidence. The theory which we applied is of first order and it could not describe completely the two lobes. Consequently, the development of a second order model sounds necessary
Rentenier, Arnaud. "Fragmentation de la molécule C60 par impact d'ions légers étudiée en multicorrélation.Sections efficaces, spectroscopie d'électrons." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006179.
Full textEl, Azzouzi Saïd. "Etude de la double ionisation d'atomes par impact d'électrons : élaboration et utilisation du modèle A6C." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Elazzouzi.Said.SMZ0614.pdf.
Full textThis work is about the theoretical study of the double ionization of atoms by electron impact. A model including exchange effects between the incoming electron and the two active electrons of the target is described. Each electron in the continuum (the scattered one and the two ejected ones) is described by a coulomb wave which takes into account for the interaction with the residuel nucleus. The interactions between each electron in the continuum have been included by Gamow factors (A6C model). A first part is about the double ionisation of helium and a comparison has been made with recent experiments of LAHMAM-BENNANI et al. Then, in a second part, our model has been compared to the recent experiments of LAHMAM-BENNANI et al about the double ionization of argon (direct double ionization + Auger effect)
Rentenier, Arnaud. "Fragmentation de la molécule C60 par impact d'ions légers étudiée en multicorrélation, sections efficaces, spectroscopie d'électrons." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30043.
Full textA quantitative study of the C60 fullerene fragmentation in collision with light ions (Hn=1,2,3+, Heq=1,2+, in the velocity range 0,1 - 2,3 u. A. ) is presented. The multicorrelation developed between fragment ions and electrons with well defined energy, has enlightened some of the dependences and properties of fragmentation mechanisms (cross sections, electron spectroscopy, size distributions, kinetic energy of fragment ions, Campi's scatter plot, activation energies). The deposited energy hence appeared as an important parameter. Cross sections have been measured, for the first time, for all the collisionnal processes. Ionisation and capture only depends on the collision velocity. On the other hand, scaling laws with the deposited energy have been observed for the cross sections of multifragmentation, which depends on the collision energy and the nature of the projectile. The deposited energy has also been found as an essential parameter to understand the evolution of the charged fragment size distributions. .
Roupie, Julien. "Contribution à l'étude de l'émission électronique sous impact d'électrons de basse énergie (<=1keV) : application à l'aluminium." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0004/document.
Full textAlthough extensively studied, the phenomenon of electron emission under electron impact is not very well known at very low energy (<100 eV). An energy range where this phenomenon is a fundamental parameter in space technologies such as radiofrequency waveguide in vacuum. In order to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon, in this energy range, a theoretical study through Monte Carlo simulation of electron emission at very low energyhave been undertaken. After identification of the involved interactions, we selected for each interaction the most appropriate existing models while providing modifications whenever necessary. Somme models found in the literature were used for the first time in the field ofelectron emission. Our approach has been applied to aluminum and has been validated experimentally when data existed. The commonly accepted shape of the yield curve has benne contradicted and explained by the low escape probability of very low energy electrons, as well as by a more rigorous treatment of the reflection of very low energy electrons that impact thematerial. In addition, the simulation provides, for the first time, access to a yield curve at very low energy presenting oscillations also found in the few available experimental data. These oscillations are attributed to the interaction of the electrons with the plasmons. Simulations showed the importance of the backscattered electrons population ate very low energy
Hadj, Hamou Mohamed. "Désorption stimulée d'ions négatifs par impact d'électrons de basse énergie sur des surfaces de diamant hydrogéné et oxygéné." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112044.
Full textIn this work, we considered from the experimental point of view, the interaction of low-energy electrons with hydrogenated oxygenated diamond surfaces. We have studied the mechanisms of H ̄and 0 ̄ions desorption from these surfaces, hydrogenated diamond surfaces received particular attention. For this surface, we have proved the existence of Feshbach resonance at 9 eV, which is responsible for H ̄ions desorption, by the direct dissociative electron attachment mechanism at 9 eV, and by indirect dissociative electron attachment at 22 eV. In the other hand dipolar dissociation mechanism contributed to H ̄ions desorption above 14 eV. The two mechanisms are involved probably in the photodesorption of H- ions which we have mentioned in the introductions. Thus, they contribute to the depletion of hydrogen from hydrogenated diamond surfaces and consequently to the degradetion of the negative electronic affinity property. In addition the resonance at 9 eV is responsible for the attenuation of the current of secondary electrons, emmited by the surfaces submitted to electronic bombardment, by the induction of upward energy band bending. The recent studuies in the laboratory showed that this resonance contribute to vibrational excitation of C-H bond. Finally studies as function of incident current intensity and surface temperature showed that if one works with currents lover to 2 nA and temperatures around 500 K, it is possible to avoid the decrease of the secondary electrons emmitted by the surfaces of hydrogenated diamond. Despite the fact that our results are far ahead of industrial use of diamond surfaces, they should be used for optimisation of this surfaces for high technologies applications
Becher, Marie. "Etude théorique de la double ionisation de la couche L et K du béryllium par impact d'électrons rapides." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ035S/document.
