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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action

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Academic literature on the topic 'Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action"

1

McDevitt, Lisa M. "Immunosuppressive Agents on the Horizon." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 16, no. 6 (December 2003): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190003259384.

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The evolution of immunosuppression in organ transplantation has resulted in decreasing rates of rejection and improved allograft survival. The current successes, however, comes at the price of intense drug monitoring, frequent adverse affects, and long-term toxicity. New immunosuppressive agents offer the hope for decreased toxicity and improved long-term results. This article highlights those novel agents that are currently in late-stage clinical studies including new calcineurin inhibitor analogs and formulations, mycophenolate acid sodium, everolimus, FK-778, FTY720, and various monoclonal antibodies. The diverse mechanisms of action of these agents, coupled with promising efficacy and adverse effect profiles, may land each of them a unique niche for immunosuppression in organ transplantation.

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Grbovic, Leposava, and Miroslav Radenkovic. "Therapeutic use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 133, Suppl. 1 (2005): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh05s1067g.

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Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is complex. Apart from the replacement hormone therapy, antithyroid agents, beta adrenoceptor blockers and other drugs, in regard to the present symptoms, it also includes the administration of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. Physiological actions of glucocorticoids are significant in number, well known and described in details. The most prominent pharmacological properties of glucocorticoids, that are important for their clinical use, are antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. In this article, the most notable clinical pharmacology aspects of glucocorticoids have been presented, including the basic principles of their therapeutic use, as well as the most important indications with the examples of dosing regiments (rheumatic disorders, renal diseases, allergic reactions, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases, thrombocytopenia, organ transplantation, and Graves? ophthalmopathy). In addition, adverse and toxic effects of glucocorticoids as well as their interactions with other drugs have been described. Immunosuppressive agents have important role in treatment of immune disorders, including the reduction of immune response in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Apart from glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents consist of calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), antiproliferative and antimetabolic agents (sirolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide), monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD3 antibody (muromonab-CD3), anti- CD25 antibody (daclizumab), anti-TNF-alpha antibody (infliximab). In this part, the most updated facts about mechanism of action, rational therapeutic use, as well as adverse and toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents have been reviewed.

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Robak, Tadeusz, Ewa Lech-Maranda, Anna Korycka, and Ewa Robak. "Purine Nucleoside Analogs as Immunosuppressive and Antineoplastic Agents: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Activity." Current Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 26 (November 1, 2006): 3165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986706778742918.

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Valdoleiros, Sofia R., Isabel Furtado, Carolina Silva, Inês Correia Gonçalves, André Santos Silva, Olga Vasconcelos, Ana Aboim Horta, et al. "Protocolo de Prevenção e Tratamento de Infeções Associadas à Terapêutica Imunossupressora de Doenças Autoimunes." Acta Médica Portuguesa 34, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.15625.

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We propose a guideline about the risk, prevention and treatment of infection in the patient under immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapy in the context of autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease. It is divided into three sections: drugs and associated risk of infection; immunizations; risk, prevention, and treatment of specific infections. The treatment of autoimmune diseases involves the use of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, with an increasing number of new drugs being used. It is associated with an increased risk of infection, which may be present globally or only for specific agents, varying widely depending on the pharmacological class and even within the same class. The prevention strategy and clinical management need to be individually tailored and there are several key factors: characterization of the disease that prompts the immunosuppression, understanding of the mechanism of action of the immunosuppressive drug, knowledge of previous infections, recognition of risk factors, laboratory test results, vaccine administration, monitoring of clinical signs and symptoms and patient education.

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Bauer, Andrea C., Rodrigo F. Franco, and Roberto C. Manfro. "Immunosuppression in Kidney Transplantation: State of the Art and Current Protocols." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 28 (August 31, 2020): 3440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200521142448.

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Currently, kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for kidney failure for a majority of eligible patients. It is associated with a better quality of life and reduced mortality as compared to staying on dialysis. Many of the improvements in kidney transplant outcomes, observed in recent decades, are due to more efficient immunosuppression strategies. Therefore, developing expertise in the management of immunosuppressive drugs is key to the success of kidney transplantation. In this review, the historical aspects of organ transplant immunosuppression are briefly addressed and the basis of the allograft immune response to contextualize the main topic is provided, which is a deeper view of the immunosuppressive agents, including their known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, interactions, toxicities, and clinical use. The most commonly used immunosuppressive protocols employed based on patients' and donors' characteristics are also presented here.

