Academic literature on the topic 'Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf'

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Journal articles on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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ElSheikh, Sawsan, Abd elAlim Abd-elAlim, Mohamed Moursi, Eman Ahmed, and Mohamed Helal. "Immunopharmacological Evaluation of Synbiotics and Enramycin in Broilers." Zagazig Veterinary Journal 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2019.6202.1015.

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Avoni, Ayyappa, Sravanthi Vemireddy, Shainy Sambyal, Syed Shafi, Imran Khan, Aarif Khan, and Halmuthur M. Sampath Kumar. "Synthesis and immunopharmacological evaluation of novel TLR7 agonistic triazole tethered imidazoquinolines." RSC Advances 13, no. 2 (2023): 1066–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06395f.

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Gmoshinsky, Ivan V., S. A. Khotimchenko, N. A. Riger, and D. B. Nikityuk. "Carbon nanotubes: mechanisms of the action, biological markers and evaluation of the (review of literature)." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 2 (March 27, 2019): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-2-176-186.

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The article contains the review and analysis of data on the mechanisms of the toxic action of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the body and available results of CNT toxicological evaluation after inhalation and oral routes of the action. Identification of cellular and molecular mechanisms of CNTs toxicity allows to justify the list of the most sensitive biochemical toxicity markers that could be used for monitoring the occupational effects of CNTs and serve as a promising target for the corresponding pharmacological and immunopharmacological interventions aimed on specific prophylaxis and therapy of diseases caused by CNT. A considerable amount of experimental data obtained in vivo on inhalation animal models allows to establish the hygienic standardfor CNT in the air of the working area. As to safe levels of the oral route of CNT it needs further study for their reliable assessment. The search and selection of sources for the review was executed with the use of public databases, including (in order of relevance) PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and RISC, for the period from 2004 to 2017.
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Arisutha, S., P. Baredar, D. M. Deshpande, and S. Suresh. "Evaluation of Methane from Sisal Leaf Residue and Palash Leaf Litter." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series E 95, no. 2 (November 30, 2014): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40034-014-0045-x.

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Bharathi, RajkishoreVijaya, Dharamaraj Padmavathi, and Lakshmi Susheela. "Pharmacognostical evaluation of Barringtonia acutangula leaf." International Journal of Ayurveda Research 2, no. 1 (2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.83189.

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Clarke, C. K., and G. E. Borowski. "Evaluation of a leaf spring failure." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 5, no. 6 (December 2005): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/154770205x76303.

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Ankad, Gireesh M., Sandeep R. Pai, Vinayak Upadhya, Pramod J. Hurkadale, and Harsha V. Hegde. "Pharmacognostic evaluation of Achyranthes coynei: Leaf." Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 2015): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2014.12.002.

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Burg, Patrik, and Pavel Zemánek. "The evaluation of leaf area by the grapewine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050065.

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The contribution deals with leaf area assesment of 9 grapevine varieties. The measurements were carried out by means of Leaf Area Metr CI-202 (scanner type). The results show, that the size of leaf area per vine is as foolow: 1,16–2,09 m2 during the prolongation growth stage, 1,49–3,20 m2 during flowering and 1,99–3,30 m2 during bunch and cane ripening. The quickest growth of leaf area is during phenological stage of flowering. The varieties Hibernal, Müller Thurgau, Sauvignon blanc, Saint Laurent, Zweigeltrebe have adequate proportion of leaf area and carry-over. On the contrary the varieties Ranfol bianco, Petit Riesling, André, Limberger have smaller leaf area. The results show option of applied working operations (defoliation, bunch thinning) at veraison.
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Kumawat, Bhupendra K., Devendra S. Rathore, Mahesh K. Gupta, and Tarachand . "Microscopical evaluation of leaf of Maytenus emarginata." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 01 (March 31, 2016): 07–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.1.2.

