Journal articles: 'Immunodiagnostic assay'

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SAKO, YASUHITO, SONOYO ITOH, MUNEHIRO OKAMOTO, KAZUHIRO NAKAYA, and AKIRA ITO. "Simple and reliable preparation of immunodiagnostic antigens forTaenia soliumcysticercosis." Parasitology 140, no. 13 (June 21, 2013): 1589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000978.

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SUMMARYCysticercosis caused by infection with the larval stage ofTaenia soliumis an important cause of neurological disease worldwide and immunodiagnosis is important for the control and elimination of cysticercosis. In the present study, we established a simple and reliable preparation of immunodiagnostic low-molecular-weight antigens (LMWAgs) fromT. soliumcyst fluids by a cation-exchange chromatography (CEC). Banding patterns of LMWAgs on SDS-PAGE were different between isolates from Ecuador and China. All cysticercosis patient sera and some echinococcosis patient sera recognized both LMWAgs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but sera from healthy persons were not positive. There was no statistical difference in immunodiagnostic performance of LMWAgs prepared from different geographical isolates. These results indicated that these novel immunodiagnostic antigen preparations could contribute the control and prevention of cysticercosis in endemic areas, especially developing countries.

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Silva, Miriam, Anna Santos, Leticia Rocha, Bruna Caetano, Thais Mitsunari, Luanda Santos, Juliana Polatto, et al. "Development and Validation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Immunodiagnostic Assay." Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090276.

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Shiga toxin (Stx)–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and its subgroup enterohemorrhagic E. coli are important pathogens involved in diarrhea, which may be complicated by hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. Early diagnosis is essential for clinical management, as an antibiotic treatment in STEC infections is not recommended. Previously obtained antibodies against Stx1 and Stx2 toxins were employed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the latex Agglutination test (LAT), lateral flow assay (LFA), and capture ELISA (cEIA) for STEC detection. The LAT (mAb Stx1 plus mAb stx2) showed 99% sensitivity and 97% specificity. Individually, Stx1 antibodies showed 95.5% and 94% sensitivity and a specificity of 97% and 99% in the cEIA and LFA assay, respectively. Stx2 antibodies showed a sensitivity of 92% in both assays and a specificity of 100% and 98% in the cEIA and LFA assay, respectively. These results allow us to conclude that we have robust tools for the diagnosis of STEC infections.

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Ogbonna, G., E. Hryhorenko, J. Parsells, S. Phonethepswath, Y. Huang, B. Smith, and L. Sprague. "Performance evaluation of the VITROS® immunodiagnostic products B·R·A·H·M·S PCT assay on the VITROS 3600 immunodiagnostic system." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S549—S550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1154.

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Caceres, Diego H., and Mark D. Lindsley. "Comparison of Immunodiagnostic Assays for the Rapid Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8070728.

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Coccidioidomycosis is a disease caused by the dimorphic fungi Coccidioides spp., which affects humans and a variety of animal species, including domestic dogs. In dogs, accurate diagnosis could provide a substantial improvement on the quality of canine life, as well as an advancement in the mapping of regions endemic for coccidioidomycosis. The purpose of this study was to compare immunodiagnostic assays for anti-Coccidioides antibody (Ab) detection in dogs’ serum. Three commercially available immunodiagnostic assays (IMMY®; Norman, OK, USA) were evaluated, including the sōna Coccidioides Ab Lateral Flow Assay (LFA), Coccidioides IDCF immunodiffusion assay (IDCF), and the Clarus Coccidioides Ab Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Assays were evaluated using 98 dog serum samples: 29 from dogs with coccidioidomycosis, 15 from dogs diagnosed with histoplasmosis, 10 from dogs diagnosed with blastomycosis, and 44 from dogs without a fungal disease. Using specimens from dogs with coccidioidomycosis, the IDCF had an accuracy of 92% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 85–96%), the EIA had an accuracy of 91% (95% CI = 83–96%), and the LFA displayed an accuracy of 82% (95% CI = 73–89%). Using Kappa analysis, the agreement between LFA and EIA was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.42–0.75), that between LFA and IDCF was 0.64 (95% CI = 0.48–0.79), and that between EIA and IDCF was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.64–0.90). Most cross-reactions were observed in dogs with histoplasmosis. Compared with EIA and IDCF, the LFA requires substantially less laboratory equipment and infrastructure and rapidly produces results, offering a substantial improvement for the initial screening of coccidioidomycosis in dogs.

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Procopiou, Michel, Hazel Finney, Scott A. Akker, Shern L. Chew, William M. Drake, Jacky Burrin, and Ashley B. Grossman. "Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for plasma-free metanephrines in the diagnosis of catecholamine-secreting tumors." European Journal of Endocrinology 161, no. 3 (September 2009): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-09-0172e.

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The authors and journal apologize for the error in the above paper which appeared in 161 (1) 131–140. The kits for the assay of free metanephrines were supplied by both Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd (IDS), Tyne and Wear, UK and also Biotech-IgG (UK) Ltd, Wilmslow, UK.

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Sako, Yasuhito, Minoru Nakao, Takashi Ikejima, Xian Zhi Piao, Kazuhiro Nakaya, and Akira Ito. "Molecular Characterization and Diagnostic Value ofTaenia solium Low-Molecular-Weight Antigen Genes." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4439-4444.2000.

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Neurocysticercosis (NCC) caused by infection with the larvae ofTaenia solium is an important cause of neurological disease worldwide. In order to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for this infection using recombinant proteins, we carried out molecular cloning and identified four candidates as diagnostic antigens (designated Ag1, Ag1V1, Ag2, and Ag2V1). Except for Ag2V1, these clones could encode a 7-kDa polypeptide, and Ag2V1 could encode a 10-kDa polypeptide. All of the clones were very similar. Except for Ag2V1, recombinant proteins were successfully expressed using anEscherichia coli expression system. Immunoblot analysis of NCC patient sera detected recombinant proteins, but because reactivity to recombinant Ag1 was too weak, Ag1 was not suitable as an immunodiagnostic antigen. So, Ag1V1 and Ag2 were chosen as ELISA antigens, and the Ag1V1/Ag2 chimeric protein was expressed. Of 49 serum samples from NCC patients confirmed to be seropositive by immunoblot analysis, 44 (89.7%) were positive by ELISA. No assays of serum samples from patients with other parasitic infections recognized the Ag1V1/Ag2 chimeric protein. The Ag1V1/Ag2 chimeric protein obtained in this study had a high value for differential immunodiagnosis.

