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Journal articles on the topic 'Immobilisation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 July 2024

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1

Falayi, Thabo. "A comparison between fly ash- and basic oxygen furnace slag-modified gold mine tailings geopolymers." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-00328-x.

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AbstractFly ash (FA) and Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag were used to as additives in the geopolymerisation of gold mine tailings (GMT).The aim of the research was to determine the effects of the two additives on the strength formation and mechanism of metal immobilisation by modified GMT geopolymers. GMT, FA and BOF were mixed, respectively, and made into a paste with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) before curing at various conditions. 50% replacement of GMT in the starting materials gave the highest unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The UCS for BOF-based geopolymer was 21.44 Mega Pascals (MPa), whilst the one for FA-based geopolymer was 12.98 MPa. The BOF-based geopolymer cured at lower temperature (70 °C) as compared to the FA-based geopolymer (90 °C). The optimum KOH concentration was 10 and 15 M for BOF- and FA-based geopolymers, respectively. BOF-based geopolymers resulted in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) phases which contributed to higher strength; whereas in FA-based geopolymers, no new structures were formed. BOF-based geopolymers resulted in over 94% iron (Fe) immobilisation, whereas FA-based geopolymers had 76% Fe immobilisation. Fe immobilisation was via incorporation into the CSH or geopolymer structure, whilst other metal immobilisations were thought to be via encapsulation. 12-month static leaching tests showed that the synthesised geopolymers posed insignificant environmental pollution threat for long-term use.
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2

Acquarone, Mario, Erik W. Born, David Griffiths, Lars Øyvind Knutsen, Øystein Wiig, and Ian Gjertz. "Evaluation of etorphine reversed by diprenorphine for the immobilisation of free-ranging Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.)." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 9 (April 14, 2014): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2944.

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To date no problem-free method exists for the immobilisation of free‑ranging walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). In the period 1989-2001, 69 immobilisations with etorphine HCl were performed by remote darting of 41 individual free-ranging adult Atlantic walruses (O. r. rosmarus), with body masses 633 ‑ 1883 kg, as a rerequisite for the attachment of radio tracking and dive recording instruments, and for studies of metabolism. Ten individuals were immobilised several times. We present data on these 69 immobilisations and evaluate the method. Full immobilisation was achieved in 58 cases (84 %). The animals were insufficiently restrained in 6 cases (9 %) and 5 animals died (7 %) following the immobilisation. The animals were fully immobilised and approachable after 5 min (n = 38, range = 1.9 ‑ 12.4 min, SD = 2.2) with a dose of etorphine of 6.1 μg/kg (range 2.4 ‑ 12.6 μg /kg, SD = 2.4). Induction time was negatively correlated with the dosage of etorphine. Etorphine-induced apnoea lasted 13.7 min (n = 36, range 17.0 ‑ 26.7 min, SD = 5.1) and was reversed by multiple doses of the antagonist diprenorphine HCl. The first dose of antagonist of 12.2 mg (n = 39, range 6.0 ‑ 21.0 mg, SD = 3.5) was administered 8.4 min (n = 38, range 4.7 ‑ 18.0 min, SD = 2.8) after injection of the agonist. The total dose of diprenorphine per animal ranged between 7.7 and 41.7 μg/kg (n = 31, mean = 17.2 μg/kg, SD = 7.5). For some animals blood pH values were measured following the apnoea and reached low levels (min pH 6.8). For animals that were immobilised several times there were no indications of changed sensitivity to etorphine as reflected in unchanged induction times. Mortalities could neither be related to the doses of agonist and antagonist, nor to the times of administration of the drugs. From this (n = 69) and other (n = 103) studies involving etorphine immobilisation of walruses (both Atlantic and Pacific) the overall success rate is 83 % (8 % casualty rate). We conclude that the combination etorphine‑ diprenorphine is suitable for both single and multiple immobilisations of walruses provided that (a) a casualty rate of 7-8% is acceptable (b) the antagonist diprenorphine is administered fast and well into a tissue with good blood irrigation, and (c) the animal is promptly intubated endotracheally to facilitate the restoration of breathing after drug-induced apnoea.
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3

Parker, Mike. "Immobilisation." Emergency Nurse 23, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.23.2.17.s25.

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4

Deacon, Francois, Willem Daffue, Pierre Nel, and Ruan Higgs. "Effective Field Immobilisation and Capture of Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101290.

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One of the highest occurrences of mortalities among giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) takes place during immobilisations, captures and translocations. Common mistakes, human error, unforeseen risks, the awkward anatomy and the sheer size of the animal are leading factors for giraffes’ mortalities during these operations. Many risks can be circumvented but some risks are unpreventable, often due to terrain characteristics (rivers, deep ditches, holes and rocky terrain). From 2011 to 2021, seventy-five giraffes were successfully immobilised and captured to collect biological and physiological data from eight different study areas across South Africa. A 0% mortality and injury rate was achieved and, therefore, the techniques described in this paper are testimony to the advances and improvements of capture techniques and drugs. Biological information and capture experiences were noted for 75 immobilised giraffes, of which, knockdown time data were recorded for 43 individuals. Effective and safe immobilisation requires a competent team, proper planning, skill and knowledge. In this manuscript, we address procedures, techniques, ethical compliance, welfare and safety of the study animals. General experiences and lessons learned are also shared and should benefit future captures and immobilisations by limiting the risks involved. The sharing of experiences and information could influence and improve critical assessments of different capture techniques and can likely contribute to the success rate of immobilisation and translocation success for giraffes in the future.
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5

Tindale, Rabina. "Immobilisation methods." Emergency Nurse 17, no. 2 (May 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.17.2.11.s18.

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6

RUSHEN, J. "Electro-immobilisation." Australian Veterinary Journal 64, no. 6 (June 1987): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09684.x.

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7

GRANDIN, T. "Electro-immobilisation." Australian Veterinary Journal 65, no. 1 (January 1988): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14937.x.