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Gorantla, Vijay S., John H. Barker, Jon W. Jones, Kaustubha Prabhune, Claudio Maldonado, and Darla K. Granger. "Immunosuppressive agents in transplantation: Mechanisms of action and current anti-rejection strategies." Microsurgery 20, no. 8 (2000): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2752(2000)20:8<420::aid-micr13>3.0.co;2-o.

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Taylor, Anna L., Christopher J. E. Watson, and J. Andrew Bradley. "Immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy." Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 56, no. 1 (October 2005): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.03.012.

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Stepkowski, Stanislaw M. "Molecular targets for existing and novel immunosuppressive drugs." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 2, no. 4 (June 21, 2000): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399400001769.

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Anti-neoplastic cytostatic antiproliferative agents, such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide, were originally used as immunosuppressive drugs. Although these agents induced only modest anti-rejection activity, they caused serious non-specific bone marrow suppression, impairing host resistance and increasing the incidence of infections. Unlike these non-selective agents, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and sirolimus act more selectively on different stages of the T-lymphocyte (T-cell) and B-lymphocyte (B-cell) activation cycles; however, cyclosporine and tacrolimus are nephrotoxic, whereas sirolimus causes hypertriglyceridaemia. Thus, despite this progress, continued efforts must be made to develop and test new, potentially very selective agents. The agent 15-deoxyspergualin moderately inhibits both mitogen-stimulated T-cell proliferation and the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) but does not affect the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Another drug, FTY720, has a unique action to prevent rejection, by altering the homing of lymphocytes to the lymphoid compartments. The newest members of the family of antiproliferative agents, namely mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide and brequinar, are potentially more selective than their predecessors. However, the most promising agents are produced using antisense technology. This approach involves the design of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides; these novel drugs are designed to block allograft rejection by blocking selected messenger RNA (mRNA). This review outlines the mechanisms of action, the limitations of application and the molecular or cellular targets of traditional agents, newly developed drugs and also antisense technology, which is an example of a new application of molecular medicine.

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Tan, Marcus, Thurston Heng, and Anselm Mak. "The Potential Use of Metformin, Dipyridamole, N-Acetylcysteine and Statins as Adjunctive Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Cells 8, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8040323.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition that can potentially affect every single organ during the course of the disease, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, and reduced health-related quality of life. While curative treatment is currently non-existent for SLE, therapeutic agents such as glucocorticoids, mycophenolate, azathioprine, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide and various biologics are the mainstay of treatment based on their immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive properties. As a result of global immunosuppression, the side-effect profile of the current therapeutic approach is unfavourable, with adverse effects including myelosuppression, infection and malignancies. Hydroxychloroquine, one of the very few Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for the treatment of SLE, has been shown to offer a number of therapeutic benefits to SLE patients independent of its immunomodulatory effect. As such, it is worth exploring drugs similar to hydroxychloroquine that confer additional clinical benefits unrelated to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Indeed, apart from hydroxychloroquine, a number of studies have explored the use of a few conventionally non-immunosuppressive drugs that are potentially useful in the management of SLE. In this review, non-immunosuppressive therapeutic agents, namely metformin, dipyridamole, N-acetylcysteine and statins, will be critically discussed with regard to their mechanisms of action and efficacy pertaining to their potential therapeutic role in SLE.

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Nelson, R. D., N. Shibata, R. P. Podzorski, and M. J. Herron. "Candida mannan: chemistry, suppression of cell-mediated immunity, and possible mechanisms of action." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.1.1.

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The ability of Candida albicans to establish an infection involves multiple components of this fungal pathogen, but its ability to persist in host tissue may involve primarily the immunosuppressive property of a major cell wall glycoprotein, mannan. Mannan and oligosaccharide fragments of mannan are potent inhibitors of cell-mediated immunity and appear to reproduce the immune deficit of patients with the mucocutaneous form of candidiasis. However, neither the exact structures of these inhibitory species nor their mechanisms of action have yet been clearly defined. Different investigators have proposed that mannan or mannan catabolites act upon monocytes or suppressor T lymphocytes, but research from unrelated areas has provided still other possibilities for consideration. These include interference with cytokine activities, lymphocyte-monocyte interactions, and leukocyte homing. To stimulate further research of the immunosuppressive property of C. albicans mannan, we have reviewed (i) the relationship of mannan to other antigens and virulence factors of the fungus; (ii) the chemistry of mannan, together with methods for preparation of mannan and mannan fragments; and (iii) the historical evidence for immunosuppression by Candida mannan and the mechanisms currently proposed for this property; and (iv) we have speculated upon still other mechanisms by which mannan might influence host defense functions. It is possible that understanding the immunosuppressive effects of mannan will provide clues to novel therapies for candidiasis that will enhance the efficacy of both available and future anti-Candida agents.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action"