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Microscopical investigation was carried out on leaves of Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou belongs to family celastraceae, is an evergreen tree that tolerates various types of stresses of the desert, locally known as “Kankero” in Hindi, “Thorny staff tree” in English. Literature survey revealed that not much work has been done on this plant, especially on leaves. So we have taken its detailed microscopical studies to prove its appropriate identification. Microscopical study provide information that the lamina is dorsiventaral and 380µm thick. The Lamina is amphistomatic, the stomata being distributed both on the adaxial and abaxial sides. Calcium oxalate crystals of druses are fairly abundant in the mesophyll tissue. The stomata are cyclocytic type. The venation is densely reticulate. The terminations are either simple or more commonly forked into deuse clusters. Powder Microscopy show that the sclereids are fiber like in shape and size. The sclereids are 500 µm long and 30 µm thick. Long or short, cylindrical mesophyll cells are common with powder. They have dense tannin contents. The cells have thin wall and the cells are up to 200 µm long and 60 µm wide. Calciumoxlate druses are quite abundant in the power. They are spherical bodies with spiny surface. The druses are 30 µm in diameters. The above studies provide useful information in regard to its correct identity, evaluation and help to differentiate from the closely related other species of Maytenus Emarginata (Willd.)Ding Hou.
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Committee for Characteristics and D. "Evaluation on dynamic properties of leaf springs." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers, no. 35 (1990): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.1990.54.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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Dutta, Somit. "Immunopharmacological evaluation of leaf extract of an ethnomedicinal herb, croton bonplandianus baill (euphorbiaceae)." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2658.

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Mauala, Nusi Moa. "Evaluation of leaf characters of guayule varieties /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16751.pdf.

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Matsuo, Naoko. "Evaluation of Leaf Gas Exchange Using Carbon Isotopic Analysis." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148980.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第10254号
農博第1326号
新制||農||866(附属図書館)
学位論文||H15||N3775(農学部図書室)
UT51-2003-H675
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 谷 誠, 教授 櫻谷 哲夫, 教授 森本 幸裕
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Christ, Florian. "Adaption and evaluation of transversal leaf spring suspension design for a lightweight vehicle using Adams/Car." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-180035.

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This investigation deals with the suspension of a lightweight medium-class vehicle for four passengers with a curb weight of 1000 kg. The suspension layout consists of a transversal leaf spring and is supported by an active air spring which is included in the damper. The lower control arms are replaced by the leaf spring ends. Active ride height control is introduced to compensate for different vehicle load states. Active steering is applied using electric linear actuators with steer-by wire design. Besides intense use of light material the inquiry should investigate whether elimination of suspension parts or a lighter component is concordant with the stability demands of the vehicle. The investigation is based on simulations obtained with MSC Software ADAMS/Car and Matlab. The suspension is modeled in Adams/Car and has to proof it's compliance in normal driving conditions and under extreme forces. Evaluation criteria are suspension kinematics and compliance such as camber, caster and toe change during wheel travel in different load states. Also the leaf spring deflection, anti-dive and anti-squat measures and brake force distribution are investigated. Based on a simplified version of the leaf spring suspension design a full vehicle model is created. The comparison between the suspension models evaluates the same basic suspension parameters to ensure the compliance. Additionally roll rate and understeer gradient are investigated. It can be shown that the vehicle equipped with transversal leaf spring instead of lower control arms fulfils the set kinematics and compliance requirements. Road holding performance is assured for normal driving conditions on public roads.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Evaluation of Knack for Aphid Control in Green Leaf Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219963.

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Knack was evaluated for its potential for regulating aphid populations in green leaf lettuce. However, Knack did not appear to be a viable control option, and probably did not work due to an inability to deliver the material where the aphids were on the underside of the lower leaves. A soil injection treatment of Admire at planting, and a foliar standard of Warrior + Endosulfan applied at the initiation of aphid colonization and again 14 later, were highly effective treatments.
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Perry, James. "FIELD EVALUATION OF TOBACCO ENGINEERED FOR HIGH LEAF-OIL ACCUMULATION." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/118.

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The biofuel market is dominated by ethanol and biodiesel derived from cellulosic and lipid-based biomass crops. This is largely due to the relatively low costs and reliability of production. At present, production of non-food plant-derived oils for biofuel production in the U.S. is minimal. A research team from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), an independent Australian federal government research institution, has developed an efficient transgenic system to engineer oil production in tobacco leaves. This novel system is comprised of multiple transgenes that direct the endogenous metabolic flux of oil precursors towards triacylglycerol (TAG) production. Additional genes were incorporated to store and protect the accumulated oil in vegetative tissues. Preliminary greenhouse tests by the CSIRO research group indicated an oil content of > 30% by dry weight (DW) in tobacco leaf lamina. Here we evaluated two transgenic lines against a non-transgenic control in 2017 and 2018 in greenhouse and field production systems. The 2017 pilot study showed that the high leaf-oil tobacco line was viable and will grow in the field in Kentucky. Chemical analyses revealed significantly higher oil content compared to the non-transgenic control despite several logistical setbacks. These promising discoveries prompted the deployment of additional transgenic line assessments and further data validation in 2018. Line evaluations in 2018 revealed that the LEC2:WRI1:DGAT:OLE transgenic line had the highest leaf oil content (≥ 19.3% DW-1) compared to both the WRI1:DGAT:OLE transgenic line (≤ 5.6% DW-1) and non-transgenic control (≤ 2.1% DW-1). The results of this research will contribute to the successful development of transgenic tobacco lines engineered to accumulate high concentrations of TAG in the leaves.
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Walworth, James, Andrew Pond, and Michael W. Kilby. "Leaf Sampling Guide with Interpretation and Evaluation for Arizona Pecan Orchards." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146970.

