Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Immunologie – Philosophie de l'homme'
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Nardon, Emmanuel. "L'immunologie générale de Peter Sloterdijk : contribution à une théorie psychoculturelle de l'immunité." Thesis, Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0009.
Full textPeter Sloterdijk mobilizes the semantic of immunity in order to construct a philosophy of psychocultural immunity that would be capable of simultaneously granting the cultural dimension and the psychic dimension of immunity. Under the title of a « general immunology », this philosophy proposes in fact a description and an explicitation of the ubiquitous strategies (cooperative, technological ans symbolic). By serializing and energizing the four speculative lines (anthropogenic, anthropological, sociological and epoqual) deployed by general immunology, the semantics of the immune system thus functions as a heuristic scheme that allows to confer a theoretical and semantic consistancy to the philosophical discourse of Sloterdijk. In spite of certain heuristic flaws relating to the identity imaginary which was inherited from biological immunology and which is still today associated with this semantic, we defend the theory that the semantic of immunity constitutes a relevant and performative heuristic scheme, within the horizon of a strengthened understanding of the human condition. On the one hand, this semantic would make it possible to see and think the hidden strategies of psychocultural securement that condition the existence and survival of the collectives of human beings ; and on the other hand, this semantic would make it possible to highlight, by contrast, historical events that are likely to disrupt or annihilate these strategies, enforcing a mutation in acquired psychocultural immunity. Now, it is precisely because the semantic of immunity would allow us to reveal the constant feedback loops between cultural reality and psychic reality, that it would constitute a decisive hruristic scheme. To make explicit the implicit strategies of psychocultural securement, as welle as the mutations of these strategies : this would be the task assigned to philosophy as soon as it had accepted to transform itself into general immunology
Moulin, Anne-Marie. "Histoire du système immunitaire : immunologie et médecine (1880-1984)." Lyon 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO31014.
Full textThe history of immunology was until recently a meglected field. This thesis is an attempt to redress that neglect by focusing on certain landmarks and to show that immunology as a fully-fledged science developed only in the 1960s. Two central ideas will be explored : - the first is that the history of immunology can be summarized by the shift from an empirical knowledge of immunity to the science of the immune system ; - the second is that the whole history of immunology pivots around its link with medicine. The thesis attempts to argue that immunology only achieved its auto- nomy by focusing on the idea of immune system. This choice epitomized the requirements of the new biology of the 1930s (when molecular biology started), namely emphasis on the holistic approach with the importance it attaches to organization and regulation. General immunology provides a frame work for the interpretation of immunological phenomena in a medical context and elaborates a model of causality which it applies to the understanding of disease. The lusive nature of the historical relationship between biology and medicine is brought here into sharp focus. Medicine usually achieves its so-called revolutions by adopting a new scientific language that enables it to reformulate its scope and reorientate its methods of investigation. The relationship of medicine with biology may be defined as a dialectical linguistic relationship. Using the available material on scientific net- works and institutions, this thesis aims to contribute to applied epistemolo gy and the philosophy of medicine and to promote the linguistic approach to the constitution of a new scientific field, irrespective of the traditional opposition between social and physicochemical sciences, between theoretical and applied sciences
Oulahbib, Lucien-Samir. "Les meurtriers de l'homme." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040287.
Full textNihilism - which we tried to analyze through authors like Blanchot, Bataille, Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard, Deleuze - not only consists of, as the name indicates, the supremacy of nothingness, of the "if nothing is true, everything is allowed" and or its reversal in the "if nothing is true, nothing is allowed" (Camus, 1951, L'Homme révolté, ed. Gallimard, p 94) but also a tactically renouncing and or relativistic elevation, whereas it is strategically ideocratic, absolutist, of an "a" (for example Derrida, La différence in Marges, 1972, ed de Minuit, p 3 and next, here book 4), which, apparently, seems to be an anarchy of the meaning, ( "(. . . ) The concept of difference (is) neither a word nor a concept (. . . )" ibidem), whereas his "a", his "without" (du sens, du sang, du cent. . . Derrida in Positions, 1972, ed de Minuit, p 55, also see book 4) comes up strategically as what has to be accomplished. That is to say the unbroken features of a whole political strategy (Derrida: "yes, my books are political ones", ibid, in interview. . . Didier Eribon, Nouvel observateur, nb 1633 22-28 02 96, p 84) whose outward anarchy of the meaning, displaying, at the same
Pradeu, Thomas. "L' immunologie et la définition de l'identité biologique." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010660.
Full textDIBI, KOUADIO. "L'homme selon hegel." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT5006.