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Gudgeon, M. C. "Studies on the mechanism of action of cyclosporin A." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378279.

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Jones, Terence Edward. "Economically beneficial drug interactions with cyclosporin and tacroliumus : clinical studies in recipients of kidney and liver transplants." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj79.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 234-257. Three separate clinical studies in organ transplant recipients are presented. The aims are to examine fundamental questions regarding the clinically and economically important pharmokinetic interaction between diltiazem and cyclosporin, an interaction widely utilised in organ transplantation. The data contained should assist the development of soundly based policies that will ensure a benefit exists before a sparing agent is coprescribed, and that the lowest effective dose of sparing agent is used.

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Lui, Sing-leung, and 雷聲亮. "The in vivo mechanism of actions of mycophenolate mofetil: insights from murine models of allograft rejection,endotoxemia, ischemia reperfusion injury and lupus nephritis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26625374.

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Christie, Andrew W. "Mechanism of action of selected anti-lipolytic agents in adipocytes." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282761.

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Meister, Gabriel T. "Antiviral mechanism(s) of the experimental immunosuppressive agent leflunomide against human cytomegalovirus and polyomavirus." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1111428519.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 127 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-127). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Guo, Hong, and 郭紅. "Effects of anti-DNA antibodies on pleural mesothelial cells: in vitro studies to explore thepathogenetic mechanism of pulmonary lupus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26631945.

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The Best M.Phil Thesis in the Faculties of Dentistry, Engineering, Medicine and Science (University of Hong Kong), Li Ka Shing Prize, 2001-2003.
published_or_final_version
abstract
toc
Medicine
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Hearn, Jessica M. "Integrating cell screening and mechanism of action data for organometallic anticancer agents." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/68071/.

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Both acquired and intrinsic drug resistance are established clinical problems in many areas of medicine. This is particularly evident with the growing resistance to platinum chemotherapy agents in cancer treatment programmes. New, alternative treatments for platinum-resistance patients are needed, with comparable potency, no platinum cross- resistance, better safety profiles and which target non-repairable areas of the cell, reducing acquired resistance. This thesis focuses on osmium- and iridium-based organometallic anticancer agents to fill this clinical need. Previous work has validated their potency, safety and activity in platinum-resistant cancers, however, their mechanism of action (MOA) was yet to be identified. Knowing the MOA of new compounds is essential for personalising and stratifying cancer treatment, allowing for better patient selection and prediction of treatment outcomes. Often identifying the biological target of a new therapeutic is not essential. Instead, quantifying the cellular response to that treatment, and identifying cell types which hold beneficial biological properties to optimise compound effects, is more effective. This thesis has applied the principles of systems biology to study the whole cell effect of osmium and iridium compounds in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cells were studied at the transcriptional, translational and structural level to investigate compound response, integrating a selection of these findings using novel statistical modelling. Results propose that these compounds induce oxidative stress in cancer cells, and subsequently damage DNA to exert antiproliferative effects at submicromolar concentrations. This is the first example of studying organometallic compounds using this combination of techniques, and is a promising work flow for future efforts in this area.

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HAMED, SAJA H. "EFFICACY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION OF A NEW TYROSINASE INHIBITORY AGENT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1085566152.

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Lohmeyer, Matthias. "The mechanism of action of antitumour lipid agents related to platelet-activating factor (PAF)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319528.

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Xia, Yixuan. "Anticancer efficacy and mechanism of action studies of the potent plant cycloheptapeptide compounds mavacyocines." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/817.