Full textThe document presents a theoretical study of the L shell and K shell double ionization of beryllium by fast electrons, with the coincidence detection of the emerging particles, which represents one of the main tools to probe electron-electron correlation and to observe the mechanisms of the double ionization process. The determination of the fully differential cross section is presented in the frame of a procedure using the first term of the Born series representing the interaction between the incident electron and the target. All the electrons are taken into account. They are described by different more or less correlated wave functions for the bound electrons in the initial and final states, and for the double continuum of the two ejected electrons for which, the well known 3C function is applied. An important part of the document is devoted to the presentation of the results concerning the variation of the fully differential cross section in terms of the different experimental conditions and with different wave functions. This permits to analyse the mechanisms of this complex quantum process and the effect of the initial and final states correlation
Slimani, Khelil. "Impact de l’irradiation par électrons accélérés sur des biomatériaux injectables à base de polyméthacrylate / polyméthacrylamide pour l’embolisation." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114858.
Full textThis work focused on the study of the effects of irradiation on endovascular injectable biomaterials based on linear and crosslinked copolymers. In the case of the linear polymer, the study of molecular weights allowed us to calculate the radiation chemical yields of scission and crosslinking and has revealed the occurrence of degradation mainly by scission reaction of macromolecular chains. The study of crosslinked polymer was rather more complex and has required a structural approach, focused on the evolution of molecular mobility of the polymer with irradiation. The beta () relaxation which expresses the motions of amide and ester polar side groups has proved to be an excellent indicator of the polymer's radiodégradation reactions. A disturbance in the hydrogen bond interactions involving these groups after irradiation was observed. This behavior was associated with the formation of polar degradation products initiated by the side chains scission
Al, Souki Eyad. "Investigation of new TADF material derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine and 1,8-naphthalimide molecules and study of the fluorine impact." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR055.
Full textThermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties, which enable the harvesting of light from both singlet and triplet excitons without the use of any noble heavy metals, are of interest for a wide range of applications, including organic light-emitting diodes. In this study, a novel series of TADF molecules featuring 2,4,6-tris(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine as an acceptor unit decorated with multiple donor units in mono-, di-, or tri-substituted configurations was synthesized using a simple nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Scaling up the synthesis of these molecules was essential for the sublimation experiments and device fabrication processes. Since this synthetic pathway was not suitable for the synthesis of larger amounts of molecules, an alternative synthesis method was used by performing copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions. Furthermore, another new fluorinated series based on 1,8-naphthalimide as an acceptor unit and several donor units were synthesized through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The thermal characteristics of these two series of compounds were studied, which showed the positive impact of fluorine incorporation, specifically for the highest fluorine contents
Boudon, Vincent. "Spectroscopie des hexafluorures à nombre impair d'électrons." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004609.
Full textLamine, Driss. "Effet de filtre à spin dans les jonctions métal ferromagnétique / semi-conducteur : transport et effets d'interface." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260976.
Full textSur des jonctions Fe/oxyde/GaAs réalisées au laboratoire, nous avons mis en évidence quatre régimes de fonctionnement du transistor à vanne de spin dans la gamme d'énergie 10 eV-3000 eV. Lorsque l'énergie d'injection augmente, le gain du transistor augmente sur plus de 6 ordres de grandeur, pour atteindre des valeurs aussi élevées que 300. Simultanément, la dépendance en spin du courant transmis augmente sur près de 5 ordres de grandeur pour atteindre un maximum aux alentours de 1500 eV qui représente environ 30% du courant incident (pour une polarisation incidente de 100%). Nous montrons également que l'ensemble de ces propriétés de transport est modulable en variant l'épaisseur totale de la base métallique, ainsi que la nature de l'interface entre la base et le collecteur.
Les quatre régimes de fonctionnement du transistor sont ensuite interprétés dans un modèle original qui décrit de façon quantitative les différents régimes observés. Ce modèle incorpore d'une part la multiplication qui a lieu dans la base métallique ainsi que dans le semi-conducteur (ionisation par impact), et d'autre part le coefficient de transmission à l'interface entre la base et le collecteur. Nous avons mis en évidence l'existence d'énergies seuil, liées à la nature de l'interface base/collecteur, à partir desquelles l'efficacité de collection augmente brutalement. En variant l'énergie d'injection, il est possible d'augmenter la largeur de la distribution électronique à l'interface base/collecteur jusqu'à environ 10 eV, et donc de sonder le profil d'interface. L'augmentation de la largeur de la distribution peut-être reliée à la variation particulière du libre parcours moyen inélastique dans la base métallique.
Ces résultats et leurs interprétations ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives en électronique de spin, et en particulier dans la réalisation d'un transistor à vanne de spin tout solide associant à la fois une grande sélectivité en spin, un gain élevé et un faible bruit de fonctionnement.
Lahmidi, Noureddine. "Etude théorique des effets de corrélation électronique dans l'ionisation dissociative de H2 et l'ionisation double de Li par impact d'électron rapides." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Lahmidi.Noureddine.SMZ0616.pdf.