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Ogbonna, G., S. Alvey, E. Hryhorenko, J. Parsells, S. Phonethepswath, and B. Smith. "M142 Analytical and clinical performance of the vitros® immunodiagnostic products B·R·A·H·M·S PCT assay on the vitros immunodiagnostic systems." Clinica Chimica Acta 530 (May 2022): S268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.024.

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Candolfi, E., R. Ramirez, M. P. Hadju, C. Shubert, and J. S. Remington. "The Vitek immunodiagnostic assay for detection of immunoglobulin M toxoplasma antibodies." Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 1, no. 4 (1994): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.1.4.401-405.1994.

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Prasad, B. V. Siva, Vishal Khatri, P. Suresh Yadav, M. Subhosh Chandra, D. Vijaya Lakshmi, and Kalyan Goswami. "Immunodiagnostic potential ofWuchereria bancroftiL1 antigen–based filarial immunoglobulin G4 detection assay." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try110.

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Yamasaki, Hiroshi, Takeshi Nakamura, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong, Yasuyuki Morishima, Hiromu Sugiyama, Hiroyuki Matsuoka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Katsuyoshi Takayama, and Yukuharu Kobayashi. "Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Kit That Uses an Immunochromatographic Device To Detect Antibodies in Human Sparganosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 9 (July 2, 2014): 1360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00149-14.

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ABSTRACTA diagnostic kit using an immunochromatographic device was developed to replace the time-consuming immunodiagnostic methods for human sparganosis. The kit was found to be faster and easier to use than an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and showed higher sensitivity and specificity. It will be useful for the laboratory diagnosis of hospitalized cases of sparganosis.

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Leon, S. R., L. B. Ramos, S. K. Vargas, N. Kojima, D. G. Perez, C. F. Caceres, and J. D. Klausner. "Laboratory Evaluation of a Dual-Path Platform Assay for Rapid Point-of-Care HIV and Syphilis Testing." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 2 (December 9, 2015): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03152-15.

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We assessed the laboratory performance of the Chembio dual-path platform HIV-syphilis rapid immunodiagnostic test and electronic reader for detection of HIV andTreponema pallidumantibodies in 450 previously characterized serum specimens. For visual or electronic reader HIV antibody detection, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 98.7%. For visualT. pallidumantibody detection, the test sensitivity was 94.7% and the specificity was 100.0%; with the electronic reader, the sensitivity was 94.7% and the specificity was 99.7%.

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Simaremare, Ade P. R., Budiman Bela, Andi Yasmon, and Fera Ibrahim. "Optimizations of expression and purification of recombinant HIV-1 CRF01_AE p24 protein in Escherichia coli for development of immunodiagnostic assay." Medical Journal of Indonesia 24, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 14–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v24i1.1166.

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Background: Conventional method for confirmation of HIV infection is Western blot. However, it has limitations because of contamination by human cellular antigen and genetic diversity among the HIV-1 subtypes that show indeterminate result and inaccuracy for the diagnosis of different strains. Most of Western blot developed are based on HIV-1 B subtype. In Indonesia HIV-1 CRF01_AE subtype is dominantly circulated. Therefore, we optimized the expression, purification of the recombinant HIV-1 CRF01_AE p24 protein for development of immunodiagnostic assay.Methods: Optimization of protein expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21CP was performed including induction time, isopropyl-1-thio-d-galactopyranoside (IPTG) and immidazole consentrations, and induction temperature. Purification of the recombinant p24 protein was used by using Ni-NTA (Qiagen) purification system in native condition. Results: Expression and purification of HIV-1 CRF01_AE p24 protein have been performed. Confirmation of the recombinant protein by Western blot showed the expression and purification of recombinant p24 protein has been optimized well and reactive with sera of patients with HIV-1 CRF01_AE subtype positive.Conclusion: The recombinant HIV-1 CRF01_AE p24 protein has been expressed and purified successfully, and it is potential to be used as antigen for immunodiagnostic assay.

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Ekins, Roger P. "Ligand assays: from electrophoresis to miniaturized microarrays." Clinical Chemistry 44, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 2015–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.9.2015.

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Abstract The main developments in the “ligand assay” field in which I have been involved are traced. These include the original development of “first generation” competitive assays relying on radiolabeled analyte markers; the development of the first “second generation”, noncompetitive (ultrasensitive) methods, which rely on the use of labeled (monoclonal) antibodies and high specific activity nonisotopic labels (leading to the transformation of the immunodiagnostic field in the 1980s); and the development of the first “third generation” miniaturized, chip-based, microarray methods, which permit the simultaneous ultrasensitive measurement of many analytes in the same small sample. The latter—applicable both to immunoassay and to DNA/RNA analysis—are likely to revolutionize the diagnostic and pharmaceutical fields in the next decade.

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Adiningsih, Melani Wahyu, Retno Damajanti Soejoedono, Rahmat Setya Adji, Dwi Desmiyeni Putri, Trioso Purnawarman, Hadri Latif, and Okti Nadia Poetri. "Sumateran wild boar (Sus scrofa vittatus) meat antibody production as immunodiagnostic reagent candidate." Veterinary World 12, no. 4 (April 2019): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.477-482.