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8

Pandor, Abdullah, Munira Essat, Anthea Sutton, Gordon Fuller, Stuart Reid, Jason E. Smith, Rachael Fothergill, et al. "Cervical spine immobilisation following blunt trauma in pre-hospital and emergency care: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 25, 2024): e0302127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302127.

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Objectives To assess whether different cervical spine immobilisation strategies (full immobilisation, movement minimisation or no immobilisation), impact neurological and/or other outcomes for patients with suspected cervical spinal injury in the pre-hospital and emergency department setting. Design Systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and two research registers were searched until September 2023. Eligibility criteria All comparative studies (prospective or retrospective) that examined the potential benefits and/or harms of immobilisation practices during pre-hospital and emergency care of patients with a potential cervical spine injury (pre-imaging) following blunt trauma. Data extraction and synthesis Two authors independently selected and extracted data. Risk of bias was appraised using the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool for non-randomised studies. Data were synthesised without meta-analysis. Results Six observational studies met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was variable, with most studies having serious or critical risk of bias. The effect of cervical spine immobilisation practices such as full immobilisation or movement minimisation during pre-hospital and emergency care did not show clear evidence of benefit for the prevention of neurological deterioration, spinal injuries and death compared with no immobilisation. However, increased pain, discomfort and anatomical complications were associated with collar application during immobilisation. Conclusions Despite the limited evidence, weak designs and limited generalisability, the available data suggest that pre-hospital cervical spine immobilisation (full immobilisation or movement minimisation) was of uncertain value due to the lack of demonstrable benefit and may lead to potential complications and adverse outcomes. High-quality randomised comparative studies are required to address this important question. Trial registration PROSPERO REGISTRATION Fiona Lecky, Abdullah Pandor, Munira Essat, Anthea Sutton, Carl Marincowitz, Gordon Fuller, Stuart Reid, Jason Smith. A systematic review of cervical spine immobilisation following blunt trauma in pre-hospital and emergency care. PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022349600 Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022349600.
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9

O'Shea, Evelyn, John Armstrong, Charles Gillham, Roisin McCloy, Rachel Murrells, Tom O'Hara, Angela Clayton-Lea, et al. "A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial to evaluate three immobilisation devices for intra-thoracic radiation therapy." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 9, no. 2 (June 2010): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396910000038.

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AbstractPurpose: To determine the optimal of three immobilisation devices for lung radiotherapy in terms of set-up reproducibility, patient comfort, radiation therapists’ (RTs) satisfaction and cost-effectiveness.Materials and methods: A total of 30 lung CRT patients were randomised to one of three immobilisation techniques – Arm A, headsponge; Arm B, BreastBoard dedicated immobilisation device; and Arm C, LungBoard dedicated immobilisation device.Results: Random errors were larger for Arm A versus C in all directions (p < 0.05). Random errors were larger for Arm A versus B for y and z directions (p < 0.05). When the data for the immobilisation devices (Arms B+C) were pooled and compared with Arm A (no dedicated device), the systematic errors were larger in the z direction for A (p < 0.05). Arm C was cheaper and was more comfortable for patients. Therapists preferred this device (Arm C) and treatment times were less (p < 0.05).Conclusion: This is the first prospective randomised controlled lung immobilisation trial, based on 3-DCRT, that takes into account treatment accuracy, users satisfaction and resource implications. It suggests that the LungBoard immobilisation device is optimal.
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10

JACOBS, R., I. DEGREEF, and L. DE SMET. "Proximal Row Carpectomy With or Without Postoperative Immobilisation." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 6 (October 20, 2008): 768–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408092490.

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Previously published reports have shown good results after proximal row carpectomy in all cases that had a postoperative immobilisation period from 1 to 4 weeks. Immobilisation is thought to be necessary because of the risk of postoperative subluxation of the carpus and for pain relief. There is, however, no evidence of its value. The results in 13 patients who underwent proximal row carpectomy without postoperative immobilisation were compared with those in 25 patients who underwent proximal row carpectomy with postoperative immobilisation for 4 weeks. After a mean follow-up period of 27 months, no significant differences were found for pain, range of motion or return to work between the two groups. We conclude that postoperative immobilisation is not necessary after proximal row carpectomy.
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11

Mohd Sukri, Siti Sabrina, and Mimi Sakinah A.M. "Effects of Support Matrix for XylanaseImmobilisationon Alginate Hydrogel Beads." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.7.2017.1.4.1066.

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Enzymes serving as biocatalysts and play an important roles in many industrial field. However, the limitation of enzyme usage due to its high cost and unstable conditions of soluble enzyme to harsh conditions lead to findings an alternative to enhance the enzyme efficiency by immobilisation (insoluble enzyme). The present work reported a combination of immobilisation technique of xylanase by entrapment and covalent binding on alginate hydrogel beads. Xylanase enzyme was effectively immobilised within the support matrix, alginate hydrogel beads by entrapment and covalent binding on the surface of beads using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linked agent. The effects of support matrix comprised of sodium alginate concentration (% w/v) and calcium chloride, CaCl2 (M) were studied in order to obtain a better immobilisation yield. The suitable concentration of sodium alginate and CaCl2 to ensure a robust and stable hydrogel beads with higher immobilisation yield were formed as a support matrix for xylanase immobilisation. The analysis of xylanase activity was determined using dinitrosalicyclic (DNS) acid reagent method. Maximal enzyme immobilisation yield (>80 %) was achieved at 3.0 % w/v of sodium alginate concentration and 0.3 M of CaCl2. The study shows the support matrix of hydrogel beads gave a significant impact towards the immobilisation yield of xylanase.
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12

Hanefeld, Ulf, Lucia Gardossi, and Edmond Magner. "Understanding enzyme immobilisation." Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, no. 2 (2009): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b711564b.

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13

Raphaël, M. "Immobilisation des membres." Journal Européen des Urgences et de Réanimation 26, no. 3-4 (November 2014): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurea.2014.10.003.