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Over the past 200 years, much attention has been paid to natural products for their great contribution in the industry of drug development as many of them have been shown effective against various diseased conditions in humans by virtue of their structural diversity and biological potency. Therefore, they are undeniably a rich resource for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds. To date, many of the mainstay anticancer agents often lead to undesirable side effects and/or develop rapid emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, new therapeutic remedies are desperately needed. In fact, many active compounds are derived from macrocyclic natural products. The identification of their molecular targets may assist researchers to synthesize biological agents for combating particular diseased conditions. Cycloheptapeptides that modulate specific molecular pathways in suppressing the proliferation of cancer cells are potential candidates for anticancer therapeutics and/or chemopreventive agents. In the current research project, we have demonstrated that MV-A, a novel cycloheptapeptide with the unique amino acid DMCPA isolated from Maytenus variabilis (Loes.) C. Y. Cheng (Celastraceae), showed potent cytotoxic activities against a panel of human cancer cell lines, and is worthy for further investigation. Objectives--The objectives of this study were to i) evaluate the anticancer effect, ii) elucidate the mechanism of action, and iii) identify the binding target(s) of the natural cycloheptapeptide MV-A. Methods--We first carried out various kinds of cellular and animal studies for validating the in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of MV-A. Next, we performed a number of bioassays to ascertain the inhibitory effect of MV-A on several major cancer-associated pathways, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence and metastasis. The biochemical assays included sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay, flow cytometric analyses of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, Western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) arrays, senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, phospho-specific protein arrays, as well as migration and invasion staining experiments. Lastly, we also identified the potential protein targets of MV-A by biochemical means, particularly the drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) approach. Results--MV-A is a potent anti-proliferative agent against a variety of cancer cells. It inhibited the proliferation of the human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) HCT116 cells with an IC50 value of 2.28 nM. However, the application of MV-A at 2.68 nM did not induce significant apoptosis; rather it caused a notable cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Moreover, the treatment with this compound (0.68 to 2.68 nM) led to a remarkable senescence in cancer cells as well as a mitigated cellular migration. Meanwhile, the expression levels of some components of the p16 cascade and PI3K-AKT pathway, so as several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecules were suppressed by MV-A. Furthermore, HSP90, calnexin, EF2, 14-3-3 and annexin A1 were identified as the direct binding targets of MV-A in our DARTS analysis.Conclusions--In the present study, our results indicated that the novel cycloheptapeptide MV-A inhibited proliferation and migration of CRC HCT116 cells via the induction of cellular senescence and modulation of multiple pathways, including the p16/Rb, PI3K-AKT and EMT signaling pathways. These results revealed a potential role of MV-A in cancer therapy. The direct binding targets of MV-A further uncovered its molecular actions against different diseased conditions. Our findings strongly support the development of MV-A as a therapeutic agent for combating cancerous pathologies, explicitly CRC.

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Books on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action"

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B, Strom T., ed. The mode of action of immunosuppressive agents. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1985.

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Bach, J. F. The mode of action of immunosuppressive agents. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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1937-, Toyama Junji, and Hondeghem Luc, eds. Current topics in antiarrhythmic agents: Mode of action and clinical usage : International Satellite Symposium of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society, Nagoya, Japan, March 27-28, 1989. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1989.

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Hiroshi, Takagi, ed. Regulatory roles of neuropeptides: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Neurotransmitters and Diseases, Kobe, June 17, 1989. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1989.

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M, Pinedo H., and Schornagel J. H, eds. Platinum and other metal coordination compounds in cancer chemotherapy 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.

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International Symposium on Platinum and Other Metal Coordination Compounds in Cancer Chemotherapy (6th 1991 San Diego, Calif.). Platinum and other metal coordination compounds in cancer chemotherapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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S, Abraham, and Amitai G, eds. Calcium channel modulators in heart and smooth muscle: Basic mechanisms and pharmacological aspects : proceedings of the 33rd [i.e. 34th] Oholo Conference, Eilat, Israel, 1989. Rehovot, Israel: Balaban Publishers, 1990.

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Fever and antipyresis: The role of the nervous system. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Misbah, Siraj. Immunosuppressive therapy and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0302.

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The term immunosuppressive therapy encompasses all forms of treatment that dampens function of the recipient’s immune system, with a view to controlling severe autoimmune, inflammatory, or allergic disease. The predominant targets of these agents are T-lymphocytes with multiple downstream effects, including containment of T-cell activation, inhibition of cytokine production, restriction of clonal expansion, and varying degrees of suppression of B-cell function. This chapter reviews the clinical use of monoclonal antibodies and other immunosuppressive agents, and their mechanisms of action.

