Journal articles: 'Immune system genes'

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McTaggart, Seanna J., Darren J. Obbard, Claire Conlon, and Tom J. Little. "Immune genes undergo more adaptive evolution than non-immune system genes in Daphnia pulex." BMC Evolutionary Biology 12, no. 1 (2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-63.

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Borodin, А. М., Ya I. Alekseev, K. E. Gerasimov, N. V. Konovalova, E. V. Тerentjeva, D. N. Efimov, Zh V. Emanuilova, L. I. Tuchemskiy, A. A. Komarov, and V. I. Fisinin. "Chickens productivity selection affects immune system genes." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 7 (December 6, 2020): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.670.

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The quantitative trait loci associated with the immune properties of chickens are of interest from the point of view of obtaining animals resistant to infectious agents using marker-assisted selection. In the process of selecting markers for genomic selection in broiler-type chickens, a non-standard genotype frequency of the RACK1 gene allele (SNP Gga_rs15788101) in the B5 line of broiler-type chicken cross Smena 8 was identified and it was suggested that this gene was involved in selection. Therefore, it was decided to investigate the available polymorphisms in the three genes responsible for the IgY titer (DMA, RACK1 and CD1B). Molecular typing of single nucleotide polymorphisms of three loci revealed an approach to fixation of the unfavorable allele of the DMA gene (SNP Gga_rs15788237), an approach to fixation of the unfavorable allele of the RACK1 gene and the prevalence of the favorable CD1B gene allele (SNP Gga_rs16057130). Analysis of the haplotypes revealed a strong linkage disequilibrium of these genes. This suggests that these genes experience selection pressure. Analysis of the protein-coding sequences of the CD1B and DMA genes of various breeds of chickens revealed a negative selection of these genes. In order to understand whether the fixation of the studied alleles is the result of artificial selection of the B5 line of the cross Smena 8, an analysis of similar loci in layer chickens Hisex White was carried out. The frequencies of the alleles at the loci of the CD1B gene (Gga_rs16057130) and the RACK1 gene (Gga_rs15788101) in the Hisex White chicken genome differ from the frequencies of the alleles obtained for chickens of the B5 line of the cross Smena 8. It can be assumed that the fixation of the allele in the DMA gene (SNP Gga_rs15723) is associated with artificial or natural selection, consistent in broilers and layers. Changes in the loci Gga_rs16057130 and Gga_rs15788101 in the B5 line of the Smena 8 chickens are most likely associated with artificial selection of broiler productivity traits, which can subsequently lead to fixation of alleles at these loci. Artificial breeding of chickens leads to degradation of the variability of genes encoding elements of the immune system, which can cause a decrease in resistance to various diseases. The study of the negative impact of selection of economic traits on immunity should provide means to mitigate negative consequences and help find ways to obtain disease-resistant animals.

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TIFFIN, P., and D. MOELLER. "Molecular evolution of plant immune system genes." Trends in Genetics 22, no. 12 (December 2006): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2006.09.011.

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Sykes, Gina P., Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene, Sarina Falcione, Sarah Zehnder, Danielle Munsterman, Boryana Stamova, Bradley P. Ander, Frank R. Sharp, and Glen Jickling. "Aging Immune System in Acute Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 52, no. 4 (April 2021): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.032040.

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Background and Purpose: With advancing age, alterations occur to the immune system, including an increase in inflammation (inflammaging) and a reduced ability to respond to new immune challenges. The role of an aging immune system in patients with ischemic stroke remains unclear, although age is an important determinant of stroke risk and outcome. This study assessed the aging immune system in patients with acute ischemic stroke by differences in leukocyte gene expression in relationship to age. Methods: Peripheral blood RNA from 2 cohorts with acute ischemic stroke was measured by whole-genome microarray, and genes associated with advancing age were identified (false discovery rate-corrected P <0.05, partial correlation coefficient <|0.3|). Genes were characterized by pathway analysis and compared with age-associated genes from nonstroke studies (n=3974). Results: There were 166 genes associated with age in cohort 1 (derivation cohort, n=94). Sixty-nine of these age-associated genes were verified in cohort 2 (validation cohort, n=79). Identified genes included a decrease in CR2 , CD27 , CCR7 , and NT5E . Genes were associated with altered B-cell receptor signaling, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte homeostasis. Forty-three of the 69 age-associated genes in stroke were also associated with age in nonstroke studies. Conclusions: A relationship between leukocyte gene expression and age in patients with ischemic stroke was identified. The changes include alterations to the adaptive humoral immune system, which may influence age-related stroke risk and outcome.

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Clark, Andrew G., and Lei Wang. "Molecular Population Genetics of Drosophila Immune System Genes." Genetics 147, no. 2 (October 1, 1997): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.713.

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A striking aspect of many vertebrate immune system genes is the exceptionally high level of polymorphism they harbor. A convincing case can be made that this polymorphism is driven by the diversity of pathogens that face selective pressures to evade attack by the host immune system. Different organisms accomplish a defense against diverse pathogens through mechanisms that differ widely in their requirements for specific recognition. It has recently been shown that innate defense mechanisms, which use proteins with broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, are common to both primitive and advanced organisms. In this study we characterize DNA sequence variation in six pathogen defense genes of Drosophila melanogaster and D. mauritiana, including Andropin; cecropin genes CecA1, CecA2, CecB, and CecC; and Diptericin. The necessity for protection against diverse pathogens, which themselves may evolve resistance to insect defenses, motivates a population-level analysis. Estimates of variation levels show that the genes are not exceptionally polymorphic, but Andropin and Diptericin have patterns of variation that differ significantly from neutrality. Patterns of interpopulation and interspecific differentiation also reveal differences among the genes in evolutionary forces.