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Aim: Meat authentication gives significance values in view of religious, food safety, public health, quality assurance, and legal concern. Most of the meat authentication is based on molecular assay; a simpler method to authenticate meat is needed to develop. An immunoassays technique may offer a solution for simpler test. The aim of our current study was to develop a polyclonal antibody of Sus scrofa vittatus (Sumateran wild boar) as an immunodiagnostic reagent candidate. Materials and Methods: Three male New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study for antibody production. Antigen used was meat extract of Sumateran wild boar, each rabbit was immunized with meat extract antigen (0.5 mg/ml) emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio as much as 1 ml at subcutaneous route. Booster was carried out 3 times with interval time of 14 days, using meat extract antigen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Serum samples were taken every week, start from 1 week after the first immunization up to 1 week after the third booster. Antibody purification was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Protein A. The presence of specific antibody was determined using agar gel precipitation test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while purified specific IgG was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method. Results: Specific antibody was detected at 14 days after the first immunization and still detected until 2 weeks after the third booster. Highest absorbance of specific antibody was detected 1 week after the third booster. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that specific antibody of Sumateran wild boar is favorable to be produced in rabbit and showed that antibody produced is applicable to detect Sumateran wild boar meat antigen in immunodiffusion assay, indicating that it is promising as a reagent candidate in immunodiagnostic assay/kit.

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Cluse, Z. N., A. N. Fudge, M. J. Whiting, B. McWhinney, I. Parkinson, and P. D. O'Loughlin. "Evaluation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D assay on the immunodiagnostic systems iSYS analyser." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: An international journal of biochemistry and laboratory medicine 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/acb.2011.011018.

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Shankarappa, B., S. K. Dutta, J. Sanusi, and B. L. Mattingly. "Monoclonal antibody-mediated, immunodiagnostic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for equine monocytic ehrlichiosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27, no. 1 (1989): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.27.1.24-28.1989.

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Masiri, Jongkit, Lora Benoit, Madhu Katepalli, Mahzad Meshgi, David Cox, Cesar Nadala, Shao-Lei Sung, and Mansour Samadpour. "Novel Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunodiagnostic Assay for Rapid Detection of Deamidated Gluten Residues." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 18 (April 27, 2016): 3678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06085.

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Pride, Michael W., Susanne M. Huijts, Kangjian Wu, Victor Souza, Sherry Passador, Chunyan Tinder, Esther Song, et al. "Validation of an Immunodiagnostic Assay for Detection of 13 Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype-Specific Polysaccharides in Human Urine." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 8 (June 6, 2012): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00064-12.

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ABSTRACTTo improve the clinical diagnosis of pneumococcal infection in bacteremic and nonbacteremic community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a Luminex technology-based multiplexurinaryantigendetection (UAD) diagnostic assay was developed and validated. The UAD assay can simultaneously detect 13 different serotypes ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeby capturing serotype-specificS. pneumoniaepolysaccharides (PnPSs) secreted in human urine. Assay specificity is achieved by capturing the polysaccharides with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on spectrally unique microspheres. Positivity for each serotype was based on positivity cutoff values calculated from a standard curve run on each assay plate together with positive- and negative-control urine samples. The assay is highly specific, since significant signals are detected only when each PnPS was paired with its homologous MAb-coated microspheres. Validation experiments demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision. The UAD assay and corresponding positivity cutoff values were clinically validated by assessing 776 urine specimens obtained from patients with X-ray-confirmed CAP. The UAD assay demonstrated 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity using samples obtained from patients with bacteremic, blood culture-positive CAP. Importantly, the UAD assay identifiedStreptococcus pneumoniae(13 serotypes) in a proportion of individuals with nonbacteremic CAP, a patient population for which the pneumococcal etiology of CAP was previously difficult to assess. Therefore, the UAD assay provides a specific, noninvasive, sensitive, and reproducible tool to support vaccine efficacy as well as epidemiological evaluation of pneumococcal disease, including CAP, in adults.

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Manolopoulou, Jenny, Younes Alami, Stephan Petersenn, Jochen Schopohl, Zida Wu, Christian J. Strasburger, and Martin Bidlingmaier. "Automated 22-kD Growth Hormone–Specific Assay without Interference from Pegvisomant." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 1446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.188128.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Large variability exists among different growth hormone (GH) assays owing to differences in calibration, antibody specificity, isoform recognition, and interference from GH binding protein (GHBP). The GH receptor antagonist Pegvisomant presents a new challenge because Pegvisomant interferes with many GH assays. A recent consensus conference established criteria for standardization and evaluation of GH assays. Following consensus recommendations, we developed a new GH assay on an automated analyzer (IDS-iSYS, Immunodiagnostic Systems). METHODS A monoclonal antibody not cross-reacting with Pegvisomant was combined with a monoclonal antibody specific for 22-kD GH. Isoform specificity and interference from GHBP was tested and compared to that seen in 2 existing automated GH assays (Siemens Immulite, Diasorin Liaison). We also compared GH concentrations measured by the 3 assays for healthy volunteers and patients with acromegaly receiving different treatments. Using the iSYS assay, we also established nadir GH values during oral glucose load and analyzed changes in endogenous GH during Pegvisomant treatment. RESULTS Analytical and functional sensitivities were 0.01 μg/L and 0.04 μg/L, with a dynamic range from 0.04 to 100 μg/L. Intraassay CVs were 2%–4%, whereas interassay CVs were 5%–7% at GH concentrations between 1.7 and 27.5 μg/L. The assay was specific for 22-kD GH and not affected by GHBP. The presence of Pegvisomant, which leads to a negative bias on the Immulite and dramatic overestimation of GH on the Liaison, had no impact on the iSYS GH assay. CONCLUSIONS The new assay fulfils recent consensus recommendations and presents a useful new tool for reliable measurement of GH.

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Navaneetha, P., M. Anil, M. Manasa, N. Aparna Reddy, Ch Satya Sagar Reddy, A. Krishna Satya, and P. Rathnagir. "Production and purification of polyclonal anti-chicken IgY immunoglobulins in Goats and conjugation with Horseradish Peroxidase." Research Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/167rjbt3021.

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Antibodies are very important components in medical diagnostics and various biochemical assays for diagnosis of the diseases. IgY is an immunoglobulin largely present in Avians. Anti-chicken IgY immunoglobulins conjugated with gold nanoparticles are used to diagnose the chicken infectious diseases by lateral flow assay (LFA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunodiagnostic tests. The main aim of this study is the production of antichicken IgY antibodies in goats, purification of antiantibody and conjugation with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme. The antibody was purified using protein G sepharose affinity column and the purity of the antibody was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis and by spectrophotometer. The purified anti IgY antibody was also evaluated by ELISA. The optimum dilution of prepared HRP conjugated anti IgY was 1:9600. The sensitivity and specificity of the antibody were evaluated and have no cross reactivity with other IgG antibodies. This study showed that protein G affinity purification could be best useful method for purification of polyclonal IgG antibodies.