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McCulloh, Russell J., and Steven M. Opal. Drug-induced depression of immunity in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0290.

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Immunosuppressive drugs are among the fastest-growing category of drugs in medicine today, both in terms of new medication development and in terms of use. Glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, and biological agents, among others, are used in a variety of diseases. . Although often of great benefit to patients, immunosuppressive agents also pose significant long-term risks for opportunistic infection. These drugs can also blunt normal host responses to infection, and patients receiving immunosuppressive medications are at high risk for severe illness, sepsis, and death from opportunistic infections. Knowledge of immunosuppressive agents, their mechanisms of action, effects on the immune system, and commonly-associated infectious complications plays an instrumental role in guiding appropriate diagnostic and treatment plans for immunosuppressed patients. This chapter reviews the most commonly-used immunosuppressive agents today, and provides the reader with the specific effects these medications can have on a patient’s immune system and the potential infectious agents of concern associated with their prolonged use.

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Book chapters on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action"

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Biollaz, J., A. Munafo, and T. Buclin. "Mechanism of Action of Vasodilating Agents." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 275–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83453-0_19.

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Rao, S. Ramachandra. "Mechanism of the Action of Modifying Agents." In Surface Chemistry of Froth Flotation, 575–619. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9124-9_12.

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Rao, S. Ramachandra. "Mechanism of the Action of Modifying Agents." In Surface Chemistry of Froth Flotation, 575–619. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4302-9_12.

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Kitz, R. J. "Anticholinesterase Agents: Their Mechanism of Action and Use." In Anesthesiology 1986, 11–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4251-6_3.

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Chatterjee, K. "Mechanism of Action of Inotropic Agents in Heart Failure." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 213–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83453-0_15.

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Koyama, Nobuhiro, and Hiroshi Tomoda. "Mechanism of Action of New Antiinfectious Agents from Microorganisms." In Chembiomolecular Science, 293–300. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54038-0_29.

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Navarro, J., M. C. Grossetête, J. L. Touraine, and J. Traeger. "The Immunosuppressive Fraction Isolated from Uremic Ultrafiltrates: Attempted Characterization of the Mechanism of Action." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 157–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5445-1_25.

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Kopia, G. A., and R. R. Ruffolo. "Mechanism of Action of Adrenergic Agents in Acute Congestive Heart Failure." In Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 244–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83453-0_17.

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Rees, K. R. "Mechanism of Action of Certain Exogenous Toxic Agents in Liver Cells." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 53–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719336.ch3.

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Alousi, Adawia A. "Classification and Mechanism of Action of the Cardiac Inotropic Agents: An Overview." In Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 331–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2057-9_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Immunosuppressive agents Mechanism of action"

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Ben-Hur, Ehud. "Phthalocyanines as photosensitizing agents for tumors--mechanism of action." In Europto Biomedical Optics '93, edited by Giulio Jori, Johan Moan, and Willem M. Star. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.168667.

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Delgado-Mata, Carlos, and Jesus Ibanez-Martinez. "An Emotion Affected Action Selection Mechanism for Multiple Virtual Agents." In 16th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence--Workshops (ICAT'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icat.2006.37.

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Zihlif, Malek A., Laurence P. G. Wakelin, Daniel Catchpoole, and Bernard Stewart. "Abstract 744: Determining the mechanism of action of novel bisintercalating agents using the cDNA microarray technology." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-744.

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Hysi, Eno, Muhannad N. Fadhel, Anoja Giles, Yanjie Wang, Joseph A. Sebastian, Gregory J. Czarnota, Agata A. Exner, and Michael C. Kolios. "Fundamental studies comparing nanobubbles and microbubbles as vascular disrupting agents: Elucidating on the mechanism of action using photoacoustic imaging (Conference Presentation)." In Photons Plus Ultrasound: Imaging and Sensing 2020, edited by Alexander A. Oraevsky and Lihong V. Wang. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2544302.

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Bara, L., J. M. Walen-ga, M. Petitou, M. Samama, J. Fareed, and J. Choay. "STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE ANTITHROMBOTIC ACTION OF A CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED HEPARIN PENTASACCHARIDE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644182.