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Staudt, Louis M., and Richard A. Flavell. "Genomics, Genetics, and Genes of the Immune System." Immunity 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 335–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00204-7.

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Rosen, Haim, Oded Behar, and Haim Ovadia. "Expression of neuropeptide genes in the immune system." Journal of Neuroimmunology 35 (January 1991): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(91)90973-b.

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Schlenke, Todd A., and David J. Begun. "Natural Selection Drives Drosophila Immune System Evolution." Genetics 164, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1471.

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Abstract Evidence from disparate sources suggests that natural selection may often play a role in the evolution of host immune system proteins. However, there have been few attempts to make general population genetic inferences on the basis of analysis of several immune-system-related genes from a single species. Here we present DNA polymorphism and divergence data from 34 genes thought to function in the innate immune system of Drosophila simulans and compare these data to those from 28 nonimmunity genes sequenced from the same lines. Several statistics, including average KA/KS ratio, average silent heterozygosity, and average haplotype diversity, significantly differ between the immunity and nonimmunity genes, suggesting an important role for directional selection in immune system protein evolution. In contrast to data from mammalian immunoglobulins and other proteins, we find no strong evidence for the selective maintenance of protein diversity in Drosophila immune system proteins. This may be a consequence of Drosophila’s generalized innate immune response.

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Arystanbay, Ayaulym Adylgazykyzy, Assel Zhumina, and Valeriya Klunnaya. "Vitamin D and its influence on human immune system." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 106, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022bmg2/34-45.

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This review presents modern domestic and foreign studies of vitamin D levels effect on the human immune system. Numerous data are presented on the participation of vitamin D in the regulation of immune responses. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the problem of vitamin D deficiency in the body of patients with autoimmune diseases. The significance of vitamin D in immune regulation is confirmed by the results of many experimental studies, clinical and epidemiological observations that demonstrate the relationship between low levels of the vitamin D and increased susceptibility to various infections, as well as the activity of the infectious process of viral, bacterial, and fungal etiology. Vitamin D acts both directly and indirectly on immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. The review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of activation of the immune response under the influence of vitamin D. Vitamin D exerts its effect through binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which, in turn, together with other proteins, activates the transcription of protein genes involved in the body’s immune response. In this regard, it is necessary to draw the attention of researchers to the problem of the daily intake of vitamin D, especially in a pandemic situation.

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Strelnikov, Nikolay A., Evgeniy V. Mikhaylov, Mikhail Yu Syromyatnikov, Nadezhda V. Pasko, Vera V. Strebkova, and Viktoriya V. Zhukova. "GENES THAT REGULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN FISH (REVIEW)." BULLETIN OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY 1, no. 18 (2022): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2541-8203.2022.1.127.

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Kelley, James, Bernard de Bono, and John Trowsdale. "IRIS: A database surveying known human immune system genes." Genomics 85, no. 4 (April 2005): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.01.009.

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Colucci, F., S. Boulenouar, J. Kieckbusch, and A. Moffett. "How does variability of immune system genes affect placentation?" Placenta 32, no. 8 (August 2011): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2011.05.001.

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Xia, Fei, Zhilong Yu, Aijun Deng, and Guohong Gao. "Identification of molecular subtyping system and four-gene prognostic signature with immune-related genes for uveal melanoma." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211053801.

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Immunotherapy is the most promising treatment for uveal melanoma patients with metastasis. Tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in tumor progression and greatly affects the efficacy of immunotherapy. This research constructed an immune-related subtyping system and discovered immune prognostic genes to further understand the immune mechanism in uveal melanoma. Immune-related genes were determined from literature. Gene expression profiles of uveal melanoma were clustered using consensus clustering based on immune-related genes. Subtypes were further divided by applying immune landscape, and weighted correlation network analysis was performed to construct immune gene modules. Univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to generate a prognostic model. Enriched immune cells were determined after gene set enrichment analysis. Three major immune subtypes (IS1, IS2, and IS3) were identified, and IS2 could be further divided into IS2A and IS2B. The subtypes were closely associated with uveal melanoma prognosis. IS3 group had the most favorable prognosis and was sensitive to PD-1 inhibitor. Immune genes in IS1 group showed an overall higher expression than IS3 group. Six immune gene modules were identified, and the enrichment score of immune genes varied within immune subtypes. Four immune prognostic genes ( IL32, IRF1, SNX20, and VAV1) were found to be closely related to survival. This novel immune subtyping system and immune landscape provide a new understanding of immunotherapy in uveal melanoma. The four prognostic genes can predict prognosis of uveal melanoma patients and contribute to new development of targeted drugs.

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Torres, Anthony R., Jonna B. Westover, and Allen J. Rosenspire. "HLA Immune Function Genes in Autism." Autism Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/959073.