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Walworth, James L., Andrew P. Pond, and Michael W. Kilby. "Leaf Sampling Guide with Interpretation and Evaluation for Arizona Pecan Orchards." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/239608.

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Diehl, J. W., P. C. Ellsworth, and S. E. Naranjo. "Evaluation of a Leaf-turn Method for Sampling Whiteflies in Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210317.

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Plans for sampling sweetpotato whiteflies in cotton were evaluated within 8,000 acres of cotton within central Arizona. These plans were found to be a practical and efficient way to track whitefly populations. In general they should add about 8 minutes to a pest sampling regime. Neither time of day nor sampler experience were found to have a significant effect on the number of whiteflies counted. Therefore, this method provides a common currency for growers, PCAs and others to compare whitefly numbers among fields and through time.
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Kerns, David L., and Tony Tellez. "Evaluation of New Insecticides for Aphid Control in Green Leaf Lettuce." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219976.

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New soil injected and foliar insecticides were evaluated for their efficacy towards potato aphids in green leaf lettuce. The soil injected insecticides, Platinum and V10066, both appear to be viable alternatives to Admire, providing effective aphid control through harvest or ca. 90 days post-planting. Two foliar applications of Acetamiprid or Aphistar timed ca. 14 days apart beginning at the onset of aphid colonization provided superior aphid control over Provado or Fullfill, and control similar to that of the soil injected insecticides.
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Books on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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Accounting Principles, 13e Loose-Leaf Evaluation Copy. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2018.

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Witte, Raymond H., Michael F. Woodin, and Jane E. Bogan. Assessment in Special Education, Loose-Leaf Version. Pearson, 2014.

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Assessment: In Special and Inclusive Education, Loose-Leaf Version. Wadsworth Publishing, 2016.

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Abdallah, Roshan. Evaluation of DNA hybridization probes for detecting Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and analysis of genomic diversity by RFLP techniques. 1993.

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Assessment in Special Education: A Practical Approach, Enhanced Pearson eText with Loose-Leaf Version -- Access Card Package. Pearson, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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Haritha, D. "Performance Evaluation of Leaf Disease Measure." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 41–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3223-3_4.

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Silva, Pedro F. B., André R. S. Marçal, and Rubim M. Almeida da Silva. "Evaluation of Features for Leaf Discrimination." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 197–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39094-4_23.

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Munde, Yashwant S., Ravindra B. Ingle, Avinash S. Shinde, and Siva Irulappasamy. "Micromechanical Modelling and Evaluation of Pineapple Leaves Fibre (PALF) Composites Through Representative Volume Element Method." In Pineapple Leaf Fibers, 249–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1416-6_12.

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Cape, J. Neil. "Evaluation of Pollutant Critical Levels from Leaf Surface Characteristics." In Air Pollutants and the Leaf Cuticle, 123–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79081-2_10.

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Redolfi, Javier A., Jorge A. Sánchez, and Julián A. Pucheta. "Fisher Vectors for Leaf Image Classification: An Experimental Evaluation." In Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications, 298–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25751-8_36.

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West, Brett J., and 'Afa K. Palu. "Evaluation of the Allergenic Potential ofMorinda citrifoliaL. (Noni) Leaf." In ACS Symposium Series, 411–19. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-1001.ch026.

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PB, Gokul, Vishnu Prabhakar, and Anisha GS. "An Evaluation of Multiclass Leaf Classification Using Transfer Learning Techniques." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 23–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84760-9_3.