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A chemically synthesized heparin pentasaccharide (PS) (Instir tut Choay, Paris, France) has been reported to exhibit an antithrombotic action in a rabbit stasis induced thrombosis model, in an IV dose range of 25-200 ug/kg (0.5 to 5 ug/ml circulating concentrations) . Ex vivo plasma analysis from treated animals revealed expected angi-factor Xa activity byboth amidolytic and coagulant (Heptest®) methods. Nodirect inhibitory effect against factor IIa by amidolytic or coagulant methods was observed. Global anticoagulant activities were not found by PT and APTT methods; however, a hypocoagulable thrombelastographic pattern was demonstrated for native whole blood. Platelet activation remained unaffected at the antithrombotic dosages of PS. An attempt was made to more specifically elucidate the anti-factor Xa mediated antithrombotic mechanism of action of PS. The effect of this agent was studied in several thrombin generation assays in human and rabbit plasmas supplemented in vitro with a 0-5 ug/ml concentrations of PS. The following systems were used: 1) activated prothrombin complex (FEIBA®) , thromboplastin-Ca+2/synthetic substrate; 2) prothrombin complex concentrate (Konyne), thrombo- plastin-Ca+2/synthetic substrate; 3) cephalin-ellagic acid-Ca+2/ synthetic substrate (modified Fischer method); 4)cephalin-Ca / synthetic substrate (modified Ofosu method); 5) FEIBA /FPA re- dioimmunoassay; 6)whole blood prothrombin consumption/clot; and 7) cephalin-Ca+2/clot (Hicks-Pitney method). All assays produced a concentration-dependent effect to a 35-50% inhibition of generated thrombin with 4-5 ug/ml PS concentrations. Assay #4 also revealed that although PS inhibited the generation of thrombin, the thrombin that was generated was inhibitedby natural plasma proteins at normal kinetic rates. In ex vivo studies similar concentration-dependent inhibition of thrombin generation was observed using assays #3 and #4. These results indicate that the inhibition of induced venous stasis thrombosis is associated with the inhibition of thrombin generation byPS without a direct inhibition of pre-formed thrombin. Furthermore, these results indicate that thrombotic events may be controlled at pre-thrombin coagulation stages by agents with sole anti-factor Xa activity.

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Ardón, Paola, Èric Pairet, Katrin S. Lohan, Subramanian Ramamoorthy, and Ron P. A. Petrick. "Building Affordance Relations for Robotic Agents - A Review." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/590.

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Affordances describe the possibilities for an agent to perform actions with an object. While the significance of the affordance concept has been previously studied from varied perspectives, such as psychology and cognitive science, these approaches are not always sufficient to enable direct transfer, in the sense of implementations, to artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems and robotics. However, many efforts have been made to pragmatically employ the concept of affordances, as it represents great potential for AI agents to effectively bridge perception to action. In this survey, we review and find common ground amongst different strategies that use the concept of affordances within robotic tasks, and build on these methods to provide guidance for including affordances as a mechanism to improve autonomy. To this end, we outline common design choices for building representations of affordance relations, and their implications on the generalisation capabilities of an agent when facing previously unseen scenarios. Finally, we identify and discuss a range of interesting research directions involving affordances that have the potential to improve the capabilities of an AI agent.

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Altman, Allison R., Beom Kang Huh, Abhishek Chandra, Wei-Ju Tseng, Ling Qin, and X. Sherry Liu. "3D In Vivo Bone Dynamic Imaging of PTH’s Anabolic Action." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14671.

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Aging shifts bone remodeling toward a negative balance between bone formation and resorption, causing bone loss and increased fracture risk. Anti-resorptive agents are commonly used to inhibit bone resorption and stabilize bone mass. While they are effective to prevent further bone loss, there is also a great need for anabolic agents which can reverse bone deterioration and regain lost skeletal integrity. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment is the only FDA-approved anabolic treatment for osteoporosis, which greatly stimulates bone formation. Combined therapy of anti-resorptive drugs, such as alendronate (ALN), and PTH have been proposed and are expected to further stimulate bone formation. However, studies show conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of combined treatments: some have reported the addition of ALN to impair PTH function [1, 2], while others suggest an improvement over PTH monotherapy [3, 4]. The first objective of this study is to document the immediate changes of individual trabecular structures due to PTH and combined therapy within 12 days using in vivo micro computed tomography (μCT). As PTH is typically prescribed for 1 to 3 years to osteoporotic patients, a treatment of 12 days for rats (approximately equivalent to one year of human life) may be more clinically relevant than long-term treatment studies on rats. The secondary purpose of this study was to gain insight into the mechanism of combined versus PTH treatments through a bone dynamic imaging strategy to track events over an individual remodeling site. We hypothesized that PTH and combined treatments would immediately enhance bone formation on the trabecular surface.

