Journal articles: 'Immunoloigcal and Virological Dynamics'

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Hunter, James R., Domingos E. Matos dos Santos, Patricia Munerato, Luiz Mario Janini, Adauto Castelo, Maria Cecilia Sucupira, Hong-Ha M. Truong, and Ricardo Sobhie Diaz. "Fitness Cost of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Mutations on the pol Gene during Analytical Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption among Individuals Experiencing Virological Failure." Pathogens 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111425.

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HIV cure studies require patients to enter an analytical treatment interruption (ATI). Here, we describe previously unanalyzed data that sheds light on ATI dynamics in PLHIV (People Living with HIV). We present drug resistance mutation dynamics on the pol gene among individuals with antiretroviral virological failure who underwent ATI. The study involved a 12-week interruption in antiretroviral therapy (ART), monitoring of viral load, CD4+/CD8+ T cell counts, and sequencing of the pol gene from 38 individuals experiencing virological failure and harboring 3-class resistant HIV strains: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTI), and protease inhibitors (PI). Protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the pol gene were sequenced at baseline before ATI and every four weeks thereafter from PBMCs and at baseline and after 12 weeks from plasma HIV RNA using population-based Sanger sequencing. Average viral load increased 0.559 log10 copies per milliliter. CD4+ T cell count decreased as soon as ART was withdrawn, an average loss of 99.0 cells/mL. Forty-three percent of the mutations associated with antiretroviral resistance in PBMCs disappeared and fifty-seven percent of the mutations in plasma reverted to wild type, which was less than the 100% reversion expected. In PBMC, the PI mutations reverted more slowly than reverse transcriptase mutations. The patients were projected to need an average of 33.7 weeks for PI to revert compared with 20.9 weeks for NRTI and 19.8 weeks for NNRTI. Mutations in the pol gene can cause virological failure and difficulty in re-establishing effective virological suppression.

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Nouni, Ayoub, Khalid Hattaf, and Noura Yousfi. "Dynamics of a Virological Model for Cancer Therapy with Innate Immune Response." Complexity 2020 (September 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8694821.

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The aim of this work is to present a virological model for cancer therapy that includes the innate immune response and saturation effect. The presented model combines both the evolution of a logistic growing tumor and time delay which stands for the period of the viral lytic cycle. We use the delay differential equation in order to model this time which also means the time needed for the infected tumor cells to produce new virions after viral entry. We show that the delayed model has four equilibria which are the desired outcome therapy equilibrium, the complete failure therapy equilibrium, the partial success therapy free-immune equilibrium when the innate immune response has not been established, and the partial success therapy equilibrium with immune response. Furthermore, the stability analysis of equilibria and the Hopf bifurcation are properly exhibited.

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Mihm, Ulrike, Henry Lik-Yuen Chan, Stefan Zeuzem, Angel Mei-Ling Chim, Alex Yui Hui, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong, Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung, and Eva Herrmann. "Virodynamic Predictors of Response to Pegylated Interferon and Lamivudine Combination Treatment of Hepatitis B e Antigen-Positive Chronic Hepatitis B." Antiviral Therapy 13, no. 8 (November 2008): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350801300812.

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Background Early identification of non-responders to interferon-α and development of stopping rules are needed in patients with chronic hepatitis B to reduce treatment-related costs and morbidity. Methods In total, 47 patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B received pegylated interferon-α2b for 8 weeks, lamivudine plus pegylated interferon-α2b combination therapy for 24 weeks and lamivudine monotherapy for 28 weeks. Sustained virological response was defined as HBeAg seroconversion and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA<105 copies/ml at the end of treatment and after 52 weeks of follow-up. The early HBV DNA data from the first 12 weeks of therapy were fitted by a viral kinetic model. Results Cutoff values for prediction of sustained virological response were defined as a rate of infected cell loss δ≥0.005 per day (negative predictive value [NPV] 100% and positive predictive value [PPV] 33.3%) and log values of the area under the mathematically predicted HBV DNA curve between baseline and week 12 of therapy ≤8.9 log10 copies/ml x days (NPV 100% and PPV 50%). By the latter cutoff, 25/36 (69.4%) patients without sustained virological response could be identified after 12 weeks of therapy. Conclusions In the present study, mathematical modelling of viral dynamics allowed prediction of sustained virological response after 12 weeks of therapy. Virodynamic predictors for sustained virological response should be further validated. The area under the mathematically predicted HBV DNA curve seems a promising candidate for potential cutoff values as it summarizes the influence of baseline HBV DNA and treatment effects.

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Verotta, Davide, and Franziska Schaedeli. "Non-linear dynamics models characterizing long-term virological data from AIDS clinical trials." Mathematical Biosciences 176, no. 2 (April 2002): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-5564(02)00090-1.

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Yaari, R., G. Katriel, L. Stone, E. Mendelson, M. Mandelboim, and A. Huppert. "Model-based reconstruction of an epidemic using multiple datasets: understanding influenza A/H1N1 pandemic dynamics in Israel." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 116 (March 2016): 20160099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0099.

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Intensified surveillance during the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Israel resulted in large virological and serological datasets, presenting a unique opportunity for investigating the pandemic dynamics. We employ a conditional likelihood approach for fitting a disease transmission model to virological and serological data, conditional on clinical data. The model is used to reconstruct the temporal pattern of the pandemic in Israel in five age-groups and evaluate the factors that shaped it. We estimate the reproductive number at the beginning of the pandemic to be R = 1.4. We find that the combined effect of varying absolute humidity conditions and school vacations (SVs) is responsible for the infection pattern, characterized by three epidemic waves. Overall attack rate is estimated at 32% (28–35%) with a large variation among the age-groups: the highest attack rates within school children and the lowest within the elderly. This pattern of infection is explained by a combination of the age-group contact structure and increasing immunity with age. We assess that SVs increased the overall attack rates by prolonging the pandemic into the winter. Vaccinating school children would have been the optimal strategy for minimizing infection rates in all age-groups.