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Pardo, J., C. Carranza, M. C. Turrientes, J. L. Pérez Arellano, R. López Vélez, V. Ramajo, and A. Muro. "Utility of Schistosoma bovis Adult Worm Antigens for Diagnosis of Human Schistosomiasis by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Electroimmunotransfer Blot Techniques." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 6 (November 2004): 1165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.6.1165-1170.2004.

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ABSTRACT Immunodiagnostic methods based on the detection of antibodies continue to be the most effective and practical methods for the diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis. Schistosoma bovis is a species whose final natural hosts are bovines, ovines, caprines, and small wild ruminants. Different studies have demonstrated the analogies existing between S. bovis and other Schistosoma species which affect humans. The objective of this work was to evaluate the utility of S. bovis adult worm antigens (AWA) for the diagnosis of imported human schistosomiasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electroimmunotransfer blotting (EITB) techniques. By detecting eggs, the ELISA for S. bovis AWA was able to definitively detect imported cases with a sensitivity of 94%. The specificity of the ELISA for S. bovis AWA was 97%. There were no differences between the results of the S. bovis AWA ELISA for patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni and those infected with Schistosoma haematobium. The EITB technique showed bands of 85, 37, and 20 kDa, which are characteristic of infections with Schistosoma spp. Specific bands to indicate infection by different species of Schistosoma have not been detected. The combined use of the ELISA for S. bovis AWA and EITB increased the global sensitivity of the study to 97%. Our findings suggest that the ELISA for S. bovis AWA is a useful test for the immunodiagnosis of imported schistosomiasis and that EITB for detecting S. bovis AWA permits the confirmation of diagnosis when the ELISA for S. bovis AWA is positive.

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Dobrut, Anna, and Monika Brzychczy-Włoch. "Immunogenic Proteins of Group B Streptococcus—Potential Antigens in Immunodiagnostic Assay for GBS Detection." Pathogens 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010043.

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Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen, which asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to one third of healthy adults. Nevertheless, GBS carriage in pregnant women may lead to several health issues in newborns causing life threatening infection, such as sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. Recommended GBS screening in pregnant women significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in infants. Nevertheless, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, recommended following the detection of carriage or in case of lack of a carriage test result for pregnant women who demonstrate certain risk factors, led to the expansion of the adverse phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In our paper, we reviewed some immunogenic GBS proteins, i.e., Alp family proteins, β protein, Lmb, Sip, BibA, FsbA, ScpB, enolase, elongation factor Tu, IMPDH, and GroEL, which possess features characteristic of good candidates for immunodiagnostic assays for GBS carriage detection, such as immunoreactivity and specificity. We assume that they can be used as an alternative diagnostic method to the presently recommended bacteriological cultivation and MALDI.

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Latif, H. A. Abdel, and H. El-Hadaad. "Immunodiagnostic Assay For Detecting Urinary Nuclear Matrix Protein 52 In Patients With Bladder Cancer." Annals of Oncology 23 (September 2012): ix93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-7534(20)32808-8.

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Gandhe, Mahendra B., and Swapnali M. Gandhe. "Generation of Monospecific Polyclonal Antibodies to Recombinant Filarial Antigen rWbL2 and Evaluation of Its Immunodiagnostic Utility in Filariasis." Indian journal of Medical Biochemistry 21, no. 2 (2017): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10054-0033.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne disease affecting nearly 120 million people across the world. Filarial antigen detection is a good indicator for mapping new filarial cases and for evaluation of filarial elimination programs as compared with the low sensitivity associated with the direct evidence of microfilaria (Mf) in blood samples. To overcome low sensitivity and night-time blood collection method for parasite detection in filariasis cases, the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized for detection of circulating filarial antigen using monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant filarial antigen rWbL2. In the present study, the specific antibodies raised against novel recombinant antigens rWbL2 were explored to develop suitable filarial antigen assays. It was possible to come out with a filarial antigen assay that could detect WbL2 or its equivalent antigen with 40% sensitivity (by using mouse anti-WbL2 antibody as capturing antibody), 60% sensitivity (using FSIgG human filarial serum immunoglobulin G as capturing antibody), and 100% specificity. These assays show promise to detect and monitor active filarial infection and thus prove to have potential as a useful diagnostic and monitoring tool in the elimination program. How to cite this article Gandhe MB, Gandhe SM. Generation of Monospecific Polyclonal Antibodies to Recombinant Filarial Antigen rWbL2 and Evaluation of Its Immunodiagnostic Utility in Filariasis. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(2):117-123.

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Tuuminen, Tamara, Esko Tavast, Riitta Väisänen, Jaakko-Juhani Himberg, and Ilkka Seppälä. "Assessment of Imprecision in Gamma Interferon Release Assays for the Detection of Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 4 (February 24, 2010): 596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00320-09.

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ABSTRACT New gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) to detect an exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis have recently been launched. The majority of the studies in temperate-climate countries agree that these methods have superior specificity and equal or even superior sensitivity over tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI). However, reproducibility data of IGRAs are virtually missing. We assessed within-run, between-run, and total imprecision of two commercial IGRAs by testing samples from subjects with a stable state of TB infection or treated pulmonary TB, a sample from a healthy volunteer, and internal quality control samples. We calculated coefficients of variance (CV%s) to describe assays variability and compared the obtained results to the reported CV%s for other commercial immunodiagnostic methods. We illustrate an example of assay variability near the cutoff zone to demonstrate the necessity of a gray zone. Due to the strict adherence to the standard operation procedures (SOP) adopted in our laboratory, the total imprecision of enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)- and enzyme immunoassay (EIA)-based IGRAs was at a maximum CV% of 37.8% for the samples with moderate and high reactivities. Imprecision of testing samples with very low reactivity levels or nonreactive samples may, however, exceed 100%. In conclusion, despite multiple steps of the method performance, the analytical imprecision of IGRAs, which in our study design included also between-lot variability and had a component of normal biological variation, was well in accordance with the reported imprecisions of other manual immunodiagnostic tests. The recognition of the variability around the cutoff point advocates the use of a gray zone to avoid ambiguous result interpretations.