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14

Webb, Colin. "Fungal cell immobilisation." Mycologist 3, no. 4 (October 1989): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(89)80110-7.

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15

Chen, Juan. "Immobilisation of Iron-Containing Materials onto Supporting Materials in Heterogeneous Fenton System: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.569.

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The purpose of this review is to aim a summary of the development in the use of different supports for the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst, which areiron-containing materials. Various anchors and immobilisation methods that are universally employed to the remediation of wastewater are considered. Commonly, the immobilisation of a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst onto supportive material has chiefly been approved through one of two major routes; chemical route physical route or physical route. The advantages and disadvantages of various immobilisation methods to obtain a gigantic surface area iron-containing materials support is considered too.
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16

Serri, Noor Aziah, and Mooi Lik Sze. "High Reusability of Lipase Immobilized on Eggshells for Butyl Butyrate Synthesis under Optimum Condition." ASM Science Journal 12 (July 22, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32802/asmscj.2019.247.

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Eggshells capacity as supporting material for immobilisation of Candida rugosa Type VII lipase (CRL) was tested. Different parameters for the immobilisation of eggshells were studied including the temperature (30-50°C), pH of buffer the solution (pH 5-8), particle size of the eggshells (≤1mm, 1-2mm and 2-4mm), immobilisation time (1-4 hr) and glutaraldehyde concentration (0.30-3.00%, v/v). The best immobilisation conditions obtained were ≤1mm size of the eggshells added with 0.75% of glutaraldehyde at pH buffer 6. The immobilisation time taken was 3 hr at 50°C. Then optimal conditions for the ester synthesis of butyl butyrate were achieved using 2.0g of the immobilised lipase loading that reacted at 30°C using a 0.2 molar ratio of the substrate for 3 hr. Under optimal conditions (immobilization and esterification), 93.3% of conversion yield of butyl butyrate was obtained. Furthermore, the synthesized immobilized CRL lipase demonstrate that it was highly reusable as it retained 50% of the initial activity after 31 cycles.
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17

Wesseling, Wiebke, Michael Lohmeyer, Sabine Wittka, Julia Bartels, Stephen Kroll, Christian Soltmann, Pia Kegler, et al. "Adverse Effects of ImmobilisedPseudoalteromonason the Fish PathogenicVibrio anguillarum:AnIn VitroStudy." Journal of Marine Biology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3683809.

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As a prerequisite for use in marine aquaculture, two immobilisation systems were developed by employing the probiotic bacteriumPseudoalteromonassp. strain MLms_gA3. Their impact on the survivability of the fish pathogenVibrio anguillarumwas explored. Probiotic bacteria either grown as a biofilm on ceramic tiles or embedded in alginate beads were added to sterile artificial seawater that contained the fish pathogen. While immobilisation on ceramics followed a recently developed protocol, a medium allowing for alginate microencapsulation was newly developed. Anti-Vibrioactivities were obtained with both immobilisation systems. The viable cell counts ofV. anguillarumconstantly decreased within the first two weeks of the treatments evidencing the potential of the immobilisation systems for providing probiotic-based protection against this pathogen.
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Makovníková, J., G. Barančíková, and B. Pálka. "Approach to the assessment of transport risk of inorganic pollutants based on the immobilisation capability of soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 8 (January 7, 2008): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2215-pse.

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The objective of this paper is to elaborate a system of evaluation of potential risks of transport of inorganic elements, and to create a map of soil potential to immobilisation/transportation of potential risk elements. The categorization of these risks was realized in two layers, contamination and potential soil sorption. The level of contamination was evaluated according to the Slovak Soil Law. Potential sorption of soil (PSS) is formed by qualitative (soil reaction, pH value, optical value of soil humus), and quantitative factors (C<sub, H-depth of humus horizon); it was evaluated according to the equation: [PSS] = F(pH) + F(Q<sup>4</sup><sub>6</sub>) + F(C<sub>org</sub>) × F(H). The map of soil immobilisation potential was created by fusion of contamination layer and layer of potential sorption of soil, and shows the distribution of five categories of risk elements immobilisation potential. Soils with very low immobilisation potential are reported predominantly in Košice and Banská Bystrica regions, where soils are contaminated by geochemical anomalies and anthropogenic sources. Transport is a reversible process to immobilisation; thus, the highest level of immobilisation potential is identical with the lowest transport category.
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Beran, M., J. Pinkrová, M. Urban, and J. Drahorád. "Immobilisation of endoinulinase on polyhydroxybutyrate microfibers." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 6 (December 21, 2016): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/72/2016-cjfs.

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Due to the health benefits associated with the consumption of prebiotic short-chain fructooligosaccharides (sc-FOS) and inulooligosaccharides (IOS), there is increased interest in the use of these compounds in food products. We have developed a new biocatalyst for the production of FOS and IOS by inulin hydrolysis. Endoinulinase from Aspergillus niger Inulinase<sup>® </sup>Novozym 960 (Novozymes) was immobilised on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanofibres and microfibres by hydrophobic interactions. The PHB fibres were prepared by centrifugal spinning. FOS and IOS profiles were determined by ion-exchange chromatography with the Rezex RSO-Oligosaccharide column. The biocatalyst had very good activity and stability after repeated applications. It can be used in biocatalytic membrane reactors for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides.
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20

Montgomery, Lisa, Terri Flood, and Paul Shepherd. "A service evaluation of the immobilisation techniques adopted for breast cancer patients with large and/or pendulous breasts, receiving external beam radiotherapy." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 19, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396919000980.