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Hu, Yujing, Yingfeng Chen, Changjie Fan, and Jianye Hao. "Explicitly Coordinated Policy Iteration." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/51.

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Coordination on an optimal policy between independent learners in fully cooperative stochastic games is difficult due to problems such as relative overgeneralization and miscoordination. Most state-of-the-art algorithms apply fusion heuristics on agents' optimistic and average rewards, by which coordination between agents can be achieved implicitly. However, such implicit coordination faces practical issues such as tedious parameter-tuning in real world applications. The lack of an explicit coordination mechanism may also lead to a low likelihood of coordination in problems with multiple optimal policies. Based on the necessary conditions of an optimal policy, we propose the explicitly coordinated policy iteration (EXCEL) algorithm which always forces agents to coordinate by comparing the agents' separated optimistic and average value functions. We also propose three solutions for deep reinforcement learning extensions of EXCEL. Extensive experiments in matrix games (from 2-agent 2-action games to 5-agent 20-action games) and stochastic games (from 2-agent games to 5-agent games) show that EXCEL has better performance than the state-of-the-art algorithms (such as faster convergence and better coordination).

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Nikonov, G., and I. Baskova. "PROTECTIVE ANTITHROMBOTIC ACTION OF THE PREPARATIONS FROM THE LEECHES HIRUDO MED ICINAL IS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643079.

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Blood letting effect of the medicinal leeches is provided by antihaemostatic properties of the salivary gland secretion. We have demonstrated that the natural salivary gland secretion inhibits the vascular-platelets haemostasis and the contact stage of the intrinsic mechnism of blood coagulation but has no effect on the activation of extrinsic mechanism (Bui 1.Exp.Biol.Med.USSR 97, 6, 696; 8, 142, 1984). Leech prostaglandins (Dokl.Acad.Nauk USSR, 1987) and inhibitors of plasma kallikrein and Factor XI la are the main anti haemostatic agents of the leech saliva.The leech saliva does not change the main parameters of blood coagulation of the healthy animals, such as recalcification time, cephalin time, thrombin and prothrombin time 5, 15 and 25 min after intravenous injection. But the platelets aggregation stimulated by thrombin is diminished by 20% (n=30;p 0,02) Recalcification time, cephalin time and platelets aggregation reduced by intravenous injection of human serum is corrected by leech saliva.As the trigger mechanisms of haemostasis are very much alike the trigger mechanisms of thrombogenes?s, we investigated antithrombotic ability of the leech saliva, extracts of dried leeches and blood of intestinal gut. We used Wessler procedure of throm-bous formation in rats.The thrombous formation was diminished by 90% compared to control when 0.3 ml of the leech saliva (diluted with saline 1:4) was injected intravenously 2-4 hrs before injection of human serum. Thrombous formation was diminished by 40% when time interval was elongated to 24-28 hrs. Antithrombotic effect does not depend on the antithrombin activity of hirudin. It slightly decreased in case of oral administration and increased after the multiple intravenous injections or oral administration.Blood from the leech intestinal tract and other preparations from the leeches exhibit less distinct antithrombotic effect than the salivatory gland secretion.

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Maubert, Bastien, Sophie Pinchinat, Francois Schwarzentruber, and Silvia Stranieri. "Concurrent Games in Dynamic Epistemic Logic." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/260.

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Action models of Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) represent precisely how actions are perceived by agents. DEL has recently been used to define infinite multi-player games, and it was shown that they can be solved in some cases. However, the dynamics being defined by the classic DEL update product for individual actions, only turn-based games have been considered so far. In this work we define a concurrent DEL product, propose a mechanism to resolve conflicts between actions, and define concurrent DEL games. As in the turn-based case, the obtained concurrent infinite game arenas can be finitely represented when all actions are public, or all are propositional. Thus we identify cases where the strategic epistemic logic ATL*K can be model checked on such games.

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