Full textHegel is generally considered as a philosopher dissolving any reality in the fluididy of the concept: he doesn't have the mere respect for singular being, in itself. So no attention is paid to man in the intrinsical depth of his subjectivity. In the contrary, we do think hegel raises man to a place where he comes to be honoured as a being who gets to his own plenitude if only he sacrifices his singularity for the absolute. Hegel develops a "staying thought". The infinite process of negativity, while "sursuming" all the forms and moments unable to accomplish it as totality, liberates the movement of life, and expresses the necessity to find a substantial stay where rationality comes to coincide with itself in depth. Hegel's philosophy is a destinal one, paying attention to this infinite depthe where spirit and time become knotted like a cross of the present. Finally, hegelian abstraction can be said a concrete abstraction. Ethics and man as an obliged being do only have their fundation in the night of the essence as reflexion. Because it comes to save intimity, the reflexion of the essence is the ground from which can proceed an intimation
FISCHER, FRANCIS. "Heidegger et la question de l'homme." Strasbourg 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR20054.
Full textHeidegger endeavoured to say man outside the mainstream of metaphysics and humanism, he called him dasein, existing or mortal, favouring the sole relationship to the being. Is that a new thought of man that matches up with our time ? the thesis opens with an analysis of the "letter about humanism" which settled the matter of the essence of man in 1946. The "letter" refered in veiled terms to the long way he had come since the thirties. We try to reconstruct heidegger's development by including his political commitment while our leading thread was the question of man as heidegger formulated it and the way if faded away. In 1929 the question of man reopened kant's question "what is man ?". It ruled out any anthropology and examined the radical finitude of the dasein in man. We show that the question of man dissolved in historiality before it was newly formulated, after the "kehre", in the work of art. The existing is, as mortal, the line of the retreat of being. Eight supplementary studies underline the interest of such a thought of man heidegger onwards and beyond him
Haar, Michel. "Heidegger et l'essence de l'homme." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR20041.
Full textMarinho, Ernandes Reis. "La vision de l'homme chez Foucault." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010621.
Full textGirard, Christian. "L' identité de l'homme chez Plotin." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010537.
Full textLe, Gallou Simon. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la différenciation lymphocytaire B chez l'Homme." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S025.
Full textMature B-cell differentiation occurs in secondary lymphoid organs, within specialized structures called germinal centers (GC). This differentiation leads to the generation of memory B cells or Ig-secreting plasma cells, which are the effectors of humoral response. Centroblasts and centrocytes are the two B-cell subsets of the GC, respectively present in the dark and light zones. In human, the CD77, which was used to identify these populations, showed recently limitations, prompting phenotypical revision. Recent data obtained in mouse studies, showed that the B-cell position in GC depends on the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Based on these data, we studied the surface expression of this receptor in human GC B cells. Thus, we were able to discriminate and characterize the two GC B subsets. CXCR4 is expressed on centroblasts whereas centrocytes are negative for membrane expression. The next part of the project consisted to set up an in vitro model of naïve B cells differentiation. This model allowed us to mimic the events, as class switch recombination or Ig secretion, which occur during in vivo differentiation
Salhab, Mohamad. "La notion de sujet de droit : essai sur l'homme juridique." Lyon 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO31012.
Full textThe observation of juridical subject's statute evolution in positive law and in doctrine shows the diversity of personified elements, particularly the emergence of moral personality in modern law, implying a deep revision in doctrinal conception of juridical subject. But the definition that results is not unified, the doctrinal criterium of group's self will and that of legally protected interest being unable to explain mechanisms of moral personality and the necessary distinction between legal person of state and legal persons in a state. Philosophical foundations of juridical subject concept in modern law are researched, more precisely in Hobbes and Rousseau's works. Beyond compatibility of the modern individualism and the recognition of collective personality, Hobbes and Rousseau specify the necessity to institute some collective persons in order to realize individual natural rights. Juridical subject's theory is therefore that of the condition of the juridical man determining the solution of political and ethical problem of relation to other that is developped in a voluntary perspective by Hobbes and Rousseau. But according to Rousseau himself, the voluntary solution has its own limits requiring the return to the classical sources of natural law in Aristotle's theory. The first part of the research treats of basic problems of juridical subject's
Ito, Yukio. "L'homme naturel chez Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE2016.
Full textPiscoci-Danesco, Mariana. "L'Homme, l'Etre historique : traduction, introduction, notes." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040255.