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Tang, X. L., M. S. Peppler, R. T. Irvin, and M. R. Suresh. "Use of Bispecific Antibodies in Molecular Velcro Assays Whose Specificity Approaches the Theoretical Limit of Immunodetection for Bordetella pertussis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 4 (July 2004): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.4.752-757.2004.

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ABSTRACT A bispecific monoclonal antibody (bsMAb) that detects Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, and horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) has been developed by use of the quadroma technology. A quadroma, P123, was produced by fusing two well-characterized hybridomas against the bacterium and the enzyme and was subcloned to obtain a stable bsMAb-secreting cell line. The quadroma was theoretically expected to produce up to 10 different molecular species of immunoglobulins, so secreted bispecific antibody was complexed with excess HRPO and the HRPO-bsMAb complex was purified in one step by benzhydroxamic acid-agarose affinity cochromatography. An ultrasensitive homosandwich molecular “velcro” enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of B. pertussis whole bacteria with HRPO-bsMAb was established in both microplate and nasopharyngeal swab formats. This assay demonstrates a high sensitivity that approaches the theoretical limit of detection of one bacterium. This new nanoprobe can be used to develop a new generation of assays that are simple, inexpensive alternatives to quantitative PCR and that can be used by clinical laboratories. This strategy of homosandwich assays with solid-phase monospecific antibodies and solution-phase bsMAb with specificity for the same repeating surface determinants can be applied to generate ultrasensitive immunodiagnostic assays for viruses and bacteria.

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ANURACPREEDA, PANAT, RUNGLAWAN CHAWENGKIRTTIKUL, and PRASERT SOBHON. "Immunodiagnostic monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA of fasciolosis by detection ofFasciola giganticacirculating fatty acid binding protein." Parasitology 143, no. 11 (June 17, 2016): 1369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001104.

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SUMMARYUp to now, parasitological diagnosis of fasciolosis is often unreliable and possesses low sensitivity. Hence, the detection of circulating parasite antigens is thought to be a better alternative for diagnosis of fasciolosis, as it reflects the real parasite burden. In the present study, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against recombinantFasciola giganticafatty acid binding protein (rFgFABP) has been produced. As well, a reliable sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA) has been developed for the detection of circulating FABP in the sera of mice experimentally and cattle naturally infected withF. gigantica. MoAb 3A3 and biotinylated rabbit anti-recombinant FABP antibody were selected due to their high reactivities and specificities. The lower detection limit of sandwich ELISA was 5 pg mL−1, and no cross-reaction with other parasite antigens was observed. This assay could detectF. giganticainfection from day 1 post infection. In experimental mice, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this assay were 93·3, 100 and 98·2%, while in natural cattle they were 96·7, 100 and 99·1%. Hence, this sandwich ELISA method showed high efficiencies and precisions for diagnosis of fasciolosis byF. gigantica.

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Dennehy, P. H., T. E. Schutzbank, and G. M. Thorne. "Evaluation of an automated immunodiagnostic assay, VIDAS Rotavirus, for detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, no. 3 (1994): 825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.3.825-827.1994.

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Blackburn, C. de W., L. M. Curtis, L. Humpheson, and S. B. Petitt. "Evaluation of the Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) for the detection of Salmonella in foods." Letters in Applied Microbiology 19, no. 1 (July 1994): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00897.x.

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Sompuram, Seshi R., Vani Kodela, Halasya Ramanathan, Charles Wescott, Gail Radcliffe, and Steven A. Bogen. "Synthetic Peptides Identified from Phage-displayed Combinatorial Libraries as Immunodiagnostic Assay Surrogate Quality-Control Targets." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.3.410.

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Abstract Background: Quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) assays currently lack optimal reference quality-control material for cellular protein targets. To address this problem, we identified peptides that mimic the site on the native analyte to which the primary (monoclonal) antibody binds and used them as surrogate peptide controls. Methods: We identified peptide candidates from a combinatorial peptide phage-display library that mimic the epitope for the 1D5 estrogen receptor (ER) monoclonal antibody (mAb). The peptide inserts of the phage clones were sequenced. Several phage-encoded peptides were then synthesized and analyzed for affinity and specificity. Results: We identified phage clones that specifically bound to the ER 1D5 mAb. The binding was specific, in that the phage clones did not bind to two other isotype-matched mAbs. Their ability to bind the ER 1D5 mAb was related to the presence of a consensus sequence. Binding analysis revealed a Kd of 8.3 × 10−8 mol/L. The peptide was not recognized by any of 15 other mAbs commonly used for clinical IHC testing. Moreover, the peptide was able to inhibit the binding of ER 1D5 mAb to native ER, indicating that the peptide bound to ER 1D5 mAb at or close to the antigen-binding site. Conclusions: Surrogate peptide controls behave like the native analyte in terms of affinity and specificity. This technology may be especially useful when the native analyte is in short supply.

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Green, E. L., M. A. Miles, and D. C. Warhurst. "IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC DETECTION OF GIARDIA ANTIGEN IN FAECES BY A RAPID VISUAL ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY." Lancet 326, no. 8457 (September 1985): 691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92932-0.

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Raval, Komal M., Vandana Ghormade, P. R. Rajamohanan, Hansraj Choudhary, Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, and Kishore Paknikar. "Development of a nano-gold immunodiagnostic assay for rapid on-site detection of invasive aspergillosis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 68, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001040.

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Lyashchenko, Konstantin P., John M. Pollock, Roberto Colangeli, and Maria Laura Gennaro. "Diversity of Antigen Recognition by Serum Antibodies in Experimental Bovine Tuberculosis." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 5344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.11.5344-5349.1998.