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Luciani, F., R. Bull, K. Mcelroy, S. Pham, B. Cameron, A. Chopra, S. Gaudieri, D. Cooper, A. Lloyd, and P. White. "38 EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS DURING VERY EARLY INFECTIONS: VIROLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INSIGHTS." Journal of Hepatology 54 (March 2011): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(11)60040-8.

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Vorobiova, N. N., and E. S. Ivanova. "PROSPECTS OF THE USE OF PHOSPHAZIDE IN THE SCHEDULES OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY FOR HIV INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 18, no. 4 (August 15, 2013): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40772.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of triple antiretroviral theтру, including domestic product Phosphazide in 18 HIV-infected patients during 48 weeks. There was determined the dynamics of the clinical manifestations of the disease, the parameters of viral load and CD4 lymphocytes before antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks after its use. The study showed high virological and sufficient immunologic efficacy of this schedule.

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Pallier, Coralie, Laurent Castéra, Alexandre Soulier, Christophe Hézode, Patrice Nordmann, Daniel Dhumeaux, and Jean-Michel Pawlotsky. "Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Resistance to Lamivudine." Journal of Virology 80, no. 2 (January 15, 2006): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.2.643-653.2006.

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ABSTRACT Lamivudine was the first approved inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase (RT). Lamivudine resistance develops in 53% to 76% of patients after 3 years of treatment. We extensively characterized the dynamics of HBV quasispecies variant populations in four HBV-infected patients who developed lamivudine resistance. Virological breakthrough was preceded by 2 to 4 months by the emergence of quasispecies variants bearing amino acid substitutions at RT position 204, i.e., within the YMDD catalytic motif (rtM204V/I). Three patients had a gradual switch from a YMDD variant population at baseline to a 100% lamivudine-resistant variant population, whereas the remaining patient had a fluctuating pattern of resistance variant dynamics. Careful analysis of amino acid substitutions located outside domain C of HBV RT, including those known to partially restore replication capacities in vitro, showed that the in vivo replication of HBV variants is driven by multiple forces, including intrinsic replicative advantages conferred by mutations accumulating outside domain C and the changing environment in which these variants replicate. Our findings also suggest that individual treatment optimization will require sensitive methods capable of detecting the emergence of viral resistance before the relevant variants acquire optimal replicative capacities.

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Walter, R., J. Dürkop, B. Friedman, and H. J. Dobberkau. "Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Viruses in a Water System." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0104.

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A river intensively used along its entire course for extracting potable water and for discharging domestic and industrial effluents permanently carries a high load of viruses, including hepatitis A and rotaviruses. In the areas supplied with potable water from this river hepatitis A is endemic. The river has been investigated four times at 16 or more sampling points throughout its course in the years 1981, 1982 and 1983. Coincident with the virological investigation, biological, microbiological and chemical examinations were conducted with the same water sample. At some representatively distributed sampling points along the river course, tests for heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb) and selected chemical compounds were also performed. The virological quality of the river water largely depends on the virus input via domestic sewage. Statistically significant correlations have been found between virus level, pH, NH4+ and NO3−. Amoebae species are likely to counteract viruses. Knowing the dynamics of river water exploitation above the extraction sites, a model for the estimation of virus content in the raw water could be developed.

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Charpentier, Charlotte, Mohammad Ali Jenabian, Christophe Piketty, Marina Karmochkine, Pascaline Tisserand, Didier Laureillard, Laurent Bélec, Ali Si-Mohamed, and Laurence Weiss. "Dynamics of enfuvirtide resistance mutations in enfuvirtide-experienced patients remaining in virological failure under salvage therapy." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 43, no. 5 (February 22, 2011): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2011.552520.

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Ouoba, Serge, Mafumi Okimoto, Shintaro Nagashima, Yoshihiro Kitahara, Kei Miwata, Ko Ko, Bunthen E, et al. "Sequential dynamics of virological and serological changes in the serum of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients." Journal of Medical Virology 94, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 1734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27518.

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Kazanji, M., A. Ureta-Vidal, S. Ozden, F. Tangy, B. de Thoisy, A. Talarmin, A. Gessain, and G. de Thé. "Virological and immunological dynamics of HTLV-I primary to chronic infection in squirrel monkeys (saïmiri sciureus)." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 20, no. 4 (April 1999): A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199904010-00077.

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Schmitt, Anne, Li Gan, Ahmed Abd El Wahed, Tingchuan Shi, Heinz Ellerbrok, Franz-Josef Kaup, Christiane Stahl-Hennig, and Kerstin Mätz-Rensing. "Dynamics of Pathological and Virological Findings During Experimental Calpox Virus Infection of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Viruses 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2017): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9120363.

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Huang, Yi-Jie, Chi-Sen Chang, Yen-Chun Peng, Hong-Zen Yeh, and Sheng-Shun Yang. "On-treatment HBV DNA dynamics predict virological breakthrough in entecavir-treated HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): e0174046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174046.

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Wagner, Caroline E., Milad Hooshyar, Rachel E. Baker, Wenchang Yang, Nimalan Arinaminpathy, Gabriel Vecchi, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Amilcare Porporato, and Bryan T. Grenfell. "Climatological, virological and sociological drivers of current and projected dengue fever outbreak dynamics in Sri Lanka." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 167 (June 2020): 20200075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0075.