Full textThe purpose of our thesis is to reveal a new conception regarding man, history, culture. An outlook that, in order to explain man, culture history in their evolution from the dawn of humanity until today, has no need to invent an unreal man, a fanciful history or a chimerical culture like it was often the case with philosophy. Through the concept of stylistical field, stylistical matrix or simply, style, this new conception of history is able to give a coherent explanation for such dissimilar civilisations as ancient Egypt, hindonism, Greek culture, different African cultures, etc. Briefly this thesis raises a fundamental one : the humain substance, the specific character of history and culture can be approached only if man is clearly defined and understood as an ontological mutation in the universe. The man, i. E. The historical being represents a precise level in the universal life, that is, the existence for the revelation within the skyline of mystery
Moutot, Lionel. "La fabrication de l'homme rationnel." Lyon 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO31013.
Full textThe 20th-century debate: Positivists versus historian s In the mid-20th century, debate in the philosophy of science became notably detailed, elaborate, and critical; those 50 years, in fact, have seen the subject finally achieving the status of a well-established professional discipline. Not least among the causes of this development have been the profound changes that have taken place since 1900 within theoretical physics and other fundamental branches of natural science. These analyses are based on the problem of rationality: what is the importance on analogical system, in the discovery of science
Le, Menthéour Rudy. "L'homme dénaturé : l'anthropologie polémique de Jean-Jacques Rousseau." Grenoble 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE39054.
Full textThis thesis will attempt to illustrate the strong link between Rousseau's theory of denatured man and his polemical strategy. The first part deals with the distinction between self-love ("amour de soi") and self-liking ("amour-propre"), which is an example of the semantic battle between Rousseau and the "Philosophes". The research on the sources gives precedence to a close approach to this fight for significance. The second part analyses the way Rousseau paradoxically assimilates the medical discourse in order to oppose the new medical anthropology. Even though he denies the diagnosis of melancholy which undermines his theory of man, he draws upon the enemy's concepts and methods to work on his own hygiene of the passions and plan his new "sensory morals". The third part broaches another object of the controversy, namely the ethos. Rousseau masters this rhetorical device and conveys it an utmost efficiency thanks to his "profession of truth", in tune with his spiritual quest. This unconventional ethos leads him to a major innovation : the deliberate merging of rhetorics and self-representation. This study aims at putting polemical strategy back into the core of the thought of Enlightenment, and notably Rousseau's political and moral system
Pagès, Didier. "Condition de l'homme : travail et citoyenneté." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100113.
Full textAllouche, Sylvie. "Philosopher sur les possibles avec la science-fiction : l'exemple de l'homme technologiquement modifié." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010701.
Full textGoetz, Rose. "Destutt de tracy. Philosophie du langage et science de l'homme." Lille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL30006.
Full textThough the work of destutt de tracy, like that of all ideologists, has been given too little attention, its paramount importance in philosophy in the transitionary period between the xviiith and xixth centuries cannot be denied. Indebted as it was to the philosophy of the enlightenment -of which it was both a completion and a fulfilment- it was given a new impetus by the "science of ideas". Conceived during the french revolution, it attempts to lay the foundations of all sciences then in existence as well as those yet to come into being, particularly those likely to generate a veritable "social art". These foundations are to be found in rational and experimental metaphysics, themselves firmly rooted in physio- logy. The "ideological" (in the modern sense of the word) content of the components of this "science of mankind", and the illusory purposefulness that is given to them cannot entirely obscure the very pertinent and rigorous philosophical proble- matic that is deployed in tracy's system, mainly in elements of ideology and in his commentary on montesquieu's esprit des lois. His philosophy consists in a compre- hensive investigation of the possibilities for individuals of liberating themselves from all the constraints that their ignorance of the laws of human nature and their subservience to pernicious institutions impose on them. Language plays a prominent part in this striving for liberation through knowledge. For the achievement of
Gineau, Laure. "Mcm4 : premier défaut génétique associé à une perte sélective des cellules NK chez l'homme." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066301.
Full textIino, Kazuo. "La palingénésie et la liberté de l'homme chez Charles Bonnet : étude comparative." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010613.
Full textGoetz, Rose. "Destutt de Tracy philosophie du langage et science de l'homme /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613977c.
Full textMassot, Olivier Pierre Joseph. "Un jeu de construction : de l'homme droit à l'homme normalisé." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1A033.
Full textJobin, Christian. "La connaissance scientifique de l'homme et le problème de la liberté." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/44087.