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ABSTRACT Tuberculosis in cattle remains a major zoonotic and economic problem in many countries. The standard diagnostic assay for bovine tuberculosis, the intradermal tuberculin test, has low accuracy. Therefore, alternative immunodiagnostic methods, such as serological assays, are needed for detection of infected animals. Development of an accurate serodiagnostic test requires a detailed understanding of the humoral immune responses during bovine tuberculosis and, in particular, identification of the key antigens of Mycobacterium bovisinvolved in antibody production. In this study, we characterized antibody responses in cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. Sequential serum samples were collected every 3 to 4 weeks for up to 27 months postinfection. Circulating immunoglobulin G antibody levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using 12 highly purified recombinant proteins of M. bovis. Six proteins, ESAT-6, 14-kDa protein, MPT63, MPT70, MPT51, and MPT32, were identified as major seroreactive antigens in bovine tuberculosis. A remarkable animal-to-animal variation of antigen recognition by serum antibodies was observed. Kinetic analyses of the antibody production to individual antigens during infection revealed that the heterogeneous antigen recognition profile changed markedly in a given infected animal as disease progressed.

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Cohen, Alice E., and Khalil F. Kerdahi. "Evaluation of a Rapid and Automated Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Immunoassay for Detecting Escherichia coli Serogroup 0157 in Cheese." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 4 (July 1, 1996): 858–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.4.858.

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Abstract The Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) for Escherichia coli 0157, a rapid and fully automated test, was evaluated for use in detecting the foodborne pathogen E. coli 0157:H7 in soft, semisoft, and hard cheeses. Sixty-five cheese samples were artificially contaminated at low (2-4 colonyforming units [cfu]/25 g) and high (7-10 cfu/25 g) levels with one of 2 strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli 0157:H7. Contamination at high levels was detected in all cheeses by VIDAS, whereas in 5 cheeses (7.7%) inoculated at low levels, contamination was not detected. In 15 additional cheeses inoculated with cold-stressed cells, both VIDAS and the Bacteriological Analytical Manual cultural assay detected all high and low levels of contamination. No false positives or interference from product background fluorescence was encountered in any of the cheeses tested by VIDAS.

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Russell, John, Tracey Colpitts, Shelley Holets-McCormack, Thomas Spring, and Stephen Stroupe. "Defined Protein Conjugates as Signaling Agents in Immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.036681.

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Abstract Background: Conventional methods for conjugation of macromolecules, such as antibodies and reporter groups, typically yield a mixture ranging from unconjugated starting materials to large aggregates. We explored the use of a solid-phase process to allow improved control in conjugation of macromolecules for use in immunodiagnostic reagents. Methods: Activated components were sequentially delivered to an immobilized core protein, linking in concentric layers. For immunodiagnostic reagents, proteins with the desired signaling properties were added as interior layers and binding proteins were placed in the final surface layer. After assembly, the conjugates were released into solution by cleaving the linker holding the core protein to the support. Conjugates were prepared with use of three different reporter agents: R-phycoerythrin for microsphere fluorescence flow immunoassay, alkaline phosphatase for enzyme immunoassay, and acridinium for magnetic chemiluminescence immunoassay. For each reporter, six conjugates were prepared with various concentrations of both the reporter and an antibody directed against the α-subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the complexes were tested in appropriate assay formats for measurement of TSH. Results: Products ranged in mass from ∼1 to ∼20 MDa. HPLC analysis of the conjugates on a gel-permeation column showed sizes and chromophore contents highly consistent with the intended structures. In appropriate assay formats, the signal generated by a conjugate increased with incubation time, then plateaued at an intensity approximately proportional to the reporter content but relatively independent of the antibody con-tent of the conjugate. The time required to reach this maximum decreased with increasing antibody content. Conclusion: The high degree of structural control available with solid-phase assembly and the close correlation of structure with desired function of the resulting conjugates make this an attractive method for preparation of an important class of in vitro diagnostic reagents.

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Santivañez, Saul J., Mary L. Rodriguez, Silvia Rodriguez, Yashuito Sako, Agathe Nkouawa, Yukuharu Kobayashi, Alfredo L. Sotomayor, et al. "Evaluation of a New Immunochromatographic Test Using Recombinant Antigen B8/1 for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 12 (October 7, 2015): 3859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02157-15.

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Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on the identification of the cyst(s) by imaging, using immunodiagnostic tests mainly as complementary tools in clinical settings. Among the antigens used for immunodiagnosis, previous studies described a good performance of the recombinant antigen B8/1 (rAgB) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) format; however, in remote parts of areas where the disease is endemic, the implementation of an ELISA is difficult, so a more simple, rapid, and reliable method such as the immunochromatographic test (ICT) is required. In this study, using a set of 50 serum samples from patients with surgically confirmed CE, we compared the performance of an ICT and that of an ELISA using the rAgB. The overall sensitivities of ICT and ELISA were not statistically different (78% versus 72%;P= 0.36). The overall agreement between both tests was moderate (κ = 0.41;P< 0.01). Concordance between ICT and ELISA was substantial or almost perfect for patients with liver involvement (κ = 0.65;P< 0.001) and patients with more than one hydatid cyst (κ = 0.82;P< 0.001), respectively. Moreover, specificity analysis using a total of 88 serum samples from healthy individuals (n= 20) and patients (n= 68) with other parasitic infections revealed that ICT had a specificity of 89.8%. ICT and ELISA had similar performance for the detection of specific antibodies toE. granulosus, and ICT had a high specificity, opening the possibility of using ICT as a screening tool in rural settings.

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Liu, M. K., and T. W. Pearson. "Detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens by double antibody ELISA using antibodies to procyclic trypanosomes." Parasitology 95, no. 2 (October 1987): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057735.