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The largest ever Sri Lankan dengue outbreak of 2017 provides an opportunity for investigating the relative contributions of climatological, epidemiological and sociological drivers on the epidemic patterns of this clinically important vector-borne disease. To do so, we develop a climatologically driven disease transmission framework for dengue virus using spatially resolved temperature and precipitation data as well as the time-series susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. From this framework, we first demonstrate that the distinct climatological patterns encountered across the island play an important role in establishing the typical yearly temporal dynamics of dengue, but alone are unable to account for the epidemic case numbers observed in Sri Lanka during 2017. Using a simplified two-strain SIR model, we demonstrate that the re-introduction of a dengue virus serotype that had been largely absent from the island in previous years may have played an important role in driving the epidemic, and provide a discussion of the possible roles for extreme weather events and human mobility patterns on the outbreak dynamics. Lastly, we provide estimates for the future burden of dengue across Sri Lanka using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 5 climate projections. Critically, we demonstrate that climatological and serological factors can act synergistically to yield greater projected case numbers than would be expected from the presence of a single driver alone. Altogether, this work provides a holistic framework for teasing apart and analysing the various complex drivers of vector-borne disease outbreak dynamics.

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Ben-Shachar, Rotem, and Katia Koelle. "Minimal within-host dengue models highlight the specific roles of the immune response in primary and secondary dengue infections." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 103 (February 2015): 20140886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0886.

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In recent years, the within-host viral dynamics of dengue infections have been increasingly characterized, and the relationship between aspects of these dynamics and the manifestation of severe disease has been increasingly probed. Despite this progress, there are few mathematical models of within-host dengue dynamics, and the ones that exist focus primarily on the general role of immune cells in the clearance of infected cells, while neglecting other components of the immune response in limiting viraemia. Here, by considering a suite of mathematical within-host dengue models of increasing complexity, we aim to isolate the critical components of the innate and the adaptive immune response that suffice in the reproduction of several well-characterized features of primary and secondary dengue infections. By building up from a simple target cell limited model, we show that only the innate immune response is needed to recover the characteristic features of a primary symptomatic dengue infection, while a higher rate of viral infectivity (indicative of antibody-dependent enhancement) and infected cell clearance by T cells are further needed to recover the characteristic features of a secondary dengue infection. We show that these minimal models can reproduce the increased risk of disease associated with secondary heterologous infections that arises as a result of a cytokine storm, and, further, that they are consistent with virological indicators that predict the onset of severe disease, such as the magnitude of peak viraemia, time to peak viral load, and viral clearance rate. Finally, we show that the effectiveness of these virological indicators to predict the onset of severe disease depends on the contribution of T cells in fuelling the cytokine storm.

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Lot, F., C. Semaille, F. Cazein, F. Barin, R. Pinget, J. Pillonel, and J. C. Desenclos. "Preliminary results from the new HIV surveillance system in France." Eurosurveillance 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.10.00481-en.

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In addition to AIDS surveillance, data on HIV infection are necessary to better follow the dynamics of the epidemic. We report the first results of France's mandatory anonymous HIV notification system, which is linked to a virological surveillance of recent HIV infections and of circulating HIV types, groups and subtypes. HIV notifications are initiated by microbiologists who create an anonymous code of patient's identity. Clinicians complete the notification form with epidemiological and clinical data. Notifications are sent to the local health authorities and passed to the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS).

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Kim, Tae Yeob. "The effect of alanine aminotransferase dynamics on predicting sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Korean Journal of Hepatology 18, no. 1 (2012): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2012.18.1.29.

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Chereau, Fanny, Yoann Madec, Caroline Sabin, Niels Obel, Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos, Georgios Chrysos, Sarah Fidler, et al. "Impact of CD4 and CD8 dynamics and viral rebounds on loss of virological control in HIV controllers." PLOS ONE 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2017): e0173893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173893.

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Lanszki, Zsófia, József Lanszki, Gábor Endre Tóth, Safia Zeghbib, Ferenc Jakab, and Gábor Kemenesi. "Retrospective Detection and Complete Genomic Sequencing of Canine morbillivirus in Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) Using Nanopore Technology." Viruses 14, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14071433.

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The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a piscivorous apex predator in aquatic habitats, and a flagship species of conservation biology throughout Europe. Despite the wide distribution and ecological relevance of the species, there is a considerable lack of knowledge regarding its virological and veterinary health context, especially in Central Europe. Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus (CDV)) is a highly contagious viral agent of the family Paramyxoviridae with high epizootic potential and veterinary health impact. CDV is present worldwide among a wide range of animals; wild carnivores are at particular risk. As part of a retrospective study, lung-tissue samples (n = 339) from Eurasian otters were collected between 2000 and 2021 throughout Hungary. The samples were screened for CDV using a real-time RT-PCR method. Two specimens proved positive for CDV RNA. In one sample, the complete viral genome was sequenced using a novel, pan-genotype CDV-specific amplicon-based sequencing method with Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. Both viral sequences were grouped to a European lineage based on the hemagglutinin-gene phylogenetic classification. In this article, we present the feasibility of road-killed animal samples for understanding the long-term dynamics of CDV among wildlife and provide novel virological sequence data to better understand CDV circulation and evolution.

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Wu, Hulin, and A. Adam Ding. "Population HIV-1 Dynamics In Vivo: Applicable Models and Inferential Tools for Virological Data from AIDS Clinical Trials." Biometrics 55, no. 2 (June 1999): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00410.x.

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Kazama, Shinobu, Yoshifumi Masago, Kentaro Tohma, Nao Souma, Toshifumi Imagawa, Akira Suzuki, Xiaofang Liu, Mayuko Saito, Hitoshi Oshitani, and Tatsuo Omura. "Temporal dynamics of norovirus determined through monitoring of municipal wastewater by pyrosequencing and virological surveillance of gastroenteritis cases." Water Research 92 (April 2016): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.024.