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The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes on chromosome 6 are instrumental in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The HLA genes/haplotypes can also be involved in immune dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. It is now becoming apparent that many of the non-antigen-presenting HLA genes make significant contributions to autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, it has been reported that autism subjects often have associations with HLA genes/haplotypes, suggesting an underlying dysregulation of the immune system mediated by HLA genes. Genetic studies have only succeeded in identifying autism-causing genes in a small number of subjects suggesting that the genome has not been adequately interrogated. Close examination of the HLA region in autism has been relatively ignored, largely due to extraordinary genetic complexity. It is our proposition that genetic polymorphisms in the HLA region, especially in the non-antigen-presenting regions, may be important in the etiology of autism in certain subjects.

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Liang, Ping, Yi Chai, He Zhao, and Guihuai Wang. "Predictive Analyses of Prognostic-Related Immune Genes and Immune Infiltrates for Glioblastoma." Diagnostics 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10030177.

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Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and aggressive brain tumor, has a very poor outcome and high tumor recurrence rate. The immune system has positive interactions with the central nervous system. Despite many studies investigating immune prognostic factors, there is no effective model to identify predictive biomarkers for GBM. Genomic data and clinical characteristic information of patients with GBM were evaluated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and proportional hazard modeling. Deseq2 software was used for differential expression analysis. Immune-related genes from ImmPort Shared Data and the Cistrome Project were evaluated. The model performance was determined based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. CIBERSORT was used to assess the infiltration of immune cells. The results of differential expression analyses showed a significant difference in the expression levels of 2942 genes, comprising 1338 upregulated genes and 1604 downregulated genes (p < 0.05). A population of 24 immune-related genes that predicted GBM patient survival was identified. A risk score model established on the basis of the expressions of the 24 immune-related genes was used to evaluate a favorable outcome of GBM. Further validation using the ROC curve confirmed the model was an independent predictor of GBM (AUC = 0.869). In the GBM microenvironment, eosinophils, macrophages, activated NK cells, and follicular helper T cells were associated with prognostic risk. Our study confirmed the importance of immune-related genes and immune infiltrates in predicting GBM patient prognosis.

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Bondy-Denomy, Joe, April Pawluk, Karen L. Maxwell, and Alan R. Davidson. "Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system." Nature 493, no. 7432 (December 16, 2012): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11723.

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Gollas-Galvan, Teresa, Miguel Cabanillas-Gámez, Jorge Hernández-López, Daniel Coronado-Molina, and Marcel Martínez-Porchas. "Transcriptional expression of immune system genes inLitopenaeus vannameiduring ontogenetic development." Aquaculture Research 48, no. 3 (December 12, 2015): 1110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12953.

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Rajewsky, K. "A phenotype or not: targeting genes in the immune system." Science 256, no. 5056 (April 24, 1992): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1570513.

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Osborne, Barbara A. "Induction of genes during apoptosis: examples from the immune system." Seminars in Cancer Biology 6, no. 1 (February 1995): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scbi.1995.0004.

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Liu, Wenhao, Xin-Zhuang Yang, Dingding Zhang, Xin He, Qianlan Yu, Xinquan Liu, and Yi Dai. "Differential Regulation of the Immune System in Peripheral Blood Following Ischemic Stroke." BioMed Research International 2022 (June 8, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2747043.

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AIM. Previous studies have provided insights into complex immune system changes caused by ischemic stroke (IS), while detailed reports are lacking especially in peripheral blood. Here, we sought to identify genetic biomarkers in immune system which significantly associated with the occurrence of IS and explore candidate drugs that can regulate the process. We also investigated whether gene expression alternation of immune genes contributed to differential distribution of immune cells in peripheral blood following IS. Method. 108 IS samples and 47 matched controls were obtained from the GEO database. Immune-related genes (IRGs) and their associated drugs were collected from the ImmPort and PharmGBK databases, respectively. Random forest (RF) regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression were applied to identify immune-related genetic biomarkers (IRGBs) of IS, and accuracy was verified using neural network models. Finally, proportion changes of various immune cells in peripheral blood of IS patients were evaluated using CIBERSORT and xCell and correlation analyses were performed between IRGBs and differentially distributed immune cells. Results. A total of 537 genes were differentially expressed between IS and control samples. Four immune-related differential expressed genes identified by regression analysis presented strong predictive power ( AUC = 0.909 ) which we suggeseted them as immune-related genetic biomarkers (IRGBs). We also demonstrated six immune-related genes targeted by known drugs. In addition, post-IS immune system presented an increase in the proportion of innate immune cells and a decrease in adaptive immune cells in the peripheral circulation, and IRGBs showing significance were associated with this process.Conclusion. The study identified CARD11, ICAM2, VIM, and CD19 as immune-related genetic biomarkers of IS. Six immune-related DEGs targeted by known drugs were found and provide new candidate drug targets for modulating the post-IS immune system. The innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells are diversified in the post-IS immune system, and IRGBs might play important role during this process.

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Wang, Daling, Ying Li, Reyilamu Aierken, Qi Kang, Xianyan Wang, Qianhui Zeng, Zhichang Fan, Yu Zhen, and Liyuan Zhao. "Integrated Full-Length Transcriptome and RNA-Seq to Identify Immune System Genes from the Skin of Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)." Genes 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12020233.