Full textRaffin, Marcelo Sergio. "Le sujet, les droits de l'homme et le devenir : l'expérience contemporaine dans le Cône sud d'Amérique." Paris 8, 2003. http://docelec.u-bordeaux.fr/login?url=http://www.harmatheque.com/ebook/9782343111230.
Full textThis thesis intends to think philosophically the problem of the subject through the subject of human rights in the context of the dictatorships and post-dictatorships of the Southern Cone of America. It analyses, more specifically, the dialectical relationship between the forms of state terrorism (especially systematic and massive violations) and the forms of the subjectivity of human rights and of the subject in general. Such a task requires the revision of different aspects of the same problem : the object human rights as such, the theories of the subject, the dictatorships and democratic transitions of the Southern Cone, the philosophical formulation of systematic and massive violations of human rights under the category of " radical evil " and the different ways of deconstructing and constructing the past and the future through the " solutions " given to the problems posed, the creations produced and the roads opened and in particular the projection of the possibilities offered to human rights and through it, to the " theory " of the subject in a transitional world
Rieu, Marie-Antoine. "Recomposition de l'être social." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10057.
Full textCorbic, Arnaud. "Les fondements d'une philosophie de l'homme sans Dieu dans l'oeuvre d'Albert Camus." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010547.
Full textThomas, Jean-Paul. "Pour une éthique de la finitude : l'essor des biotechnologies et la question de l'homme." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD277.
Full textBenaïssa, Omar. "L'ere de l'homme parfait, l'ecole d'ibn 'arabi en iran aux 13eme et 14eme siecles." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030126.
Full textThe spreading of the teachings of muhy al-din ibn 'arabi (d. 640h. /1240) well-known as the shaykh al-akbar, the greatest of the sufi masters, in the persian speaking cultural area, - iran and surrounding world -, was already achieved by the end of the 7th/14th century. The works reached that area, copies widely circulated and masters were specializing in that teaching. It soon imposed itself as the doctrine of islam for many thinkers of that time. The issue which remains unsolved today is that of the true causes of this rapid spreading, and the deep motivations of the promoters of this doctrine. This implies the study of its roots. In others words, is it original or should one look for an unsaid inspiration of its author? after a methodological introduction and a definition of the criterias for the research, we give a glimpse of the main themes dealt with in the teachings of ibn arabi's school as they appear in the works of the first commentators of the fusus al-hikam, the book which were used as the summary of that teaching. Being, and more precisely absolute being, al-wujud al-mutlaq which displays itself in differents degrees; unity of being, wahdat al-wujud, an expression which is generally used to designate the thought of ibn 'arabi; sainthood, walaya and its corollary, the perfect man, al-insan al-kamil, are among the major ideas introduced by ibn 'arabi's school. In a second part, we introduce the transmitters of these teachings in that area according to our criterias. We give a particular attention to sadr al-din al-qunawi (673/1274) the foremost disciple of ibn 'arabi, the main agent of that diffusion, thanks to the nucleus of students gathered around him in qonya, then the intellectual capital of the farsi speaking world. He strived to ensure to his master's thought a deep influence in the intellectual milieu of the moslem society
Voisine, Jimmy. "La dépendance moderne de l'homme envers la technique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29689/29689.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Dang Truc. "Le conflit entre le Soi et la vérité : l'humanité de l'homme chez les penseurs grecs anciens." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Nguyen.Dang_Truc.LMZ0605.pdf.
Full textWestem thought would fall into a vacuum if it deviated from the way of the truth founded on consciousness and Self, as the famous word of Hegel affirms it : the self-awareness is the native soil of the truth. "In the first half of the twentieth century, E. Husserl was already convinced that this selfawareness, commonly called "Greek reflection", would set up for times to come a "supra-nationality" in which "the spiritual figure of Europe takes shape. " And with the rising tide of today's globalization and intercultural dialogue, it seems that the sarne 'Greek reflection' and the same, conviction in the obviousness of basing the truth on Self are being presented to mankind as a path to the future. However do the ancient Greeks, in whom one conventionally recognizes the achievement of establishing Westem thought, found the meaning of man's humanity on Self ? Of course not! Like ancient wise men in various cultures of the world, the ancient Greeks were very conscious of the place of Self related to the human condition. But in an absolutely contradictoty way to the "Greek reflection", they were inspired by the poetic Word to denounce Self as the source of illusion to which man is originally chained up, and to reveal man's authentic identity as the relationship of always, but hidden, coming from the Other and others. Indeed, the separation of Self frorn the truth, as well as the fight between the two within human existence for achievement of humanity, constitute the tragic element in the Greek tragedy, particularly in Aeschylus's Prometheus Enchained and Sophocles' Oedipus the King, and inspire the poetic words of pre-Socratic thinkers, especially Heraclius and Parmenides, and finally justify Socrates' thought, life and death
Simay, Philippe. "Tradition et contestation : éléments pour une éthique de la transmission." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100185.