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Gheorghe, Liana, Maria Speranta Iacob, Anca Trifan, Carol Stanciu, Roxana Sirli, Ioan Sporea, Raluca Lupusoru, et al. "Dynamics of AFP in Cirrhotic Patients with Virological Response Following 3D Therapy and Severe Necro-inflammation at Fibromax." American Journal of Gastroenterology 111 (October 2016): S375. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201610001-00856.

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Vita, Serena, Paola Zuccalà, Stefano Savinelli, Claudia Mascia, Raffaella Rossi, Francesco Schiavone, Raffaella Marocco, et al. "Impact of IFN-Free and IFN-Based Treatment on Blood Myeloid Dendritic Cell, Monocyte, Slan-DC, and Activated T Lymphocyte Dynamics during HCV Infection." Journal of Immunology Research 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2781350.

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Chronic hepatitis C virus infection leads to the activation of innate immunity, a key component in HCV fibrosis. In the past, the use of IFN-based treatment regimens did not permit an adequate evaluation of the impact of HCV clearance on immune cells, because of their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. The recent development of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, which is associated with high rates of sustained virological response, enables a more accurate analysis of the immunological modifications following HCV eradication. We studied the dynamics of blood myeloid dendritic cells, monocytes, slan-DCs, and T lymphocytes during IFN-free and IFN-based regimens in hepatitis C virus infection.

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Pogorelskaya, L. V., I. N. Khlopova, S. S. Grigoryan, I. P. Tryakina, N. A. Rik, and D. G. Mal'dov. "CLINICAL AND VIROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE DRUG "STIMFORTE" IN ACUTE HEPATITIS B." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 18, no. 3 (June 15, 2013): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40702.

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Gamalei Str., Moscow, Russia, 123098; 4Closed 4Joint-Stock Company “SKY LTD”, 113/1, Leninsky avenue, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117108 Hepatitis B is a serious problem for global health. The incidence of acute hepatitis B in the Russian Federation in recent years was 2.2 per 100 000 people. In 5% of cases the infection can acquire chronic course, leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, there is increased interest in drugs of plant and animal origin which have immunomodulatory and antiviral activity. "Stimforte" is one out of such drugs. The aim of this work was to determine the as clinical and immunologic as virologic efficacy of the injectable form of the drug. The study included 30 patients and 22 subjects from the control group. Evaluation of treatment efficacy was performed on the results of clinical and laboratory examination and was determined in the terms of reverse development of acute viral hepatitis, dynamics and rate of downword in activity of biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase), elimination of markers of acute hepatitis from the blood, the frequency of formation of chronic hepatitis. The investigation of immune and interferon status was performed. At the same time the possible occurrences of adverse reactions were taken into account. At the end of the study the use of "Stimforte " was shown to have a positive effect on the regression of clinical symptoms of the disease, by reducing their duration by 2-8 days, contributed to a more rapid normalization of indices of cytolysis (ALT, AST). Drug "Stimforte" has immunomodulatory effect, stimulated antiviral immune response to acute HBV-infection. Within 6 months of following up patients no chronic cases were observed. The drug was well tolerated by all patients with no incidence of adverse reactions.

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Zhang, Yan, Song He, Qing-Ling Li, and Jin-Jun Guo. "Dynamics of hepatitis B virus resistance substitutions correlates with virological response in lamivudine-refractory patients with entecavir rescue monotherapy." Virus Research 177, no. 2 (November 2013): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.003.

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Schreiber, Mark J., Edward C. Holmes, Swee Hoe Ong, Harold S. H. Soh, Wei Liu, Lukas Tanner, Pauline P. K. Aw, et al. "Genomic Epidemiology of a Dengue Virus Epidemic in Urban Singapore." Journal of Virology 83, no. 9 (February 11, 2009): 4163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02445-08.

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ABSTRACT Dengue is one of the most important emerging diseases of humans, with no preventative vaccines or antiviral cures available at present. Although one-third of the world's population live at risk of infection, little is known about the pattern and dynamics of dengue virus (DENV) within outbreak situations. By exploiting genomic data from an intensively studied major outbreak, we are able to describe the molecular epidemiology of DENV at a uniquely fine-scaled temporal and spatial resolution. Two DENV serotypes (DENV-1 and DENV-3), and multiple component genotypes, spread concurrently and with similar epidemiological and evolutionary profiles during the initial outbreak phase of a major dengue epidemic that took place in Singapore during 2005. Although DENV-1 and DENV-3 differed in viremia and clinical outcome, there was no evidence for adaptive evolution before, during, or after the outbreak, indicating that ecological or immunological rather than virological factors were the key determinants of epidemic dynamics.

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Gushchin, Vladimir A., Andrei A. Pochtovyi, Daria D. Kustova, Darya A. Ogarkova, Ivan Y. Tarnovetskii, Elizaveta D. Belyaeva, Elizaveta V. Divisenko, et al. "Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Major Genetic Lineages in Moscow in the Context of Vaccine Prophylaxis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 14670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314670.

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Findings collected over two and a half years of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that the level immunity resulting from vaccination and infection is insufficient to stop the circulation of new genetic variants. The short-term decline in morbidity was followed by a steady increase. The early identification of new genetic lineages that will require vaccine adaptation in the future is an important research target. In this study, we summarised data on the variability of genetic line composition throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Moscow, Russia, and evaluated the virological and epidemiological features of dominant variants in the context of selected vaccine prophylaxes. The prevalence of the Omicron variant highlighted the low effectiveness of the existing immune layer in preventing infection, which points to the necessity of optimising the antigens used in vaccines in Moscow. Logistic growth curves showing the rate at which the new variant displaces the previously dominant variants may serve as early indicators for selecting candidates for updated vaccines, along with estimates of efficacy, reduced viral neutralising activity against the new strains, and viral load in previously vaccinated patients.