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SUMMARYA double antibody sandwich ELISA technique has been developed for detection of antigens of African trypanosomes present in the sera of infected mammals. The assay uses a high titre, high affinity rabbit antiserum made to purified membranes of procyclic trypanosomes as ‘capture’ reagent and a mixture of three biotin-labelled trypanosome-specific monoclonal antibodies as detecting reagent. The monoclonal antibodies were chosen on the basis of their specificity for surface membrane antigens ofTrypanosoma bruceispp., the relative abundance and solubility of their specific antigen in aqueous solvents (including serum), and the fact that each monoclonal antibody binds to distinct epitopes on the same antigen molecule. Thus, antigen capture from serum and subsequent detection was achieved using as little as 10 ng/ml of whole trypanosome lysate, or the equivalent of 5000 trypanosomes/ml when solubilized material was added to normal serum in an artificial system. Using the optimized assay, antigen was detected in the sera of trypanosome-infected mice as early as 2 days after infection withT. b. rhodesiense.The results indicate that the assay allows detection of low concentrations of specific membrane antigens ofT. bruceispp. of African trypanosomes and thus may have immunodiagnostic utility.

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Walker, Gregory J., Zin Naing, Alberto Ospina Stella, Malinna Yeang, Joanna Caguicla, Vidiya Ramachandran, Sonia R. Isaacs, et al. "SARS Coronavirus-2 Microneutralisation and Commercial Serological Assays Correlated Closely for Some but Not All Enzyme Immunoassays." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020247.

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Serological testing for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies provides important research and diagnostic information relating to COVID-19 prevalence, incidence and host immune response. A greater understanding of the relationship between functionally neutralising antibodies detected using microneutralisation assays and binding antibodies detected using scalable enzyme immunoassays (EIA) is needed in order to address protective immunity post-infection or vaccination, and assess EIA suitability as a surrogate test for screening of convalescent plasma donors. We assessed whether neutralising antibody titres correlated with signal cut-off ratios in five commercially available EIAs, and one in-house assay based on expressed spike protein targets. Sera from recovered patients or convalescent plasma donors who reported laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 200), and negative control sera collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 100), were assessed in parallel. Performance was assessed by calculating EIA sensitivity and specificity with reference to microneutralisation. Neutralising antibodies were detected in 166 (83%) samples. Compared with this, the most sensitive EIAs were the Cobas Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (98%) and Vitros Immunodiagnostic Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (100%), which detect total antibody targeting the N and S1 antigens, respectively. The assay with the best quantitative relationship with microneutralisation was the Euroimmun IgG. These results suggest the marker used (total Ab vs. IgG vs. IgA) and the target antigen are important determinants of assay performance. The strong correlation between microneutralisation and some commercially available assays demonstrates their potential for clinical and research use in assessing protection following infection or vaccination, and use as a surrogate test to assess donor suitability for convalescent plasma donation.

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Kalil, Mohammad Nur Amin, Wardah Yusof, Naveed Ahmed, Mohd Hashairi Fauzi, Mimi Azliha Abu Bakar, Afifah Sjamun Sjahid, Rosline Hassan, and Chan Yean Yean. "Performance Validation of COVID-19 Self-Conduct Buccal and Nasal Swabs RTK-Antigen Diagnostic Kit." Diagnostics 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122245.

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The antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) is an immunodiagnostic test that detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by the COVID-19 virus in a sample from a patient’s respiratory tract. This study focused on evaluating the performance of self-conduct buccal and nasal swabs RTK-antigen test compared to nasopharyngeal swab RTK-based COVID-19 diagnostic assays, Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device (Nasopharyngeal) (Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Jena GmbH, Jena, Germany) used in hospitals for first-line screening. The sensitivity and specificity of the paired RTK-Ag test in detecting the an-tigen were calculated at 96.4% and 100%, respectively. Fisher exact tests showed the association between nasopharyngeal swabs RTK-Ag assay and buccal-nasal swabs RTK-Ag from ProdetectTM is significant (p-values < 0.001). The result showed that a self-conducted buccal and nasal RTK-antigen rapid test by the patients is comparable to the results obtained from a rapid test device conducted by trained medical personnel using a nasopharyngeal swab.

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Pronovost, A. D., S. L. Rose, J. W. Pawlak, H. Robin, and R. Schneider. "Evaluation of a new immunodiagnostic assay for Helicobacter pylori antibody detection: correlation with histopathological and microbiological results." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, no. 1 (1994): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.1.46-50.1994.

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Attallah, Abdelfattah M., Hanem A. Sakr, Hisham Ismail, El-Sayed K. Abdel-Hady, and Ibrahim El-Dosoky. "An office-based immunodiagnostic assay for detecting urinary nuclear matrix protein 52 in patients with bladder cancer." BJU International 96, no. 3 (August 2005): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05627.x.

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Mazzulli, Tony, Kelly S. MacDonald, Deborah Kitching, Martin Skulnick, Donald E. Low, and Robert Chua. "Evaluation of the automated vitek immunodiagnostic assay system (VIDAS) for the detection of measles (rubeola) IgG antibodies,." Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 3, no. 3 (March 1995): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0197(94)00037-9.

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Ho, Ja-an Annie, Chi-Hsiang Hung, Li-Chen Wu, and Ming-Yuan Liao. "Folic Acid-Anchored PEGgylated Phospholipid Bioconjugate and Its Application in a Liposomal Immunodiagnostic Assay for Folic Acid." Analytical Chemistry 81, no. 14 (July 15, 2009): 5671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac900402v.

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Vallari, Ana S., Robert K. Hickman, John R. Hackett, Catherine A. Brennan, Vincent A. Varitek, and Sushil G. Devare. "Rapid Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Group M, HIV-1 Group O, and HIV-2." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 12 (1998): 3657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.12.3657-3661.1998.