Full textThe notion of tradition occupies a central place in different philosophic controversies today where it is often mobilized as an argument of authority. For all that, the nature of the tradition is not questioned. Nobody seems to doubt that the tradition dismisses to something former, being passed on of generation in generation. Now, for more than fifty years, the social sciences critisize of such a representation " chosifiante " of the tradition. This thesis suggests studying the notion of tradition of a philosophic point of view, by approaching this question from the experiences of the social sciences, notably the anthropology. It is not only a question of returning in a critical way on the philosophic readings of the tradition, and on the misunderstandings to which they gave place but also to question philosophically the anthropological perspectives to end in a better understanding of the traditional phenomena
Jouan, Marlène. "Autonomie personnelle et normativité morale : essai d'articulation anthropologique." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0010.
Full textIn many respects, the Kantian « invention » of autonomy seems to be reduced today to the exemplary philosophical mark of metaphysical subjectivism lying at the core of modernity’s moral and political idealizations. At tune with an empirically and logically untenable picture of human beings, with some individualism whose promises for emancipation have shown themselves partly illusory, and with requirements distorting our ordinary relationships with others, the concept of autonomy would be unable to offer a coherent normative ideal. While taking these critics into account, the present work aims at reconstructing a concept of personal autonomy which would succeed in sticking with the ethical expectations expressed in this fundamental value. If such an enterprise implies to shift away from moral autonomy’s heritage, the resources provided by moral psychology, philosophical anthropology and psychoanalysis also open the way towards the articulation of a new relationship between autonomy and morality. Our guiding issue is then the following: which form of human life is autonomy the projection of?
Decriem, Roger. "Essai sur une dialectique ouverte de l'homme et du travail a partir de l'esthetique d'alain." Grenoble 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE29011.
Full textThe author of this essay is not interested to the topics about knowledge of man. He does not ask him- self about the alternative when man is or not. The humanist philosophy as it is explained in this essay describes us an humanism without human na- ture. Human is considered as a process which results from the easthectics and material working. In these perspective man is less considered as a producer than a product. The veritable work of art is unfinished and this unfinishment is also the main characteristic of human process. Before it becomes an artist man must practises an material handicraft. Artist is at first a workman who intertains relations with material, through the instrumentality of several tools. The importance of mztters, materials, body and work in the alanian aethetic shows with a great evidence that the author of "les passions et les arts" is not an intellectualist philosoph and then he must be considered as a precursor, as a thinker who annouces existentialism philosophy
Boufassa, Sami. "Homme, environnement artificiel et prospective : essai sur les rapports entre l'homme et son environnement urbain futur." Lyon 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO31004.
Full textRIVIERE, BEATRICE. "Reflexion a l'aube d'une carriere medicale : quelle medecine pour l'avenir de l'homme." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT107M.
Full textRoussel, Fabrice. "Nature et nature de l'homme chez Galien : physique et physiologie." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040024.
Full textFirst, the study deals with main writings on the philosophy of Nature in Galen's ones and with these most using the word physis. In first part, the fundamental constituents of physic nature are studied from the element (the most small) to different "homeomeries" (similar parts), then in second part, the animal nature and the complete organism created from these functions. The difficult question of relations between soul and body is treated through the archaic notion of physiognomy. In last part, we conclude that it is not possible to confuse Galen's physiologia with modern physiology, a central question for the epistemology. Through the study of his experimentations, we see distance between Galen and modernity. In conclusion, the strength of Stoi͏̈c philosophy seems to be preponderant, for instance in the notion of artistic Nature. The possibility to reduce physiology to Physics is asked
Yakura, Hidetaka. "Epistemological and metaphysical problems posed by immunology." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC068.