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Vorobiova, N. N., and E. S. Ivanova. "EFFECTIVENESS OF DOMESTIC ANTIRETROVIRAL NRTI CLASS DRUG IN THE MONOTHERAPY OF HIV INFECTION." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 18, no. 4 (August 15, 2013): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40760.

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The effectiveness of domestic preparation Phosphazide was proved during the performance of the retrospective analysis of a clinical case of monotherapy in a 28-year-old female with HIV infection. Phosphazide was prescribed after the achievement of virological and immunological effect of combined schedules of antiretroviral therapy. The dynamics of CD4 lymphocytes, plasma HIV RNA [viral load test (VL)] were followed up every 3 months for 372 weeks. The persistent decline in VL and keeping it at the level less than 3,79 log10 in combination with a positive clinical effect - the lack both of symptoms of progression of HIV infection and the development of opportunistic infections, stable level of CD4-lymphocytes> 500 cells/mcl can be considered as a positive result of monotherapy with Phosphazide.

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Leal, Lorna, Csaba Fehér, Valèria Richart, Berta Torres, and Felipe García. "Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption (ATI) in HIV-1 Infected Patients Participating in Therapeutic Vaccine Trials: Surrogate Markers of Virological Response." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030442.

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A functional Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cure has been proposed as an alternative to antiretroviral treatment for life, and therapeutic vaccines represent one of the most promising approaches. The goal of therapeutic vaccination is to augment virus-specific immune responses that have an impact on HIV viral load dynamics. To date, the agreed feature to evaluate the effects of these therapeutic interventions is analytical antiretroviral treatment interruption (ATI), at least until we find a reliable biomarker that can predict viral control. Different host, immunologic, and virologic markers have been proposed as predictors of viral control during ATI after therapeutic interventions. This review describes the relevance of ATI and the different surrogate markers of virological control assessed in HIV therapeutic vaccine clinical trials.

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Lee, Teng-Yu, Chi-Yi Chen, Hsueh-Chou Lia, Yu-Chung Hsu, and Sheng-Shun Yang. "The ultra-short virological dynamics in response to entecavir or lamivudine during chronic hepatitis B with spontaneous severe acute exacerbation." Antiviral therapy 23, no. 1 (2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp3183.

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Gupta, Saurabh, and Raghvendra Singh. "Analysis of the Virus Dynamics Model Reveals That Early Treatment of HCV Infection May Lead to the Sustained Virological Response." PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (July 24, 2012): e41209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041209.

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Inizan, Catherine, Arnaud Tarantola, Olivia O’Connor, Morgan Mangeas, Nicolas Pocquet, Carole Forfait, Elodie Descloux, et al. "Dengue in New Caledonia: Knowledge and Gaps." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4020095.

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Arboviruses are viruses transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquito vectors. Over the last decade, arbovirus circulation has increasingly been detected in New Caledonia (NC), a French island territory located in the subtropical Pacific region. Reliable epidemiological, entomological, virological and climate data have been collected in NC over the last decade. Here, we describe these data and how they inform arboviruses’ epidemiological profile. We pinpoint areas which remain to be investigated to fully understand the peculiar epidemiological profile of arbovirus circulation in NC. Further, we discuss the advantages of conducting studies on arboviruses dynamics in NC. Overall, we show that conclusions drawn from observations conducted in NC may inform epidemiological risk assessments elsewhere and may be vital to guide surveillance and response, both in New Caledonia and beyond.

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Voirin, Nicolas, Cécile Payet, Alain Barrat, Ciro Cattuto, Nagham Khanafer, Corinne Régis, Byeul-a. Kim, et al. "Combining High-Resolution Contact Data with Virological Data to Investigate Influenza Transmission in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 36, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2014.53.

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OBJECTIVEContact patterns and microbiological data contribute to a detailed understanding of infectious disease transmission. We explored the automated collection of high-resolution contact data by wearable sensors combined with virological data to investigate influenza transmission among patients and healthcare workers in a geriatric unit.DESIGNProof-of-concept observational study. Detailed information on contact patterns were collected by wearable sensors over 12 days. Systematic nasopharyngeal swabs were taken, analyzed for influenza A and B viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and cultured for phylogenetic analysis.SETTINGAn acute-care geriatric unit in a tertiary care hospital.PARTICIPANTSPatients, nurses, and medical doctors.RESULTSA total of 18,765 contacts were recorded among 37 patients, 32 nurses, and 15 medical doctors. Most contacts occurred between nurses or between a nurse and a patient. Fifteen individuals had influenza A (H3N2). Among these, 11 study participants were positive at the beginning of the study or at admission, and 3 patients and 1 nurse acquired laboratory-confirmed influenza during the study. Infectious medical doctors and nurses were identified as potential sources of hospital-acquired influenza (HA-Flu) for patients, and infectious patients were identified as likely sources for nurses. Only 1 potential transmission between nurses was observed.CONCLUSIONSCombining high-resolution contact data and virological data allowed us to identify a potential transmission route in each possible case of HA-Flu. This promising method should be applied for longer periods in larger populations, with more complete use of phylogenetic analyses, for a better understanding of influenza transmission dynamics in a hospital setting.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7

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Néant, Nadège, Caroline Solas, Naïm Bouazza, Minh Patrick Lê, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Catherine Dhiver, Sylvie Bregigeon, et al. "Concentration–response model of rilpivirine in a cohort of HIV-1-infected naive and pre-treated patients." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 7 (April 23, 2019): 1992–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz141.