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AbstractIntroduction:Breast cancer patients referred for external beam radiotherapy and who have large and/or pendulous breasts can present positioning and immobilisation challenges. Deep infra-mammary and/or lateral wrap skin folds can occur that can lead to unwanted radiation-induced skin toxicity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immobilisation techniques adopted for this subgroup of patients in order to inform best practice.Method:A survey aimed to identify the current clinical practice in radiotherapy centres throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland was undertaken. The email survey was distributed with support of the Radiotherapy Services Managers group.Results:Twenty-six of the 74 radiotherapy centres responded to the survey. Responses demonstrated that supine positioning with or without additional immobilisation was preferable. Of the eight different immobilisation techniques identified, patients positioned supine on a breast board wearing a bra was the most common. Only two of the centres reported using a prone technique.Conclusions:Immobilisation and reproducibility are key for successful external beam radiotherapy particularly when advanced treatment techniques are being employed. No single technique gained widespread acceptance as the optimum for the effective immobilisation of patients with large and/or pendulous breasts. Further evaluative research in the form of a multi-centre trial is warranted in order to clearly establish the most effective immobilisation methods/devices for this ever expanding, subgroup of cancer patients.
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Ferrier, Charlotte A., Rachel Schembri, and Sandy M. Hopper. "Retrospective chart review of minor tibial fractures in preschoolers: immobilisation and complications." Emergency Medicine Journal 37, no. 6 (April 3, 2020): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2019-208930.

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ObjectiveTo compare the treatment practices (immobilisation vs non-immobilisation) of toddler fractures and other minor tibial fractures (both proven and suspected) in preschoolers, aged 9 months–4 years, and examine rates of ED re-presentations and complications.MethodsRetrospective chart review of presentations of minor tibial fractures, both proven (radiologically confirmed) or suspected (negative X-ray but clinical evidence of bony injury), in children aged 9 months–4 years presenting to a single tertiary level paediatric ED from May 2016 to April 2018. Data collected included treatment practices, subsequent unscheduled re-presentations (including reasons) and complications (defined as problems relating to the injury that required further active care).ResultsA search of medical records yielded 240 cases: 102 had proven fractures (spiral, buckle or Salter-Harris II) and 138 were diagnosed with a suspected fracture. 73.5% of proven fractures were immobilised, predominantly with backslabs. 79% of suspected fractures were treated with expectant observation without immobilisation. Patients treated with immobilisation were more likely to re-present to ED compared with non-immobilised patients (18/104, 17.3% vs 9/136, 6.6% RR 2.62, 95% CI 1.23 to 5.58). 21 complications were seen in 19/104 (18.3%) immobilised patients. There were eight skin complications (complication rate of 7.7%) and 11 cast issues (complication rate of 10.6%). Two (1.5%) of the 136 patients had complications related to pain or limp. Pain was uncommonly found, although follow-up was not universal.ConclusionIn our centre, proven minor tibial fractures were more likely to receive a backslab, whereas for suspected fractures, expectant observation without immobilisation was performed. Although there is potential bias in the identification of complications with immobilisation, the study suggests that non-immobilisation approach should be investigated.
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Ndlovu, Thandanani, Sidy Ba, and Soraya P. Malinga. "Overview of Recent Advances in Immobilisation Techniques for Phenol Oxidases in Solution." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050467.

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Over the past two decades, phenol oxidases, particularly laccases and tyrosinases, have been extensively used for the removal of numerous pollutants in wastewaters due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to use readily accessible molecular oxygen as the essential cofactor. As for other enzymes, immobilisation of laccases and tyrosinases has been shown to improve the performance and efficiency of the biocatalysts in solution. Several reviews have addressed the enzyme immobilisation techniques and the application of phenol oxidases to decontaminate wastewaters. This paper offers an overview of the recent publications, mainly from 2012 onwards, on the various immobilisation techniques applied to laccases and tyrosinases to induce and/or increase the performance of the biocatalysts. In this paper, the emphasis is on the efficiencies achieved, in terms of structural modifications, stability and resistance to extreme conditions (pH, temperature, inhibitors, etc.), reactivity, reusability, and broad substrate specificity, particularly for application in bioremediation processes. The advantages and disadvantages of several enzyme immobilisation techniques are also discussed. The relevance and effectiveness of the immobilisation techniques with respect to wastewater decontamination are critically assessed. A perspective on the future directions for large-scale application of the phenol oxidases in immobilised forms is provided.
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Risling, Tara E., Åsa Fahlman, Nigel A. Caulkett, and Susan Kutz. "Physiological and behavioural effects of hypoxemia in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) immobilised with xylazine-etorphine." Animal Production Science 51, no. 4 (2011): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10190.

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This study examined the physiological effects of xylazine-etorphine (XE) immobilisation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), as well as post-immobilisation recovery and behaviour. Six reindeer weighing 105 ± 18 kg (mean ± s.d.) were immobilised via remote delivery of XE into the hind limb musculature. The animals were immobilised for 30 min on two separate occasions, and a randomised crossover design was used to assign nasal oxygen (O2) or unsupplemented air to each animal. Arterial blood gases were collected and analysed at zero (time of arterial catheter placement), 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. Heart rate and respiratory rate, temperature, and arterial blood pressure were monitored every 5 min. After 30 min, immobilisation was reversed with naltrexone hydrochloride and tolazoline hydrochloride. The animals underwent behavioural testing (time required to navigate a novel maze) to assess cognitive function pre- and post-immobilisation. Significantly higher arterial O2 tension levels were seen in O2-supplemented animals (range 95–313 mmHg) compared with unsupplemented animals (range 26–70 mmHg). Hypoxemic animals had elevated heart rates and lactate levels compared with normoxemic. Immobilisation had a significant effect on the animals’ ability to navigate a novel maze.
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Helfen, T. "Zunehmende Immobilisation und Rückenschmerzen." Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie 12, no. 4 (August 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41785-022-3109-z.

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Appell, Hans-Joachim. "Muscular Atrophy Following Immobilisation." Sports Medicine 10, no. 1 (July 1990): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199010010-00005.

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Tigges, Bastian. "Sichere Immobilisation von Kraftwerksnebenprodukten." CITplus 24, no. 7 (August 2021): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/citp.202100720.