Full textIn this essay, I try to search for the essence of a biological phenomenon, called immunity. Recent developments in the field of immunology demonstrate several important findings that make us seriously reconsider what immunity and the immune system signify. By tracing the evolution of models and theories put forward to explicate how immune responses are diversified, triggered, and controlled, I first examine the process by which the workings of the immune system are clarified and then illustrate the apparent paradoxes that may not be explained by a paradigmatic view on immunity. Recent findings show that the boundary between the immune system and other systems in the organism and between innate and adaptive immunity in the immune system are blurred and that the immune system, albeit heterogeneous in its structure, is coextensive with life. These results suggest that immunity is an organismal activity and is essential for ail living organisms. Based on these findings, I discuss immunity in terms of vital activities of life, namely, normativity of Georges Canguilhem and the conatus of Spinoza. Given that the fundamental functional elements of the immune system (recognition, integration of information, reaction, and memory) are completely superimposed or those of the central nervous system, it may be possible to hypothesize that there is inherently a neuronal facet in the immune system. Consciousness, one of the fundamental functions of the central nervous system, is inclusively defined as adaptive capability to the externat or internai milieu. If this definition is applied, consciousness is present in all living beings, which will provide a strong foundation for reasonable counter-arguments against the critiques of the neo-Darwinian paradigm of modern biology
Burgat, Florence. "De l'oubli à la réification : réflexion sur la différence entre l'homme et l'animal." Université de Lyon 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO31003.
Full textReflection on the difference between man and animal immediately refers to the dualism of body and soul. The metaphysical relegation of animals is reaffirmed both at legal and ethical levels : if animals have no rights one is free to dispose of them as wished, and this suffers no moral consideration. The validity of the criteria of distinction, based on "reason", must be questioned. The anthropological determination of current natural rights and the definition of animals as "movables" in the french "code civil", are clear examples. The controversies concerning natural rights and the eventual inclusion of animals through the hypothesis of the natural state and the principle of compassion, enlighten the debate. Furthermore, the resistance which is echoed in the refusal to think of the animal for itself, as well as epistemological problems concerning the conditions of its possible knowledge, considerably affects ethology. The definition of man as "an animal of reason" underlines the ambivalence of our identity and allows the discussion of the repression of our animal nature through social practices which demonstrate how the animal is contradictorially considered : from animals reared for butchery to domestic pets, all the forms of reification can be observed
Bégorre-Bret, Cyrille. "Aristote et la définition de l'homme." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100167.
Full textScholars usually think that Aristode makes a de finition of man. But they don't analyze the different phrases made by Aristode on man through his own conception of de finition. Definition is a very specific kind of sentence which offers the most fondamental scientific knowledge about a being. It must comply certain characteristics. It must in particular be universal, i. E. Hold for ail the deftniendum. But if one tries to collect, compare and scrutinize these different formulas, one can unexpectedly see that none of them can be considered as the definition of man by the Philosopher. The famous phrases describing men as politicaI or rationaI animaIs can't be definitionnal in Aristode's view because they don't fit his own definitional standards: they don't show a characterist universally owned by men and by men only. Aristode's conception of man is not aimed at deflning him but at describing his naturaI features or at showing his dignity
Gérard, Valérie. "Critique de l'autarcie morale : sur les conditions extérieures du rapport à soi." Lille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL30041.
Full textThsi essay adopts a relational and political viewpoint on morals. It analyzes the moral relation to oneself from its exterior conditions. It explains and criticizes then the illusion of moral autarky, which is inherent to self-scrutiny, from a study of the stoic model. This critique allows to revert to the fundamental relation to oneself by which one constitutes oneself as the subject of his own life : the sense of existence and of his belonging to the world. In the moral experience, the relation to existence prevails indeed over self-esteem or self-respect, the position in a system of relations prevails over identity and interiority. The relational dimension of human implies that the moral subject cannot be conceived from the oppositions between autarky and exteriority, between sovereignty and vulnerability. Some conditions are required to institute and to maintain an autonomous relation to oneself. Taking this heteronomy of autonomy in account implies to distinguish the operation by which one institutes oneself as a subject, from the exercise of a power on oneself. Hannah Arendt's and Simone Weil's thoughts provide the elements to conceive such a relation to oneself, that consists in claiming his own life and in locating it in the world, and that defines an equivocal, no sovereign and related subject. This relation is not only based on mental activity, but requires an exteriorization. The study of therapeutic and literary narratives suggests how important is the activity of storytelling in order to institute a relation to the world
Faye, Emmanuel. "Philosophie et question de l'homme en France à l'époque de la Renaissance." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010698.
Full textItry to show the philosophy of Descartes with his propect, in 1636, of "a universal science tendin to raise our nature to its highest degree of perfection", is in line with a general philosophical trend ahead atested in France by Raymond Sibiuda's "scientia de homine" in 1436, Charles de Bovelles's "humana scientia" in 1511, the formulation by Montaigne of the existence of a "moral science" in 1580, and the definition by Pierre Charron of "la vraye science de l'homme" (the true science of man) in 1604. I show how, as to the problem of man, philosophy and theology pregressively but radically differ. I also try to put into light the philosophical value of Charles de Bovelles's thought which is still too often underrated
Alançon, Jean d'. "L'outil : pour une philosophie de la technique en rapport avec le travail de l'homme dans l'industrie." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010636.