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Abstract Background Rilpivirine is widely prescribed in people living with HIV. Although trough plasma concentrations have been associated with virological response, the drug pharmacodynamics remain incompletely characterized. Objectives To develop the first pharmacodynamic model of rilpivirine in order to establish the rilpivirine concentration–response relationship for future treatment optimization. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients receiving the once-daily rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine regimen. Individual rilpivirine trough plasma concentrations over time were predicted using a previous pharmacokinetic model. An established susceptible, infected, recovered model was used to describe HIV dynamics without assuming disease steady-state. Population analysis was performed with MONOLIX 2018 software. Simulations of the viral load evolution as a function of time and rilpivirine trough plasma concentration were performed. Results Overall, 60 naive and 39 pre-treated patients were included with a follow-up ranging from 2 to 37 months. The final model adequately described the data and the pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated with a good precision. The population typical value of rilpivirine EC50 was estimated at 65 ng/mL. A higher infection rate constant of CD4 cells for HIV-1 was obtained in pre-treated patients. Consequently, the time to obtain virological suppression was longer in pre-treated than in naive patients. Conclusions The concentration–response relationship of rilpivirine was satisfactorily described for the first time using an original population pharmacodynamic model. Simulations performed using the final model showed that the currently used 50 ng/mL rilpivirine trough plasma concentration efficacy target might need revision upwards, particularly in pre-treated patients.

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Wodarz, Dominik, and David N. Levy. "Effect of different modes of viral spread on the dynamics of multiply infected cells in human immunodeficiency virus infection." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 55 (July 21, 2010): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0266.

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Infection of individual cells with more than one HIV particle is an important feature of HIV replication, which may contribute to HIV pathogenesis via the occurrence of recombination, viral complementation and other outcomes that influence HIV replication and evolutionary dynamics. A previous mathematical model of co-infection has shown that the number of cells infected with i viruses correlates with the i th power of the singly infected cell population, and this has partly been observed in experiments. This model, however, assumed that virus spread from cell to cell occurs only via free virus particles, and that viruses and cells mix perfectly. Here, we introduce a cellular automaton model that takes into account different modes of virus spread among cells, including cell to cell transmission via the virological synapse, and spatially constrained virus spread. In these scenarios, it is found that the number of multiply infected cells correlates linearly with the number of singly infected cells, meaning that co-infection plays a greater role at lower virus loads. The model further indicates that current experimental systems that are used to study co-infection dynamics fail to reflect the true dynamics of multiply infected cells under these specific assumptions, and that new experimental techniques need to be designed to distinguish between the different assumptions.

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Hirose, Shizuka, Kosuke Notsu, Satoshi Ito, Yoshihiro Sakoda, and Norikazu Isoda. "Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080922.

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.

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Mihai, Florin, Anca Trifan, Carol Stanciu, Laura Huiban, Cristina Muzîca, Corina Lupașcu-Ursulescu, Dragoș Negru, et al. "L3 Skeletal Muscle Index Dynamics in Patients with HCV-Related Compensated Cirrhosis Following Sustained Virological Response after Direct Acting Antiviral Treatment." Medicina 57, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57111226.

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Background and Objectives: Sarcopenia is commonly associated with liver cirrhosis and predicts clinical outcome. Our aim was to identify the changes in skeletal muscle index (SMI) on computed tomography (CT) examination, as a quantitative marker of sarcopenia, in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis after direct acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment and to assess predictive factors for the evolution of SMI. Materials and Methods: This is a single center retrospective study in patients with HCV-related compensated cirrhosis who obtained sustained virological response (SVR) after DAAs. CT examinations were performed in 52 patients before and within 5–24 months after treatment. The total muscle area (TMA) of abdominal muscle at the level of third lumbar vertebra (L3) was measured at baseline and after SVR. The L3-SMI was calculated from TMA divided by body height squared (cm2/m2). We assessed changes in L3-SMI after SVR according to baseline body mass index (BMI) and laboratory data. Predictive factors were assessed by linear regression model. Results: Patients with L3-SMI above the gender-specific cut-off value at baseline had higher values of serum creatinine (median 0.73) compared to patients with low L3-SMI (median 0.68, p = 0.031). After SVR, 14 patients showed increase of L3-SMI, and 38 patients had a decrease of L3-SMI. BMI in the decreased L3-SMI group was significantly lower (median 26.17) than those without decreased L3-SMI (median 28.84, p = 0.021). ALT values in the decreased L3-SMI group (median 66.5) were significantly lower than those without a decrease in L3-SMI (median 88, p = 0.045). Conclusions: Low creatinine serum level correlates with sarcopenia. SMI was partially influenced by the viral clearance. Lower BMI and ALT serum levels at baseline were predictive for no benefit in terms of muscle mass dynamics. Understanding all the mechanisms involved in sarcopenia and identifying the most vulnerable patients could ensure optimal adapted care strategies.

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Kim, Soo Ryang, Susumu Imoto, Masatoshi Kudo, Keiji Mita, Miyuki Taniguchi, Ke Ih Kim, Noriko Sasase, et al. "Double-Filtration Plasmapheresis plus IFN for HCV-1b Patients with Non-Sustained Virological Response to Previous Combination Therapy: Early Viral Dynamics." Intervirology 53, no. 1 (2010): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000252783.

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Nakagawa, Ai, Masanori Atsukawa, Akihito Tsubota, Noritomo Shimada, Hiroshi Abe, Chisa Kondo, Norio Itokawa, et al. "Relationship between HCV dynamics and sustained virological responses in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1b patients treated with telaprevir-based triple therapy." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 26, no. 12 (December 2014): 1329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000000228.

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Sainokami, S. "Pretreatment hepatitis C virus dynamics for predicting virological response to interferon-α2b monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection." Hepatology Research 27, no. 3 (November 2003): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-6346(03)00240-7.