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Barquero-Miranda, Miguel, María José Cordero-Vega, and Kimberly Ureña-Ureña. "Inoculation and Evaluation of Hemileia vastatrix Under Laboratory Conditions." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust, 225–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_16.

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AbstractThe coffee leaf rust, a disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, is one of the main limitations in coffee production today as it causes significant economic losses to the coffee production sector. Genetic improvement is an option to solve these problems. The Arabica varieties have a very narrow genetic base therefore the induction of mutations, through e.g. physical methods such as gamma rays, could be an efficient tool to increase the genetic diversity of the crop. This would allow to obtain desirable agronomic characteristics such as resistance to pests and diseases. To determine the effect of irradiation on the plants, protocols enabling evaluation of improved traits must be applied. In the case of the assessment of plant resistance to pests and diseases, screening protocols that take into account their biology should be considered. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for the inoculation and evaluation of Hemileia vastatrix under laboratory conditions.
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Rojas-Chacón, José Andrés, Fabián Echeverría-Beirute, and Andrés Gatica-Arias. "Evaluation of Coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. Catuaí) Tolerance to Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) Using Inoculation of Leaf Discs Under Controlled Conditions." In Mutation Breeding in Coffee with Special Reference to Leaf Rust, 233–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67273-0_17.

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AbstractCoffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix, is considered one of the most devastating diseases of Arabica coffee. The use of leaf rust resistant or tolerant coffee varieties is a critical component for effective management of this disease at the farm level. Conventional breeding of Arabica coffee for leaf rust resistance requires many years of breeding and field-testing. Induced mutagenesis is an effective tool to increase genetic variability and generate new alleles with potential benefit for addressing abiotic and biotic stresses such as leaf rust in Arabica coffee. Efficient screening methods are required to evaluate coffee germplasm or mutant populations for resistance to H. vastatrix. Here, we present a screening method that uses inoculation of leaf discs in a controlled environment. The method was evaluated using M1V1 and M2 plants derived from chemically mutagenized Arabica coffee cell suspensions. In this method, the first rust symptoms appear on the leaf discs approximately 29 days after inoculation while the disease severity and incidence can be scored about 47 days after inoculation. Our results show that the methodology is simple, efficient and suitable to rapidly screen large mutant populations in a small area.
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Becker, Donald A. "Homogeneity and Evaluation of the New NIST Leaf Certified Reference Materials." In Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences, 571–77. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0473-2_62.

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Conference papers on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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Markoska, Elena, and Sanja Lazarova-Molnar. "LEAF: Live Building Performance Evaluation Framework." In 2019 Fourth International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmec.2019.8795329.

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Chen, Zhanhao, Shan Xu, Yixiong Zou, Hualong Zhang, Zhu Zhang, Yue Li, and Wei Wang. "Feature Evaluation in Fine-gain of Leaf." In 2016 4th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmct-16.2016.35.

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Molnar, Szilard, and Levente Tamas. "Segmentation Methods Evaluation on Grapevine Leaf Diseases." In 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems. IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2023f7053.

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Bediaf, Houda, Ludovic Journaux, Rachid Sabre, and Frédéric Cointault. "Roughness Evaluation of Vine Leaf by Image Processing." In Computer Graphics and Imaging. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2013.798-070.

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Suvitha, L. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Agave Americana Leaf Fiber." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Combinatorial and Optimization, ICCAP 2021, December 7-8 2021, Chennai, India. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-12-2021.2314639.

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Al Karalossy, Saleh Mahdi, Yasir Hussein Zaidan Al Juraisy, and Zahraa Kamel Zidan. "Evaluation of the anticancer effects of fig leaf extract, olive leaf extract, and their combination." In FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCES: ICAS2023. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0209441.

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LIU, TING, NING YANG, ZHONGTAI LI, and LINCHUN LI. "INTELLIGENT SENSORY EVALUATION OF TOBACCO LEAF BASED ON NIRS." In The 11th International FLINS Conference (FLINS 2014). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814619998_0116.

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Hall, David, Chris McCool, Feras Dayoub, Niko Sunderhauf, and Ben Upcroft. "Evaluation of Features for Leaf Classification in Challenging Conditions." In 2015 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2015.111.

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Chamnongsri, Nisachol, Lampang Manmart, and Vilas Wuwongse. "Implementation and evaluation of palm leaf manuscript metadata schema (PLMM)." In the 2009 joint international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1555400.1555466.