Full textNowadays the use of the tool prevails in man's work activity. With the rapid changes in scientific techniques and under the influence of ideologies a permanent risk exist that the use of the tool may change the proper nature of work, up to the point as to even determine it. In the industrial factory, work is merely brought down to the act of production oriented toward competitiveness, but man is not an economical agent. He is a person with his own natural powers. To think about the tool is to penetrate the human dimension of work which leads to the re-discovery of an order of wisdom, a sense of man's finality as a part of the universe
Eyene, Essono Auguste. "L'homme et le temps : pour une lecture anthropobiologique de l'être." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082689.
Full textThe Man is an estropié being. One part of his being was buried in the humus anthropic of phylogenesis: beyond the genetic transmutation which supports his blossoming, he opens out `de facto' such as a teleological conscience. Temporality is to him from the start readable to the ell of an asymmetrical conditioning. Because by accidentally adopting the station-upright, and the biped locomotion plantigrade, Hominidé, not only, inherits the originating bite in time in the primary conscience, but adjusts its conscience of time to plain-facial dimension of his being. Homosapiens would come straight of this evolution. The modern Man will not escape from it. All his vision of the progress and all its design of the political society obviously remain misadventures of the hominian conscience of the time. To leave this temporal linearism, the man must preliminary understand as a that if he is fixed at the time of the Utopia and the Utopia of time, it is primarily because he is Homo mancus: `chronic little runt' of phylogenesis. Consequently, through the language and art, he would manage to transcend, thanks to the escape and to the paramount experiment of freedom, the phyletic curve of the evolution. Here, he escapes the total influence from dimension-before his body, arrives, to sublimate his anguish of time, to subvert his relation with dead and to demystify the phyletic determinism of the evolution
Van, Engeland Anicée. "Universalité des droits de l'homme et droit iranien : application des droits de l'homme dans un pays musulman." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9ke03k64hp.
Full textThe debate about universal human rights finds in Iran a particular echo, that of a Muslim scene of theatre where the discussion is tolerated while being restricted, where all ideas criss-cross and are piled up until creating a new vision of human rights. The challenge which arises is the conciliation between the Iranian legal system resting partly on Islamic law and universal human rights. How do human rights and international standards coexist? There are many issues at stake: Iranian law is based upon Islamic law while international texts are secular. There is consequently a conflict of legitimacy and legality between the two sets of laws. Then, Iran bases its legal specificity on cultural relativism: it is a Muslim country with cultural traditions that are strongly anchored and the enforcement of international standards is a threat. Iran set up a protective legal barrier resting on a Shia Islamic interpretation Shari'a. The matter is also legal: While not respecting international standards of human rights, Iran is in permanent violation of international law of human rights. Meanwhile Iran is still a party to these international documents. This double attitude symbolizes an Iranian paradox: Iran is caught between tradition and modernity. The Iranian specificity becomes then a challenge for universal human rights. How do we reconcile the two legal worlds? The debate in Iran is public. Iranian civil society plays a role by discussing the enforcement of universal human rights. This effervescence demonstrates that there is a real need in Iran to have a position reflecting peoples' wish. It is then that the country would be ready to deal with the principle of universality
Jabbour, Jawdath. "L'âme et l'unité de l'homme dans la pensée de Fārābī." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE5091.
Full textOur work examines in a systematic way what is the human soul and how it constitutes an individual in al-Fārābī’s thought. We have shown in it that the Neoplatonist triad of nature, soul and intellect structures his natural thought and that it corresponds in man to substantiality, life – as a principle shared with all the living creatures – and thought. This triad is linked to the notion of substantification and allows us to understand the way different functions can emanate from what is a single substance. The way man is constituted by these three principles is presented as a progressive substantification characterized by a strong teleologisation. This teleologisation insures man’s substantial unity since, in the process of his generation, the substance realized first by nature and then by soul exists for the sake of its realization by the intellect and the attainment of man’s perfection, perceived as a return to the self. Facing the dualist positions of his time, al-Fārābī upheld a particular reading of the soul as the form of a body and as the most accomplished principle of unity in the sublunary world. His original comprehension of hylemorphism asserts the separability of the intellect through his usage of neoplatonist elements, notably the organization of the principles and functions that are present in the human substance into various intermediary ranks
Mercier, Carine. "Michel Foucault et la constitution de l’homme moderne : permanence et transformations : des premiers écrits aux premières recherches généalogiques." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100026.