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Brambilla, Sabrina, Giorgio Bellati, Margherita Asti, Antonella Lisa, Maria Elena Candusso, Maria D'Amico, Gabriele Grassi, et al. "Dynamics of hypervariable region 1 variation in hepatitis C virus infection and correlation with clinical and virological features of liver disease." Hepatology 27, no. 6 (June 1998): 1678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510270629.

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Sizova, N. V., E. S. Obizhaeva, and S. O. Mayorova. "Features of application of raltegravir in HIV-infected patients with different somatic pathologies." Journal Infectology 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-3-92-100.

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Purpose of the study. Evaluation of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of raltegravir regimens in HIV-infected patients with concomitant pathology in real clinical practice.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was carried out of 277 outpatient records of HIV-infected patients who received raltegravir (RAL) as a third component both in patients without previous experience of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and in patients with experience of treatment with various somatic pathologies. The main criterion for the effectiveness of the scheme was the proportion of patients with undetectable viral load at the start of the analysis. Additional criteria for evaluating the efficacy and safety of the regimen were the dynamics of the number of CD4-lymphocytes, the frequency and nature of undesirable side reactions.Results. On average, patients with no experience of treatment and with experience of treatment received regimens with raltegravir for about 5 years. At the time of the study in 2020, 69.8% of patients on ART for the first time continued to take a regimen containing raltegravir. In this group, the proportion of patients with virological suppression (PCR of HIV RNA less than 50 kopecks / ml) was 97.7%. 75.2% of patients in the second group in 2020 continued to take the RAL regimen. The proportion of patients with virological suppression (VL less than 50 kopecks / ml) in this group was 97.5%. During the treatment, there was no discontinuation of the regimen in both groups due to undesirable side reactions to raltegravir.Conclusion. The results of this study confirm that RAL-based regimens provide a high level of efficacy with a good tolerance and safety profile in routine clinical practice for both naive and experienced patients with various somatic pathologies.

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El Bouzidi, Kate, Rawlings P. Datir, Vivian Kwaghe, Sunando Roy, Dan Frampton, Judith Breuer, Obinna Ogbanufe, et al. "Deep sequencing of HIV-1 reveals extensive subtype variation and drug resistance after failure of first-line antiretroviral regimens in Nigeria." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 77, no. 2 (November 6, 2021): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab385.

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Abstract Background Deep sequencing could improve understanding of HIV treatment failure and viral population dynamics. However, this tool is often inaccessible in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives To determine the genetic patterns of resistance emerging in West African HIV-1 subtypes during first-line virological failure, and the implications for future antiretroviral options. Patients and methods Participants were selected from a Nigerian cohort of people living with HIV who had failed first-line ART and subsequently switched to second-line therapy. Whole HIV-1 genome sequences were generated from first-line virological failure samples with Illumina MiSeq. Mutations detected at ≥2% frequency were analysed and compared by subtype. Results HIV-1 sequences were obtained from 101 participants (65% female, median age 30 years, median 32.9 months of nevirapine- or efavirenz-based ART). Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were detected in 61%, other core NRTI mutations in 92% and NNRTI mutations in 99%. Minority variants (<20% frequency) comprised 18% of all mutations. K65R was more prevalent in CRF02_AG than G subtypes (33% versus 7%; P = 0.002), and ≥3 TAMs were more common in G than CRF02_AG (52% versus 24%; P = 0.004). Subtype G viruses also contained more RT cleavage site mutations. Cross-resistance to at least one of the newer NNRTIs, doravirine, etravirine or rilpivirine, was predicted in 81% of participants. Conclusions Extensive drug resistance had accumulated in people with West African HIV-1 subtypes, prior to second-line ART. Deep sequencing significantly increased the detection of resistance-associated mutations. Caution should be used if considering newer-generation NNRTI agents in this setting.

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Lee, Jae-Won, Won Kim, Eun-Kyung Kwon, Yuri Kim, Hyun Mu Shin, Dong-Hyun Kim, Chan-Ki Min, et al. "Immunological dynamics associated with rapid virological response during the early phase of type I interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2017): e0179094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179094.

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Pereira, Grenda Leite, Andréa Monteiro Tarragô, Walter Luiz Lima Neves, Pedro Vieira da Silva Neto, Priscila Sarmento de Souza, Juliana dos Santos Affonso, Keyla Santos de Sousa, et al. "Immunological Dynamics Associated with Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapies in Naive and Experimented HCV Chronic-Infected Patients." Mediators of Inflammation 2019 (November 4, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4738237.

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The therapeutic strategies used in the treatment of hepatitis C are essentially based on the combination of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). This therapy has been shown to be very effective in relation to patient adherence to treatment and has shown high rates of sustained virological response (SVR). However, the immunological dynamics of patients infected with HCV is poorly understood. This fact led us to investigate the immune system of naive and experienced patients, who we followed before the therapy and three months after the end of treatment. In this study, 35 naive and experienced Brazilian patients with chronic hepatitis C and 50 healthy donors (HD group) were studied. The analysis of the soluble immunological biomarkers was performed using the flow cytometry methodology. The SVR rate was >90% among the 35 patients. Before treatment, correlations in the naive HCV group demonstrated a mix of inflammatory response occurring with moderate correlations between chemokines, inflammatory cytokines, and Th2 profile, with a strong regulation between IL-10 and IL-17A. On the other hand, experienced patients demonstrated a poor interaction between cytokines, chemokines, and cells with a strong correlation between IL-10, IL-6, CXCL-10, and CD8+ besides the interactions between IFN-γ and IL-4. Furthermore, naive and experienced patients seem to have a distinct soluble biomarker profile; therefore, a long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate patients treated with DAAs.