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27

Hanefeld, Ulf. "Immobilisation of hydroxynitrile lyases." Chemical Society Reviews 42, no. 15 (2013): 6308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cs35491a.

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28

Felsenberg, D. "Muskuloskelettale Anpassung bei Immobilisation." Osteologie 19, no. 03 (2010): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1619948.

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ZusammenfassungJulius Wolff hatte schon 1892 in seinem “Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen” beschrieben, dass der Knochen sich seiner Funktion anpasst. In Studien zur Immobilität (Bed-Rest-Studien) wird dokumentiert, dass der Knochen innerhalb weniger Stunden bis Tage seinen Metabolismus anpasst, sobald die Verformung (Strain) des Knochens abnimmt oder zunimmt. Während die Knochenmarker diese Änderung des Metabolismus unmittelbar anzeigen, ändert sich die Knochenmasse deutlich langsamer und es können erst nach ca. 40 Tagen signifikante Änderungen nachgewiesen werden. Dem schnellen Knochenabbau bei Beginn einer Immobilisation folgt ein langsamer Knochenaufbau nach Wiederbelastung. Da der Knochen seine Last zu über 90 % durch die Muskelkraft erfährt und nicht durch das Körpergewicht, ist die Muskelkraft ein wichtiger Stimulator für den Knochenaufund -abbau. Bei Immobilisation, Paraplegie und anderen Muskelfunktionsstörungen kann die Knochendichte um bis zu 75 bis 80 % abfallen. Durch lebenslanges Muskelkrafttraining kann die Muskelkraft und damit auch die Knochenmasse erhalten werden, was am Beispiel der Studie mit Master-Athleten bewiesen werden konnte. Für die Stimulation des Knochens ist die Muskelkraft und nicht die Muskelausdauer entscheidend. Demzufolge ist auch im hohen Alter noch ein Krafttraining empfehlenswert.
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Klavins, M., and L. Eglı̄te. "Immobilisation of humic substances." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 203, no. 1-3 (April 2002): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(01)01066-4.

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LYNCH, MJ, MA TAHMINDJIS, and H. GARDNER. "Immobilisation of pinniped species." Australian Veterinary Journal 77, no. 3 (March 1999): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11231.x.

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Kreinest, M., B. Gliwitzky, S. Goller, and M. Münzberg. "Präklinische Immobilisation der Wirbelsäule." Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 19, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0118-5.

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32

Brady, Dean, and Justin Jordaan. "Advances in enzyme immobilisation." Biotechnology Letters 31, no. 11 (July 10, 2009): 1639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-009-0076-4.

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Nathan, S. "Immobilisation for scaphoid fractures." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 75-B, no. 5 (September 1993): 837–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.75b5.8257535.

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Klein, Roman, Nikolai Ramadanov, Christoph Wölfl, and Gerrit Matthes. "Präklinische Immobilisation bei Traumapatienten." Notfallmedizin up2date 13, no. 04 (December 2018): 447–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0641-2817.

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35

Bartlett, P. N., and R. G. Whitaker. "Electrochemical immobilisation of enzymes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 224, no. 1-2 (June 1987): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(87)85081-7.

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Bartlett, P. N., and R. G. Whitaker. "Electrochemical immobilisation of enzymes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 224, no. 1-2 (June 1987): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(87)85082-9.

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37

Martinetz, Dieter, and Klaus-Dieter Wenzel. "Immobilisation von Propachlor-Rückständen." Zeitschrift für Chemie 25, no. 9 (August 31, 2010): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19850250914.

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38

Dimcheva, Nina, Elena Horozova, Yavor Ivanov, and Tzonka Godjevargova. "Self-assembly of acetylcholinesterase on gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on graphite." Open Chemistry 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 1740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0307-3.

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AbstractThe immobilisation of AChE enzyme through chemisorption on Au-modified graphite was examined with view of its prospective application in the design of membraneless electrochemical biosensors for the assay of enzyme inhibitors. The developed immobilisation protocol has been based on a two-stage procedure, comprising i) electrodeposition of gold nanostructures on spectroscopic graphite; followed by ii) chemisorption of the enzyme onto gold nanoparticles. Both the coverage of the electrode surface with Au nanostructures and the conditions for enzyme immobilisation were optimised. The proposed electrode architecture together with the specific type of enzyme immobilisation allow for a long-term retaining of the enzyme catalytic activity. The extent of inhibition of the immobilised acetylcholinesterase enzyme by the organophosphorous compound monocrotophos has been found to depend linearly on its concentration over the range from 50 to 400 nmol mL−1 with sensitivity 77.2% inhibition per 1 µmol mL−1 of monocrotophos.
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39

Makovníková, J., and G. Barančíková. "Assessment of transport risk of cadmium and lead on the basis of immobilisation capability of soil." Soil and Water Research 4, No. 1 (February 11, 2009): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/31/2008-swr.

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The objective of this paper is the ambition to elaborate a system of evaluating the potential transport risk of inorganic risk elements, cadmium and lead, and of creating maps of the soil potential for the immobilisation of these risk elements. The categorisation of the potential immobilisation of cadmium and lead was realised on the basis of two layers, the layer of metal concentration (Cd or Pb) and the layer of potential soil sorption. The level of metal concentration was evaluated according to the Slovak Soil Law. The potential soil sorption (PSS) of cadmium and lead is defined by qualitative parameters (soil reaction &ndash; pH value, optical parameter of humus quality &ndash; Q<sup>4</sup><sub>6</sub>) and quantitative factors (Corg, H &ndash; depth of humus horizon) and was evaluated according to the Eq.: [PSS] = F(pH) + F(Q<sup>4</sup><sub>6</sub>) + F(Corg) &times; F(H). On the basis of this rating, maps of categorisation of cadmium and lead potential immobilisation were created. These maps of the soil immobilisation potential show the distribution into five categories of Cd and Pb potential immobilisation.
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Jordan, Robert Warner, Rahil Naeem, Saqiba Jadoon, Helen Parsons, and Gunaratnam Shyamalan. "Cast Immobilisation versus Wire Fixation in the Management of Middle-aged and Elderly Patients with Distal Radius Fractures." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 21, no. 01 (February 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835516500016.