Full textThis work is a study on the formation and transformations of Michel Foucault’s thought between his very first writings and Surveiller et punir. The purpose is to start over again the analysis of what is known as the Foucault’s “archaeological period”, proposing a two principle based reading of his texts. On the one hand, leaving aside the traditional periodisation of Foucault’s work allows us to make appear that his thought was elaborated by the ceaseless reformulation of the same question: the one which focuses on the constitution of the modern figure of “Man”. And on the other hand, the study of these texts, in the light of the mostly implicit theoretic debates that contributed to their formation, ables us to restore all its complexity to the archaeological project. Such a reading leads to reevaluate the significations of the archaeology, as well as its links with the genealogy
Ainseba, Tayeb. "Entre littérature et philosophie : l'Homme est-il un animal politique : physique de la misanthropie." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1219.
Full textHow can one grasp, starting from the study of he theme of misanthropy -, what ceates truncation and / or continuity in the relations between literature and philosophy ? Where does one situate the threshold between these two disciplines ? When do both become one ? The interest of this research is to free misanthropy from the theatrical sphere in which it has somehow been immured, for the past years, by the tradition of the "Agrégation" in French Language and Literature. By concentrating on novels rather than on plays, one notices that misanthropy of the Cnémons, the Alcestes, etc. , is somewhat dangerous for the Polis given how these misanthropists dream of living out of the social game ; the active misanthropists of Huxley and Orwell are more active, diferently, since their political project consists of bringing Man back to the stage of baboon. Isn't true misanthropy that which annihilates, as a misologist, collective culture to prevent the development of all personal culture ?
Viguier, Manuelle. "Etude des lymphocytes T régulateurs Cd4+CD25HIGH au cours du mélanome métastatique chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077126.
Full textMelanoma has long been considered a classic example of tumor immunogenicity, with, for instance, the identification of several tumor-associated antigens recognized by the immune System. Such immunogenicity has led to the implementation of several immunotherapeutic strategies in the field of melanoma - with little success to date. For several mechanisms of immune escape have been identified, rooted either in the tumor-cell itself, or in the immune System proper. The main purpose of this thesis has been to test the hypothesis that a recently described T population, the thymic-derived CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes, could contribute to the immune escape usually observed in melanoma AJCC stage III melanoma. At the tumor site, we observed an overrepresentation of these lymphocytes, featuring an activated and memory phenotype, which testifies to their recent encounter with their specific antigens. These lymphocytes exerted a suppressive in vitro action on the other tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T- cells. They inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, both the proliferation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2 or IFN-y. Moreover, other suppressive T lymphocytes could be observed at the location of the tumor, such as IL-10 secreting cells (Tr1) or TGF-β secreting cells (Th3). The β chain of the antigen receptor of CD4+CD25high Foxp3+ T-cells repertoire analysis showed a great diversity in Vβ families, and gaussian-like profiles in CDR3 lengths. These results show that the repertoire of regulatory T cells is polyclonal and not biased by a few sets of antigens deriving, for example, from the tumor. Altogether, these data lead us to believe that CD4+CD25high Foxp3+regulatory T-cells may play an important role in the immune escape usually observed in melanoma, and that the destruction or the neutralisation of such T cells ought to be considered in future therapeutic trials in melanoma treatment
Soulez, Philippe. "Bergson : le philosophe et l'homme politique." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040264.
Full textThis thesis is an attempt to describe the identity of a philosopher as such who, one hand, produced a work of the first rank and, on the other, assumed notable political (diplomatical, in particular) responsibilities when the USA decided to enter the war (1917). This research revealed itself all the more necessary as some intellectuals (Politzer, Nizan) tryed to invalidate Bergson’s philosophical work in polemically using his commitments during the war. The thesis is centered on the analysis of the missions of Bergson delegated to W. Wilson (February 1st -may 13st 1917; June-July-August 1918). It was asked what made philosophically possible the acceptance of the missions (first part: philosophy and society) and what Bergson revealed of himself (second part: the splitting). Finally it was asked what was the influence of the missions on the continuation of Bergson’s work (the backward effect of the missions of the Bergson in a work: fourth part). In conclusion the commitment of Bergson ever against Nazism and Vichy regime has been analyzed
Paschalidi, Ariadne. "Finitude et créativité : poésie et philosophie entre romantisme et critique." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010590.
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