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A rapid immunodiagnostic test that detects and discriminates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections on the basis of viral type, HIV type 1 (HIV-1) group M, HIV-1 group O, or HIV-2, was developed. The rapid assay for the detection of HIV (HIV rapid assay) was designed as an instrument-free chromatographic immunoassay that detects immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to HIV. To assess the performance of the HIV rapid assay, 470 HIV-positive plasma samples were tested by PCR and/or Western blotting to confirm the genotype of the infecting virus. These samples were infected with strains that represented a wide variety of HIV strains including HIV-1 group M (subtypes A through G), HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 (subtypes A and B). The results showed that the HIV genotype identity established by the rapid assay reliably (469 of 470 samples) correlates with the HIV genotype identity established by PCR or Western blotting. A total of 879 plasma samples were tested for IgG to HIV by a licensed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (470 HIV-positive samples and 409 HIV-negative samples). When they were tested by the rapid assay, 469 samples were positive and 410 were negative (99.88% agreement). Twelve seroconversion panels were tested by both the rapid assay and a licensed EIA. For nine panels identical results were obtained by the two assays. For the remaining three panels, the rapid assay was positive one bleed later in comparison to the bleed at which the EIA was positive. One hundred three urine samples, including 93 urine samples from HIV-seropositive individuals and 10 urine samples from seronegative individuals, were tested by the rapid assay. Ninety-one of the ninety-three urine samples from HIV-seropositive individuals were found to be positive by the rapid assay. There were no false-positive results (98.05% agreement). Virus in all urine samples tested were typed as HIV-1 group M. These results suggest that a rapid assay based on the detection of IgG specific for selected transmembrane HIV antigens provides a simple and reliable test that is capable of distinguishing HIV infections on the basis of viral type.

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Kim, Tae Yun, Shin-Yong Kang, Sun Hyo Park, Kom Sukontason, Kabkaew Sukontason, and Sung-Jong Hong. "Cystatin Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Clonorchiasis and Profile of Captured Antigenic Protein of Clonorchis sinensis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.6.1076-1080.2001.

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ABSTRACT Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with crude extracts of adult Clonorchis sinensis has been reported to have a high degree of sensitivity with a moderate degree of specificity for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. The cystatin capture ELISA was investigated for its usefulness for the serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis. Cystatin bound specifically to cysteine proteinases in crude extracts of adult C. sinensis worms, and its binding capacity was not hindered competitively by the other proteinase inhibitors tested. The cystatin capture ELISA for clonorchiasis showed a higher degree of specificity than the conventional ELISA, which produced some cross-reactivities to sera from patients with cysticercosis, sparganosis, and opisthorchiasis. Immunoglobulin G antibodies to C. sinensis cysteine proteinases were produced in experimental rabbits at week 3, and their levels increased rapidly and remained at a plateau after 8 weeks of infection. Of the proteins from the C. sinensis crude extract captured with cystatin, seven proteins were reactive with the serum from patients with clonorchiasis. The cystatin capture ELISA is indicated to be a sensitive and highly specific immunodiagnostic assay for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis.

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Wang, Sen, Jiazhen Chen, Ying Zhang, Ni Diao, Shu Zhang, Jing Wu, Chanyi Lu, et al. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Region of Difference (RD) 2 Antigen Rv1985c and RD11 Antigen Rv3425 Have the Promising Potential To Distinguish Patients with Active Tuberculosis from M. bovis BCG-Vaccinated Individuals." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 1 (November 7, 2012): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00481-12.

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ABSTRACTAntigens encoded in the region of difference (RD) ofMycobacterium tuberculosisconstitute a potential source of specific immunodiagnostic antigens for distinguishing tuberculosis (TB) infection from BCG vaccination. We evaluated the diagnostic potential of specific T-cell epitopes selected from two immunodominant antigens, Rv1985c and Rv3425, from RD2 and RD11, respectively, on the basis of epitope mapping, in TB patients and BCG-vaccinated healthy individuals. Using a whole-blood gamma interferon release assay, a wide array of epitopes was recognized on both Rv1985c and Rv3425 in TB patients. Those epitopes that could specifically discriminate TB infection from BCG vaccination were carefully selected, and the most promising peptide pools from Rv1985c showed a sensitivity of 53.9% and a specificity of 95.5%. When the novel specific peptides from Rv1985c joined the diagnostic antigens in the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-IT) assay, the sensitivity was increased from 86.4% to 96.2%, with no drop in specificity. These results indicate that the peptide pools selected from Rv1985c and Rv3425 have the potential to diagnose TB infection by a method that may be routinely used in clinical laboratories.

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Kumar, D., and S. N. S. Gaur. "Comparative evaluation of various immunodiagnostic tests for the diagnosis ofTaenia soliumcysticercosis in pigs, using fractionated antigens." Journal of Helminthology 63, no. 1 (March 1989): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00008658.

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ABSTRACTThe sensitivity and specificity of double immunodiffusion (DID), indirect haemagglutination test (IHA), immunoelectrophoresis (IEP), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were evaluated and compared using saline extracted ofTaenia soliumlarval scolex and its Sephadex G-200 fractionated 1st and 2nd peak as antigens. Various immunodiagnostic tests gave different results with different antigens. Highest sensitivity (92·5%) was obtained with ELISA using 1st peak antigen and lowest sensitivity was obtained with DID. However, 88·4% and 84·6% sensitivity was obtained with IHA and CIEP respectively using scolex antigen. CIEP gave better results as compared to IEP. Crude antigen gave high sensitivity but less specificity. It was concluded that CIEP can be used as a field test for the anti-mortem diagnosis and ELISA can be employed for laboratory confirmation ofT. soliumcysticercosis in pigs using frationated 1st peak antigen.

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Hopson, D. K., A. C. Niles, and P. R. Murray. "Comparison of the Vitek Immunodiagnostic Assay System with three immunoassay systems for detection of cytomegalovirus-specific immunoglobulin G." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30, no. 11 (1992): 2893–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.30.11.2893-2895.1992.

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Johnston, S. L., S. Hamilton, R. Bindra, D. A. Hursh, and C. A. Gleaves. "Evaluation of an automated immunodiagnostic assay system for direct detection of herpes simplex virus antigen in clinical specimens." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30, no. 4 (1992): 1042–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.30.4.1042-1044.1992.

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Zhu, Yinchang, Wanquan Hua, Ming Xu, Wei He, Xiaoting Wang, Yang Dai, Song Zhao, Jianxia Tang, Shixia Wang, and Shan Lu. "A Novel Immunodiagnostic Assay to Detect Serum Antibody Response against Selected Soluble Egg Antigen Fractions from Schistosoma japonicum." PLoS ONE 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2012): e44032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044032.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immunodiagnostic assay'

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