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Background: Distal radius fractures are common and traditionally these injuries are treated non-operatively. Percutaneous wiring has been recommended as simple method to provide extra stability in distal radius fractures but their exact role is uncertain. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the radiographic and functional outcomes following cast immobilisation and those following wire fixation in the management of distal radius fractures and investigate which method produced better outcomes.Methods: A retrospective parallel case series was performed between April 2011 and April 2013 of patients over 50 years treated with either cast immobilisation or wire fixation. Both intra- and extra-articular fractures were included. Radiographic measurements were made pre-operatively and at three months follow up. The QuickDASH was recorded by postal questionnaire at a mean of 2 years.Results: 159 patients were included; 85 cast immobilisation group and 74 wire fixation group. Improvement in radiological parameters was seen in both groups but this was significantly better after wire fixation ([Formula: see text]). QuickDASH scores were available in 64%; no significant difference in mean scores was seen after (p = 0.147); cast immobilisation 27.1 and wire fixation 26.6.Conclusions: Cast immobilisation can produce comparable functional results to wire fixation despite worse radiological outcomes.
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Hess, Ladislav, Jiří Málek, Alice Kurzová, and Martin Votava. "The effect of site (deltoid or gluteus muscle) of intramuscular administration of anaesthetic drugs on the course of immobilisation in macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta)." Acta Veterinaria Brno 81, no. 2 (2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201281020207.

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The aim of this work was to study the effect of site of intramuscular administration of anaesthetic drugs on the course of immobilisation in macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Twenty macaque monkeys were given medetomidine (25 µg·kg-1) and ketamine (3 mg·kg-1) intramuscularly to the deltoid (n = 10 animals) or gluteus (n = 10 animals) muscles. Behavioural changes, loss of aggressiveness, immobilisation time and cardiorespiratory changes were recorded. The effect of drugs was reversed after 20 min by i.m. administration of atipamezole at the dose of 250 µg·kg-1. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between groups with gluteal or deltoid administration of drugs on the onset of immobilisation effect (71.3 s and 108.3 s, respectively), and immobilisation time (152.7 s and 254.4 s, respectively). In the gluteus muscle group, the grasp reflex was still present at the beginning of immobilisation and slowly wore off in 15–45 s. The same was valid for muscle tone. There were no differences in cardiorespiratory parameters in any of the groups. Animals of both groups recovered in 3–6 min after atipamezole administration. Administration of drugs to the deltoid muscle resulted in a more rapid onset and increased effect of immobilisation than administration to the gluteus muscle. Both in veterinary and human medicine, injection to the deltoid muscle may be more convenient in all cases, when rapid and more prominent effect is desirable as in premedication before surgery or in emergency medicine. The study is the first to compare the effect of administering drugs to different muscles and the results may improve the practice of intramuscular injections in animals and in humans.
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Dolejš, Igor, Martin Rebroš, and Michal Rosenberg. "Immobilisation of Clostridium spp. for production of solvents and organic acids." Chemical Papers 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0414-9.

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AbstractThis review summarises the high potential of immobilised cells systems for the fermentative production of compounds, mainly produced by representatives of the Clostridium genus. Microorganisms of Clostridium species are recognised as good producers of a wide range of chemicals in almost every sector of industry. The combination of this microorganism with its immobilisation opens up new possibilities and renders the fermentation process more sophisticated than in a free-cell system. This review provides a comprehensive summary of techniques used in immobilisation of Clostridium species with regard to specific products and types of fermentation. In addition, comparisons of particular types of immobilisation techniques used in fermentation processes are summarised by specific products.
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43

Mohidem, Nur Atikah, Mardawani Mohamad, Muhammad Usman Rashid, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Fazlena Hamzah, and Hanapi bin Mat. "Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilisation Strategies: An Overview of Techniques and Composite Carriers." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 12 (November 26, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120488.

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For over a century, enzyme immobilisation has been proven to be a superior strategy to improve catalytic activity and reusability and ensure easy separation, easy operation, and reduced cost. Enzyme immobilisation allows for an easier separation of the enzyme from the reaction mixture, thus simplifying downstream processing. This technology protects the enzyme from degradation or inactivation by harsh reaction conditions, making it more robust and suitable to be used in various applications. Recent strategies of immobilisation methods, such as adsorption, cross-linking, entrapment or encapsulation, and covalent bonding, were critically reviewed. These strategies have shown promising results in improving enzyme stability, activity, and reusability in various applications. A recent development in enzyme immobilisation in nanomaterials and agrowaste renewable carriers is underlined in the current review. Furthermore, the use of nanomaterials and agrowaste carriers in enzyme immobilisation has gained significant attention due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, high mass transfer, biocompatibility, and sustainability. These materials offer promising outcomes for developing more efficient and sustainable immobilised enzymes. This state-of-the-art strategy allows for better control over enzyme reactions and enhances their reusability, leading to more cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. The use of renewable materials also helps to reduce waste generation and promote the utilisation of renewable resources, further contributing to the development of a circular economy.
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Mehmood, Abid, Sadia Abid, Pavla Hejcmanová, Muhammad Arslan Asadi, Bilal Kabeer, Muhammad Jawad Jilani, Sadaf Bilal, and Muhammad Waseem Ashraf. "Comparison of physiological responses of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) to effective immobilisations with ketamine-medetomidine and ketamine-xylazine in (semi-) captive conditions." PeerJ 7 (July 26, 2019): e7326. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7326.