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Almansa, Raquel, Pamela Martínez-Orellana, Lucía Rico, Verónica Iglesias, Alicia Ortega, Beatriz Vidaña, Jorge Martínez, Ana Expósito, María Montoya, and Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin. "Pulmonary transcriptomic responses indicate a dual role of inflammation in pneumonia development and viral clearance during 2009 pandemic influenza infection." PeerJ 5 (October 11, 2017): e3915. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3915.

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Background The interaction between influenza virus and the host response to infection clearly plays an important role in determining the outcome of infection. While much is known on the participation of inflammation on the pathogenesis of severe A (H1N1) pandemic 09-influenza virus, its role in the course of non-fatal pneumonia has not been fully addressed. Methods A systems biology approach was used to define gene expression profiles, histology and viral dynamics in the lungs of healthy immune-competent mice with pneumonia caused by a human influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, which successfully resolved the infection. Results Viral infection activated a marked pro-inflammatory response at the lung level paralleling the emergence of histological changes. Cellular immune response and cytokine signaling were the two signaling pathway categories more representative of our analysis. This transcriptome response was associated to viral clearance, and its resolution was accompanied by resolution of histopathology. Discussion These findings suggest a dual role of pulmonary inflammation in viral clearance and development of pneumonia during non-fatal infection caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus. Understanding the dynamics of the host’s transcriptomic and virological changes over the course of the infection caused by A (H1N1) pdm09 virus may help identifying the immune response profiles associated with an effective response against influenza virus.

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Haering, Matthias, Andreas Hördt, Michael Meyer-Hermann, and Esteban A. Hernandez-Vargas. "Computational Study to Determine When to Initiate and Alternate Therapy in HIV Infection." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/472869.

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HIV is a widespread viral infection without cure. Drug treatment has transformed HIV disease into a treatable long-term infection. However, the appearance of mutations within the viral genome reduces the susceptibility of HIV to drugs. Therefore, a key goal is to extend the time until patients exhibit resistance to all existing drugs. Current HIV treatment guidelines seem poorly supported as practitioners have not achieved a consensus on the optimal time to initiate and to switch antiretroviral treatments. We contribute to this discussion with predictions derived from a mathematical model of HIV dynamics. Our results indicate that early therapy initiation (within 2 years postinfection) is critical to delay AIDS progression. For patients who have not received any therapy during the first 3 years postinfection, switch in response to virological failure may outperform proactive switching strategies. In case that proactive switching is opted, the switching time between therapies should not be larger than 100 days. Further clinical trials are needed to either confirm or falsify these predictions.

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Bazarragchaa, Enkhbold, Norikazu Isoda, Taksoo Kim, Madoka Tetsuo, Satoshi Ito, Keita Matsuno, and Yoshihiro Sakoda. "Efficacy of Oral Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever in Wild Boar and Estimation of the Disease Dynamics in the Quantitative Approach." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020319.

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Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in the wild boar population has been spreading in Japan, alongside outbreaks on pigs, since classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in September 2018. The vaccination using oral bait vaccine was initially implemented in Gifu prefecture in March 2019. In the present study, antibodies against CSFV in wild boar were assessed in 1443 captured and dead wild boars in Gifu prefecture. After the implementation of oral vaccination, the increase of the proportion of seropositive animals and their titer in wild boars were confirmed. Quantitative analysis of antigen and antibodies against CSFV in wild boar implies potential disease diversity in the wild boar population. Animals with status in high virus replication (Ct < 30) and non- or low-immune response were confirmed and were sustained at a certain level after initial oral vaccination. Through continuous vaccination periods, the increase of seroprevalence among wild boar and the decrease of CSFV-positive animals were observed. The epidemiological analysis based on the quantitative virological outcomes could provide more information on the efficacy of oral vaccination and dynamics of CSF in the wild boar population, which will help to improve the implementation of control measures for CSF in countries such as Japan and neighboring countries.

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Rosa, Francesco G. De, Olivia Bargiacchi, Sabrina Audagnotto, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Cariti, Lorenzo Veronese, Riccardo Raiteri, Guido Calleri, and Giovanni Di Perri. "The Early HCV RNA Dynamics in Patients with Acute Hepatitis C Treated with Pegylated Interferon-α2B." Antiviral Therapy 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350601100204.

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Interferon and pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) are highly effective in patients with acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (acute hepatitis C, AHC), but the optimal timing of treatment is still under debate. In this open-labelled, uncontrolled trial, 19 patients with AHC, including 12 intravenous drug users (IVDUs), were treated early in the course of the infection with peg-IFN-α2b for 12 weeks. Diagnosis was made according to standardized criteria. The HCV RNA decay was analysed during the first 4 weeks of treatment by quantitative branched-DNA and by qualitative RT-PCR. Of the patients, 11 (58%) had genotype 1. Sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved in 14 out of 19 patients (74%) and the mean time to achieve a negative RT-PCR for HCV RNA was 2.5 weeks. The SVR was associated by univariate analysis with peg-IFN dosage ≥1.33 μg/kg/week ( P=0.026) and HCV RNA level at onset of therapy ( P=0.017). Using a logistic regression model, only peg-IFN dosage ≥1.33 μg/kg/weekly was significantly associated with SVR ( P=0.0379, OR: 14.7; 95% CI: 1.16–185.2). The SVR was 100% and 83.3%, respectively, in genotype 1 and non-1 infected patients treated with a dosage equal to or higher than 1.33 μg/kg, compared with 40% and 50%, respectively, in those who received a lower dosage. Efforts should be made to propose a 12-week treatment with peg-IFN-α2b for AHC, and to maximize peg-IFN dosage. Early treatment is associated with early disappearance of HCV RNA.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immunoloigcal and Virological Dynamics'

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