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Cetaceans are a group of secondary aquatic mammals whose ancestors returned to the ocean from land, and during evolution, their immune systems adapted to the aquatic environment. Their skin, as the primary barrier to environmental pathogens, supposedly evolved to adapt to a new living environment. However, the immune system in the skin of cetaceans and the associated molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. To better understand the immune system, we extracted RNA from the sperm whale’s (Physeter macrocephalus) skin and performed PacBio full-length sequencing and RNA-seq sequencing. We obtained a total of 96,350 full-length transcripts with an average length of 1705 bp and detected 5150 genes that were associated with 21 immune-related pathways by gene annotation enrichment analysis. Moreover, we found 89 encoding genes corresponding to 33 proteins were annotated in the NOD-like receptor (NLR)-signaling pathway, including NOD1, NOD2, RIP2, and NF-κB genes, which were discussed in detail and predicted to play essential roles in the immune system of the sperm whale. Furthermore, NOD1 was highly conservative during evolution by the sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree. These results provide new information about the immune system in the skin of cetaceans, as well as the evolution of immune-related genes.

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Knapek, Katie J., Hanah M. Georges, Hana Van Campen, Jeanette V. Bishop, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Natalia P. Smirnova, and Thomas R. Hansen. "Fetal Lymphoid Organ Immune Responses to Transient and Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus." Viruses 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2020): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080816.

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Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) fetal infections occur in two forms; persistent infection (PI) or transient infection (TI), depending on what stage of gestation the fetus is infected. Examination of lymphoid organs from both PI and TI fetuses reveals drastically different fetal responses, dependent upon the developmental stage of the fetal immune system. Total RNA was extracted from the thymuses and spleens of uninfected control, PI, and TI fetuses collected on day 190 of gestation to test the hypothesis that BVDV infection impairs the innate and adaptive immune response in the fetal thymus and spleen of both infection types. Transcripts of genes representing the innate immune response and adaptive immune response genes were assayed by Reverse Transcription quatitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (2−ΔΔCq; fold change). Genes of the innate immune response, interferon (IFN) inducible genes, antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and activation of B cells were downregulated in day 190 fetal PI thymuses compared to controls. In contrast, innate immune response genes were upregulated in TI fetal thymuses compared to controls and tended to be upregulated in TI fetal spleens. Genes associated with the innate immune system were not different in PI fetal spleens; however, adaptive immune system genes were downregulated, indicating that PI fetal BVDV infection has profound inhibitory effects on the expression of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The downregulation of these genes in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the developing thymus and spleen may explain the incomplete clearance of BVDV and the persistence of the virus in PI animals while the upregulation of the TI innate immune response indicates a more mature immune system, able to clear the virus.

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Michel, Leclerc, Jolly Ariane, and de la Grange Pierre. "MHC genes in Invertebrates: The Echinodermata." Journal of Clinical Cases & Reports 2, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/joccr.2019.2-1049.

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The MHC is a set of genes that codes for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates and MHC II gene was described in Echinodermata for the first time. For the present time, MHC Class I gene was not found in a significant manner so for concluding the existence of MHC I gene in Echinodermata, further studies will be necessarily done.

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Koivisto, Oona, Andrea Hanel, and Carsten Carlberg. "Key Vitamin D Target Genes with Functions in the Immune System." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041140.

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The biologically active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), modulates innate and adaptive immunity via genes regulated by the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). In order to identify the key vitamin D target genes involved in these processes, transcriptome-wide datasets were compared, which were obtained from a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated in vitro by 1,25(OH)2D3, filtered using different approaches, as well as from PBMCs of individuals supplemented with a vitamin D3 bolus. The led to the genes ACVRL1, CAMP, CD14, CD93, CEBPB, FN1, MAPK13, NINJ1, LILRB4, LRRC25, SEMA6B, SRGN, THBD, THEMIS2 and TREM1. Public epigenome- and transcriptome-wide data from THP-1 cells were used to characterize these genes based on the level of their VDR-driven enhancers as well as the level of the dynamics of their mRNA production. Both types of datasets allowed the categorization of the vitamin D target genes into three groups according to their role in (i) acute response to infection, (ii) infection in general and (iii) autoimmunity. In conclusion, 15 genes were identified as major mediators of the action of vitamin D in innate and adaptive immunity and their individual functions are explained based on different gene regulatory scenarios.

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Saey, Tina Hesman. "Genes & cells: Tasmanian devils' disease unveiled: Deadly cancer turns off genes, evades immune system." Science News 183, no. 8 (April 10, 2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.5591830808.

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Gibbons, Ann. "How the Black Death left its mark on immune system genes." Science 378, no. 6617 (October 21, 2022): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adf3947.

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Buckley, R. H. "Variable phenotypic expression of mutations in genes of the immune system." Journal of Clinical Investigation 115, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci26956.

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Ota, Yuko, and Martin Flajnik. "Comparative analysis of Xenopus immune-related genes (43.22)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 43.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.43.22.