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Chemical immobilisation is an integral component for the conservation of wild animals and can be stressful if proper protocols are not administered. References on the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) are scarce. The current study was designed to evaluate the physiological and clinical responses of Arabian striped hyaena, immobilised with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) and ketamine-xylazine (KX); and to compare immobilisation effectiveness of the two combinations in a cross-sectional clinical study. A total of 15 (six males, nine females) (semi-) captive and adult Arabian striped hyaena with an average weight of 31.39 ± 0.36 kg were immobilised 50 times for annual vaccination and translocation purposes from January 2014 till March 2018 on Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates. A total of 34 immobilisations were executed with (Mean ± SE) 2.27 ± 0.044 mg/kg ketamine and 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/kg medetomidine; while 16 with 4.95 ± 0.115 mg/kg ketamine and 0.99 ± 0.023 mg/kg xylazine. The drugs were remotely delivered intramuscular. The evaluation of physiological and clinical parameters included monitoring of vital signs through pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis of arterial blood through Istat blood gas analyser, and blood biochemistry and haematology. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery was also assessed. Atipamezole (0.21 ± 0.003 mg/kg) was used to antagonise the effects of KM and 0.09 ± 0.003 mg/kg atipamezole or by 0.23 ± 0.006 mg/kg yohimbine for KX. Data were analysed using the general linear model and inferential statistics. KM was more effective in induction (scores; KM = 1.41 ± 0.10; KX = 1.31 ± 0.12), anaesthesia (KM = 1.00 ± 0.00; KX = 2.0 ± 0.0) and recovery (KM = 1.76 ± 0.15; KX = 2.69 ± 0.12) phases as compared to KX. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) amongst the two combinations for anaesthesia time (KM = 59.5 ± 2.41; KX = 49.25 ± 1.31 min.), time to stand after reversal (KM = 4.91 ± 0.60; KX = 10.38 ± 1.48 min.) and full loss of the signs of anaesthetics (KM = 12.32 ± 1.37; KX = 21.25 ± 2.16 min.) along with rectal temperature (KM = 37.58 ± 0.29; KX = 36.00 ± 0.68 °C), pulse rate (KM = 50.46 ± 1.90; KX = 61.14 ± 2.79 beats/min), respiration rate (KM = 29.44 ± 0.99; KX = 23.80 ± 1.57 breaths/min.) and partial pressure of oxygen (KM = 89.59 ± 1.34; KX = 82.06 ± 3.92%). The blood oxygen saturation by oximeter indicated hypoxaemia in KX (82.06 ± 3.92), supported by the data from blood gas analyser. KM combination was more suitable for the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena, providing a better quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery compared to KX. However, we strongly suggest further investigation to see the effects of oxygen supplementation for the compensation of hypoxaemia.
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45

Woo, Chin Yee, Mark JA Koh, Winnie KY Fung, Cheri SH Chan, Chong Bing Chua, Guan Tzu Tay, Sanchalika Acharyya, Gloria FH Chew, Nicole KL Lee, and Kevin BL Lim. "Effects of Cast Immobilisation on Skin Barrier Function." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 49, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2019170.

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Introduction: Cast immobilisation remains the mainstay of treatment for various fractures in paediatric patients, yet patients commonly complain of skin irritation and discomfort. This study aimed to perform a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the effects of cast immobilisation on the skin of children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Patients aged 6–17 years of age with a fracture treated in a fiberglass short-arm or short-leg cast were recruited. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum (SC) hydration, hair density and presence of any skin signs were assessed before and after cast. Patients were required to complete a weekly questionnaire to rate itch, malodour, warmth, and dampness of the skin under the cast. Results: A total of 60 subjects completed the study. Thirty-six patients received a short-arm cast; 24 received a short-leg cast. Upon cast removal, TEWL was significantly increased on the volar surface of the arms and legs (P <0.05), and the dorsal surface of the arm (P <0.05). Likewise, SC hydration was significantly increased at most sites (P <0.05), except the volar surface of the leg (P = 0.513). There was no change in hair density. Throughout the duration of casting, there was an increase in itch and malodour scores. Conclusions: Moderate but significant changes in TEWL, SC hydration and subjective symptoms were observed during the duration of cast immobilisation, demonstrating that cast immobilisation for up to 4 weeks exerts moderate adverse impact on patients’ skin. Further studies to explore the use of better materials for cast immobilisation to improve skin barrier function and overall patient satisfaction are warranted. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2020;49:285–93 Ann Acad Med Singapore 2020;49:354–59 Key words: Cast immobilisation, Transepidermal water loss, Stratum corneum hydration
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46

Nolan, L., J. Mahon, R. Mirdad, R. Alnajjar, A. Galbraith, and K. Kaar. "EARLY MOBILIZATION VERSUS IMMOBILIZATION AFTER REVERSE SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY AND TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_2 (January 2, 2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.2.024.

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Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and Reverse Total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) are two of the most performed shoulder operations today. Traditionally postoperative rehabilitation included a period of immobilisation, protecting the joint and allowing time for soft tissue healing. This immobilisation period may significantly impact a patient's quality of life (Qol)and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL's). This period of immobilisation could be safely avoided, accelerating return to function and improving postoperative QoL.This systematic review examines the safety of early mobilisation compared to immobilisation after shoulder arthroplasty focusing on outcomes at one year.MethodsA systematic review was performed as per the PRISMA guidelines. Results on functional outcome and shoulder range of motion were retrieved.Six studies were eligible for inclusion, resulting in 719 patients, with arthroplasty performed on 762 shoulders, with information on mobilisation protocols on 736 shoulders (96.6%) and 717 patients (99.7%). The patient cohort comprised 250 males (34.9%) and 467 females (65.1%). Of the patients that successfully completed follow-up, 81.5% underwent RSA (n = 600), and 18.4% underwent TSA (n = 136). Overall, 262 (35.6%) patients underwent early postoperative mobilisation, and 474 shoulders were (64.4%) immobilised for a length of time. Immobilised patients were divided into three subgroups based on the period of immobilisation: three, four, or six weeks. There were 201 shoulders (27.3%) immobilised for three weeks, 77 (10.5%) for four weeks and 196 (26.6%) for six weeks. Five of the six manuscripts found no difference between clinical outcomes at one year when comparing early active motion versus immobilisation after RSA or TSA.Early mobilisation is a safe postoperative rehabilitation pathway following both TSA and RSA. This may lead to an accelerated return to function and improved quality of life in the postoperative period.
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47

Chalella Mazzocato, Marcella, and Jean-Christophe Jacquier. "Recent Advances and Perspectives on Food-Grade Immobilisation Systems for Enzymes." Foods 13, no. 13 (July 3, 2024): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13132127.