Full textRecent progress made in the coincidence detection of emerging particules from an inelastic collision has risen new interest for fundamental studies in the field of dissociative ionization of diatomic molecules by electron impact. The detection in coincidence of the ejected and the scattered electrons give information about the electronic structure and the mechanisms of the simultaneous processes of ionization and dissociation. Moreover, the detection of one of the two emerging protons enables us to obtain the variation of the multiplement differential cross section for a given orientation of the internuclear axis ofthe target. The study of the double excitation of an atomic or molecular system is one of the basic problems of atomic physics, where the electronelectron correlation can be experimentally observed Our aim is to study theoretically two particular processes of this type. 1)- The dissociative ionization of H2 and Li2 as a vertical transition from the fundamental electronic) l state of H2 and Li2 to the first dissociative 'Ij ttut. Of H2* and Li2*. 2)- The double Ionization of the K-shell of atomic lithium by using the correlated wave functions for the description of the double electronic continuum
Villard, Paul. "Réalisation d'un implant réseau de haute densité d'électrodes intra-corticales pour la détection stable de potentiels d'action et de potentiels de champs locaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS015.
Full textTo understand the dynamics of the neural network, neuron specificity, neural pathologies, and find new treatments, devices will have to allow a stable neural recording and multi-site stimulation with a good temporal resolution. In this thesis, we designed a flexible SU-8 implant with a high electrode density to record different regions of the cortex simultaneously. Each 15µm diameter platinum electrode of the implant is located at the end of a 11, 20 or 50 µm wide wire, free of its movements over a length of 2mm. The different sizes of the wires will further allow to evaluate the influence of dimensions on the immune response. In this thesis, the very fragile and thin implant fabrication, manipulation and connection with the recording station using a thick polyimide/copper extension and an anisotropic conductive film, were successfully achieved. The mean impedance was 810 KOhm and the mean RMS noise of electrode implants in saline solution was about 10 µV. Various surgical insertion techniques in rat cortex or agar gel (agarose 0,6%) have been studied, in particular the electrodes encapsulation in biodegradable tips or the use of a thin wire as a shuttle. Both techniques present pros and cons and should be improved in the future. Neuronal activity, such as local field potentials as well as action potentials, could be recorded in three rats implanted with the shuttle technique, demonstrating the capacity of this new type of implant in recording. Finally, in this thesis, a new method was developed to compare the performance of electrode materials commonly used to stimulate neurale tissue. It determines the injection charge capacity of an electrode by observing a change in fluorescence of a pH-sensitive dye around the electrode for different stimulation current intensities. Usual measurement tools such as impedance spectroscopy, noise recording, or evaluation of the injection charge capacity and the charge storage capacity were used as well, to check the new method reliability. This study shows that most effective materials to stimulate are the 3D nanostructured diamond and the PEDOT and highlights that when the stimulation current pulse is shorter, the current density will rather be located in the edges of the electrode
Boffelli, Jeoffrey. "Cοllisiοns réactives entre électrοns et catiοns d'hydrures : apprοches théοriques et applicatiοns dans les milieux iοnisés hοrs-équilibre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMLH19.
Full textElectron-impact collisions of molecules are present in cold ionized media such as interstellar clouds, planetary atmospheres and cold plasma. With enough energy to move about and escape from capture, electrons collide and react with other species in their environment forming precursors of more complex molecules and destroying species, allowing for redistribution of energy and material. Experimental and theoretical researchers are working hand-in-hand to continuously improve their respective ability to probe and to describe the kinetic of such media. Experimental devices such as storage-rings (e.g. CSR) are now able to produce measurements with state-to-state resolution. On the other hand, theoretical studies are not restricted by physical (e.g. finance) or chemical (e.g. toxicity) limitations while still being time-consuming. This work is about two theoretical approaches and their applications to investigate different processes for three diatomic molecular cations. Firstly, we extend our group previous dissociative recombination study of SH+ by accounting for more dissociative states (coming from the 4Π neutral symmetry), by producing branching ratios and by calculating vibrational excitation cross sections and rate coefficients (using the SW-MQDT approach). While the rotational structure of the molecule is neglected and should be investigated in a future work, good agreement is found with the storage-ring measurements for the yields from the dissociative recombination process. Secondly, we also extend our group previous low energy study BeH+ to high energy including the dissociative excitation process through discretized ionization continua and by accounting for higher-lying dissociative states, allowing the production of cross sections and rate coefficients for the dissociative recombination, dissociative excitation and vibrational transitions (using the SW-MQDT approach). Finally, we investigate the dissociative recombination of CF+ using a different approach called RMT-MQDT, where electronic couplings and neutral dissociative states do not need to be explicitly calculated, based on R-matrix theory to calculate the electronic fixed-geometry scattering matrix and based also on MQDT theory --- for the treatment of the nuclear motion (frame transformation) and accounting for the Rydberg series of states (quantum defect with CCEP). Good agreement is found with the storage-ring experiment when accounting for the rotational structure of the molecule
Astruc, Jean-Pierre. "Transfert d'électron entre atomes excités et molécules dans une expérience en jets croisés avec fluorescence résolue dans le temps." Paris 13, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA132020.
Full text"Ionisation et dissociation des ions moléculaires par impact d'électrons." Université catholique de Louvain, 2004. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-01252005-234307/.
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