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Abstract Evolutionarily, Xenopus species shared a common ancestor with humans ~350 million years ago, and it is one of the high connectivity animals linking mammals to lower vertebrate taxa. Through an in silico approach, we have uncovered many new genes that have important roles in the Xenopus immune system and have analyzed their syntenic relationships relative to other vertebrates. We found that, in contrast to teleost fish, the genomic synteny is remarkably similar between the human and Xenopus, yet in some cases apparent ancestral syntenies can be still found only in the Xenopus genome. We predict that the evolutionarily conserved genes might have vital roles in fundamental immune function, whereas novel genes found only in particular species, especially those within ancient linkage groups, could impart new insights into the immune system. We are specifically interested in the genes that belong to the variable (V) and the constant (C1)-type of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), including immunoglobulin, T cell receptor, MHC, and B7. In order to understand the phylogenetic relationship and the evolutionary history of these gene families, we used comparative approach; database searches and comparative genomics among different vertebrate classes. Our analysis revealed insights into the architecture of the primordial immune complex that might have played important roles during evolution.

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Saey, Tina Hesman. "Genes & cells: Environment steers immune system: Genes play lesser role in influencing variations in immunity." Science News 187, no. 4 (February 10, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scin.2015.187004008.

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Yi, Xiaochun, Jie Zhang, Huixiang Liu, Tianxia Yi, Yuhua Ou, Meilan Liu, Liqiong Zhu, Hui Chen, and Jianping Zhang. "Suppressed Immune-Related Profile Rescues Abortion-Prone Fetuses: A Novel Insight Into the CBA/J × DBA/2J Mouse Model." Reproductive Sciences 26, no. 11 (February 21, 2019): 1485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719119828042.

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The adverse clinical result and poor treatment outcome in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) make it necessary to understand the pathogenic mechanism. The mating combination CBA/J × DBA/2 has been widely used as an abortion-prone model compared to DBA/2-mated CBA/J mice. Here, we used RNA-seq to get a comprehensive catalogue of genes differentially expressed between survival placenta in abortion-prone model and control. Five hundred twenty-four differentially expressed genes were obtained followed by clustering analysis, Gene Ontology analysis, and pathway analysis. We paid more attention to immune-related genes namely “immune response” and “immune system process” including 33 downregulated genes and 28 upregulated genes. Twenty-one genes contribute to suppressing immune system and 7 are against it. Six genes were validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, namely Ccr1l1, Tlr4, Tgf-β1, Tyro3, Gzmb, and Il-1β. Furthermore, Tlr4, Tgf-β1, and Il-1β were analyzed by Western blot. Such immune profile gives us a better understanding of the complicated immune processing in RSA and immunosuppression can rescue pregnancy loss.

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Walker, C. G., S. Meier, M. D. Mitchell, J. R. Roche, and M. D. Littlejohn. "533. MODULATION OF THE MATERNAL IMMUNE SYSTEM DURING EARLY BOVINE PREGANCY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs533.

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Over the past three decades, there has been a significant decline in dairy cattle fertility. A large proportion of pregnancy losses are believed to occur during the pre-implantation period, when the developing embryo is elongating rapidly and signalling its presence to the maternal system. The molecular mechanisms that prevent progression of the estrous cycle and allow the allogenic embryo to survive within the maternal environment are not well understood. To gain a more complete picture of these molecular events, global transcriptional profiling was performed using endometrial tissue from reproductive day 17 pregnant and non-pregnant (cycling) Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Microarray analysis revealed 357 differentially expressed transcripts (with≥2 fold change in expression; P-value < 0.05) between pregnant and cycling animals in both caruncular and intercaruncular tissue. Additionally, 122 and 26 differentially expressed transcripts were identified only in either caruncular or intercaruncular endometrium, respectively. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed enrichment for genes involved in interferon signalling and modulation of the immune response in pregnant animals. Many of these genes have already been described in relation to bovine reproduction. However, this analysis also revealed a number of genes not previously identified in this context, providing further insight into the mechanisms by which the embryo regulates the maternal immune response.

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Škubník, Jan, Vladimíra Pavlíčková, and Silvie Rimpelová. "Cardiac Glycosides as Immune System Modulators." Biomolecules 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11050659.

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Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural steroid compounds occurring both in plants and animals. They are known for long as cardiotonic agents commonly used for various cardiac diseases due to inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) pumping activity and modulating heart muscle contractility. However, recent studies show that the portfolio of diseases potentially treatable with CGs is much broader. Currently, CGs are mostly studied as anticancer agents. Their antiproliferative properties are based on the induction of multiple signaling pathways in an NKA signalosome complex. In addition, they are strongly connected to immunogenic cell death, a complex mechanism of induction of anticancer immune response. Moreover, CGs exert various immunomodulatory effects, the foremost of which are connected with suppressing the activity of T-helper cells or modulating transcription of many immune response genes by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B. The resulting modulations of cytokine and chemokine levels and changes in immune cell ratios could be potentially useful in treating sundry autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize current knowledge in the field of immunomodulatory properties of CGs and emphasize the large area of potential clinical use of these compounds.

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Lukasch, Barbara, Helena Westerdahl, Maria Strandh, Hans Winkler, Yoshan Moodley, Felix Knauer, and Herbert Hoi. "Genes of the major histocompatibility complex highlight interactions of the innate and adaptive immune system." PeerJ 5 (August 30, 2017): e3679. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3679.