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The use of enzyme immobilisation is becoming increasingly popular in beverage processing, as this method offers significant advantages, such as enhanced enzyme performance and expanded applications, while allowing for easy process termination via simple filtration. This literature review analysed approximately 120 articles, published on the Web of Science between 2000 and 2023, focused on enzyme immobilisation systems for beverage processing applications. The impact of immobilisation on enzymatic activity, including the effects on the chemical and kinetic properties, recyclability, and feasibility in continuous processes, was evaluated. Applications of these systems to beverage production, such as wine, beer, fruit juices, milk, and plant-based beverages, were examined. The immobilisation process effectively enhanced the pH and thermal stability but caused negative impacts on the kinetic properties by reducing the maximum velocity and Michaelis–Menten constant. However, it allowed for multiple reuses and facilitated continuous flow processes. The encapsulation also allowed for easy process control by simplifying the removal of the enzymes from the beverages via simple filtration, negating the need for expensive heat treatments, which could result in product quality losses.
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48

Lozano-Lunar, Angélica, Enrique Fernández Ledesma, Álvaro Romero Esquinas, José Jiménez Romero, and José Fernández Rodríguez. "A Double Barrier Technique with Hydrotalcites for Pb Immobilisation from Electric Arc Furnace Dust." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040633.

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A new line of mortars incorporating hydrotalcites was developed. This research article shows the results of a study of a double barrier technique (DBT) for Pb immobilisation from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) in mortars with the addition of three different hydrotalcites (H1, H2, and H3). Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a hazardous waste due to its heavy metal leachability. The aim was to obtain a mortar in which, due to its chemical composition, heavy metal leaching satisfied environmental criteria. Previously, a physical and chemical characterisation of mortar material components was carried out. The leaching behaviour of Pb from EAFD in double barrier (DB) mortars with different hydrotalcites was analysed for compressive strength to determine treatment effectiveness. DB mortars could be considered monoliths because their compressive strengths were higher than 1 MPa but exhibited a decrease due to hydrotalcite incorporation. The mortar EAFD25_H2 (with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in the interlayer of the hydrotalcite) showed one minor reduction in compressive strength with respect to the reference mortar because formation of Portlandite was observed, which is a characteristic of cement hydration. The conventional immobilisation mortar (EAFD25) did not achieve Pb immobilisation. However, DB mortars with dimercaptosuccinate (DMSA) in the interlayer of the hydrotalcite reduced Pb release by ~50%, from 20.29 mg kg−1 (EAFD25) to 9.88 mg kg−1 (EAFD25_H3). In addition, EAFD25_H3 included the lowest hydrotalcite content, thereby improving the immobilisation ratio. The results of this study contribute to better Pb immobilisation, thus satisfying environmental criteria.
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49

Celikbilek, Asuman, Ayse Yesim Gocmen, Nermin Tanik, Nazmi Yaras, Piraye Yargicoglu, and Saadet Gumuslu. "Serum lipid peroxidation markers are correlated with those in brain samples in different stress models." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 26, no. 1 (July 11, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2013.32.

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ObjectiveStress can stimulate increased production of oxygen radicals. We investigated the correlations between serum levels of lipid peroxidation markers and those in brain samples in different stress models.MethodsAnimals (n= 96) were divided equally into eight groups: a control group and groups treated with vitamin E (Vit E); exposed to immobilisation stress; exposed to immobilisation stress and treated with Vit E; exposed to cold stress; exposed to cold stress and treated with Vit E; exposed to both immobilisation and cold stress; and a final group exposed to both immobilisation and cold stress and treated with Vit E. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in brain samples and levels of TBARS, corticosterone, conjugated dienes (CD), lipids, and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity in serum were analysed.ResultsSerum corticosterone (p< 0.001), CD (p< 0.05), lipid (p< 0.05) levels, and brain TBARS (p< 0.05) levels were significantly higher in all stress groups than in controls, and the elevated levels were reversed in the Vit E-treated stress groups (p< 0.05). Serum PON1 activity was not different among the groups (p> 0.05). Serum TBARS levels increased significantly in all stress groups (p< 0.05), but this elevation was only reversed in the group exposed to both immobilisation and cold stress and treated with Vit E (p< 0.001).ConclusionThese results suggest that serum levels of lipid peroxidation markers can be determined readily and may be useful as indicators to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress in the brain.
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Mercado, Julio A., Jacobo Romano, Horacio De la Cueva, and Paulina Haro. "Multiple successful tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine immobilizations in an Amur tiger cub." Veterinary Record Case Reports 8, no. 2 (June 2020): e001081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001081.

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Tiletamine-zolazepam immobilisation use in tigers is controversial and has been associated with neurological diseases, poor recoveries and death. Recent publications show this controversy is unsubstantiated. The multiple use of the tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine (TZ-XZ) combination in a 33-kg Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cub without adverse reactions is described. The physiological values were not statistically different between anaesthetic events and were comparable with those observed with other protocols. No renal, hepatic or neurological functions were affected during the 10 anaesthetic events over the course of five months. The TZ-XZ (1–1.5 mg/kg + 0.5–1 mg/kg) combination proved to be safe for use in this tiger during repeated immobilisations. The tiger was healthy at the time of the paper’s submission. Further studies with a larger population of animals are encouraged.
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