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Leevy, Gary, and Khoa Cao. "Evaluation of a Multi-Leaf Hybrid Springs for Automotive Suspensions." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0782.

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Reports on the topic "Immunopharmacological evaluation of Leaf"

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Delate, Kathleen, Andrea McKern, and Robert Burcham. Evaluation of Organic Pest Management Treatments for Bean Leaf Beetle and Soybean Aphid. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-695.

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Delate, Kathleen, Heather Friedrich, and Robert Burcham. Evaluation of Organic Pest Management Treatments for Bean Leaf Beetle--Neely-Kinyon Trial, 2002. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1226.

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Delate, Kathleen, Heather Friedrich, Andrea McKern, and Robert Burcham. Evaluation of Organic Pest Management Treatments for Bean Leaf Beetle--Neely-Kinyon Trial, 2003. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1298.

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Bradshaw, Jeffrey D., Marlin E. Rice, and John H. Hill. Evaluation of Management Tactics for Bean Leaf Beetles and Bean Pod Mottle Virus in Soybean. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2301.

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Akayezu, J. M., M. A. Jorgensen, J. G. Linn, and H. J. G. Jung. Evaluation of alfalfa leaf meal for dairy cows. Quarterly report, July 1, 1997--September 30, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/623032.

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Yang, Xiao-Bing, Shrishail S. Navi, and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Cercospora Leaf Spot, White Mold, and Brown Spot of Soybean. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2690.

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Delate, Kathleen, Andrea McKern, and Robert Burcham. Evaluation of Organic Pest Management Treatments for Bean Leaf Beetle and Soybean Aphid--Neely-Kinyon Trial, 2004. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2692.

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Czosnek, Henryk Hanokh, Dani Zamir, Robert L. Gilbertson, and Lucas J. William. Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus by Combining Expression of a Natural Tolerance Gene and a Dysfunctional Movement Protein in a Single Cultivar. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573079.bard.

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Background The tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCV) has been a major deterrent to tomato production in Israel for the last 20 years. This whitefly-transmitted viral disease has been found in the Caribbean Island in the early 1990s, probably as an import from the Middle East. In the late 1990s, the virus has spread to the US and is now conspicuous in Florida and Georgia. Objectives Because of the urgency facing the TYLCV epidemics, there was a compelling need to mobilize scientists to develop tomato variety resistant to TYLCV. The major goal was to identify the virus movement protein (MP) and to express a defective from of MP in a cultivar that contained the natural Ty-1 resistance gene. The research included 1. cloning of the TYLCV isolate from the Dominican Republic (DR) which is (or a close variant) also present in the continental USA; 2. ddefining the role of the MP; 3. mutating the putative MP gene; 4. introducing the modified gene into an advance Ty-1 line; 5. testing the transgenic plants in the field. The pressing threat to tomato production in the US resulted in an extension of the objectives: more emphasis was placed on characterization of TYLCV i the DR, on determination of the epidemiology of the virus in the DR, and on using new TYLCV resistance sources for tomato breeding. Achievements and signification 1. The characterization of TYLCV-DR allowed for more effective TYLCV management strategies that are now implemented in the DR. 2. The identification of the TYLCV MPs and, more importantly, insight into their function has provided a model for how these proteins function in TYLCV movement and support the targeting of one or more of these proteins in a dominant lethal strategy to engineer plants for TYLCV resistance. 3. The transgenic plants that are being generated with wild-type and mutated TYLCV MPs will serve to test the hypothesis that interference with one or more of the TYLCV movement proteins will be a strategy for generating TYLCV-resistant plants. 4. The fine mapping of the resistance Ty-1 gene allowed eliminating deleterious chromosome segments from the wild tomato genitor L. chilense. It may in a near future allow the cloning of the first geminivirus resistance gene. 5. Another resistance source from the wild tomato species L. hirsitum was introgressed into the domesticated tomato, resulting in the production of resistant breeding lines. Implications 1. The monitoring of TYLCV in whiteflies has been applied in the DR. These tools are presently being used to assist in the evaluation of the host-free period and to help select the appropriate locations for growing tomatoes in the DR. 2. An overall strategy to obtain resistance against TYLCV has been used. The expression of wild-type or mutated TYLCV MPs in transgenic tomato is another addition to the arsenal used to fight TYLCV, together with marker assisted breeding and mobilization of additional resistant genes from the wild.
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9

Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.

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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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10

Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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