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Background A well-functioning immune defence is crucial for fitness, but our knowledge about the immune system and its complex interactions is still limited. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are involved in T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses, but MHC is also highly upregulated during the initial innate immune response. The aim of our study was therefore to determine to what extent the highly polymorphic MHC is involved in interactions of the innate and adaptive immune defence and if specific functional MHC alleles (FA) or heterozygosity at the MHC are more important. Methods To do this we used captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to survey MHC diversity and immune function controlling for several environmental factors. MHC class I alleles were identified using parallel amplicon sequencing and to mirror immune function, several immunological tests that correspond to the innate and adaptive immunity were conducted. Results Our results reveal that MHC was linked to all immune tests, highlighting its importance for the immune defence. While all innate responses were associated with one single FA, adaptive responses (cell-mediated and humoral) were associated with several different alleles. Discussion We found that repeated injections of an antibody in nestlings and adults were linked to different FA and hence might affect different areas of the immune system. Also, individuals with a higher number of different FA produced a smaller secondary response, indicating a disadvantage of having numerous MHC alleles. These results demonstrate the complexity of the immune system in relation to the MHC and lay the foundation for other studies to further investigate this topic.

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Astafieva, N. G., I. V. Gamova, E. N. Udovitchenko, I. A. Perfilova, D. Y. Kobzev, and І. Ae Michailova. "Mucosal immune system: the regulatory action of probiotics." Russian Journal of Allergy 12, no. 5 (December 15, 2015): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja423.

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The evidence of the beneficial effects of dairy products on the intestinal microflora was given for the first time in 1908 by I.I. Mechnikov in the famous article «A few words about the sour milk». Since that time probiotics - the living microorganisms for regulation of intestinal microbiota are the case of interest. Interactions between the probiotics and macroorganism are very complex and include a network of genes receptors, signaling molecules and a variety of other factors that determine the natural course of the disease.

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Mirzaei, Rasoul, Reza Ranjbar, Sajad Karampoor, Rezvan Goodarzi, and Hamze Hasanvand. "The Human Immune System toward Staphylococcus aureus." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010164.

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The immune system is responsible for protecting the host from pathogens, and it has evolved to deal with these pathogens. On the other hand, the co-evolution of pathogenic bacteria with hosts has led to the rise of an array of virulence genes that enable pathogen bacteria to evade or modulate the immune system. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen of humans that encodes several virulence factors that can modulate or evade from the innate and adaptive arm of the immune system. Overall, the immune reaction toward S. aureus contributes to stimulate innate and adaptive reactions. A profound understanding of the immune response to S. aureus infections will be critical for the development of vaccines and novel therapies. In this review, we summarized and discussed the novel information about the human immune system against S. aureus.

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Michailidis, Georgios, Maria Anastasiadou, Edith Guibert, and Pascal Froment. "Activation of innate immune system in response to lipopolysaccharide in chicken Sertoli cells." REPRODUCTION 148, no. 3 (September 2014): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0064.

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Sertoli cells (SCs) play an important physiological role in the testis, as they support, nourish, and protect the germ cells. As protection of the developing spermatozoa is an emerging aspect of reproductive physiology, this study examined the expression pattern of innate immune-related genes, including avian β-defensins (AvBDs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and cytokines, and investigated the time course of an inflammatory response in rooster SCs triggered by exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SCs were isolated from 6-week-old chicken, culturedin vitro, and stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS at different time courses (0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Data on expression analysis revealed that all ten members of the chickenTLRfamily, nine members of theAvBDfamily, as well as eight cytokine genes were expressed in SCs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that LPS treatment resulted in significant induction of the expression levels of sixTLRs, sixAvBDs, and four cytokine genes, while two cytokine genes were downregulated and two other genes were unchanged. The increasing interleukin 1β (IL1β) production was confirmed in the conditioned medium. Furthermore, the phagocytosis of SCs was increased after LPS treatment. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that SCs express innate immune-related genes and respond directly to bacterial ligands. These genes represent an important component of the immune system, which could be integrated into semen, and present a distinctive constituent of the protective repertoire of the testis against ascending infections.

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Blumberg, Richard S. "Environment and Genes: What Is the Interaction?" Digestive Diseases 34, no. 1-2 (2016): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442920.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from a continuum of complex interactions between a quartet of host-derived and external elements that involve various aspects of the intestinal microbiota, the immune system that is centered around the intestinal epithelial cell barrier, the genetic composition of the host and specific environmental factors. Recent studies into the complexity of these arrangements increasingly support the syndromic nature of this disorder and involve a wide range of interacting biologic pathways that affect innate immunity, adaptive immunity, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy as well as metabolic pathways associated with cellular homeostasis. It is further likely that all of the aforementioned host factors including the microbiota, which is as much a part of ourselves as is any organ system, are under the influence of yet-to-be-understood environmental factors that predispose to and precipitate IBD. Notwithstanding the importance of genetic predisposition, these environmental influences are no doubt central to disease pathogenesis in light of the rapid emergence of IBD throughout the world and assumption of disease in migrating populations from low to high risk environments. It can thus be anticipated that environmental factors that modify the risk for development of IBD have the common attribute of affecting the relationship between the commensal microbiota and the immune system in a manner that intersects with the functionally relevant immuno-genetic pathways, and potentially modifies them through epigenetic effects, in a manner that are uniquely operative within a particular syndromic context of IBD and occur sequentially and in a reiterative fashion, perhaps beginning in early life.

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Williams, G. T. "Role of apoptosis in the immune system." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 72, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1994): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o94-059.

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Apoptosis is becoming recognized as a fundamental component of the immune system, i.e., in its development and its regulation. It is involved in many diverse areas that fall into two broad categories: firstly, the development and shaping of the immune receptor repertoire and, secondly, immune effector mechanisms. We have employed several model systems for analysing the development of the immune system, e.g., haemopoietic progenitor cell development and thymocyte development and selection, as well as the role of apoptosis in CD4+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These studies have helped illustrate the fundamental role of active cell death in the physiological functioning of the immune system. Failure of such a fundamental process would be expected to have serious consequences and we have been particularly involved in analysing the role of inappropriate suppression of apoptosis by the BCL2 family of genes both in oncogenesis in the immune system and in the development of cancer cell resistance to therapy. It seems likely that this is only one of many mechanisms by which apoptosis may be disrupted with pathological consequences.Key words: apoptosis, bcl-2, clonal deletion.

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Giallourakis, Cosmas C., Yair Benita, Benoit Molinie, Zhifang Cao, Orion Despo, Henry E. Pratt, Lawrence R. Zukerberg, Mark J. Daly, John D. Rioux, and Ramnik J. Xavier. "Genome-wide Analysis of Immune System Genes by Expressed Sequence Tag Profiling." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 11 (April 24, 2013): 5578–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1203471.

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Li, J., L. Wang, H. Li, R. Zhang, X. Li, and M. Guo. "Relationship of common expression quantitative trait loci genes to the immune system." Genetics and Molecular Research 12, no. 4 (2013): 6546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2013.december.11.6.

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Okada, Kinya, and Kiyoshi Asai. "Expansion of signaling genes for adaptive immune system evolution in early vertebrates." BMC Genomics 9, no. 1 (2008): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-218.

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Civetta, Alberto. "Adaptive evolution at immune system genes and deep pregnancy implantation in primates." Genomics 105, no. 1 (January 2015): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.11.003.

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Kósa, János P., Bernadett Balla, János Kiss, János Podani, István Takács, Áron Lazáry, Zsolt Nagy, et al. "Postmenopausal Expression Changes of Immune System-Related Genes in Human Bone Tissue." Journal of Clinical Immunology 29, no. 6 (August 7, 2009): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-009-9321-9.

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Abdul Razak, Fazlyn Reeny, Arjan Diepstra, Lydia Visser, and Anke Van den Berg. "Mutations in CD58 and Other Immune System Related Genes in Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.1439.1439.

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Abstract Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) is a B cell derived malignancy characterized by a minority of tumor cells, known as Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. The background is composed of a wide variety of inflammatory cells with T cells representing the largest population. Chemokines and cytokines produced by HRS cells and by the infiltrating cells shape the environment and provide proliferative and survival signals to the HRS cells. Despite this critical dependence on the microenvironment, HRS cells also need to apply mechanisms to escape from both antigen-dependent and innate immune responses. HRS cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade cytotoxic T cell (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell mediated anti-tumor responses. These mechanisms include secretion of immune-suppressive factors (IL10, TGFβ and others), recruitment of regulatory and helper T cells, expression of PDL1 and CD95 and loss of HLA expression. Recent publications show that mutations in immune system related genes might represent a mechanism of HRS cells to evade detection by immune cells. The aim of this study was to validate whole exome sequencing results of seven HL cell lines focusing on immune system associated genes. We previously showed that B2M mutations affect the ATG start codon in L428 (heterozygous) and DEV (homozygous) cells. B2M mRNA levels were reduced in both cell lines as compared to L1236, whereas HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C mRNA levels were in the same range. Consistent with these findings we observed no membranous B2M and HLA class I expression by flow cytometry in the two cell lines with mutated B2M genes. In primary diagnostic HL tissue we showed lack of membranous B2M in 51% of the cases. We now studied two additional genes in more detail. CD58 gene mutations were observed in KMH2 and DEV cells. By manual inspection of the alignments using the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV), we also noticed a lack of reads of exons 1, 2 and 3 in SUPHD1. Heterozygous mutations and homozygous loss of exons 1-3 were confirmed for all three cell lines. CD58 mRNA levels were low or absent in SUPHD1 and KMH2 cells and normal in DEV. CD58 protein expression as determined by flow, western blot and IHC was low or absent in all 3 mutated HL cell lines in comparison to four cell lines with wild type CD58. Tumor cells of 36 primary HL cases with good treatment outcome showed a strong CD58 expression in all cases. As HL cell lines are derived from end stage HL patients, we next studied CD58 expression in relapsed HL patients. No or weak CD58 staining was observed in HRS cells in 6 out of 45 patients who experienced a relapse. Our results indicate that mutations in CD58 and loss of CD58 expression are common in HL derived cell lines and that loss of CD58 expression in tumor cells is restricted to relapsed HL patients. Heterozygous CSF2RB mutations in KMH2, SUPHD1, DEV and L1236 were validated by RNA-seq and Sanger-seq. As CSF2RB encodes the common β chain (CD131) shared by the interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocytic macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5 receptors, we also measured the expression of these 3 α chain receptors. We observed the same expression pattern between CD131 and CD116 (GM-CSF α receptor chain) in HL cell lines by flow cytometry suggesting that these mutations mainly affect the GM-CSF receptor. In conclusion, we show that mutations of immune system genes are common in HL. Deleterious mutations in B2M explain the lack of HLA class I expression, indicating that this genetic alteration is responsible for defective antigen presentation. Deleterious mutations or deletions of CD58 exons result in loss of CD58 protein expression. This will lead to loss of binding to CD2 expressed on T cells and will result in a defect in T cell adhesion and activation. Overall these results indicate that mutations are likely to contribute to the immune escape mechanisms applied by the HRS cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Westneat, David F., and Tim R. Birkhead. "Alternative hypotheses linking the immune system and mate choice for good genes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 265, no. 1401 (June 22, 1998): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0400.

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Airla*, Nina, Mari Luomala*, Irina Elovaara, Eeva Kettunen, Sakari Knuutila, and Terho Lehtim�ki. "Suppression of immune system genes by methylprednisolone in exacerbations of multiple sclerosis." Journal of Neurology 251, no. 10 (October 2004): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-004-0516-y.

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Wu, Hong, and Karissa Adkins. "Identification of polymorphisms in genes of the immune system in cynomolgus macaques." Mammalian Genome 23, no. 7-8 (April 22, 2012): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-012-9399-x.

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Huang, Zhaohao, Binyao Chen, Xiuxing Liu, He Li, Lihui Xie, Yuehan Gao, Runping Duan, et al. "Effects of sex and aging on the immune cell landscape as assessed by single-cell transcriptomic analysis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 12, 2021): e2023216118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023216118.

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Sex and aging influence the human immune system, resulting in disparate responses to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. However, the impact of sex and aging on the immune system is not yet fully elucidated. Using small conditional RNA sequencing, we found that females had a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells and a higher percentage of plasma cells in peripheral blood compared with males. Bioinformatics revealed that young females exhibited an overrepresentation of pathways that relate to T and B cell activation. Moreover, cell–cell communication analysis revealed evidence of increased activity of the BAFF/APRIL systems in females. Notably, aging increased the percentage of monocytes and reduced the percentage of naïve T cells in the blood and the number of differentially expressed genes between the sexes. Aged males expressed higher levels of inflammatory genes. Collectively, the results suggest that females have more plasma cells in the circulation and a stronger BAFF/APRIL system, which is consistent with a stronger adaptive immune response. In contrast, males have a higher percentage of NK cells in blood and a higher expression of certain proinflammatory genes. Overall, this work expands our knowledge of sex differences in the immune system in humans.

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Seto, Yosuke, and Koichiro Tamura. "Extensive Differences in Antifungal Immune Response in TwoDrosophilaSpecies Revealed by Comparative Transcriptome Analysis." International Journal of Genomics 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/542139.

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The innate immune system ofDrosophilais activated by ingestion of microorganisms.D. melanogasterbreeds on fruits fermented bySaccharomyces cerevisiae, whereasD. virilisbreeds on slime flux and decaying bark of tree housing a variety of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. In this study, it is shown thatD. virilishas a higher resistance to oral infection of a species of filamentous fungi belonging to the genusPenicilliumcompared toD. melanogaster. In response to the fungal infection, a transcriptome profile of immune-related genes was considerably different betweenD. melanogasterandD. virilis: the genes encoding antifungal peptides, Drosomycin and Metchnikowin, were highly expressed inD. melanogasterwhereas, the genes encoding Diptericin and Defensin were highly expressed inD. virilis. On the other hand, the immune-induced molecule (IM) genes showed contrary expression patterns between the two species: they were induced by the fungal infection inD. melanogasterbut tended to be suppressed inD. virilis. Our transcriptome analysis also showed newly predicted immune-related genes inD. virilis. These results suggest that the innate immune system has been extensively differentiated during the evolution of theseDrosophilaspecies.

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Skwarlo-Sonta, Krystyna, Pawel Majewski, Magdalena Markowska, Ruslan Oblap, and Bozenna Olszanska. "Bidirectional communication between the pineal gland and the immune system." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-026.

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The pineal gland is a vertebrate neuroendocrine organ converting environmental photoperiodic information into a biochemical message (melatonin) that subsequently regulates the activity of numerous target tissues after its release into the bloodstream. A phylogenetically conserved feature is increased melatonin synthesis during darkness, even though there are differences between mammals and birds in the regulation of rhythmic pinealocyte function. Membrane-bound melatonin receptors are found in many peripheral organs, including lymphoid glands and immune cells, from which melatonin receptor genes have been characterized and cloned. The expression of melatonin receptor genes within the immune system shows species and organ specificity. The pineal gland, via the rhythmical synthesis and release of melatonin, influences the development and function of the immune system, although the postreceptor signal transduction system is poorly understood. Circulating messages produced by activated immune cells are recipro cally perceived by the pineal gland and provide feedback for the regulation of pineal function. The pineal gland and the immune system are, therefore, reciprocally linked by bidirectional communication.Key words: pineal gland, melatonin, immunity, melatonin receptors, melatonin receptor transcripts.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Immune system genes'

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